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Arney, Lance. "Resisting Criminalization through Moses House: An Engaged Ethnography." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4278.
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Neoliberal restructuring of the state has had destructive effects on families and children living in urban poverty, compelling them to adapt to the loss of social welfare and demolition of the public sphere by submitting to new forms of surveillance and disciplining of their individual behavior. A carceral-welfare state apparatus now confines and controls the bodies of expendable laborers in urban spaces, containing their threat to the neoliberal socioeconomic order through criminalization and workfare assistance, resulting in a new symbiosis of prison and ghetto. The resulting structures of punishment, police surveillance, and criminalization primarily surround African Americans living in high poverty and low income urban neighborhoods. Criminalization intrudes into the everyday lives of African American youth as well, pushing them out of school and into the criminal (in)justice system at an early age. This process may appear natural and inevitable to those experiencing it, but it is really the result of political, economic, historical, and social forces, including institutional discourses, public policies, and investment in law enforcement at the expense of community development and social welfare.
This dissertation presents the results of five years of engaged ethnographic collaborative research with African American youth while I was volunteer director of Moses House, a community youth arts organization based in Sulphur Springs, a high poverty neighborhood of Tampa, Florida. Grassroots nonprofit organizations such as Moses House are often created and guided by dedicated community leaders, but social marginalization can prevent them from securing resources and labor necessary to sustain an organization. Engaged anthropologists can use forms of community engagement to leverage university resources, social networks, and student service-learning to assist grassroots organizations, in the process learning firsthand about the political, economic, and social forces that produce and reproduce the injustices against which such organizations and their communities struggle. As a doctoral student in an applied anthropology graduate program, I was able to assist the organization in revitalizing itself and applying for IRS nonprofit status, as well as to advocate for the very existence and viability of the organization itself in opposition to a variety of antagonistic forces.
Through the process of doing social activism on behalf of the organization, I was able to establish solidarity with people in the community who were socially networked through Moses House. As an outsider to a community rightfully suspicious of outsiders, especially ones who are white, gaining the confidence of residents was a prerequisite for doing engaged research that intended to explore how African American youth living in a high poverty neighborhood experience marginalization and criminalization, and how they can communicate their experiences through their own production of creative media. In a variety of mentoring, advocating, and parenting roles, I was able to build empathic, trustful relationships and observe how various policies, procedures, practices, and institutional discourses are criminalizing African American youth in nearly all aspects of their everyday lives. Accompanying Moses House youth through various educational, recreational, and governmental agencies and institutions, I learned with them not only how they were being seriously harmed by the policies of the carceral-assistential state, but also how they were able at times to resist or avoid the system to their own advantage. Using critical dialogue while in conversation with Moses House youth, I nurtured an ongoing analysis of their everyday reality in order to reveal what is criminalizing them and constraining their agency, in the process collaboratively constructing transformative activities, practices, and educational programs that were based on the youths' own aspirations toward social justice, personal success, and community betterment.
In establishing social justice based approaches to improving community well-being, grassroots organizations such as Moses House can be understood as spaces that foster and support critical dialogue, social activism, and cultural production and as sites of collective struggle against racism, poverty, and criminalization. University-community engagement can shed light on these social problems, provide research and analysis that is not only rigorous but meaningful and relevant to the community, offer technical assistance for nonprofit leadership, management, and fund development, as well as assist in designing and implementing community-based alternatives and solutions to community-identified problems.
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Junior, Luiz Carlos de Souza. "O papel da mídia na (re) construção do mito das classes perigosas: contribuições para uma perspectiva contra hegemônica de análise." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8329.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorClasses perigosas é um conceito elaborado pela elite nacional em fins do século XIX, na tentativa de definir, assim, a massa pobre, oriunda, especialmente, do regime de escravidão que durou três séculos. Nossa proposta de estudo busca compreender a utilização atual desse conceito, propagado pelos aparelhos midiáticos, que resulta num processo de criminalização da pobreza e aviltamento crescente dos direitos humanos da parcela populacional que se encontra nessas condições. Como ponto vista teórico partimos da concepção de hegemonia em Gramsci, e a partir disso refletimos acerca de outro pensamento fundamental deste autor que trata sobre aparelhos privados de hegemonia, para, desta forma, compreendermos a importância do desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação na construção dos processos hegemônicos que sustentam a ideologia da classe dominante. Indo além, buscaremos traçar um breve resgate histórico sobre o mito das classes perigosas no Rio de Janeiro e levantar um debate sobre a construção social do medo e sentimento de insegurança pública, o que legitima a atuação dos aparelhos coercitivos do Estado. Dito isto, pretendemos relacionar a questão apontada com o debate sobre os atuais mecanismos de controle social, explicitados e analisados, em seu discurso, através da exposição de notícias publicas em jornais de grande circulação em novembro de 2010.
The concept of Dangerous classes was elaborated by national elite in the end of the XIX century, in an attempt to define, thus, the poor mass, originated, specially, from the slavery regime, which lasted over three centuries. Our study proposal intends to comprehend the current usage of this concept disseminated by media devices, what results in a process of criminalization of the poverty and the growing degradation of the human rights of the population portion under these conditions. As a theoretical point of view, we start from Grasmscis concept of Hegemony, and then, from that, we reflect upon another fundamental thought of this author who talks about private devices of hegemony, to thus understand the importance of the development of the media in the construction of hegemonic processes that maintain the ideology of the dominant class. Farther, we will trace a brief historical review about the myth of the dangerous classes in Rio de Janeiro, and begin a debate about the social construction of the fear and the feeling of public insecurity, which legitimizes the action of coercive apparatus of the State. That being said, we intend to link the question mentioned to the current debate on the mechanisms of social control, explained and analyzed, in his speech, through the exposing of public news in major newspapers in November 2010.
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Oliveira, Bárbara Souza. "Ascensão do encarceramento no cenário neoliberal: análise do discurso judicial do Tribunal do Júri de Juiz de Fora." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6016.
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No presente trabalho analisou-se como os argumentos dos participantes da dinâmica do Tribunal do Júri de Juiz de Fora interferem no cenário da ascensão do encarceramento de populações historicamente marginalizadas nesta cidade, uma vez que o Brasil adota uma política criminal de expansão do encarceramento como forma de reduzir a criminalidade. Em caráter ainda exploratório, a pesquisa indicou que os discursos jurídicos apresentados por juízes, promotores e autoridades policiais apresentam um caráter seletivo que se manifesta de maneiras distintas a depender das circunstâncias do crime e perfil étnico-racial e social dos supostos autores. Investigou-se a hipótese de que tais argumentos possuem fundamentações vagas e imprecisas como periculosidade do agente, garantia da ordem pública e efetiva aplicação da lei penal para o fim de justificar um tratamento mais rígido com relação a uma parcela da população já há muito tempo tratada como inimiga da sociedade. A pesquisa partiu do estudo de Löic Wacquant quanto à ascensão do encarceramento no cenário neoliberal, este que considera o poder punitivo do Estado como uma tarefa conjunta de forçar as classes pobres para fora da assistência social e empurrá-las para o trabalho precário flexibilizado que passará por políticas de desqualificação e criminalização. Metodologicamente, empreendeu-se a análise do conteúdo das manifestações dos intérpretes do direito nos processos cujos julgamentos tenham sido realizados no ano de 2016 perante o Tribunal do Júri de Juiz de Fora. Conclui-se que o discurso jurídico adotado no âmbito de Juiz de Fora não somente possui um caráter seletivo, como também mantém determinado segmento da sociedade sob constante vigilância e passíveis de medidas cautelares e punições mais severas, o que já ficou demonstrado, através de pesquisas realizadas, que não contribui para a redução da criminalidade, realidade também observada em Juiz de Fora que apresenta, a cada ano, o aumento de crimes dolosos contra a vida.
In the present study, was analyzed how the arguments of the participants in Jury Court of Juiz de Fora interfere in the scenario of the incarceration’s rise of the historically marginalized populations in this city, considering that Brazil adopts a criminal policy of expansion of incarceration as a form to reduce crime. In a still exploratory stage, the research has indicated that the legal discourses presented by judges, prosecutors and police authorities have a selective character that manifests itself in different ways depending on the circumstances of the crime and the ethnic-racial and social profile of the alleged perpetrators. It was hypothesized that such arguments have vague and inaccurate grounds such as agent danger, public order guarantee and effective enforcement of criminal law in order to justify a more rigid treatment in relation to a portion of the population that has been treated for a long time as enemy of society. The research was based on Löic Wacquant's study of the rise of incarceration in the neoliberal scenario, which considers the punitive power of the state as a joint task of forcing the poor classes out of social assistance and pushing them into the precarious and flexible work that will pass by policies of disqualification and criminalization. Methodologically, it undertook to content analysis of the demonstrations by law’s interpreters in the processes whose judgment was carried out in the year of 2016 in the Jury Court of Juiz de Fora was undertaken. It was concluded that the legal discourse adopted within the scope of Juiz de Fora not only has a selective character, but also maintains a certain segment of society under constant vigilance and subject to precautionary measures and more severe punishments, which has already been demonstrated, through research carried out, which does not contribute to the reduction of crime, a fact also observed in Juiz de Fora, which presents, every year, an increase in intentional crimes against life.
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Souza, Vanessa Costa Neves de. "Em busca do convívio social: o regime semi-aberto no Instituto Penal Oscar Stevenson." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2386.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO presente trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar o Sistema Penitenciário do Estado do Rio de Janeiro a partir do regime semi-aberto, tendo como campo de análise o Instituto Penal Oscar Stevenson, situado em Benfica, no município do Rio de Janeiro, voltado para um público carcerário feminino. Buscou-se verificar, sob o enfoque das presas, a expectativa e possibilidades de retorno ao convívio social; analisar os aspectos jurídico-institucionais referentes ao regime semi-aberto, no que tange a obtenção dos benefícios, junto a Lei de Execução Penal e identificar quais as parcerias que viabilizam a inserção delas no mercado de trabalho. Para a efetivação desse trabalho utilizou-se, preferencialmente os pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da pesquisa quali-quantitativa, pois foi trabalhado não só no nível da objetividade, mas também no significado das ações e relações humanas, sabendo que a realidade prisional é perpassada por questões de cunho opressor, punitivo, em função de preconizar a segurança. Foram realizados também levantamentos de dados bibliográficos e censitários, bem como entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos agentes penitenciários do setor de educação e classificação e principalmente as presas. A análise do material coletado permitiu confirmar as hipóteses da pesquisa: i) que a ausência de oportunidades que garantam às presas os benefícios do regime semi-aberto não se dá por falta de instrumentos legais, mas sim pela burocracia no cadastramento e poucas parcerias de cursos profissionalizantes, empresas privadas que absorvam mão-de-obra das presas do regime semi-aberto; e ii) e que no momento em que as presas ainda estavam no regime fechado, não tiveram oportunidades de se capacitarem e também os vínculos familiares não foram mantidos, com isso dificultando que estas usufruam dos benefícios do regime semi-aberto. E, conseqüentemente, sendo cada vez mais adiado o seu retorno gradativo ao convívio social, através da progressão de regime.
The present work has as objective central office to analyze the Penitentiary System of the State of Rio De Janeiro from the half-open regimen, having as analysis field the Criminal Institute Oscar Stevenson, situated in Benfica, in the city of Rio De Janeiro, come back toward a feminine jail public. One searched to verify, under the approach of the canine tooth, the expectation and possibilities of return to the social conviviality; to analyze the referring legal-institutional aspects to the half-open regimen, in what it refers to the attainment of the benefits, next to Law of Criminal Execution and to identify to which the partnerships that make possible the insertion of them in the work market. For the efetivação of this work it was used, preferential the estimated theoreticians and methodological of the quail-quantitative research, therefore it was worked not alone in the level of the objectivity, but also in the meaning of the actions and relations human beings, knowing that the prison reality is purposed by questions of oppressing matrix, punitive, in function to praise the security. Bibliographical and tax data-collectings had also been carried through, as well as interviews half-structuralized next to the penitentiary agents of the sector of education and classification and mainly the canine tooth. The analysis of the collected material allowed to confirm the hypotheses of the research: i) that the absence of chances that guarantee to the canine tooth the benefits of the half-open regimen not if of the one due to legal instruments, but yes for the bureaucracy in the cadastre and few partnerships of professionalizing courses, private companies who absorb man power of the canine tooth of the half-open regimen; e II) and that at the moment where the canine tooth still was in the closed regimen, they had not had chances of if to enable and the familiar bonds had also not been kept, with this making it difficult that these usufruct of the benefits of the half-open regimen. E, consequently, being each time more postponed its gradual return to the social conviviality, through the regimen progression.
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Silva, Juliana Prado da. "Maus tratos aos animais na legislação federal brasileira: análise de aplicação da lei na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8161/tde-10072018-175320/.
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O presente trabalho procurou analisar a aplicação da Lei Federal de Crimes Ambientais no que concerne aos maus tratos a animais domésticos na cidade de São Paulo. Através da análise do arquivo de processos indeferidos do GECAP, Grupo Especial de Combate aos Crimes Ambientais e de Parcelamento Irregular do Solo Urbano, localizado no Ministério Público de São Paulo, foi lançada uma hipótese acerca da dinâmica estabelecida para averiguação das denúncias, considerando os atores sociais envolvidos nela. Partindo da ideia de que o sistema jurídico é, muitas vezes, uma forma de manutenção do status quo para controle de alguns grupos sociais considerados perigosos à ordem estabelecida na cidade, procurou-se averiguar, com o trabalho de campo organizado em gráficos e tabelas que relacionam renda, número de denúncias e ocupação do espaço nas Subprefeituras da cidade, como o direito ambiental poderia reproduzir uma lógica de criminalização da pobreza. Para isso, buscou-se identificar se existe relação entre espaços considerados periferias e maior número de denúncias. Além disso, por ser um crime que ocorre no espaço privado dos denunciados, a presente pesquisa investigou brevemente as dinâmicas entre privado e público na cidade de São Paulo e se o acesso ao espaço privado é mais facilitado em espaços horizontalizados e de periferia. Nos espaços centrais e verticalizados, o processo de gentrificação, que expulsa os mais pobres das regiões supervalorizadas, concentra espaços de periferia e investigou-se o direito ambiental atuou como forma de denunciar e de expulsar aqueles considerados inadequados à nova configuração estabelecida nesses locais.The present work sought to analyze the application of the Federal Law on Environmental Crimes in relation to the mistreatment of domestic animals in the city of São Paulo. Through the analysis of the file of rejected cases of GECAP, a Special Group to Combat Environmental Crimes and Irregular Urban Land Installment, located in the Public Prosecutor\'s Office of São Paulo, a hypothesis was launched about the established dynamics to investigate complaints, considering the actors involved in the cases. Starting from the idea that the legal system is often a way of maintaining the status quo to control some social groups considered to be dangerous to the established order in the city, it was tried to ascertain, with the field work organized in graphs and tables that they relate income, number of denunciations and occupation of space in the subprefeituras of the city, as environmental law could reproduce a logic of criminalization of poverty. For this, we sought to identify if there is a relationship between spaces considered as peripheries and a greater number of denunciations. In addition, because this crime occurs in the private space of the denounced, this research briefly investigated the dynamics between private and public in the city of São Paulo and whether access to private space is more facilitated in horizontal and peripheral spaces. In central and vertical spaces, the gentrification process, which expels the poorest of the overvalued regions, concentrates peripheral spaces and investigated the environmental law acted as a way of denouncing and expelling those considered inadequate to the new configuration established in these places.
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Kuhn, Claudia. "Reflexões sobre o processo de prisão e as consequências nas condições socioeconômicas para famílias de presos da Penitenciária Estadual de Francisco Beltrão/PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2006.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-05This thesis issues the criminalization of poverty and its impacts on the prisoners families. The general purpose is to analyse the reflection of such in the socioeconomic condition of the families after the imprisonment of a family member. Therefore, the specific objectives defined were: a) to learn about how the criminalization process of poverty occurs, emphasizing the prison related issues. b) to understand how the socioeconomic conditions of poor families are constituted. c) to analyze the changes caused in the families of which a member is imprisoned at the Francisco Beltrão State Penitentiary, Paraná State. The leading matters were chosen from the reflections on the family s conditions, work relations and the household income after the imprisonment of a member, as well as the relevance of the social policies to their needs. The research was made through quantitative and qualitative methods, based in field studies and in several methodological resources. The research s universe is composed by relatives of imprisoned people and the sample consists of eight (8) participants selected through previously defined criteria. The semi-structured interview was used through a form and a recorder. The research presented an analysis of the matter resulting in the finding of the effects suffered by the families to their socioeconomic conditions, stressing the increase of the poverty circumstances. Aiming to highlight the problems lived by those families, a need for the implementation of public policies of social protection destined to the population experiencing the process of poverty criminalization in its several aspects was noted.
A presente dissertação tem como temática o processo de criminalização da pobreza e suas implicações em famílias de pessoas presas. Como objetivo geral pretende analisar os reflexos na condição socioeconômica de famílias depois da prisão de membro familiar. Para alcançar tal intento, definiu-se como objetivos específicos: a) apreender como ocorre o processo de criminalização da pobreza, dando ênfase à questão prisional; b) entender como são constituídas as condições socioeconômicas de famílias pobres; e, c) analisar as mudanças ocasionadas nas condições socioeconômicas de famílias que possuem membro preso na Penitenciária Estadual de Francisco Beltrão, Estado do Paraná. As questões norteadoras foram a partir dos reflexos nas condições e relações de trabalho da família depois da prisão de membro e na renda familiar, bem como da relevância das políticas sociais para atendimento das necessidades. A pesquisa realizada foi de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo embasada em estudo de campo e em diversos recursos metodológicos. O universo da pesquisa se compõe por familiares de pessoas presas e a amostra se configura em oito (08) participantes selecionados a partir de critérios previamente definidos. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada por meio de formulário e uso de um gravador. A pesquisa apresentou análise de conteúdo que trouxe como principal resultado os reflexos que as famílias tiveram nas condições socioeconômicas depois da prisão de membro, sendo destacado o agravamento nas condições de pobreza. Almejou-se, assim, evidenciar as problemáticas vivenciadas por tais famílias e notou-se a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas de proteção social destinadas a essa população que experiencia o processo de criminalização da pobreza nas suas mais diversas facetas.
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Borges, Lélia Moreira. "Adolescente em conflito com a lei: uma análise do direito à ampla defesa em Goiânia/Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8806.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation had as its objective verify whether the adolescents submitted to the institutionalization measures in Goiânia, Goiás – Brazil, were guaranteed their right to the adversarial principle and full defense in their trials. The empirical field of this investigation consisted of the analysis of cases filed between the periods of 2014 to 2016, and the observation of hearings carried out in the infractions court of Child and Youth Court of Goiânia, GO and interviews with public defenders. The Federal Constitution of 1988, the Child and Adolescent Statute, Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure and Civil Procedure Codes were used as the main legal references for this study. As theoretical support, Emílio G. Mendez, Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant were also used. These references were useful in the understanding of the infraction persecution dynamics operationalized by the security and justice system of the State. As well as that, the understanding of the socio-juridical paradigm in force at each moment of history that justified the penalization of children and adolescents; the concept of field as a social space in competition, subject to internal disputes hierarchically established by the monopoly of the significance of such space, and the intensification of punitive actions by the State allow the perception of the permanence of the irregular situation paradigm in the professionals’ performances and judicial decisions. Decisions marked by inequality between institutions that operate in the juvenile criminal justice system, facing the recent entry of the public defense counsel, not yet totally structured, in the game of signification and legitimation of a trial that is preponderantly inquisitive. It brings loss to the exercise of full defense of the adolescents accused of acts of infraction. Evidence of a mismatch is noticed between the advances in the children’s and adolescents’ acquisition of rights and guarantees and the criminal control operationalized by the juvenile criminal justice system of Goiânia / GO.
Essa dissertação teve como objetivo verificar se os adolescentes submetidos à medida de internação em Goiânia/Goiás tiveram garantidos o direito ao contraditório e a ampla defesa nos seus julgamentos. O campo empírico desta investigação consistiu na análise de processos arquivados entre os períodos de 2014 a 2016, da observação de audiências realizadas na vara de atos infracionais do Juizado da Infância e Juventude de Goiânia/GO e de entrevistas aos defensores públicos. A Constituição Federal de 1988, Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, Códigos Penal, de Processo Penal e de Processo Civil foram referência para este estudo. Como suportes teóricos foram utilizados, entre outros, Emílio G. Mendez, Pierre Bourdieu e Loïc Wacquant. Esses referenciais serviram de suporte para entender os diferentes paradigmas jurídicos que justificaram a aplicação de penalização de crianças e adolescentes no decorrer da história apresentados por Mendez: nas considerações para uma sociologia do campo jurídico deixadas por Pierre Bourdieu sobre a força do direito, enquanto instrumento de poder da reprodução social e, nas discussões apresentas por Wacquant acerca do controle social e do estado punitivo. Permitindo assim, perceber a permanência do paradigma da situação irregular na atuação dos profissionais e nas decisões judiciais; a desigualdade entre instituições que atuam no sistema de justiça penal juvenil, dada a recente entrada da Defensoria Pública ainda não totalmente estruturada, no jogo da significação e legitimação de um julgamento preponderantemente inquisitivo, ocasionando com isso, prejuízo ao exercício pleno da defesa dos(as) adolescentes acusados(as) de atos infracionais. Evidenciando um descompasso entre os avanços na conquista de direitos e garantias das crianças e adolescentes e o controle social operacionalizado pelo sistema de justiça penal juvenil de Goiânia/GO.
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Tate, Monique. "Investigating How Families Experience School Criminalization." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2695.
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Public school students across the United States have been criminalized for minor youth behavior issues such as truancy, defiance, and minor fighting incidents. The presence of law enforcement is expanding in school spaces, increasing the likelihood of young students facing court systems for minor offenses. Criminalization of students is counterproductive considering schools are designed to promote student growth and development. Little is known about how students and parents experience school criminalization. The purpose of this multi-case study, based on Freire's conceptual framework of critical consciousness, was to investigate how a small group of families experienced school criminalization. Three families of youths who had been criminalized for minor school offences were recruited using community partners as referral sources. Interviews were conducted with parents using a semi-structured protocol, and data were also obtained from school and court records provided by parents. Data were triangulated, summarized as case descriptions, member checked, and then cross-theme analyzed based on Gibbs and Taylor's approach for emergent themes. Study results demonstrated that these families felt trapped between two institutions and experienced fear and frustration trying to deal with both systems. Participants also recommended ways parents and schools might improve discipline for minor offences. This study will influence social change by informing school and juvenile justice discipline policy reform about working with two systems in managing student behavior concerns. In addition, the interview protocol can be used by human services professionals to help improve understanding of clients faced with school criminalization issues.
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Smith, Alex. "Cannabis confusion : criminalization and decriminalization revisited." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19072.
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Janhevich, Derek E. "The criminalization of hate, a social constructionist analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26333.pdf.
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Myburgh, Rene. "The criminalization of HIV/AIDS : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020754.
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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)1 and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)2 have become a global epidemic. With an average of 35.3 million people infected with the virus worldwide, countries are desperate to curb HIV infections.3 Most HIV positive men, women and children are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.4 In an attempt to fight HIV/AIDS, some countries have opted for an approach of criminalization, where it is a crime to infect or expose another person to the virus.5 Other countries, such as South Africa, have chosen to avoid the criminalization approach, and to focus rather on public health schemes that can assist in the prevention of transmission. The United Nations (UN) has stated that overly broad application of criminal law to HIV raises serious human rights and public health concerns.7 Because of these concerns, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has urged states to limit application of criminal law to HIV-related cases.8 Furthermore, UNAIDS has urged states to rather employ scientifically proven methods to prevent HIV transmission. This treatise will set out the laws adopted by Canada, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa. Out of all five countries, South Africa is the only country that does not criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.10 In setting out the common law, statute law, case law as well as academic considerations, this treatise will attempt to identify trends in the current criminalization of HIV climate. In addition to setting out the law in the five countries, this treatise seeks to show that South Africa is one of the few countries with a developed legal system to shy away from criminalization. This treatise also seeks to establish whether South Africa’s approach is a suitable option for the country, considering it boasts the highest HIV infection rate in the world.
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Hetzler, Olivia. "Politics of homelessness hidden motivations for the criminalization of homelessness /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5918.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 30, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Ngai, Kimberly. "Beyond Bias and Criminalization: Factors Behind Latino Youth Crime Trends." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/940.
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Latino youth experience factors unique to their own ethnicity, and it is partly these factors which play a significant role in their decision to engage in delinquent activity. Perpetual bias, criminalization, and punitive punishment at the hands of those with authoritative power also contribute to Latino youth’s decisions to engage in delinquent activity as a coping mechanism. Although trends in Latino youth crime have been decreasing and are presently at historic lows, an analysis of the factors that drive the respective trends will allow insight into creating policy suggestions to benefit the growing Latino community as a whole. Motivation to reduce trends in Latino youth crime primarily through a deep understanding of the culture include utilized its strengths to successfully rehabilitate and nurture at-risk youth. Implementation of community-based groups in at-risk neighborhoods should be the first step to laying the groundwork of reducing Latino youth crime.
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Minahan, Wade Thomas. "Sometimes you have to talk first : Ohio's HIV criminalization statutes /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1451076.
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Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007."December, 2007." Includes bibliographical references. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Mulkern, Tara Lee Carleton University Dissertation Law. "The Criminalization of stalking: addressing the behaviour or the politics?" Ottawa, 1996.
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Gil, Larruscahim Paula. "Pixação : the criminalization and commodification of subcultural struggle in urban Brazil." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/70308/.
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In July 2014, two pixadores were murdered by military police officers in São Paulo, Brazil, while they were trying to perform pixação in a residential building. The doorman trapped Ailton and Alex on the top of the building and called police, saying that he suspected a robbery. Police officers came in, and Alex and Ailton were dead a few minutes later. At the end of the same year, the film Pixadores was launched at European film festivals. It won the award for best film at the One World film festival in Romania and the best direction award at the Aubagne Film Festival in France. Pixação emerged as a subculture during the mid-1980s in São Paulo. Most pixadores are men who come from the peripheries of this megalopolis. They paint their signatures (pixos) and the name of their crews using an unintelligible Arabic-gothic calligraphy, in black latex ink or with spraypaint cans, across the São Paulo cityscape. Pixação has never had a comfortable relationship with the authorities and activities related to it have been increasingly criminalized over the decades. While pixadores have been drawing increasing attention from both the market and international media, including being portrayed in the movie mentioned above, pixadores continue to be criminalized, prosecuted and even tortured and murdered by the police. In Brazil, the criminalization of pixação is based on its opposition with graffiti, whick a criminal law considers as art. The novelty and relevance of this study lies in its criminological examination of pixação subculture. It explores how pixadores experience and perceive the relationship between the criminalization of pixação and the specific issues that they confront within their social and cultural context, to examine the extent to which these perceptions and experiences are transformed into practices of resistance against these problems. Ethnographic fieldwork took place mainly in São Paulo between September 2013 and July 2014. This study analyzes pixação primarily through the lenses of critical and cultural criminology, and also makes connections with urban studies and social movement theory. Contributing to the current state of knowledge on pixação, one of the key findings of this research is that the that the primary criminalization of pixação, that is, being framed as crime in opposition to graffiti in a specific legal act, has actually helped to legitimate an extant and already disruptive police practice, secondary criminalization, as well as extrajudicial punishments completely outside of legal parameters and even frameworks of basic human rights. This research also suggests that socio-spatial segregation in São Paulo plays an important role in the rise of pixação, and that pixadores also engage in pixação as a way to overcome this segregation. Another key finding is that pixadores have recently started to transform their subcultural dynamics into political action. Finally, this research suggests that criminalization and commodification should be considered as interwoven processes, especially in the neoliberal era. For that matter, the research presented here demonstrates that commodification does not necessarily lead to the neutralization of the transgressive elements of resistant subcultures.
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Schneller, Abby. "Penalizing Pregnancy: A Feminist Legal Studies Analysis of Purvi Patel's Criminalization." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7227.
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Purvi Patel is an Indian American woman who, in 2015, was the first U.S. citizen to be convicted under feticide statutes for allegedly attempting her own abortion. Though her 2015 conviction was overturned the same year, the feticide conviction was significant as a legal precedent as well as part of a larger trend criminalizing pregnant women of color. With an eye towards the greater pattern of the criminalization of other pregnant women of color (Boyd, 1999; Faludi, 1991; Humphries, 1999; Mahan, 1996; Roberts, 1997), in this thesis I employ a feminist legal studies methodology and the theoretical frameworks of intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1989, 1991) and Reproductive Justice (Ross and Solinger, 2017; Silliman et al., 2004) to analyze five pro-Patel briefs, two from Patel’s appellate lawyers and three from amici curiae. The four themes present are: fetal personhood; racialized gender; medical privacy and trust; and surveillance, knowledge, and legitimacy. I argue these briefs were not always consistent with the tenets of intersectionality and Reproductive Justice, even as the briefs may have been effective in convincing the Court of Appeals to overturn Patel’s conviction. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of Patel’s case for public health and law. I suggest that criminalization of abortion is harmful to public health and that the feticide mandate as it stands now does not do what it was intended to do, which is to protect the pregnant woman from harm.
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Mutasem, Mohammad Haroon [Verfasser]. "Drug Trafficking in Afghanistan: Criminalization, Investigation and Prosecution / Mohammad Haroon Mutasem." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236694910/34.
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Van, Damme Ashley. "The securitization of terrorism in Indonesia : 2001-2006." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2900.
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This thesis looks at the Indonesian government’s strategy for managing the threat of terrorism between 2001 and 2006. Various socio-political factors such as the importance of Islam in Indonesian society and politics, ongoing democratization and important civil-military reform all contribute to an environment where counterterrorism efforts are both necessary and politically risky. In order to better address the many complexities of the Indonesian case study, this thesis uses a modified securitization theory framework which gives increased weight to the political and social context in which securitization decisions are made. The modified framework disaggregates the decision of an agent to rhetorically securitize an issue from the decisions behind subsequent policy actions, and considers separately the motivations behind each.
When applied to the Indonesian case study this modified framework reveals that between 2002 and 2006, President Megawati Soekarnoputri and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono managed terrorism by employing a combination of securitizing and criminalizing strategies. It additionally reveals that for each president the non-discursive policy action was not solely result of the success or failure of discursive securitization, but was also dependent on the specific political environment each faced.
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GarciÌa, DiÌaz RociÌo. "Multidimensional poverty." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437569.
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Barasa, Davis Wekesa. "Tourism, poverty and poverty reduction in Msambweni district, Kenya." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/129917.
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This thesis examines the potential of tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction as perceived by local people in Msambweni district in Kenya. Whilst many studies in tourism have focused mainly on the macro-economic impacts of tourism in developing countries, there is little empirical work on understanding its effects upon poverty reduction. Furthermore, researches on how the poor or local people define poverty are also at their embryonic stage. The research utilises multiple qualitative methods and participatory approaches including focus group discussions and meetings. Key objectives of the research are: to critically analyse how poverty is conceptualised by local people; to identify the barriers to participation in the tourism industry and development process; and make recommendations on how to overcome them. The thesis reviews the theoretical framework of poverty within the discourse of development studies. Contrary to the conventional economic definition of poverty, poor people in Msambweni view it as a multidimensional concept. The understanding of the concept of poverty as perceived by the ‘poor’ themselves is critical for addressing barriers to their participation in the tourism development process and in designing meaningful tourism-led anti-poverty strategies. The thesis also reviews other relevant tourism concepts and development paradigms. The central argument of this thesis is that the current model of tourism development in Msambweni is not suitable for addressing poverty. The study identifies barriers to local people’s participation in tourism development in Msambweni. Key barriers include weak capacity in the context of physical, human, financial and institutional capital; corruption; poverty; lack of information; weak linkages with the local economy attributable to the lack of access to tourist markets; and the inability to develop and promote the ‘right’ types of tourism. Ecotourism, volunteer tourism and ‘philanthropy tourism’, although practiced on a small scale, are the most preferred types of tourism by local people. Philanthropy tourism, an emergent term of this study, involves tourists visiting local attractions, villages, and schools and making donations to support various projects. The study concludes that for tourism to have meaningful contribution to poverty reduction, barriers that limit local people’s participation must be addressed. There is also the need for a paradigm shift to embrace policies that facilitate the transfer of economic benefits from the macro-level towards the poor at the micro-level, combined with the development and promotion of the ‘right’ types of tourism as identified by local people.
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Ramey, David M. "The Social Control of Childhood Behavior via Criminalization or Medicalization: WhyRace Matters." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1402929918.
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Grice, Benjamin C. "Jailbreak: Examining School Criminalization and the Resiliency of African-American University Students." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462522915.
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CampÃlo, Guaracyane Lima. "Three perspectives on Poverty in Brazil: Poverty Nutrition Trap, Infrastructure and Poverty, Malnutrition and Child Mortality." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10722.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorA tese à composta de trÃs artigos com metodologias e bases de dados diferentes e que objetivam analisar a pobreza sobre diferentes perspectivas. O primeiro artigo intitulado âArmadilha da pobreza nutricional: evidÃncias empÃricas para a Ãrea rural do Brasilâ investiga os impactos da subnutriÃÃo sobre a produtividade do trabalho, analisando a armadilha da pobreza nutricional (APN). Verifica-se o efeito da ingestÃo de micronutrientes (ferro e vitaminas A, B1 e B2) e de calorias sobre as rendas dos chefes de famÃlias para os setores agrÃcola, nÃo agrÃcola, conta-prÃpria e outros empregos. Utiliza-se uma variaÃÃo do mÃtodo de Durbin e McFadden (1984) para correÃÃo de viÃs de seleÃÃo baseado em modelos Logit Multinomiais. Os dados foram provenientes das Pesquisas de OrÃamento Familiar do IBGE de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009 para a Ãrea rural do Brasil. Os resultados demonstram que embora as deficiÃncias de micronutrientes ainda persistam como problemas de saÃde pÃblica, ocorreu uma melhora no perÃodo analisado. O segundo artigo denominado âO impacto da infraestrutura sobre a pobreza no Brasilâ propÃe-se a analisar o efeito dos investimentos pÃblicos em infraestrutura nos setores estratÃgicos da economia (transporte, energia, comunicaÃÃo, saÃde e saneamento) na reduÃÃo da pobreza, controlando outros determinantes tais como, o crescimento econÃmico, a desigualdade de renda, a educaÃÃo, a taxa de desemprego e as receitas governamentais no perÃodo de 1995 a 2009. O modelo estimado pelo mÃtodo de momentos generalizados-sistema (MMG-S) desenvolvido por Arellano-Bond (1991) e Blundel-Bond (1998), detectou uma relaÃÃo significante entre os investimentos em infraestrutura e pobreza, sendo estes uma ferramenta eficiente no combate desta. Os outros determinantes investigados desempenham um papel importante na dinÃmica da pobreza no Brasil. O teste de causalidade de Granger para dados em painel, proposto por Hurlin e Venet (2001, 2004) e Hurlin (2004, 2005) valida os resultados. O terceiro artigo intitulado âPobreza, subnutriÃÃo e mortalidade infantil no Brasil: evidÃncias regionais e suas implicaÃÃes para aÃÃes pÃblicasâ verifica os impactos de Ãndices antropomÃtricos sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os Ãndices utilizados foram: a proporÃÃo de crianÃas com baixo peso por idade, a proporÃÃo de crianÃas com baixo peso por altura e a proporÃÃo de crianÃas com baixa altura por idade. Assim, sÃo estimados trÃs modelos economÃtricos com o uso de uma base de dados em painel para os estados brasileiros no perÃodo de 2001 a 2008. Controlando outros determinantes, verificou-se que os Ãndices antropomÃtricos afetam positivamente a mortalidade infantil.
The thesis is composed of three articles with methodologies and different databases and aiming to analyze poverty from different perspectives. The first article entitled "Poverty nutrition trap: empirical evidence for the rural area of Brazil" investigates the impact of poor nutrition on labor productivity, analyzing poverty trap in relation to nutrition (APN). There is the effect of the intake of micronutrients (iron and vitamins A, B1 and B2) and calories on the incomes of the heads of households to the agricultural, non-agricultural self-employment and other jobs. Uses a variation of the method of Durbin and McFadden (1984) to correct for selection bias based on multinomial logit models. The data are from the Household Budget Surveys (IBGE) 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 for the rural area of Brazil. The results demonstrate that although micronutrient deficiencies still persist as public health problems in Brazil, there is an improvement in this period. The second article entitled "The impact of infrastructure on poverty in Brazil" is proposed to analyze the effect of investments infrastructure in strategic sectors of the economy (transport, energy, communication, health and sanitation) in reducing poverty controlling for other determinants such as economic growth, inequality, education, unemployment and government budget revenue for brazilian states, in the period 1995-2009. A model for dynamic panel data, estimated by generalized method of moments-system (MMG-S) in two steps, developed by Arellano-Bond (1991) and Blundel-Bond (1998) indicate, among other conclusions, a significant relationship between public investments in infrastructure and poverty, which are an effective tool in combating this. The other investigated variables play an important role in the dynamics of poverty in Brazil. The Granger causality test for panel data proposed by Hurlin and Venet (2001, 2004) and Hurlin (2004, 2005) validates the results. The third article entitled "Poverty, malnutrition and infant mortality in Brazil: regional evidence and its implications for public actions" verifies the impacts of anthropometric indices on child mortality (children aged less than five years) for Brazil. The indices applied for the children were based upon three measures: proportion weight by age; proportion of weight by height and the proportion of height by age. The empirical application relied on the estimations of three panel data econometric models, in which the cross sections units are the brazilian states and the time series in the period 2001- 2008. Controlling for other determinants, it could be concluded through the reliable estimates that theses anthropometric indices affect positively the infant mortality rate.
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Li, Yuk-shing Kevin, and 李育成. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953153.
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Li, Yuk-shing Kevin. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23457314.
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Mafuya, Mzukisi Theophilus. "Urban poverty and poverty alleviation in the Nelson Mandela Metro." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018637.
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Poverty is generally acknowledged as one of the most serious problems facing post-apartheid South Africa. The biggest challenge facing South Africa localities today is their ability to cope with alarmingly high levels of unemployment that are severely retarding both economic growth and poverty. The growth of the poverty in South Africa increases the spread of poverty in communities in which the cycle of their poverty can be passed onto the next generation if not well addressed. South Africa is characterised by inequitable growth and development, a high degree of poverty, increasing demands and limited resources and challenge of integration. In order to fight poverty the South African government has introduced mechanisms and plans to alleviate poverty and to monitor and evaluate the impact of their policies and programmes on reduction of poverty, the government has prioritized poverty alleviation in its development agenda. To fight poverty the South African government introduced a well planned and coordinated programme known an Integrated and Development programme (IDP) with its main purpose that is to enhance service delivery and fight poverty through an integrated and aligned approach between different role players and stakeholders. The IDP seeks to promote integration by balancing the social, economic and ecological pillars of sustainability without compromising the institutional capacity required in the implementation.
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Mlinganiso, Mzwandile A. "Urban poverty and poverty alleviation in the Nelson Mandela Metro." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018902.
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South Africa as integral part of the global village has been affected by the global economic meltdown that affected some parts of the globe. The Government has her other three monsters to deal with which exacerbated after the meltdown, inter alia; poverty, unemployment and inequality. The heat is felt most on unemployment and poverty. The masses on the ground are the greatest victims. Missionvale just like other small areas is not immune to the scourge caused by the crisis alluded to before. The ripple effect of the crisis is felt in classroom, when manifestations emerge in different forms, leaving victims by the way side. Poverty is rife in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a consequence to that the title of the study on poverty alleviation came into being. South Africa as a country rich in natural and human resource experiences a high rate of unemployment and harbours the majority of people living in squalor and chronic poverty. Methodology approach to gather information for this study is through relevant literature consisting of books, legislation and interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the field. The study points out the major role the municipality in collaboration with other stakeholder, inter alia; social development, and other sister departments and NGO‟s can play towards poverty alleviation in Missionvale.
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Ribeiro, Fernanda Mendes Lages. "Justiça terapêutica tolerância zero : arregaçamento biopolítico do sistema criminal punitivo e criminalização da pobreza." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=406.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA presente dissertação tem como tema de estudo a Justiça Terapêutica (JT), uma pena de tratamento direcionada aos sujeitos apreendidos por porte/uso de substâncias classificadas como ilícitas. Essa política configura-se como uma Pena Alternativa, não encarcerando o sujeito, mas restringindo seus direitos, veiculada como uma humanização da lei. Constitui-se em tratamento compulsório, por tempo determinado por juiz em sentença judicial; seu modelo é importado dos EUA a exemplo das Droug Courts e prega a total abstinência, ou Tolerância Zero. Esta política, para além de ações relacionadas às drogas, dirige-se às pequenas ilegalidades, instituindo, nos EUA, práticas como toques de recolher em bairros pobres. A Justiça Terapêutica Tolerância Zero é problematizada como certa ampliação do sistema penal, na forma extramuros, operando uma criminalização dos eventos relacionados às drogas e de certos sujeitos, uma vez que o sistema não atinge toda a população, mas penaliza prioritariamente certa parcela desta. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados como referenciais teóricos, principalmente, os conceitos de biopoder e de sociedade de controle, inaugurados, respectivamente, por Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze, problematizando a JT como tecnologia biopolítica pós-moderna de controle dos indesejáveis distúrbios relacionados às drogas, supostos causadores dos mais diversos males urbanos. Foram desenvolvidos cinco capítulos onde foram abordados temas como: algumas legislações sobre drogas, o proibicionismo norte-americano, o território contemporâneo onde vem se instituir a Justiça Terapêutica e as políticas de Tolerância Zero, o papel da mídia na difusão de certos medos e de pedidos por endurecimento de penas, o especialismo na prática psi. Como metodologia utilizo também a Análise de Implicações, conceito trazido por René Lourau, principalmente para analisar o trabalho do profissional psicólogo como um dos agentes executores desta política. Objetivei, com esse estudo, colocar em questão algumas das políticas penais/sociais que vimos instituindo contemporaneamente, especificamente a JT, e suas funções de controle, principalmente das populações pobres-periculosas, não produtivas
This dissertation analyses a type of treatment directed for users of illicit drugs known as Therapeutical Justice (TJ). The proposal is humanize the law alleviating incarceration as an Alternative Penal solution. Instead of going to jail the individual will have his civil rights restricted and will be submitted to treatment. The punishment will be defined by the judge. This particular law is inspired by North-American practices, for example, the Droug Courts where there is Zero Tolerance (total abstinence). Nonetheless, this policy includes other types of illicit behavior not restricted to drug use. In some low-income neighborhoods for instance there is curfew to guarantee safety. Zero Tolerance Therapeutical Justice can be seen as an extension of the judiciary system outside prison. One of the consequences is to transform other type of events into drug related crimes where only some segments of society are affected. The theoretical approaches used for this research are the concepts of bio-power and control society by Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze respectively, where TJ can be seen as a source of post-modern bio-political technology control mechanism of drug abuse. Supposedly of the main triggers for urban violence. This dissertation has five chapters dedicated to the following subjects: legislation for illicit drugs; North-American prohibiton practices; contemporary use of TJ and Zero Tolerance policies; the role of the media influencing public opinion on punishment methods and harshness of the law and for last, psychology practices. The methodology includes Implication Analysis, a term translated by René Lourau directed to analyze the work of the psychologist, who contributes in different ways for the implementation of the law, among others. The objective was to put into question some of the penal/social policies in practice today with special attention on TJ and the implications for the poor-dangerous and non-productive population
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McCullough, Ryan Phillip. "Reconstructing poverty discourse." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2005. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=556.
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Wykoff, Randy, and Kate E. Beatty. "Poverty & Health." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6859.
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Suriya, Senaka K. "Combatting hate?, a socio-legal discussion on the criminalization of hate in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/MQ32382.pdf.
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De, Rivera Alexandra. "Reconstituting patriarchy : a study of the criminalization of infanticide in early modern England /." South Hadley, Mass. : [s.n.],, 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2008/258.pdf.
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Hoffman, Bruce Lowell. "The cultural power of law : the criminalization, organization, and mobilization of independent midwifery /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8852.
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Gee, Richard L. "The criminalization of tattooing in Oklahoma an application of Clegg's circuits of power /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5942.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 20, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ramírez, Jacobo Xavier, and Jacobo Xavier Ramírez. "Subversive Subsistence: Paraguay's Threat of Rural Insecurity and the Criminalization of Campesino Resistance." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626141.
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In Paraguay's rural northeast, small-scale farmers, called campesinos, are targeted by the military as sympathizers for El ejército del pueblo paraguayo (EPP), an alleged terrorist group comprising only 15 - 80 members nationwide. Since 2013, President Cartes' administration has used a threat of rural insecurity to militarize campesino settlements that are peacefully resisting displacement from foreign agroindustry. This thesis considers perspectives from campesinos both living in the countryside and imprisoned in the national penitentiary to examine effects of increased militarization. Testimonies demonstrate that a discourse of rural terrorism serves as a legitimizing mechanism to criminalize and eliminate campesino movements as obstacles to agroindustrial expansion.
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Mok, Thai Yoong. "Poverty lines, household economies of scale and urban poverty in Malaysia." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1788.
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This thesis presents three essays on Malaysia’s poverty profile based on the Household Expenditure Survey (HES). The first and second studies were motivated by the shortcomings of the official poverty lines and poverty measurements. There are several conceptual and measurement problems related to evaluating the extent of poverty in Malaysia. The first study offers several alternative regional poverty analyses based on the consumption expenditure approach with varying underlying assumptions. The poverty lines are estimated using Ravallion-Bidani and Kakwani-Sajaia approaches and the consumption pattern of the 10th and 20th percentile per capita expenditure (PCE) households. Regional poverty lines based on Kakwani-Sajaia and Ravallion-Bidani lower bounds produced robust poverty measurement rankings across regions in the country for both the 10th and 20th percentile PCE households. However, for the 10th percentile PCE, Ravallion’s upper bound poverty lines do not produce robust poverty rankings. In relation to the shortcomings of the official poverty measurements, the second study analyses the economies of scale in consumption, specifically amongst poor households. Using the 10th and 20th percentile PCE households, the household size economies are estimated using specifications proposed by Deaton-Paxson and Kakwani-Son. The findings show that the economies of scale indices are sensitive to the selection of methods and sample groups. Economies of scale in poor household consumption are present for food, housing, clothing, furnishing, personal goods and miscellaneous goods. This study further suggests that these indices be used as complementary to the existing national poverty measurements. The final study provides new insights into the limited urban poverty studies and to the new dimension of urban poverty. Using logistic regression, the determinants are analysed using the new poverty lines estimated in the earlier essay. The test of robustness of the determinants is conducted through re-estimating the logistic regression using a range of poverty lines. The findings show that education, locational dimension, foreign migrant workers and household size are significant determinants of poverty in the urban areas.
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Ren, Chunhui. "Modeling Poverty Dynamics in Moderate-Poverty Neighborhoods: A Multi-Level Approach." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322077398.
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McKillop, Bryn. ""What Will Become of L.A.?": A History of Street Vendor Criminalization in Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1221.
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Los Angeles stands as the largest city in the United States without comprehensive street vending regulation. Over the span of ten years, between 1984 and 1994, street vendor activists challenged Los Angeles to regulate street vending through the work of the Street Vendors Association. Within the same ten years, the city hosted the Olympics; the city introduced broken windows policing; immigration from the global south increased; and, a riot broke out. This thesis explores how Los Angeles’ ambition as a “city of the future” and its Mexican “past” impacted the politics of street vending during this span of time.
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Ileka, Gerald Onyeka. "HIV Testing Among Nigerian Men Who Have Sex with Men After Criminalization of Homosexuality." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7665.
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Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of HIV in Nigeria. However, African countries like Nigeria, Botswana, Mali, and Mozambique have laws that prohibit homosexuality, making it a punishable crime in these countries. For example, the Nigerian government signed the anti-gay law in 2014. Laws like these affect the health status and outcomes among Nigerian MSM. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the influence criminalization of homosexuality has on the willingness to test for HIV among MSM in Abuja, Nigeria. Guided by the socio-political theory (SP) as the theoretical framework, a qualitative approach was designed to understand HIV testing perception among MSM since after the criminalization of homosexuality in Nigeria. Interviews were conducted among 15 MSM to understand how the law created factors that influence their decision to test for HIV and their quality of life. Data gathered from the face to face interview was coded based on the research questions. Further analysis was done using thematic to develop themes that addressed the research questions. Findings revealed that anti-gay law influenced MSM to avoid HIV testing and disclosure. Additional themes revealed respondents’ perceptions on homosexual criminalization’s impact on healthcare access, fear of imprisonment, relationships, and psychological and physical fears. The research findings will help address the discrimination, social injustice, violence and human right violation MSM face in Nigeria. Through dissemination of these findings, positive social change will be achieved through increased HIV testing among MSM and improve HIV prevention programs aimed at MSM.
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Sewell, Regina. "Violent politics and the politics of violence: The criminalization of anti-lesbian/gay violence /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945320759.
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Legge, Kate Eleanor. "Tackling poverty at home and abroad : New Labour's public politics of poverty." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14042/.
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This thesis provides a timely retrospective of New Labour's public politics of global and domestic poverty through examination of their speeches and policy documents and secondary literature on the post-war politics of poverty and development, New Labour and public attitudes to poverty. It adopts a 'public politics' approach, in understanding these speeches and policy documents as public political discourse and understanding politics in broad cultural terms as the discursive struggle to embed a particular vision of the social world in the public imagination, and provides a rare example of a crossdomain study of New Labour, seeking to connect analysis of global and domestic policy. As such it contributes to what Colin Hay has called the 'new political science of British politics'. Both global and domestic poverty received a greater public political profile under New Labour than could have been envisaged in 1997. By the end of their first term they had made high-profile, time-specific commitments in both domains. Global poverty in particular gained unprecedented public attention in the build-up to the G8 Summit in 2005 and New Labour was centre stage in the political spectacle of Make Poverty History. This followed a period of neo-liberal dominance in which poverty was absent from the domestic political lexicon and subsumed by structural adjustment imperatives in the global domain. This comparative study of the public politics of poverty asks: whether New Labour made explicit connections between their global and domestic poverty discourses and commitments, and if so, what the nature of these connections were; what the 'narratives' employed to justify government action to tackle poverty were, and the similarities and differences between the two poverty domains; whether the general public shared these 'narratives' and, if not, how they differed; how New Labour's 'public politics of poverty' evolved over time in both global and domestic domains; and what the key characteristics of New Labour's public politics of poverty were, how could have differed, and what impact they appeared to have had on public opinion.
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Yates, Samantha Jane. "Living with poverty in post-Soviet Russia : social perspectives on urban poverty." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417810.
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Rose, Harriett DeAnn Calderón Roberto R. "Dallas, poverty and race community action programs in the war on poverty /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9042.
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Rose, Harriett DeAnn. "Dallas, Poverty, and Race: Community Action Programs in the War on Poverty." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9042/.
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Dallas is a unique city whose history has been overshadowed by its elite. The War on Poverty in Dallas, Texas, has been largely overlooked in the historical collective. This thesis examines the War on Poverty, more specifically, Community Action Programs (Dallas County Community Action Committee) and its origin and decline. It also exams race within the federal program and the push for federal funding among the African American and Mexican American communities. The thesis concludes with findings of the politicization of the Mexican American community and the struggle with African Americans for political equality.
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Fürst, Josefin. "Preventing Poverty - Creating Identity." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Institute of Contemporary History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1832.
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This paper has two aims. The first aim is to study and describe the manifest ideology of the EU's social policy. The second aim is to analyse to what extent the manifest ideology might be a part of building a common European identity - by finding common solutions to commonEuropean problems (problems, more or less constructed as common). The research is a critical ideology analysis, made up of a qualitative text analysis of EU social policy documents and National strategy reports (NSR). I ask two questions. Firstly, which are the main features in the manifest ideology of EU social policy as described in the texts? Secondly, what picture of a European identity is visible when reading the EU social policy texts and the National Strategy Reports? I have found five main features of the manifest ideology. These revolve around: how the world and change in the world are described according to the EU; the mutual interaction between the Lisbon objectives and greater social cohesion; the creating of social cohesion; the importance of how policies are constructed and implemented and the EU's self-image. The texts offer either two quite different pictures with regards to the question of a European identity or ones that is partly incoherent. The analysed EU policy texts put across a picture of a uniform Europe, suggest that there is something genuinely European and a common European identity. However, the picture obtained when reading the NSRs and the collected picture of the EU policy texts and the NSRs is much less coherent. The paper argues that the manifest ideology could be a part of building a European identity, but it does not manage to prove that it actually is.
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Tindal, Jonathan Winston. "Bonaventure, poverty, and stewardship." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2006. http://www.tren.com.
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Esposito, Lucio. "Essays in Poverty Measurement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514307.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Stephan Klasen, and Konstantin M. Wacker. "There is poverty convergence." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4807/1/wp213.pdf.
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Martin Ravallion ("Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?" American Economic Review, 102(1): 504-23; 2012) presents evidence against the existence of convergence in global poverty rates despite convergence in household mean income levels and the close linkage between income growth and poverty reduction. We show that this finding is driven by a specification that demands more than simple convergence in poverty headcount rates and assumes a growth elasticity of poverty reduction, which is well-known to accelerate with low initial poverty levels. If we motivate the poverty convergence equation using an arguably superior growth semi-elasticity of poverty reduction, we find highly significant and robust evidence of convergence in absolute poverty headcount ratios and poverty gaps. Relatedly, we show that the results in Ravallion (2012) are driven by the special income growth and poverty dynamics in Central and Eastern European transition economies that started with low initial poverty rates and thus observed a high elasticity of poverty reduction. Once we control for their abnormal poverty dynamics, we again find robust evidence of global convergence in poverty, even in the original specification by Ravallion (2012). (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Murray, Colleen R. "A Response to Poverty." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2015. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/176.
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Current social norms support statistics that reflect the uneven distribution of economic resources within the United States. Local Catholic parishes, including its parishioners, have a responsibility to address the needs of the poor by participating in outreach to others. This is true within upper-income parishes where access to a variety of resources could provide support to those with far fewer resources. Church tradition provides the means for understanding why care for the poor is a priority and responsibility in the life of a parish. The belief of “imago Dei” forms a basis of establishing that human life has value due to the equal dignity that is present in all of humanity. Within this broad context, the Second Vatican Council maintained that the Church has a mission to be a sacrament of salvation that animates Jesus’ ministry of care for life in the world today. Subsequently, church members have a responsibility to be the animators for her mission by answering the call to create and form a community in which there exists mutual responsibility and kinship amongst all her members.