Academic literature on the topic 'Criminals, south america'
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Journal articles on the topic "Criminals, south america"
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Ramirez, Susan Elizabeth. "Amores Prohibidos: The Consequences of the Clash of Juridical Norms in Sixteenth Century Peru." Americas 62, no. 01 (July 2005): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500063343.
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Laws make criminals. Lao-tzu, Chinese Philosopher (circa sixth century B.C.E.) Fundamental to the establishment of Spanish colonial power in America was the formation of a system of laws and the invention or extension of institutions needed to implement them. In Peru, a more systematic imposition of Spanish regulation began in the 1540s with the introduction of the New Laws (1542), which were directed to the west coast of South America in 1543 by the first appointed Viceroy, the ill-fated peninsular noble, the caballero (gentleman) Blasco Nuñez Vela.
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Rasiah, Rasiah, Ansor Putra, Fina Amalia Masri, Arman Arman, and Suci Rahmi Pardilla. "JUST LIKE BLACK, ONLY BETTER: POOR WHITE IN ANTEBELLUM SOUTH OF AMERICA DEPICTED IN SOLOMON NORTHUP’S NOVEL TWELVE YEARS AS A SLAVE." Diksi 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v29i1.33081.
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(Title: Just Like Black, Only Better: Poor White in Antebellum South of America Depicted in Solomon Northup’s Novel “Twelve Years as A Slave”). Antebellum era, the period before the Civil War occured, or before the year 1861, in the United States is used to relate to the enslavement of black American. In fact, the era was not merely about black, but also poor white. This study is purposed to describe the poor whites’ life in antebellum America as reflected in Twelve Years As A Slave (1855), a narrative biography novel written by Solomon Northup. Set up the story in New York, Washingotn DC, and New Orleans, the author (and focalizer at once) told the story based on his own experience as a black who was captivated and sold into slavery for twelve years. Although the novel centered its story on black character, it also reflected the life of poor whites who were also being “enslaved” by their white counterparts. Through sociology of literature perspective, this study reveals that the character of poor white that represented through John M. Tibeats, Armsby, and James H. Burch came from Great Britain especially from Ireland. Mostly, they moved to America as incarcerated people. They lived under the poverty and some of them were the vagrants and petty criminals. Poor white during antebellum era in America was positioned in the lower social level. They were “enslaved” by their white master but more better compared to the black slaves. It can be noticed that poor white were positioned in low social level because of the socio-economic problem, while blacks were race and racism. Keywords: antebellum America, poor white, slavery, social class, American literature
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Otiono, Nduka. "Tracking Skilled Diasporas." Transfers 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010302.
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This essay examines the trajectories of skilled labor migrants within a global South-North migration matrix using an interdisciplinary framework. Focusing on Nigeria's huge brain drain phenomenon, the essay draws from the limited available data on the field, interpreting those data through theoretical perspectives from postcolonial studies, Marxism, cultural studies, and human geography. The study spotlights the example of the United States of America as a receptacle of skilled migrants and raises questions of social justice along the North-South divide. The research demonstrates that contrary to the dominant image promoted by some elements in the Western media of migrants as irritants or criminals who disturb well-cultivated, advanced World economies and social spaces, 1 those nations benefit highly from Africa's (and other migrant countries') labor diasporas, especially the highly skilled professionals.
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Coleman, Diana Murtaugh. "El Sur También Existe: Imagining futures." Cultural Dynamics 31, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019860937.
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Guantánamo is infamous as a site of extra-legal detention in the wake of 9/11; more than a single site, it is part of a web of the United States’ militarization operating in the Global South. An area of the military base is now being revitalized as a new camp for climate change–related mass migration events predicted to occur throughout the Caribbean and Latin America. In February 2018, RQ Construction, LLC (Carlsbad, California) won a 23-million-dollar contract to build a “Contingency Mass Migration Complex” at Guantánamo to house migrants and personnel at the military base in a massive tent city. Though less explicitly worded, other large Department of Defense awards for work at Guantánamo point toward extensive infrastructure development as recently as March 2019. The United States’ militarized response to climate-based migration is an extension of the logic through which economic and political refugees are branded criminals or terrorists.
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O. Odeku, Kola, and Simbarashe R. Gundani. "Accentuating criminal sanctions for environmental degradation: issues and perspectives." Environmental Economics 8, no. 2 (June 9, 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(2).2017.03.
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This article examines the need to enforce criminal sanctions for environmental crimes being perpetrated daily, particularly by those who engage in mining and extractive ventures. In South Africa, more often than not, the sanctions for environmental crimes are usually premised on civil suits or administrative actions against the perpetrators. However, these sanctions have not been effective in dissuading perpetrators from environmental harm and degradation because they have the financial means to settle any claims or fines imposed by the courts or the administrative tribunals. It is against the backdrop of this culture of deliberate impunity that this article accentuates the need to strengthen sanctions against perpetrators by imposing criminal sanctions in order to serve as deterrent. A precedent was set by the court in the case of Blue Platinum Ventures (Pty) Limited and Maponya, where the court emphatically invoked and applied criminal sanction against the defendant and was held criminally liable for degrading the environment. The case is a landmark, as it sets a new precedent, where the perpetrator was criminally sanctioned. Countries like United States of America and Australia have been successful in criminal sanctioning of environmental crimes; many mining and extractives companies’ executives and managers have been criminally sanctioned and sent to jail. This article looks at the jurisprudence from these jurisdictions and draws useful lessons that could be used to strengthen prosecution and conviction of perpetrators in South Africa.
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Seltenreich, Radim. "Filosofie zločinu a trestu – vybrané aspekty amerického trestního práva v 19. století se zvláštním zřetelem k problematice vězeňství." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.24.
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In his article, the author discusses the development of American criminal law in the 19th century, with the focus on prison issues. In this context, he also recalls the views of the French thinker Michel Foucault on this topic expressed in his now classic work “Discipline and Punish”. In order to provide the necessary context, this section is preceded by a brief outline of the development of American criminal law since its colonial beginnings. Then, as far as the prison system itself in the newly founded United States of America is concerned, the author highlights two different approaches to prisoners that were applied in the jail houses Eastern Penitentiary in Pennsylvania and Auburn Prison in New York. He also focuses on the economic side of the issue, whereas part of the text aims to analyse the phenomenon of the “convict lease system” as practised particularly in the American South. Finally, he concludes his article by mentioning other attempts to reform the prison system in the second half of the 19th century.
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MARCHANT, ALEXANDRE. "«FRENCH CONNECTIONS EN AMERIQUE LATINE »: aux racines des circuits contemporains de la drogue." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 14, no. 24 (December 21, 2017): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v14i24.604.
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Résumé: La continentalisation et la mondialisation du trafic de drogue dans les Amériques semble avoir débuté avec l”™émergence des grands cartels colombiens et mexicains dans les années 1980. Elles plongent en réalité leurs racines dans le systá¨me mis en place des années auparavant par les mafias marseillaises exportatrices d”™héroá¯ne dans le Nouveau Monde au temps de la French Connection. Du sud au nord du continent, des criminels français expatriés ont institué des réseaux, des itinéraires et des pratiques qui ne disparurent pas du jour au lendemain avec l”™effondrement de la filiá¨re française au début des années 1970. Bien au contraire, les cartels naissants de la cocaá¯ne ont cherché á intégrer d”™anciens trafiquants de la French Connection pour mettre á profit leur savoir-faire, avant de perfectionner leurs méthodes pour aboutir á de nouveaux équilibres entre Amériques et Europe dans le trafic international de stupéfiants au tournant des années 1980-1990.Mots-clefs: Trafic. Mafia. Cartel. «FRENCH CONNECTIONS NA AMÉRICA LATINA »: nas raázes dos circuitos contemporá¢neos da droga. Resumo: A continentalização e a mundialização do tráfico de droga nas Américas parecem ter começado com a emergência dos grandes cartéis colombianos e mexicanos nos anos 1980. Mas, na realidade, elas se enraizaram, muitos anos antes, no sistema implantado, pelas máfias marselhesas exportadoras de heroána no Novo Mundo, nos tempos da French Connection. Do sul ao norte do continente, criminosos franceses expatriados instituáram redes, itinerários e práticas que não desapareceram do dia para a noite com a queda da filial francesa no começo dos anos 1970. Ao contrário, os cartéis nascentes da cocaána buscaram integrar antigos traficantes da French Connection para tirar proveito de suas experiências, antes mesmo de aperfeiçoarem seus métodos, para alcançar novos equilábrios entre Américas e Europa no tráfico internacional de entorpecentes na virada dos anos 1980-1990.Palavras-chave: Tráfico. Máfia. Cartel. « FRENCH CONNECTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA »: at the roots of drug contemporary routes.Abstract: Continentalization and globalization of drug trafficking in the Americas seem to have begun with the emergence of Colombian and Mexican cartels in the 1980s. However, in reality they were entrenched many years before in the embedded system by the Mafias from Marselha which were exporters of heroin in the ”New World” throughout the period of the French Connection. From the south to the north of the continent, expatriate French criminals instituted networks, itineraries and practices, which did not abruptly disappear with the collapse of the French branch in the early 1970s. On the other hand, cocaine's emerging cartels sought to integrate former French Connection traffickers to take advantage of their experiences, before perfecting their methods to achieve new equilibrium between Americas and Europe with the international traffic of drugs during the years 1980-1990.Keywords: Traffic. Mafia. Cartel. «FRENCH CONNECTIONS EN AMÉRICA LATINA »: en las raáces de los circuitos contemporáneos de la droga. Resumen: La continentalización y la mundialización del tráfico de drogas en las Américas parecen haber comenzado con la emergencia de los grandes carteles colombianos y mexicanos en los años 1980. Pero, en realidad, se enraizaron, muchos años antes, en el sistema implantado por las mafias marsellesas exportadoras de heroána en el Nuevo Mundo, en los tiempos de French Connection. Del sur al norte del continente, criminosos franceses expatriados establecieron redes, itinerarios y prácticas que no desaparecieron del dáa para la noche con la caáda de la filial francesa a principios de los años 1970. Al contrario, los carteles nacientes de la cocaána buscaron integrar a antiguos traficantes de la French Connection para aprovechar sus experiencias, antes incluso de perfeccionar sus métodos, para alcanzar nuevos equilibrios entre Américas y Europa en el tráfico internacional de estupefacientes en el cambio de los años 1980-1990.Palabras clave: Tráfico. Mafia. Cartel.
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Dorr, Gregory Michael. "Defective or Disabled?: Race, Medicine, and Eugenics in Progressive Era Virginia and Alabama." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5, no. 4 (October 2006): 359–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003224.
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Something was menacing the South during the Progressive Era. Southern physicians located the threat in the “germ plasm,” the genes, of the region's inhabitants. Writing in a now-infamous 1893 “open letter” published in the Virginia Medical Monthly, Hunter Holmes McGuire, a Richmond physician and president of the American Medical Association, asked for “some scientific explanation of the sexual perversion in the negro of the present day.” McGuire's correspondent, Chicago physician G. Frank Lydston, replied that African-American men raped white women because of “[h]ereditary influences descending from the uncivilized ancestors of our negroes.” Lydston's solution to this problem was not lynching, but surgical castration which “prevents the criminal from perpetuating his kind.” Eight years later in Alabama, Dr. John E. Purdon opined, “It is a proved fact of experience that the inveterate criminal tends to propagates a race of criminals, and that the undeveloped or degraded nerve-tissue will duplicate itself in the next generation.” Dr. Purdon then declared, “Emasculation is the simplest and most perfect plan that can be adopted to secure the perfection of the race.” Twenty-three years later, in 1924, Harry Hamilton Laughlin testified in support of a Virginia law providing for the eugenic sterilization of the “shiftless, ignorant, and worthless class of anti-social whites of the South,” who allegedly created social problems for “normal” people. The multiplication of these “defective delinquents,” Laughlin and Virginia officials claimed, could only be controlled by restricting their procreation.
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Sampó, Carolina, and Marcos Alan Ferreira. "De la fragmentación de las estructuras criminales a una proto-mafia: un análisis del Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) en Sudamérica." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 6, no. 2 (December 8, 2020): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.12.6.
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This article examines how the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) is structured as a particular model of criminal organization in South America, between what could be labelled as a third generation cartel and a proto-mafia. After the end of Colombian cartels, criminal organizations had to change the way they were structured. These changes resulted in a marked fragmentation that generated a multiplicity of small organizations in South America that managed to enter the drug trafficking market, driven by the “democratization” of cocaine. However, in the last decade Brazil has seen the opposite process. While in Latin America there was a shift from concentration to fragmentation - from the existence of cartels to the proliferation of a large number of small criminal structures - in Brazil, the PCC has ceased to be fragmented to concentrate and multiply its power, based on its presence and strength throughout the national territory, but also thanks to its transnationalization towards drug-producing countries such as Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. The article examines if we are facing the emergence of a new generation of criminal structures, which perceive themselves as transnational companies and which adopt a different form than traditional cartels, much more flexible and capable of adapting to change, which makes them similar to a mafia, although they have not yet established themselves as such.
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Mirow, M. C. "The Age of Constitutions in the Americas." Law and History Review 32, no. 2 (May 2014): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248014000054.
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The late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have been aptly called the “Age of Codifications.” The same period was also the Age of Constitutions. Although a great deal is known about the migration of prenational and transnational legal sources and ideas that led to national codes of civil and criminal law in Europe and the Americas, much less is known about similar processes on the constitutional level. Constitutional historians have been more parochial than their private law counterparts, most likely because of the relationship between constitutions and nations. In the light of independence, nations immediately needed constitutions to solidify gains and to consolidate state power. The study of these processes becomes national narratives, often in conversation with the former colonial power, which are disconnected from more general or regional trends. As Linda Colley's article in this issue illustrates, it is important to step back to view the constitution-making process from an Atlantic perspective that ties the Americas, North and South, into the area of study. The Age of Constitutions in the Americas must include Latin America and the Caribbean.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Criminals, south america"
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Heeb, Nick. "The Lucky Clover." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1522146192847002.
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Brinks, Daniel M. "Legal tolls and the rule of law the judicial response to police killings in South America /." 2004. http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04142004-155007/.
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BLackburn, Hester Francina. "Die omvang van die reg op regsverteenwoordiging in 'n demokratiese Suid-Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die posisie in die Verenigde State van Amerika." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17312.
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Text in AfrikaansAlhoewel die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika die bestaande reg op regsverteenwoordiging uitgebrei het tot sy logiese eindpunt, is daar geen vaste inhoud aan hierdie reg gegee nie en sal die howe die omvang daarvan moet ontwikkel. Hierdie reg kan weens die heersende sosiale en ekonomiese omstandighede nie 'n absolute reg wees nie. Indien 'n beskuldigde nie 'n regsverteenwoordiger kan bekostig nie, sal een op staatsonkoste aan horn verskaf word, maar slegs indien
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M. (Straf en Prosesreg)
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Blackburn, Hester Francina. "Die omvang van die reg op regsverteenwoordiging in 'n demokratiese Suid-Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die posisie in die Verenigde State van Amerika." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17312.
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Text in AfrikaansAlhoewel die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika die bestaande reg op regsverteenwoordiging uitgebrei het tot sy logiese eindpunt, is daar geen vaste inhoud aan hierdie reg gegee nie en sal die howe die omvang daarvan moet ontwikkel. Hierdie reg kan weens die heersende sosiale en ekonomiese omstandighede nie 'n absolute reg wees nie. Indien 'n beskuldigde nie 'n regsverteenwoordiger kan bekostig nie, sal een op staatsonkoste aan horn verskaf word, maar slegs indien
Criminal and Procedural Law
LL.M. (Straf en Prosesreg)
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Nel, F. (Francisca). "Die rol van diskresie by die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis wat in stryd met die grondwet verkry is." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15597.
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Text in AfrikaansArtikel 35(5) van die Grondwet 108 van 1996 handel oor die uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis en bepaal dat sodanige getuienis uitgesluit moet word indien toelating daarvan sal lei tot 'n onbillike verhoor of tot nadeel sal strek vir die regspleging. Uit die bewoording van die artikel blyk dit dat die howe geen diskresie het ten opsigte van die toelaatbaarheidsvraag nie en 'n streng uitsluitingbenadering moet volg. Die doel van hierdie verha• ndeling is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate van diskresie .en die wyse ·waarop diskresie toepas word in hierdie besluitnemingsproses. Twee benaderings is deur die howe gevolg, naamlik 'n benadering waar 'n wye diskresie uitgeoefen word en 'n benadering waar 'n beperkte diskresie uitgeoefen word, dus 'n gekwalifiseerde uitsluitingsbenadering. Die skrywer doen aan die hand dat beide gronde vir uitsluiting van belang is en dat die howe verkeie faktore moet oorweeg ten einde 'n beslissing te vel oor die insluiting of uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis. 'n Balans moet dus gehandhaaf word tussen die belang van die beskuldigde op 'n billike verhoor en die belang van die gemeenskap daarin dat regspleging nie benadeel moet word nie en dat reg en geregtigheid moet geskied
Section 35(3) of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 deals with the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence and stipulates that such evidence must be excluded if the admission would render the trial unfair or be detrimental to the administration of justice. From the wording of the section it seems that the courts have no jurisdiction in regard to the admissibility question and that a strict exclusionary approach must be followed. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the amount of discretion that the Courts have, and the manner in which this discretion is applied in the process of decision making. Two approaches were followed by the courts namely a wide discretionary approach and an approach where a strict discretion was applied. It is submitted that botR grounds for exclusion are of importance and that the courts must consider a variety of factors in deciding the question on the inclusion or exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence. A balance must be struck between the interest of the accused in a fair trial and the interest of the community that the administration of justice must not be prejudiced and that justice must prevail.
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M. (Law)
Books on the topic "Criminals, south america"
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Nazi-Jagd: Südamerikas Diktaturen und die Ahndung von NS-Verbrechen. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2013.
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Ayers, Edward L. Vengeance and justice: Crime and punishment in the 19th-century American south. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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Porter, Bruce. Blow: How a smalltown boy made $100 million with the Medellín cocaine cartel and lost it all. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
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Stahl, Daniel. Hunt for Nazis. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985216.
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Hunt for Nazis is the first comprehensive account of the post-1945 efforts to bring Nazi war criminals who had escaped to South America to justice. The author shows that the Nazi hunt -- which resulted in spectacular cases like the kidnapping of Adolf Eichmann -- should not only be understood as part of the afterlife of the Third Reich, but that it also became an integral aspect of dealing with repression at the hands of authoritarian regimes in South America. Dissidents and human rights activists assumed that the escaped Nazi perpetrators and collaborators continued to be involved in violent crimes in the service of these new dictatorships.
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Bowden, Mark. Killing Pablo: The hunt for the richest, most powerful criminal in history. London: Atlantic, 2012.
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Bowden, Mark. Matar a Pablo Escobar: La cacería del criminal más buscado del mundo. Barcelona: RBA Libros, 2001.
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Roots of disorder: Race and criminal justice in the American South, 1817-80. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.
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Bakeer, Donald. Crips: The story of the South Central L.A. street gang from 1971-1985. Los Angeles: Precocious Pub., 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Criminals, south america"
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Militello, Vincenzo. "Sanctions for Legal Entities in South American and European Systems of Corporate Criminal Liability." In The Quest for Core Values in the Application of Legal Norms, 121–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78953-4_7.
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Jenkins, Philip. "Under His Wings Shalt Thou Trust." In He Will Save You from the Deadly Pestilence, 176—C10.P51. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605646.003.0010.
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Abstract Psalm 91 has found many enthusiastic believers among the new and rapidly expanding churches of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It is a central part of Christian popular culture in many of those countries, and is often the subject of musical treatment by gospel, rock and rap artists. It also features heavily in street signs and graffiti. So popular is the psalm that it even played a role in the Philippine Revolution of 1986, a story that forms part of its ever expanding mythology. Although most such usage in strictly mainstream and respectable, the psalm has a special appeal for criminals, gangs, and convicts. Some of the psalm’s uses in Global South nations do veer into superstition and magic. As in the global North, the psalm was especially popular as a source of aid during the coronavirus pandemic.
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Holloway, Pippa. "Testimonial Incapacity and Criminal Defendants in the South." In Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South, 107–29. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.003.0005.
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highlights the tensions between the demands of modern law and white supremacy by studying the rights of convicted criminals in court. Many southern states, for racial and partisan ends, used criminal convictions to strip convicts of their right to testify on their own behalf in court. While states in the rest of the country had revoked such limitations on courtroom testimony by the late nineteenth century, southern states maintained them. They served as an extension of Jim Crow laws, used to deny African Americans full citizenship, much as felon disenfranchisement laws did.
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Niedermeier, Silvan. "Torture and African American Courtroom Testimony." In The Color of the Third Degree, translated by Paul Cohen, 39–58. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652979.003.0003.
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Chapter two focuses on the Dave Canty case and the Daniels-Robinson case. The two cases shows how allegations of torture were dealt with during criminal proceedings and examines the means used by African American suspects to substantiate allegations of torture during their trials. Overall, this chapter examines the testimonies of African American defendants and the degree to which their statements were recognized by the courts of the South.
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Wood, Amy Louise. "Cole Blease’s Pardoning Pen." In Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South, 147–69. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.003.0007.
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examines prison reform efforts in South Carolina under the governorship of Cole Blease in the 1910s to argue that Progressive-era prison reform played out in distinct ways in the South due to the region’s class and racial politics. Despite his fierce racism, Blease, in the name of reform, pardoned or paroled more criminals, many of them African American, than any previous governor. Yet, Blease’s use of executive clemency had much more to do with imposing an authoritarian and pre-modern form of power onto state bureaucracy than it did with progressive ideals about the promise of the regulatory state. His approach to prison reform illuminates larger tensions within southern progressivism
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Bullock, Charles S., Susan A. MacManus, Jeremy D. Mayer, and Mark J. Rozell. "Virginia." In African American Statewide Candidates in the New South, 107–36. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607428.003.0004.
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This chapter examines two Black candidates’ very different paths to winning Virginia statewide elections, separated by three decades: L. Douglas Wilder for lieutenant governor (1985) and governor (1989) and Justin Fairfax for lieutenant governor (2017), showing how differences in their campaigns reflect the vast demographic, social, and political changes in Virginia, and in the South generally, over that period of time. It describes how Wilder ran as a centrist who extolled his military background, fiscal conservatism, and tough-on-crime positions, as well as his deference to many of Virginia’s historic traditions, while Fairfax ran as a strong progressive on social and economic issues, as well as on criminal reform, marijuana legalization, and outright opposition to many of Virginia’s past customs and monuments. Finally, it shows how Wilder the pragmatist took the path that was politically necessary in 1980s Virginia to get elected, while Fairfax rode a wave of recent progressive growth.
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Kotlowski, Dean J. "“Negro and White Unite”." In Global Lynching and Collective Violence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041389.003.0007.
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Nicholas Rush Smith’s chapter explores collective violence in postapartheid South Africa, where vigilante violence involving an attempt to necklace alleged criminals has been common. That the necklace--placing a gasoline filled tire around the neck of a victim and setting it alight--is frequently deployed is surprising, Smith asserts, because the struggle against apartheid was, in important ways, a struggle for a procedural rights-based legal system, something necklacing undermines. Moreover, necklacing was originally developed as a tool to sanction political threats under apartheid, whereas today it is primarily used as a technique to punish criminals. Why, Smith asks, is necklacing still practiced twenty years after the dawn of democracy given that it was first implemented as part of the struggle against apartheid? Smith’s chapter argues that citizens deploying the necklace challenge the postapartheid state’s-rights-based legal system, which South Africans often argue enables insecurity and immorality, to proliferate; rhetorically and ideologically, this in some ways parallels the criticisms that American lynchers often made of procedural, due process rights. Through its spectacular violence, the necklace dramatizes these critiques of the democratic legal order much like it dramatized critiques of the apartheid state.
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O’Brassill-Kulfan, Kristin. "“Vagrant Negroes”." In Reconsidering Southern Labor History, 32–46. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056975.003.0003.
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Laws regulating the movement, residence, employment, and labor of the poor, and especially of poor African Americans in states with burgeoning free populations, demonstrate how mobility, when enacted by the poor and by non-whites, was classified as a criminal action in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century United States. In the Upper South especially, these laws had the express goal of attaching to all people of color the potential consequences of enslavement. This essay will link these ideas by tracing mobility and its construction as a classed and raced activity, as threats to existing labor regimes and social systems. This was most commonly and notoriously done through the policing of vagrancy, which allowed authorities to punish the poor, most punitively, in the South, African Americans, for unemployment or a reluctance to enter into a particular labor contract. This essay argues that the power dynamics of the South can be read clearly in the classed and raced regulation of vagrancy and geographical mobility in the antebellum era.
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Niedermeier, Silvan. "Forced Confessions." In Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South, 58–78. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter studies two high-profile cases in which police officers used torture to extract confessions from black criminal suspects. In these cases, African Americans, aided by prominent white allies and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), appealed to the courts to protest acts of torture, contest forced confessions, and challenge legal discrimination. The chapter places these protests within the context of the “long Civil Rights movement” to illuminate the tensions between the demands of white supremacy and the demands of a “color-blind” law characteristic of the modern bureaucratic state.
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Felker-Kantor, Max. "Policing an Internal Border." In Policing Los Angeles, 162–89. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646831.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Within the context of global trade and migration to cities in the 1980s, the department remobilized to expand its discretionary authority to combat the growing number of undocumented migrants. Hoping to maintain the trust of new immigrant populations, officials limited police authority to make arrests based on immigration status. Yet, the LAPD constructed an “alien criminal” category to justify cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service and to arrest undocumented immigrants and refugees fleeing South and central America. In the process, the LAPD employed racialized constructions of illegality that criminalized the city’s Latino/a population in the name of protecting the image of Los Angeles as a world city.