Dissertations / Theses: 'Crise de la production cacaoyère'

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Tano, Assi Maxime. "Crise cacaoyère et stratégies des producteurs de la sous-préfécture de Meadji au sud-ouest ivoirien." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20015/document.

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La crise cacaoyère de la fin de la décennie 1970 a profondément bouleversé les stratégies de survie des producteurs. Elle s’est manifestée par la rareté des facteurs de production (la terre et le travail), la diminution de la production et du revenu, la transformation du milieu écologique et la baisse de la pluviométrie. Pour faire face à l’ensemble de ces contraintes, les producteurs ont adopté diverses stratégies dont l’objectif était, soit de diversifier les sources de revenu, soit de réduire les charges familiales. Le résultat principal de cette recherche est d’avoir constaté que les stratégies les plus efficaces sont celles qui ont été modelées en tenant compte des rapports sociaux. Il s’agit des stratégies de diversification des revenus, de crédit, de mobilisation du facteur travail, le respect des règles du tutorat, etc. La diversification des revenus qui a reposé sur des valeurs de solidarité et d’entraide a constitué un élément important des stratégies de survie des producteurs parce qu’elles ont offert un filet de sécurité de premier plan dans un contexte de crise cacaoyère The cocoa crisis of the late 1970s greatly affected the survival strategies of producers. It manifests in the scarcity of production (land, labour), the decrease in production and revenue, the transformation of the ecological milieu and the decrease in rainfall. In order to overcome these constraints, producers have adopted various strategies that either aim at diversifying their sources of revenue or reduce family responsibilities. The main result of this study is the observation that, the most efficient of these strategies were those shaped while taking into consideration social relationships. They include strategies to diversify revenue, credit, mobilisation of the labour factor, the respect of guidance rules. The diversification of revenue which was based on solidarity and cooperation constitute an important element of the producers’ survival strategies because they have ensured an ineligible first degree security in cocoa crisis

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Tano, Maxime Assi. "Crise cacaoyère et stratégies des producteurs de la sous-préfécture de Meadji au sud-ouest ivoirien." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713662.

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La crise cacaoyère de la fin de la décennie 1970 a profondément bouleversé les stratégies de survie des producteurs. Elle s'est manifestée par la rareté des facteurs de production (la terre et le travail), la diminution de la production et du revenu, la transformation du milieu écologique et la baisse de la pluviométrie. Pour faire face à l'ensemble de ces contraintes, les producteurs ont adopté diverses stratégies dont l'objectif était, soit de diversifier les sources de revenu, soit de réduire les charges familiales. Le résultat principal de cette recherche est d'avoir constaté que les stratégies les plus efficaces sont celles qui ont été modelées en tenant compte des rapports sociaux. Il s'agit des stratégies de diversification des revenus, de crédit, de mobilisation du facteur travail, le respect des règles du tutorat, etc. La diversification des revenus qui a reposé sur des valeurs de solidarité et d'entraide a constitué un élément important des stratégies de survie des producteurs parce qu'elles ont offert un filet de sécurité de premier plan dans un contexte de crise cacaoyère.

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Eteme, Evariste. "Etude de l'économie cacaoyère et caféière au Cameroun." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0009.

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Da, Silva Gomes Andréa. "Dynamique du systÈme agraire de la rÉgion cacaoyÈre de l´État de bahia, brÉsil." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004595.

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Le système agraire de la région cacaoyère de l´État de Bahia, Brésil, a été l´objet d´importantes transformations, qui ont résulté d´une grave crise socio-économique. Cette crise a débuté fin des années quatre-vingt et sa cause principale fut le déclin de la monoculture cacaoyère, activité économique dominante de la région jusqu´au début des années quatre-vingt-dix. Parmi les transformations qui se sont produites dans la région, on note la migration de la maind ´oeuvre rurale vers les villes les plus proches, une augmentation de la pauvreté rurale et urbaine, l´apparition de nouvelles formes d´organisation du travail et de production dans l´agriculture, des innovations technologiques et une augmentation du déboisement. Face à ce scénario régional, notre recherche a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de la dynamique du système agraire de la région étudiée, du point de vue économique et social. Nous avons ainsi élaboré un modèle de dynamique de systèmes basé sur les données de notre recherche sur le terrain dans une micro-région cacaoyère, en particulier dans les municipalités de Itajuípe et Coaraci. Le modèle a été conçu de façon à mettre en évidence les relations existantes entre les investissements réalisés dans les exploitations cacaoyères, la création d´emplois agricoles, les modes de faire-valoir, les revenus des exploitants, la structure foncière et les types d´exploitations agricoles. Les différents systèmes de culture et/ou élevage mis en oeuvre sont liés à ce dernier facteur, compte tenu des différents types de main-d'oeuvre. À partir de l´interaction de différents sous-modèles, nous avons construit un modèle de développement régional. Celui-ci montre divers scénarios d´évolution pour le système agraire régional et montre quelles pourraient être les politiques publiques qui favorisent un développement agricole durable de la région.

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Zhou, Xiaolan. "La crise économique francaise de 1816 à 1817." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040091.

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En ce qui concerne la crise de 1816-1817, sans doute moins brutale que les crises d'avant la révolution, notamment sur le plan démographique, un certain nombre d'auteurs, y compris Colette Girard, Pierre-Paul Viard, Maurice Vergnaud et Louis Guéneau, ont publié des articles tels que « La disette de 1816-17 dans la Meurthe » , «Les conséquences démographiques de la famine de 1816-1817 dans le département de la Meurthe » , « la crise de 1816-17 , particulièrement en Côte-d’Or » , « Agitation politique et crise de subsistances à Lyon de septembre 1816 à juin 1817 » , « La disette de 1816-1817 dans une région de production de blé, la Brie » . Le plus souvent, ils ont essayé d'associer les analyses de Labrousse ou de Chabert avec les observations spécifiques relevées au niveau local. Les angles, sous lesquels les historiens traitent le sujet des crises varient beaucoup: étude des conséquences politiques, description des phénomènes démographiques, dépouillement de sources inédites sur la justice. . Grâce au recours aux archives locales, ces auteurs ont pu tirer des conclusions originales, mais dans le cadre de monographies limitées à l'histoire locale. Ce travail repose sur l'étude du contexte politique et climatique de la crise, qui en explique, en général, les causes principales et les plus directes. Les mesures de la crise dans l'agriculture suppose une analyse précise fondée sur l'emploi des nombreuses statistiques que recèlent les archives tant nationales que provinciales. La comparaison des prix permet de compléter les travaux d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , ou de Nicolas Bourguinat, qui ont essayé d'examiner le système de circulation des grains sous l'angle de l'idéologie du gouvernement sans mettre suffisamment en valeur, pour le second, l'influence des éléments naturels. Ces deux auteurs présentent chacun des avantages respectifs. Si l'on se place d'abord dans une perspective internationale, l'ouvrage d'Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie consacré à l'histoire du climat depuis l'an 1000 aide à identifier les pays qui, avant de souffrir de la disette, ont d'abord été touchés par des dérèglements climatiques. Si, au contraire l'on se concentre sur la France, Nicolas Bourguinat, grâce à des dépouillement précis d'archives et de registres, apporte de nombreux éclairages sur la micro-histoire post-révolutionnaire The crisis in 1816-17 is regarded as the last crisis of the “Ancien régime économique” in this thesis, because with many particular characteristics, it started at the first time in the agriculture and developed most of the time in this sector. The crisis, provoked by an anomaly climate at the beginning of 1816, has shaken the french society The poor harvest caused a lot of troubles to the circulation of the grains. The wheat was in that epoch the principal food to the French people, and the government took feeding his people as a bounden duty. So we can say that, the problem concerning the food supply was an interface between the government and the people's livelihood. In a word, this subject involves not only the historical techniques, but also the knowledges of sociology, economics, statistics and so on. With the help of all these techniques, we will have a glance of the reality in this period which seems far from us. What’s more, this research tries to figure out the elements of the nature of the crisis: the last crisis of “ancien régime”, in order to clear some suspicions and to remove some misunderstandings

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Figuera, Stefano. "Monnaie, crédit financier et crise : rôle du profit et des banques et dysfonctionnement dans une économie capitaliste moderne." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOE019.

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L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier le rôle de la monnaie et du crédit financier dans une économie capitaliste en tant qu'économie salariale afin de vérifier leur impact sur le dysfonctionnement de ce système. La théorie néo-classique n'a pas donné une réponse satisfaisante à ce problème, car elle se fonde sur un modèle d'économie d'échange. En revanche, dans une analyse fondée sur une économie de production, la valeur des biens et des services est déterminée à la production, comme le confirment les analyses de Smith, Ricardo et Marx. Les contributions de ces auteurs, bien que fondamentales, n'ont pas toujours été en mesure d’éclairer le rôle de la monnaie; en effet, elles n'expliquent pas la monétisation de tout le produit. L'oeuvre de Keynes représente le passage qui permet de progresser davantage. Elle est déterminante pour comprendre le fonctionnement d'une économie monétaire de production. Néanmoins, du fait que l'économie capitaliste se fonde sur la monnaie de crédit, il est difficile d'accepter l'explication keynesienne de la crise. C'est à travers la "théorie monétaire de la production" (dont les points de repères sont certains auteurs classiques et keynesiens) qu'il a été possible d'obtenir des résultats très importants. Les réflexions proposées par des économistes comme A. Graziani, en Italie, et les représentants de la théorie du circuit monétaire de l'école de Dijon sont fondamentales pour la compréhension du fonctionnement de l'économie capitaliste. A la lumière de ces analyses, les rôles et les responsabilités de la monnaie et du crédit financier sont bien définis. Il est ainsi possible de donner une explication de la crise en tant que dysfonctionnement (insuffisance irréversible de la demande globale). Les apports des théoriciens du circuit proposent différentes interprétations, tout en restant à l'intérieur d'une théorie monétaire de la production. Elles nous offrent en outre des arguments importants pour une réforme du système bancaire The aim of this thesis is to study the role of money and financial credit in a capitalist economy, since it is a very wage economy, with the aim of verifying their impact in the malfunctioning of this system. Neo-classic theory has been unable to provide a satisfactory answer to this to this question, since it is based on an exchange economy model. Alternatively, in an analysis based on an economy of production, the value of goods and services is seen as determined at the moment of production, as confirmed in the analyses of Smith, Ricardo and Marx. The contribution of these authors, whilst fundamental, has not always been able to clarify the role of money - in fact they do not explain the monetization of all production. Keynes' contribution represents the transition which allows us to progress further. Keynes' work is determinant in our understanding of the workings of a monetary production economy. Not withstanding this, since capitalist economy is based on monetary credit, it is difficult to accept his explanation of the economic crisis. It is through contributions that have given place to an elaboration of a "monetary theory of production" (whose references are represented by classic authors and keynesians) that it has been possible to obtain very important results from an analytical perspective. The ideas proposed by economists such A. Graziani in Italy and represented by the theories of the monetary circuit from the Dijon school in France, are fundamental in an understanding of the workings of a capitalist economy. In the light of these analyses the roles and responsibility of money and financial credit are clearly defined. So it is possible to explain economic crisis as a malfunction (i. E. ): irreversible insufficiency to global demand. Whilst they remain in the field of a monetary theory of production, the contribution of these theories provide diverse interpretations. Further, they offer important indications towards a reform of the banking system itself

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Lyra, Diego Mendes. "A crise econômica e o mundo do trabalho." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5039.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 893029 bytes, checksum: 43402e6688dff527d2cff38eb298de03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES This work aims at presenting the productive and innovative dynamic of the Productive and Innovative Local Arrangement and Systems (ASPILs), focusing on the ASPILs of the northeast of Brazil. In this research, it was used the model of the evolutionary theory based on the concept of National System of Innovation that generated the concept of ASPIL. Thus the dynamic of the arrangements of the northeast of Brazil is presented by using the typology developed by Cavalcanti Filho (2011) that aims at separating the productive arrangements and systems from the functional and structural variables that exist on the productive and innovative dynamic of the arrangements and its variations having as base the systemic character of the economic system as well as the political and cultural dimension that have influence the arrangements dynamic. Among the selected cases, it was noticed the presence of two systems e 14 productive arrangements that are most of times dynamically dependent on the systems located outside their territory having as the most important lack of efficiency the innovative and financial dimensions. On the other hand, the systems and arrangements that are dynamic have in general the local culture as the driving force for innovation. Despite having productive and commercial dimensions present in the territory, the dimensions have fragilities that come not only from the deficiency of the innovative and financial dimension but also from cultural and historical formation of the region that has strong influence on the dynamic arrangement. It was observed the need of policies for a better interaction between the actors present in the arrangements with the strengthening of the knowledge of the agents with the objective of strengthening the innovative dimension as well as driving budget lines that are integrated with the arrangement characteristics. Esta dissertação tem como tema central o mundo do trabalho em seus múltiplos elementos, isto é, as formas de organização da produção e do processo de trabalho, as alterações nas condições de realização desse processo, e seus reflexos no mercado de força de trabalho e no modo de vida da classe trabalhadora. Analisam-se os impactos da crise econômica sobre o mundo do trabalho e como as transformações provocadas pelos planos de reestruturação produtiva, por ela ensejados, alteram a realidade econômica dos indivíduos, particularmente daqueles que vivem da venda da força de trabalho. O desenvolvimento econômico capitalista, caracterizado pelas crises periódicas de superprodução, tem levado ao surgimento de formas de organização da produção cada vez mais flexíveis, que permitem o rápido ajuste da produção, em resposta as oscilações ocorridas na demanda, com o movimento cíclico das economias. Observa-se que, em geral, isto tem como consequência uma piora gradativa nas condições de trabalho e um aceleramento no ritmo de vida das pessoas. Este processo é marcado, de um lado, por uma espécie de desregulamentação tácita dos direitos dos trabalhadores e perda de representatividade dos sindicatos, enquanto entidade portadora de interesses comuns de classe, e do outro lado, pelo encurtamento do tempo livre e prolongamento do tempo de trabalho, fora do seu ambiente natural. Este processo econômico está aprofundando as contradições da sociedade capitalista e criando um cenário complexo no mundo do trabalho.

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Obringer, Emmanuelle. "La crise de 1830 et la production romanesque : romanciers secondaires, mineurs, inconnus... de 1928 à 1836." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040064.

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L'étude des romanciers secondaires des années 1828-1836 nous a permis de mettre en lumière la place prépondérante acquise par le romanesque au cours de ces années qui précèdent l'avènement du roman populaire. Envisagée comme une manifestation de la crise de 1830, la richesse de la production romanesque s'exprime d'abord dans les préfaces tout à fait spécifiques de l'école romantique, par leur longueur et leur présence réitérée. Elles sont le « dernier barrage » au romanesque, lequel va s'exprimer à travers le roman historique, auquel Walter Scott avait redonne une vigueur nouvelle. Laboratoire du roman par excellence, le roman historique - par le choix de ses personnages, par l'importance de la structure conflictuelle, par son rapprochement avec le roman familial (la quête ou le reniement du père) -, met en place les éléments favorables à l'établissement définitif du romanesque. Ainsi le roman historique marque de son empreinte le roman de mœurs qui ne fera que relayer le goût affirmé du public pour le romanesque, tout en l'amplifiant. Il se présente comme un roman d'actualité politique, sociale et économique et renouvelle les archétypes romanesques en privilégiant la figure féminine au travers de l'institution du mariage et en créant de nouveaux personnages-types comme le notaire, l'ouvrier, le magnétiseur. Aux cotes de ces fictions caractérisées figurent un ensemble de romans partages entre l'innovation et l'imitation qui réalisent le programme de l'ironie romantique. Associés à l'école du mauvais gout et du désenchantement, ils ne remettent finalement pas en cause l'institution du roman mais la renforcent, prisonniers qu'ils sont des stéréotypes qu'ils dénoncent, en normalisant l'anti-norme. La fin de la période étudiée marque dès lors la victoire du « romance », d'une littérature du cliché qui par l'introduction des illustrations ouvre la voie à la littérature industrielle The study of the secondary novelists from 1828 to 1836 is very illuminating to show the preponderant place acquired by the "romance" just before the advent of the popular novel. As an expression of the crisis of 1830, the richness of the novelistic production is at first remarkable by the importance and the length of the prefaces, "last barrier" before the surge of the "romance". The historical novel is a real laboratory of the novelistic genre, due to the choice of the characters, the structure of conflict, the importance of the familial story (the search or the rejection of the father). Also marked by the central function of the "romance", the "novel of manners" ("roman de moeurs") is a novel concerned by the political, social, and economical actuality, renewing in this way the novelistic archetypes. Otherwise, another category of novels is together attracted by innovation and imitation: the intellectual tendency is here the romantic irony, which, in fact, conducts to the reinforcement of the norm. The end of the studied period is characterized by the emergence of the industrial literature, based on "romance" clichés

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Giavarotti, Daniel Manzione. "O Jardim Ibirapuera da imposição à crise do trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-26032013-112730/.

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Esta dissertação trata do processo de formação e reprodução de um loteamento periférico da metrópole de São Paulo com pouco mais de cinquenta anos existência (1964), o Jardim Ibirapuera. Abordamos sua formação e reprodução a partir de uma reflexão acerca da mobilidade do trabalho experimentada por algumas das famílias que para lá foram morar, além de moradores das favelas adjacentes ao loteamento, quais sejam, Erundina, Felicidade e Pinhal Velho. A crise das regiões, assim como o monopólio da violência centralizado pelo Estado Nacional em formação a partir de 1930 e a gradual formação de um mercado de trabalho em nível nacional marcaram o violento processo de modernização retardatária brasileira. São Paulo se encontrará no centro da mobilidade do trabalho nacional que se instaura a partir de então, ao abrigar as condições necessárias, objetivamente fantasmagóricas, à reprodução de relações sociais de produção fundadas sobre a liberdade contraditória do trabalhador. Daí que a formação do loteamento do Jardim Ibirapuera expressa a forma particular de reprodução do trabalho no contexto de metropolização da cidade de São Paulo, assim como sua reprodução anuncia a própria crise das relações sociais de produção nas quais repousaram a primeira. This thesis aim at analyzing the formation and reproduction process of a São Paulo metropolitan suburban allotment aging more than 50 years (1964): the Jardim Ibirapuera. We start out from the reflection of the labor mobility experienced by some of the families settled there, as well as that by the nearby established slums inhabitants, such as the communities called by Erundina, Felicidade and Pinhal Velho. The crisis of regions, along with the violence monopoly centralized by the National State, in formation since 1930, and the gradual formation of a national labor market signalized the violent process of the Brazilian late (retarded) modernization. São Paulo state was in the center of the national labor mobility established since then. There were the necessary, yet objectively phantasmagorical conditions to social relations reproduction based on the contradictory freedom of the worker. Thus, Jardim Ibirapuera allotment express the particular form of labor reproduction in the metropolisation context of São Paulo city. Also, its reproduction announces the crisis of social relation of production itself, upon which the former labor reproduction is based.

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Roelens, Nicole. "La crise de l'habilitation intersubjective a l'existence sociale : essai de comprehension des processus intersubjectifs de production sociale des devenirs." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR20072.

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Dans toute societe humaine, la capacite a tenir un role social se fabrique intersubjectivement dans les interactions socio-langagieres qui instituent les individus comme capables d'assumer tel ou tel role parmi la constellation des roles disponibles. Le scheme interactionnel de ce processus de repartition et d'investissement des roles sociaux est l'habilitation intersubjective a l'existence sociale. Cette habilitation intersubjective est en crise dans notre societe et sa defaillance se manifeste a travers les dysfonctionnements de l'integration sociale et dans leurs consequences subjectives pour les individus. La crise de l'habilitation intersubjective sera abordee a partir d'observations cliniques dans le champ de l'orientation professionnelle pour adultes. Une relecture intersubjective des transactions touchant a la validation sociale des competences nous permettra de proposer une nouvelle approche des processus de reconnaissance sociale et d'ouvrir le debat sur les apprentissages collectifs qu'il nous faut envisager pour tendre vers une redistribution des roles sociaux In all human society, the capacity to play a social role is intersubjectively created in socio-language interactions which establish individuals as capable of playing a specific role among the constellation of possible roles. The interactional scheme of this social role distribution and investment process is the intersubjective capacitation for social existence. This intersubjective capacitation is in crisis in our society and its weakness is shown through malfunctions in social integration and in their subjective consequences on individuals. The crisis in intersubjective capacitation will be tackled on the basis of clinical observations in the field of professional guidance for adults. An intersubjective reading of transactions affecting the social validation of competence will enable us to propose a new approach to social recognition processes and open the debate on collective apprenticeship which we need to envisage in order to move towards a redistribution of social roles. Key words : capacitation, intersubjectivity, symbolic interaction, interpretative transaction, intersubjective construction of reality

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Abreu, Aline Cavalcanti de. "Habitação social e fundo público no contexto de crise do capital." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8579.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Compreender o financiamento da habitação social requer identificar as mediações necessárias para sua problematização crítica. Orientado pelo método marxista, o estudo utiliza como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, de documentos legais e o estudo das peças orçamentárias. A produção do espaço no capitalismo é produto de relações sociais voltadas a exploração e a acumulação capitalista. Por ser objeto da luta de classes, o Estado responde as necessidades habitacionais dos trabalhadores por meio de políticas urbanas fragmentadas e desfinanciadas, abertas as investida do mercado. A institucionalização do arcabouço legal para a habitação, como a conquista do Fundo Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social - FNHIS não representou mudanças efetivas sobre as condições de moradia nas cidades. Marcado pelo desfinanciamento (os recursos corresponderam a 1,3% do orçamento do Ministério das Cidades, em 2012) e pela baixa envergadura dos programas sob sua responsabilidade (recursos para Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários e Provisão Habitacional ficaram em R$ 4,7 bilhões, nos anos estudados), o FNHIS é esvaziado no seu sentido político de satisfazer as necessidades habitacionais da população. Em 2009, é criado o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV. Há o incremento do Estado como indutor da macroeconomia fortalecedora da reestruturação do mercado imobiliário e das medidas para minimizar os efeitos da crise econômica mundial, pondo em marcha o social-liberalismo. Foram destinados R$ 16 bilhões de 2009 a 2012, com produção de 2 milhões de unidades habitacionais pelo PMCMV. Contudo, pelo caráter privilegiador do produtor privado, o PMCMV fez com que o mercado imobiliário continuasse a realizar a punção de parte de fundo público no desenvolvimento de projetos que fortalecem a periferização, o bloqueio a cidade para os trabalhadores e a redução a responsabilidade do Estado sob a política de habitação social como direito humano. To understand the financing of social housing it is required to identify the necessary mediations for its critical questionings. Guided by the Marxist method, the study has as its methodology the bibliographical research of legal documents and the study of budget components. The production of space in capitalism is a product of social relations focused on exploration and on capitalist accumulation. By being an object of class struggle, the State responds to the workers housing needs through fragmented and unfinanced urban politics, both available to the interest of the market. The institutionalization of the legal framework for housing, like the achievement of the Fundo Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social- FNHIS, has not shown effective changes on the housing conditions in the cities. Characterized by the non-funding (in 2012, resources corresponded to 1.3% of the Ministry of Cities budget) and by the low scale of the programs under their responsibility (resources for Urbanization of Slums and Housing Provision were R$ 4.7 billion between 2006 and 2012), the FNHIS was withdraw from its political sense of meeting the populations housing needs. In 2009, the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCVMV (My House My Life) was created. There is the States increase as an inducer of macroeconomics of the real estate markets restructuring and of measures to minimize the effects of the global economic crisis, putting in motion the social liberalism. Sixteen billion reais were invested in 2009 to 2012, with production of two million housing units by PMCMV. However, through the privileged character of the private producer, the PMCMV helped the housing market to continue taking part in the public fund on the development of projects which strengthen the peripherization, the city blocking for workers and the States reduction under the politic of social housing as a human right.

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Oliveira, José Lourenço de. "Da crise do setor fumageiro à diversificação produtiva em arapiraca/al : o projeto cinturão verde." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2007. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1110.

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The present work presents a study of the occured more excellent partner-economic and ambient changes from the disarticulation of the system agricultural tobacco industrial in the city of Arapiraca/ AL. fact this, that took the traditional producers and the local public power the search of new options of culture. The tobacco production in the micron region of Arapiraca/ AL. kept ballot box strong position for a long period, remaining itself in the decades of 80 and 90, when it was consolidated as one of the most important productive polar regions in the northeast tobacco activity of Brazil. With the crisis accented in the productive chain of the tobacco the culture of vegetables gained space in the region. In a joint action of the Municipal City hall of Arapiraca/ AL. through the City department of Agriculture and support of the Federal Government it saw CODEVASF, The Green belt project is rank in practical, benefiting 180 families, with the perforation of artesian wells and irrigation equipment, allowing the advance of the production of vegetables in the city with an agricultural productivity capable to give I retake economic sufficient to supply the effect of the decay of the cultivation of the tobacco. Propitiating, thus, the creation of a polar region of vegetables production capable to inside conciliate the economic development in the agricultural them principles that conduct family agriculture. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo das mudanças sócio-econômicas e ambientais mais relevantes ocorridas a partir da desarticulação do sistema agro industrial fumageiro no município de Arapiraca/AL. fato esse, que levou os produtores tradicionais e o poder público local a procura de novas opções de cultivo. A produção de fumo na micro região de Arapiraca/AL. manteve uma posição forte por um longo período, mantendo-se nas décadas de 80 e 90, quando se consolidou como um dos mais importantes pólos produtivos na atividade fumageira do Nordeste do Brasil. Com a crise acentuada na cadeia produtiva do fumo o cultivo de hortaliças ganhou espaço na região. Em uma ação conjunta da Prefeitura Municipal de Arapiraca/AL. através da Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e apoio do Governo Federal via CODEVASF, o projeto Cinturão Verde é posto em prática, beneficiando 180 famílias, com a perfuração de poços artesianos e equipamentos de irrigação, permitindo o avanço da produção de hortaliças no município com uma produtividade agrícola capaz de dar retorno econômico suficiente para suprir os efeitos da decadência da monocultura do fumo com a criação de um pólo de produção olerícola capaz de promover o desenvolvimento econômico no meio rural com enfoque na agricultura familiar.

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Nikolski, Véra. "Le moment escapiste : Militantisme et production théorique dans une conjoncture de crise : Deux mouvements de jeunesse radicaux (NBP et ESM)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010300.

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La thèse porte sur le lien entre l'idéologie et l'engagement qu'elle suscite, sur l'exemple de deux mouvements russes de jeunesse différents - le Parti National Bolchevique (NBP) et l'Union Eurasiste de la Jeunesse (ESM) -liés à un même théoricien nationaliste, Alexandre Dugin. La plasticité de l'idéologie est d'abord déterminée par la conjoncture de crise multisectorielle dans laquelle s'inscrivent la création et l'évolution des deux mouvements. L'enquête ethnographique au sein des deux collectifs permet ensuite de montrer qu'il s'agit d'un militantisme où le politique n'est pas essentiel, l'engagement étant principalement déterminé par une rétribution atypique, qu'on qualifie d'escapiste, car elle tient au plaisir du « jeu» au monde enchanté, semblable à celui des jeux de rôles. Les conditions de possibilité et de succès de ce type de militantisme renvoient à nouveau aux conjonctures critiques, dans lesquelles les règles routinières du champ politique peuvent être redéfinies.

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Bardelli, Alexandre. "Contribution à l'appréciation de l'impact d'une centrale électronucléaire dans une région transfrontalière en crise à travers le cas de Cattenom." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Bardelli.Alexandre.LMZ9711_1.pdf.

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Décidée début- 1976, la construction de la centrale nucléaire de Cattenom (au n-e de Thionville, près de la Moselle), entretint l'espoir d'une reconversion de l'économie régionale frappée par la crise de la sidérurgie. La centrale se situe dans le pays des trois frontières, région peu sismique. Cette contrée rurale à vocation touristique et résidentielle, est économiquement liée au bassin sidérurgique voisin, à Thionville et au Luxembourg vers lequel elle nourrit un flux croissant de travailleurs frontaliers. Sur le plan sociopolitique le choix du site (près de Thionville et de la frontalière) suscita une opposition antinucléaire et un contentieux avec la Sarre et le grand-duché (qui programmait une centrale à Remerschen), exacerbes par l'accident de Tchernobyl (26 avril 1986) et contraignant E. D. F. à respecter les normes allemandes (plus sévères) de rejets radioactifs. L'équipement couvre 750 hectares (500 ha de forêts détruits) en raison de deux lacs artificiels annexes (Mirgenbach et Vieux-pré) palliant les insuffisances hydrologiques de la Moselle. Mais il représente un risque potentiel pour l'espace transfrontalier et au-delà : en regard des conséquences de Tchernobyl, les plans de protection français (p. P. I. ), sarrois et luxembourgeois semblent inadaptés. Du point de vue socio-économique la centrale génère annuellement 260 millions de francs de recettes fiscales inégalement redistribués aux collectivités territoriales de Moselle ; elle injecte 1 milliard de francs dans l'économie locale (salaires, contrats de sous-traitance. . . ). Incapable d'attirer des activités friandes d'électricité, elle stimule les usages thermiques de celle-ci. Sa position frontalière lui vaut par contre de contribuer amplement aux 40% d'exportations françaises de courant à partir de la Lorraine Decided in early 1976, the building of the nuclear power station of Cattenom (north-east of Thionville), by the Moselle) kept alive the hope for a reconversion of the regional economy struck by the crisis of the iron and steel industry. The plant is set in the three borders country, which is not very sismic; it is a rural, attractive and residential area, economically linked with the adjoining industrial basin and with Thionville and Luxembourg towards which it provided a growing flow of frontier workers. On the socio-political level, the choice of this site (near Thionville and the border) gave birth to an anti-nuclear opposition and resentment from the Saar and Luxemburg (a power) plant had been planned in Remerschen) all this being exacerbated by Tchernobyl (april 1986) which forced E. D. F. To respect the german standards, stricter than the french ones as far as nuclear wastes are concerned. The whole site covers a superficy of 750 ha (500 ha of forest destroyed) since two artificial lakes were necessary to make up for the hydrologic shortage of the Moselle. But this plant represents a potential risk for the region and beyond: the aftermath of Tchernobyl made it obvious that the french, Luxemburg and german emergency programs were inadapted. On the socio-economical level, the plant generates a yearly amount of 260 million francs in income taxes unequally shared out between county councils in Moselle. It injects 1 billion francs in local economy (salaries, subcontracts. . . ). As it is unable to attract activities which consumate power, it stimulates its thermic applications. Being set near the borders allows it contribute amply to the 40% of french power exports from Lorraine

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Bertolotti, Frederico. "Os conteúdos sociais da crise ecológica: a reprodução do espaço urbano e a ocupação da Guarapiranga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-15062011-083921/.

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O objetivo central do trabalho repousa na tese de que a crise ecológica tem um conteúdo eminentemente social. Para tanto, localizamos a problemática da ocupação das áreas de mananciais da represa Guarapiranga na história da produção do espaço urbano capitalista na metrópole de São Paulo. Realizamos um percurso teórico usando o método regressivo-progressivo como caminho necessário para localizar a problemática dos mananciais no seio dos conteúdos da produção do espaço urbano, possibilitando destacar os fundamentos, processos e contradições sociais obscurecidos pela ótica que representa e reduz a problemática dos mananciais a uma questão ecológica. Nos dedicamos a entender a natureza desse fenômeno social, tentando desvendar os processos, sujeitos e contradições que justificaram a formação e expansão da periferia urbana em todas as direções dos extremos da metrópole de São Paulo; nas últimas décadas essa expansão vem promovendo a ocupação das áreas do entorno da Guarapiranga. Também nos empenhamos criticamente sobre a representação da crise de abastecimento hídrico, na qual buscamos desmistificar a linha de pensamento que responsabiliza os moradores pobres das áreas de mananciais pela crise de abastecimento hídrico. A pesquisa demonstrou que a formação e expansão da periferia urbana de São Paulo foi um dos resultados da industrialização na primeira parte do século XX e mantevese nas últimas décadas, quando a indústria foi perdendo hegemonia como principal pólo indutor da acumulação capitalista na capital paulistana, sendo substituída parcialmente pelo setor terciário moderno - capitaneado pelo capital financeiro. O processo de constituição da maior metrópole do país deu-se assentado em relações sociais contraditórias, resultando numa urbanização que não apenas reforçou as contradições sociais derivadas da introdução das relações capitalistas de produção, como elevou-as a patamares superiores, na condição de contradições do espaço. A ocupação das áreas de mananciais utilizadas no abastecimento público na região sul é resultado direto da lógica de acumulação que se consolidou em São Paulo, promotora da precarização do trabalho, por um lado, e da valorização do espaço por outro, resultando na deterioração das condições de vida da classe trabalhadora ao promover a segregação sócio-espacial e a deterioração das condições ambientais da cidade, ao forçar grande parte da população a habitar nas áreas menos valorizadas, em boa parte localizadas nas áreas de proteção ambiental. A representação hegemônica desse fenômeno reforça uma ideologia que responsabiliza o morador de periferia pela crise de água para o abastecimento público, obscurecendo todas as contradições e fundamentos que estão na base do processo de urbanização, os interesses do setor imobiliário num dos últimos recantos de natureza da metrópole e também joga uma cortina de fumaça sobre as diferentes estratégias envolvidas na utilização dos recursos hídricos da bacia do Alto Tietê. A pesquisa revelou que a crise de abastecimento hídrico resulta, sobretudo, das estratégias do setor energético na bacia, da gestão dos serviços de saneamento básico na metrópole e do estabelecimento da água como mais uma mercadoria a serviço da diferenciação social através do consumo. The central objective of the study focuses on the theory that the ecological crisis has an eminently social content. To this end, we find problematic occupation of the watershed areas of Guarapirangas reservoir in the history of capitalist production of urban space in the metropolis of Sao Paulo. We performed a theoretical route using the regressive-progressive method as necessary way to locate the problem of water sources within the content production of urban space, allowing to highlight the fundamentals, processes and social contradictions obscured by the perspective that represents and reduces the problem of the watershed to an ecological issue. We have dedicated to understanding the nature of this social phenomenon, trying to unravel the processes, subjects and contradictions that justified the creation and expansion of the urban periphery in all directions of the extremes of the metropolis of Sao Paulo; this expansion in recent decades has been promoting the occupation of Guarapirangas surroundings. We also endeavored critically on the representation of the water supply crisis in which we seek to demystify the line of thought that blames the poor residents of the watershed areas by the water supply crisis. The research showed that the formation and expansion of the urban periphery of Sao Paulo was an outcome of industrialization in the first part of the twentieth century and remained in recent decades, when the industry was losing hegemony as the primary inductor pole of capitalist accumulation in the capital city, being partially replaced by modern tertiary sector - headed by finance capital. The process of constituting the largest metropolis in the country was based on the contradictory social relations, resulting in a development that not only strengthened the social contradictions arising from the introduction of capitalist relations of production, but also rose them to upper levels, on the condition of contradictions of space. The occupation of the watershed areas used for public supply in the southern region is a direct result of the logic of accumulation that was consolidated in Sao Paulo, the promoter of precarious employment on the one hand, and the valuation of space on the other, resulting in deterioration of life conditions of the working class by promoting the socio-spatial segregation and deterioration of environmental conditions in the city, forcing much of the population live in areas less valued, largely located in areas of environmental protection. The hegemonic representation of this phenomenon reinforces an ideology that blames the resident of the periphery by the crisis of water for public supply, obscuring all the contradictions and fundamentals that underlie the process of urbanization, the interests of real estate in one of the past \"nooks of nature\" of the metropolis and also throws a pall over the different strategies involved in the use of water resources in the basin of Alto Tietê. The survey has revealed that the water supply crisis results mainly from the energy sector strategies in the basin, from the management of basic sanitation services in the metropolis and from the establishment of water as another commodity in the service of social differentiation through consumption.

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Rousseau, François. "Gérer et militer." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001110.

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Comment articuler production de plus value économique, préoccupation dominante des les entreprises et production de plus value sociale préoccupation dominante dans le monde associatif ? Cette question est approfondie sur l'exemple des associations d'éducation populaire, où la contradiction est exacerbée. Les activités qu'elles proposent sont devenues des services que toute collectivité doit proposer. La reconnaissance de ces associations par la puissance publique modifie leur mode d'organisation car elles sont contraintes par les financeurs. Leur succès est ainsi un facteur de crise d'identité. La thèse explore l'issue qui cherche à concilier esprit militant et esprit gestionnaire. Elle montre comment une association à vocation militante peut se transformer, à travers une évolution chaotique et conflictuelle, en intégrant les outils de gestion nécessaires pour gérer son activité économique tout en créant des outils spécifiques pour redonner force à son projet social.

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Leichsenring, Ivan Martins Fontes. "O Sistema Qualis e a crise de valores na produção científica brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-28092012-135241/.

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Dentre os problemas da universidade pública hoje está o da ampliação desmedida de publicações científicas com o intuito de colocar o Brasil no rol dos melhores países em ciência e tecnologia sem um correspondente aumento na qualidade do que se produz. Em consequência, o aumento de nossa produção tem transformado o caráter de autarquia da instituição acadêmica e parece ser prejudicial à universidade, conduzindo-a de um estado de instituição social a outro de mera organização social. Nesta esteira, poderíamos quem sabe afirmar que o Sistema Qualis, da Capes, surge como um controle externo sobre o que se tem feito e produzido no ensino superior público e que apesar de seu acolhimento como regulador e hierarquizador da produção científica nacional por meio da publicação de periódicos, aparentemente sua aplicação não tem sido isenta de controvérsias. Parece-nos que há uma dissociação entre o que prega o discurso oficial por meio do Qualis e a realidade científica das universidades públicas, de vez que este tem ditado como o meio científico deve ajustar sua produção para atender uma demanda de progresso científico que deverá crescer em competência e excelência acadêmicas, obtendo-se assim, supostamente, qualidade. Por isso, propomos analisar os critérios utilizados pelo Sistema Qualis para a caracterização da excelência da produção acadêmica brasileira. Among the public university problems today there is the out of measure enlargement of scientific publications with the purpose of inserting Brazil in the roll of the best countries in science and technology, without the corresponding increase in its publications quality. As a result, the increase of our production has been transforming the autarchy character and it seems to be harmful to university, conducting it from a state of social institution to another of simple social organization. On this course, we could assert that the Qualis System from Capes, arises as an external control over what has been done and produced in the public superior education and besides its welcoming as regulator and hierarchical organizer of the national scientific production by means of publication of periodicals, apparently its application has not been free from controversies. It seems that there is dissociation between what the official discourse preaches through Qualis and the scientific reality in public universities, since this system has been dictating how the scientific circle should adjust its production to supply a scientific progress demand, which should grow in academic competency and excellence, thus supposedly obtaining quality. For this reason, we propose to analyze what Qualis criteria understands by quality in the context of Brazilian academic production.

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Bardelli, Alexandre ROLLAND HAV CHRISTIANE. "CONTRIBUTION A L'APPRECIATION DE L'IMPACT D'UNE CENTRALE ELECTRONUCLEAIRE DANS UNE REGION TRANSFRONTALIERE EN CRISE A TRAVERS LE CAS DE CATTENOM /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1997. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1997/Bardelli.Alexandre.LMZ9711_1.pdf.

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Lavrovsky, Catherine. "Limites et crises d'un mode de production analyse de l'intégration des nouvelles techniques comme issue de crise : le cas du machinisme agricole /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615060n.

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Lavrovsky, Catherine. "Limites et crises d'un mode de production. Analyse de l'integration des nouvelles techniques comme issue de crise : le cas du machinisme agricole." Lyon 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO22011.

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Par l'analyse macro-economique d'un secteur industriel, les limites d'un mode de production herite du 19eme siecle seront etudiees. La strategie des firmes produisant des tracteurs nous revele que les espoirs de sortie de crise tiennent a l'integration des nouvelles techniques dans les ateliers et aussi a une nouvelle conception du produit lui-meme. Ces firmes multinationales qui dominent le marche sont en evolution et s'orientent vers une diversification du materiel pour s'implanter sur un nombre toujours plus important de marches car la concurrence est tres severe. Aujourd'hui le mythe du tracteur surpuissant cede le pas au tracteur modulable ou les composants electroniques permettent l'utilisation optimale des engins et de leurs possibilites By a macro-economical analysis of an industry, the limits of a mode of production inherited from the 19th century will be studed. The strategy of firms producing tractors clearly shows that the hope for a way out of the crisis are due to the integration of new technology in the workshops and also to a new design of the products. The transnational corporations which dominate the market are in evolution and turn towards a diversification of the tractors to set up one more market because the competition is very hard. Today the myth of allways more powerfull tractor give way to modular tractor

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21

Oliveira, Adriano Machado. "Entre consumidores e internautas: a outra face da crise do ensino médio no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3459.

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The current doctoral thesis, vinculated to the Research Line Práticas Escolares e Políticas Públicas of Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, discusses on the Brazilian high school crisis. Particularly, it has as aim to investigate theoretically how the consumption society and the internet culture collaborate to construct a new vector, in socio-cultural terms, to reflect on the ongoing decadency process of basic education final stage as teaching modality for youngsters and adolescents. For that, it is developed the thesis that juvenile condition, which today is inserted into high schools, brings together behavior and psychological dispositions that support students position of teachers knowledge rejection and of disinterest in learning. The internet and its devices, after had become popular last decade, with its virtual communication platforms, blogs, virtual communities, research engines and audiovisual files uploading, etc., became a new social support for the process of herself/himself construction, due to it, the juvenile subjectivity begins demonstrating new behavior features into the school environment, which did not exist before the spread of internet in the urban sceneries of the country. Besides it, in its turn, the contemporary school is inserted today in a form of social organization, named by Zygmunt Bauman as a consumers society, which, through several media resources, among them the own internet, establishes, together to adolescents and youngsters, discourses that legitimate a pleasure and entertainment morality as social signs representing a good life. However, the current educational diagnostics on the crisis in this teaching stage in Brazil, in political, pedagogical and socio-cultural terms, do not point out the consumption and internet cultures as key-components to comprehend the present dilemmas lived between students and teachers. In this way, the thesis proposes, from educational, philosophical, psychological and sociological theoretical perspectives, that the Brazilian high school is facing a new factor of socio-cultural order to broaden the set of elements that originates its crisis. The central idea is based on subjectivity creation potential from the devices of these two cultures, which, simultaneously, in the current socio-historical context, collaborate to the production of an urban juvenile condition, in front of which, the teachers efforts have been unsuccessful in their pedagogical proposals. O presente trabalho de doutoramento, vinculado à Linha de Pesquisa Práticas Escolares e Políticas Públicas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, versa sobre a crise do ensino médio brasileiro. Em particular, tem como objetivo investigar teoricamente o modo como a sociedade de consumo e a cultura da internet colaboram para a construção de um novo vetor, de âmbito sociocultural, a incidir no processo em curso de falência da etapa final da educação básica como modalidade de ensino para jovens e adolescentes. Para tanto, desenvolve-se a tese de que a condição juvenil que hoje chega às escolas de ensino médio traz consigo disposições comportamentais e psicológicas que conformam posições estudantis de rejeição pelos saberes docentes e desinvestimento do ato de aprender. A internet e seus dispositivos, ao terem-se popularizado na última década, com suas plataformas virtuais de comunicabilidade, blogs, comunidades virtuais, sites de busca e postagem de arquivos audiovisuais etc., tornou-se um novo suporte social para o processo de construção de si e, com isso, a subjetividade juvenil passa a manifestar novos traços comportamentais no contexto escolar, os quais eram inexistentes antes de sua difusão nos cenários urbanos do país. A seu lado, por sua vez, a escola contemporânea se encontra hoje inserida em uma forma de organização social, nomeada por Zygmunt Bauman como sociedade de consumidores, a qual, através de vários recursos midiáticos, dentre eles a própria internet, institui junto a adolescentes e jovens discursos que legitimam uma moral do prazer e do entretenimento como signos sociais da boa vida. Entretanto, os atuais diagnósticos educacionais acerca da crise dessa etapa do ensino no Brasil, em seus âmbitos políticos, pedagógicos e socioculturais, não apontam a cultura do consumo e da internet como componentes-chave para a compreensão dos atuais dilemas vividos entre estudantes e professores. Dessa maneira, a tese propõe, a partir de perspectivas teóricas educacionais, filosóficas, psicológicas e sociológicas, que a escola média brasileira se encontra diante de um novo fator de ordem sociocultural a ampliar o espectro de elementos que originam sua crise. O argumento central reside no potencial subjetivador dos dispositivos dessas duas culturas, as quais, de modo simultâneo na atual conjuntura sócio-histórica, colaboram para a produção de uma condição juvenil urbana diante da qual os esforços docentes têm obtido pouco êxito em suas propostas pedagógicas.

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Mello, Márcio Antonio de. "Sementes que brotam da crise : a produção de novidades organizacionais na agricultura familiar do oeste de Santa Catarina." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22663.

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Esta tese investiga as recentes transformações sociais, econômicas e ambientais promovidas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura e da mercantilização no Oeste de Santa Catarina. Também identifica e estuda algumas estratégias colocadas em prática pelos agricultores familiares para enfrentar o contexto de crise, que desde meados dos anos 1980 envolve a agricultura da região. Busca-se compreender e analisar como as inovações e novidades organizacionais, promovidas pelos agricultores, emergem e se enraízam no território. Como propósito geral buscou-se analisar algumas das principais mudanças sociais e econômicas decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva da agricultura, bem como as transformações que as inovações e novidades promovem no ambiente socioeconômico onde elas emergem. Mais especificamente, os objetivos foram de analisar a forma de atuação do capital agroindustrial na região e seus reflexos socioeconômicos e ambientais, assim como na organização da produção e do trabalho da agricultura familiar. Da mesma forma analisamos como são construídas pelos agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais as inovações e novidades organizacionais e os efeitos que elas promovem na forma de produzir, de organizar a produção e de se inserir no mercado. O problema desta pesquisa nasce do entendimento de que mesmo em situações desfavoráveis à reprodução econômica e social, como tem sido o caso do Oeste de Santa Catarina, os agricultores familiares buscam construir espaços de manobra na luta por autonomia. Todavia, em grande medida essas iniciativas não recebem a fundamental atenção acadêmica e política para que possam florescer e se difundir. Para dar conta dos objetivos propostos, a pesquisa empírica foi executada em dois momentos distintos. No primeiro realizou-se um estudo de caso no município de Coronel Freitas, considerado representativo da trajetória histórica e do processo de modernização e mercantilização da agricultura familiar da região. A principal técnica de pesquisa foi a aplicação de questionário padronizado em 83 unidades familiares e a utilização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave. O segundo momento da pesquisa estudou, em 12 municípios da região, três novidades organizacionais: uma pequena cooperativa de comercialização de leite; a experiência da produção agroecológica e sua inserção em cadeias curtas de comercialização e a experiência de agregação de valor em agroindústrias familiares rurais, constituídas de forma individual ou em pequenas cooperativas articuladas em rede. Para tanto, foram realizadas 35 entrevistas com agricultores e informantes-chave. Os dados da pesquisa foram analisados e interpretados a partir de um conjunto de abordagens teóricas que têm em comum a Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator. Em termos gerais os dados da pesquisa mostram que as “novidades” ou “iniciativas de desenvolvimento rural” nascem em determinado contexto sócio-cultural, mas podem se irradiar pela região, dependendo das conexões, alianças e apoio capaz de promover a aprendizagem coletiva. A construção dessas novidades produtivas e organizacionais representam inovações sociais de onde pode germinar as “sementes da transição” e promover um processo de desenvolvimento rural. O enraizamento e a consolidação dessas novidades no território vai depender, no entanto, da criação de alianças e conexões capaz de criar um ambiente sócio institucional favorável. This thesis investigates recent social, economical and environmental changes promoted by the process of modernization of agriculture and the commoditization taking place in the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It also identifies and studies some of the strategies carried out by family farmers seeking to face the context of crisis that involves farming in the region since the mid 1980s. We seek to comprehend and analyze how organizational innovations and novelties promoted by the farmers emerge and take root in the region. The overall purpose is to identify and analyze some of the main social and economical changes caused by the productive restructuring process in agriculture, as well as the transformations that the innovations and novelties have promoted in the socialeconomical environment in which they emerge. More specifically, our goals are to analyze the performance of the agro-industrial capital in the region and its reflections on socialeconomical and environmental issues and on the organization of production and work of the family farmers. Moreover, we analyze how the organizational innovations and novelties are undertaken by the family farmers and other social actors and the effect they have in production, organization and market insertion. The question of the research arose from the comprehension that even in unfavorable situations for economical and social reproduction, as has been the case in western Santa Catarina, family farmers have sought to find room to maneuver in their struggle for autonomy. These initiatives in large measure still do not receive the necessary academic and political attention for them to flourish and spread. In order to reach the goals proposed, the empirical research was carried out in two different moments. In the first moment, a case study was carried out in the municipality of Coronel Freitas, considered a representative place in the historical trajectory of modernization commotidization process of family farming in the region. The main research technique involves the application of a standardized questionnaire in 83 family units and the use of semi-structured interviews with key informants. The second stage of the research involves the study of three organizational novelties in 12 municipalities of the region: a small milk commercialization cooperative, the experience of agro-ecological production and its insertion in the short chain of commercialization and the experience of value aggregation in rural family agro-industries, built individually or in small net-articulate cooperatives. For such purpose, 35 interviews with farmers and key informants were carried out. The research data was analyzed and interpreted following a set of theoretical approaches that have in common the Actor-Oriented Perspective. In general terms, the research data demonstrated that the “novelties” or “rural development initiatives” are born in a certain social-cultural context, but can radiate through the region depending on the connections, alliances and support capable of promoting collective learning. The construction of these organizational and productive novelties represent a social innovations from which the “seeds of transition” can sprout and a process of rural development can be promoted. The development of roots and the consolidation of these novelties in the region will depend, however, on the creation of alliances and connections capable of creating a favorable social-institutional environment.

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Lafarge, Géraud. "La production des discours sur l'exclusion en France des années 70 aux années 90 : contribution à une sociologie des représentations en temps de crise." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0132.

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Charrat, Michel. "Conception d'un outil de supervision de la production et de la distribution d'eau potable à Lyon en période courante et en période de crise." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0030.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir et de participer à la réalisation d'un outil d'aide à la gestion de la production et de la distribution d'eau potable en période courante et en période de crise des charges des fonctionnalités externes à assurer : LE SUPERVISEUR. Cette étude a été centrée particulièrement sur le poste de contrôle- commande des installations de pompage et de stockage des réseaux d'alimentation en eau potable de la Ville de Lyon et de ses proches banlieues. L'élaboration d'un tel outil demande d'organiser le processus de conception. La méthodologie utilisée cherche à mesurer l'insatisfaction des actions en cours en quantifiant l'ecart plausible entre les objectifs atteints et ceux souhaités. En déduction de cette analyse de l'existant un ensemble de solutions est proposé, qui vise soit à améliorer l'existant soit à l'étoffer [The objective of this thesis is to define and to participate m the development of a tool aiding in the organisation of both the production and the distribution of drinking water during normal or unusual periods. This study has been mainly centralized on the check point control of the pumping and stocking of the drinking water distribution network of LYON and its near suburbs. The realization of such a tool is complex and requires to organise the conception process. The strategy aims to quantify the current unsatisfied actions by analysing, the possible gap between the goal obtained and the wished one. We can deduct from this analysis an overall solutions aiming at improving the existing system or to enriching it. ]

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Viana, João Garibaldi Almeida. "Evolução da produção ovina no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai : análise comparada do impacto da crise da lã na configuração do setor." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49163.

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O setor ovino do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai foi afetado por períodos de progressos e crises que modificaram as estratégias e a dinâmica do agronegócio da ovinocultura. A transformação do mercado ovino, seus desequilíbrios e suas mudanças, expõem uma rica realidade empírica para uma análise a partir da Economia Evolucionária. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi comparar a trajetória de mudança histórica, econômica e institucional da produção ovina do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai e avaliar o impacto da crise internacional da lã na configuração do setor. A proposta metodológica da tese baseou-se no uso de dados primários e secundários para analisar e comparar um processo dinâmico, a fim de compreender o passado, caracterizar o presente e projetar o futuro do setor ovino - características centrais de um processo evolucionário. A análise da evolução histórica, produtiva e mudança estrutural na atividade ovina do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai tiveram um caráter descritivo e explicativo, por meio de técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas de séries temporais, na estimação de modelos de regressão linear e regressão semilogarítmica. A caracterização da ovinocultura utilizou-se de uma pesquisa de campo, com aplicação de questionário semiestruturado em uma amostra de 120 produtores do Rio Grande do Sul e 80 produtores do Uruguai. A análise dos dados seguiu técnicas da estatística descritiva e o uso de testes de hipóteses paramétricos. A análise de projeção futura da atividade no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai partiu da construção e estimação de duas classes de modelos de regressão logísticos: modelo econômico e institucional. A estimação de modelos de regressão linear e semilogarítmica comprovaram a mudança estrutural para as variáveis de rebanho ovino, produção de lã e produção de carne ovina das duas regiões, tendo como referência a crise internacional dos preços da lã em 1990/1991. Evidenciaram-se similaridades no perfil socioeconômico, produtivo e institucional dos ovinocultores amostrados do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai. Os dados primários indicaram que a atividade ovina é desenvolvida nas mais variadas estruturas fundiárias. O rebanho ovino dos estabelecimentos rurais apresenta tamanho diverso, sendo a bovinocultura de corte a principal atividade desenvolvida de forma integrada. Constatou-se que as instituições da ovinocultura apresentam dimensão conectiva - o contexto passado do setor moldou a situação presente, que por sua vez, irá formar as instituições do futuro, em um processo “hereditário”, análogo aos genes da biologia e aos processos de path dependence e causação cumulativa. Os resultados dos modelos logísticos demonstraram que variáveis estritamente produtivas e de ordem econômica não se relacionam significativamente com a pretensão de aumento da produção ovina no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai. Em contrapartida, o modelo institucional estimado foi significativo (P<0,01), com variáveis significativas de envolvimento organizacional, motivação pelo lucro e idade do produtor (P<0,05). Os resultados confirmaram o domínio da Economia Evolucionária no estudo da dinâmica econômica, baseada na análise das mudanças estruturais e institucionais. O estudo da evolução da produção ovina no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai demonstrou a possibilidade da aplicação de pressupostos econômicos evolucionários, buscando, além de compreender o fenômeno, estimular o fortalecimento desta aproximação teórico-empírica em diversos temas da economia rural. The sheep production of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay has experienced periods of growth and decline that affected the strategy of the agribusiness. This dynamic market provides a rich setting for an analysis based on evolutionary economics. The objective of this thesis is to compare the historical, economic and institutional changes in the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay and to evaluate the impact of the international crises in the production of wool in the organization of this sector. The methodological premise of this thesis is the use of primary and secondary data to analyze and compare a dynamic process. The goal is to understand the past, characterize the present, and project the future of the sheep production – the key elements of an evolutionary process. The analysis of historical, productive and structural change in the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay was descriptive in nature, including a literature review and several statistical techniques such as time series analysis, linear regression and semi-logarithmic regression. A field study with a semi-structured questionnaire and a sample of 120 farmers in Rio Grande do Sul and 80 farmers in Uruguay was conducted to characterize the sheep production. The empirical analysis used descriptive statistical techniques and the parametric test of hypotheses. The market projection of the future in the sheep production was based in the estimation of two types of logistic regression models: an economic model and an institutional model. The linear and semi-logarithmic regression models showed a structural change in the dependent variables, such as sheep flock, wool, and meat production in the two regions. Moreover, there were similarities in the socio-economic, productive and institutional profile of the sampled farmers in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. The primary data indicated that the sheep production is developed in different types of farms area, being a source of income as well as subsistence. The size of the sheep flock across the different farms was diverse, reflecting the variance in the size of the properties, and the beef cattle was the main activity developed in an integrated form. Regarding the institutional profile, the institutions of environment of sheep production establishments presented a connective dimension – the past shaped the present, which in turn will shape the future, reflecting a hereditary process similar to the genes in biology and the path dependence processes. The results from the logistic models indicated that the dependent variables related strictly to economic production were not significantly correlated with the willingness to increase the ovine production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. In contrast, the institutional model was significant (P <.01). The institutional variables related to farmers’ organizational involvement, motivation towards profit and age of farmer were significant (P <.05). Based on the analysis of structural and institutional changes, the results confirmed the dominance of evolutionary economics in the study of the economic dynamic. The present study provided an opportunity to apply the principles of evolutionary economics to understand the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, which can be used to explore several other topics in the context of agricultural economics.

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Boechat, Cássio Arruda. "O colono que virou suco: terra, trabalho, Estado e capital na modernização da citricultura paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-23102014-180906/.

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Esta tese discorre sobre o processo de constituição da citricultura paulista e sua modernização a partir dos anos 1960, articulando essa constituição com a expansão da cafeicultura pelo interior de São Paulo e com as suas crises. Procuramos, na análise desses processos, enfatizar o sistema de trabalho do colonato para a cafeicultura, debatendo suas contradições bem como suas interpretações na literatura. O fim do colonato, por sua vez, foi estudado a partir das particularidades encontradas em trabalho de campo, culminando em formas precarizadas de trabalho agrícola. O papel da educação e dos institutos de pesquisa foi outro tema debatido, como elemento fundamental para a modernização da agricultura. Quanto a esta, circundamos as transformações nas formas de ser do Estado e em como este conduziu políticas visando à diversificação de produções agropecuárias, entre as quais a citricultura. Mais do que diversificar, encontramos no desdobrar dessa modernização uma transformação radical no modo de se produzir laranjas, na forma de se explorar o trabalho e na destinação dessas mercadorias como matéria-prima de uma indústria processadora, instalada no interior paulista a partir dos anos 1960. A crise da citricultura e o papel do associativismo e da política como mediação de conflitos foram tratados ao final, já no contexto de um processo global de financeirização. Esta tese procurou recuperar historicamente elementos dessa realidade modernizada, compreendendo a modernização como um processo que delineia uma crise interna na acumulação de capital e como um processo de autonomização das categorias de terra, trabalho e capital This Doctorate dissertation deals with the process of the State of São Paulo citrus production establishment and its modernization from the 1960s onwards. It articulates this establishment to the coffee production expansion within this State and its crises. Nevertheless, in the analysis of such process, we focused the matter of the work system in coffee production called colonato, discussing its contradictions as well as its interpretation in literature. The end of the colonato system was studied from the particularities found in field works, giving birth to new lower standardized work forms in agriculture. The role of education and of research institutes was another debated theme, understood here as a fundamental element of agriculture modernization. As far as this modernization is concern, we sought the changes in the forms of the State itself and how it conducted policies aiming at the diversification of agricultural productions, among which citrus production was included. More than diversification, we found a radical transformation in the way to produce oranges, also in the way of exploiting work and in the destination of those commodities as raw material to a processing industry, established in the 1960s. This dissertation grasped historical elements of such modernized reality, comprehending the process as developing an internal crisis to the accumulation of capital, as well as the autonomization process of the categories of lad, work and capital

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Bouvard, Adeline. "Complexité de la crise agraire d’un écosystème de montagne en Haïti. Quelles voies d’amélioration des conditions de vie paysanne et de préservation du milieu ?" Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0015.

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Haïti, pays au relief montagneux, a connu un déboisement important tout au long du dernier siècle. La disparition du couvert forestier sur les pentes se traduit par une forte érosion des sols qui engendre des dégâts sur les terres agricoles situées en aval et des coulées boueuses potentiellement meurtrières. Face à ce problème, la restriction des usages agricoles et le reboisement des pentes les plus exposées au risque érosif constituent la principale réponse apportée par le gouvernement haïtien et les organisations internationales. Cette recherche se propose, à partir du diagnostic de l’agriculture de la région de La Borne, située dans la Chaîne des Matheux et en amont de la grande plaine rizicole de l’Artibonite, d’analyser quel serait l’impact d’un projet de mise en défens de terres agricoles pour leur reboisement sur les différentes catégories d’agriculteurs. Il s’agit également de réfléchir à des voies alternatives de développement qui permettraient à la fois de préserver l’écosystème cultivé tout en améliorant la situation alimentaire et économique des exploitations paysannes.Cette recherche a été basée sur un travail de terrain approfondi. Elle a permis de montrer que l’accroissement démographique qu’a connu la région au cours des dernières décennies s’est accompagné de l’augmentation des surfaces cultivées. Celle-ci a reposé sur une réduction de la durée du recrû dans les rotations et sur une extension des cultures jusqu’aux pentes les plus fortes. La reproduction de la fertilité du sol sur les espaces cultivés, permise par l’association avec l’élevage, est de moins en moins bien assurée à mesure que diminuent la disponibilité fourragère et la capacité d’investissement des agriculteurs, qui évoluent dans un contexte socio-économique très défavorable, toutes deux limitant la taille de leur cheptel. Les rendements diminuent et la baisse du taux de matière organique des sols favorise leur érosion sur les pentes. L’analyse du fonctionnement du système agraire a permis de comprendre que la mise en défens des espaces les plus érodés pour leur reboisement se traduirait par une nouvelle réduction des disponibilités fourragères et viendrait exacerber les déséquilibres existants. Les agriculteurs les plus pauvres, dont le fonctionnement du système de production dépend en grande partie de l’exploitation des zones ciblées, seraient les premiers affectés.Certains agriculteurs de la région ont commencé, moyennant l’adaptation et l’utilisation systémique de techniques acquises dans le cadre de projets de développement, à mettre en place de profondes transformations qui participent à résoudre la crise de fertilité de l’écosystème cultivé. Grâce à l’aménagement de terrasses sur les pentes et à une meilleure maîtrise des eaux de ruissellement, au prix d’une forte intensification en travail, ils sont parvenus à développer de nouveaux systèmes de production. Ceux-ci reposent sur l’introduction de cultures fourragères et sur des cultures associées sous couvert arboré, qui permettent d’accroître le taux de matière organique du sol, sa capacité d’infiltration des eaux de ruissellement ainsi que les rendements. Ce nouveau mode d’exploitation du milieu, dont la mise en œuvre requiert une sécurité de la tenure foncière et l’accès à un équipement adapté et relativement coûteux, constitue une alternative de développement agricole qui permet à la fois de limiter l’érosion des sols et d’accroître la capacité de production des écosystèmes cultivés, dans l’intérêt de la paysannerie Haiti has experienced significant deforestation during the last century. On the slopes, reduced forest cover results in severe soil erosion and generates important damages downstream. In response to this problem, agricultural land use restrictions and reforestation of areas most exposed to erosive risk have been the main response of the Haitian government and international organizations for several decades. Thanks to the case study of the area of La Borne, located in the Matheux mountain range and uphill the large rice plain of the Artibonite, this study aims to analyze the impact on farmers of projects that prevent the use of rural lands other than for reforestation purposes. We also consider alternative ways of development that would reach both objectives to preserve mountainous ecosystem while improving the food and economic situation of peasants.This research was based on extensive fieldwork. It has shown that the area’s population growth during recent decades has been associated with an increase in cultivated areas. This has been made possible by a reduction in the duration of fallow and an extension of crop area to the steepest slopes. The reproduction of soil fertility in cultivated areas, which is permitted by association with livestock, is compromised by fodder availability and farmers’ investment capacity. They evolve indeed in a socio-economic context economically very unfavorable. These factors limit the size of their livestock. Yields and organic matter content of soil quickly decline, leading to a increasing erosion on the slopes. The analysis of the agrarian system of La Borne made it possible to understand that agricultural land use limitation in the most eroded areas, except for reforestation purposes, would result in further reduction of fodder supplies and would accentuate existing imbalances. The poorest farmers, whose farming activity depends mostly on the exploitation of targeted areas, would be the first to be affected.Some farmers in the region have begun implementing profound transformations that contribute to solving the fertility crisis of the ecosystem. They have adapted and used with a systemic approach several techniques acquired during development projects. Thanks to a strong intensification of work, they have built terraces on the slopes and managed to better control runoff water. It enables them to develop new farming systems which rely on fodder introduction and associated crops under tree cover. The outcome is increased soil organic matter rate, better infiltration capacity and improved crop yields. Implementation of these practices requires a secure land tenure and an access to suitable equipment, which is relatively expensive. These new farming systems offer an alternative way of development that both limit soil erosion and increase food production on mountains areas, taking into account peasants interests

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Silva, Karrario Ferreira da. "O impacto na situação econômica e financeira nas empresas brasileiras do setor siderúrgico, decorrentes da crise do mercado mundial de aço." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6478.

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Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-08-07T16:29:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karrario Ferreira da Silva_.pdf: 745800 bytes, checksum: 213c38355c2c8c4e07eae1732228c265 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T16:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karrario Ferreira da Silva_.pdf: 745800 bytes, checksum: 213c38355c2c8c4e07eae1732228c265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-30 Nenhuma Este pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar ao leitor o impacto na situação econômica e financeira das empresas brasileiras do setor siderúrgico, decorrentes da crise do mercado mundial de aço. Esta pesquisa é de grande relevância para a infraestrutura do país, setores da economia como: (indústria de transformação, indústria de base, construção civil e também o setor automobilístico e os segmentos de máquinas e equipamentos) são os maiores consumidores de aço aqui produzido, estes representam 80% do consumo de aço no país e estão em desaceleração. A pesquisa caracteriza se como: quantitativa, descritiva e documental. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram coletados dados referentes aos anos de 2001 a 2015, divididos em dois períodos distintos, sendo o primeiro período 2001 a 2007, antes da crise de 2008/9, e o segundo período após a crise 2010 a 2015. A amostra contou com 10 companhias abertas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA e com dados disponíveis na economática. Foram usados 11 indicadores econômico-financeiros de rentabilidade, liquidez, endividamento e capital de giro. Os indicadores financeiros foram: (Retorno sobre os Ativos [ROA]; Retorno sobre Patrimônio Líquido [ROE]; Liquidez Corrente; Liquidez Geral, Endividamento a Curto Prazo e Endividamento a Longo Prazo). (Os Indicadores econômicos foram: (Lucros antes de juros, impostos, depreciação e amortização EBITDA; Tesouraria (T); Capital de Giro (CG); Necessidade de Capital de Giro (NCG)) e a Margem Liquida (MG). Destacaram-se um indicador financeiros de rentabilidade o ROA e 3 três indicares econômicos de rentabilidade, ROE, Margem Liquida, EBITDA, que deram resultados estatisticamente significantes a 5%. Os resultados das análises dos indicadores apontam que os lucros auferidos pelos empresários e acionistas das siderúrgicas diminuíram consideravelmente em relação ao primeiro período analisado. A taxa de retorno gerada nas aplicações das siderúrgicas foi impactada de forma negativa e que a produtividade e a eficiência econômica das siderúrgicas bem como a quantidade de recursos gerados por meio de suas atividades operacionais foram impactadas economicamente, de forma negativa pela crise de 2008/9 e pelo excesso de produção de aço. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact on the economic situation and financial position of Brazilian companies in the steel sector, arising from the crisis of the global market for steel. The research is characterized as: Quantitative, descriptive and documentary. For the development of the research data were collected for the years 2001 to 2015, divided into two distinct periods, being the first period 2001/7, before the crisis of 2008/09, and the second period after the crisis 2010/15. The sample consisted of 11 companies listed on BM&F and with data available in the Economatica. We used 11 economic and financial indicators of profitability, liquidity, debt and working capital. The financial indicators were: (Return on Assets [ROA]; Return on Equity [ROE]; Current Liquidity Liquidity General, short-term debt and debt in the long term). (The Economic Indicators: (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization EBITDA; Treasury (T); Working Capital (CG); Working Capital Need (WCN)) and the margin Liquidation (MG), all divided by sales). There are two financial indicators of profitability: ROE and ROA and two indicares rentals of profitability: Net Margin and EBITDA, which gave statistically significant results. The results of the analysis of the financial indicators ROE and ROA indicate that the profits earned by entrepreneurs, shareholders and/or investors of the steel industry decreased substantially in relation to the first period analyzed, since the rate of return generated in applications of steel mills was financially impacted in a negative way. The results of economic indicators EBITDA and net margin, indicate that productivity and economic efficiency of the steel industry as well as the amount of resources generated through its operational activities were economically impacted negatively by the crisis of 2008/9 and by excessive production of steel, hindering the sales and distribution of dividends.

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De, Mol Ellenita. "La dernière période de production du triptyque dans les anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux :analyse iconographique et typologique des exemplaires peints pour le lieu de culte entre 1566 et 1673." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/261978.

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Dans les anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux, la crise religieuse et les révoltes iconoclastes de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle causèrent de graves préjudices au mobilier des églises. Lorsqu’il fallut restaurer les tableaux d’autel qui avaient été endommagés ou détruits, on donna la préférence au triptyque peint. Dès lors, ce format orna largement le lieu de culte, non seulement dans la fonction de retable, mais aussi d’œuvre commémorative voire épitaphe. Il survécut même cinq décennies après l’avènement du retable portique baroque, dans les années 1620. Nous nous proposons d’étudier son ultime période de production, depuis l’épisode iconoclaste de 1566 jusqu’à ce que Lucas II Franchoys eût achevé en 1673 le dernier exemplaire daté qui nous soit parvenu. Nous poursuivrons un double objectif :d’une part, évaluer dans quelle mesure et en quoi le contexte religieux influe sur l’iconographie des triptyques de notre corpus, d’autre part, définir ceux-ci du point de vue de la typologie, c’est-à-dire montrer comment ils sont organisés et articulés. Ce faisant, nous les situerons dans l’évolution du retable aux anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux, entre les triptyques traditionnels, qu’ils perpétuent peu ou prou, et les retables portiques, dont ils portent en germe certains traits. Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Bonin, Aurélie. "Relations entre les variations climatiques, les perturbations du cycle du carbone et les crises de la production carbonatée : application au Crétacé inférieur." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705496.

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Le Crétacé inférieur est ponctué de perturbations du cycle du carbone associées à des épisodes de préservation de matière organique et à des crises de la production carbonatée néritique et pélagique. Ces évènements coïncident également avec des refroidissements à très court terme (<1Ma) dont l'origine et les conséquences sont encore imprécises en raison de la faible résolution des courbes de températures dans les eaux de surface. Les études récentes réalisées à partir de modèles climatiques couplés à des modèles géochimiques laissent penser qu'une crise de la production carbonatée pourrait engendrer un refroidissement climatique sur une échelle de temps inférieure à 1 Ma (Donnadieu et al., accepté). Basées sur les dépôts d'âge Valanginien des coupes de La Charce-Vergol et d'Ollioules (Sud-est de la France) et sur les sédiments de l'Aptien du sous-Bassin de Galvé (Nord-est de l'Espagne), des études stratigraphiques, paléoécologiques et géochimiques ont été menées pour établir les relations entre la production carbonatée et le climat au cours du Valanginien et de l'Aptien. Pour cela, des courbes de température à haute résolution pour les eaux de surface ont été établies et mises en regard des évolutions des producteurs néritiques et pélagiques de carbonate. Le Valanginien et l'Aptien présentent tous deux des arrêts polyphasés de la production carbonatée néritique. Certains arrêts précèdent des refroidissements à court terme, dont ceux datés du Valanginien supérieur, du début et de la fin de l'Aptien inférieur. Cette succession suggérerait un lien de cause à effet entre les crises de la production et les fluctuations climatiques. Toutefois, les refroidissements du Valanginien supérieur et de la fin de l'Aptien inférieur sont respectivement précédés par un enfouissement de matière organique continentale et océanique, qui est un processus pouvant également générer une diminution de CO2 et un refroidissement. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence les répercutions des changements climatiques sur la production carbonatée par l'intermédiaire de changements de producteurs dans les domaines néritiques et pélagiques. Dans un premier temps, la mise en place de conditions froides au Valanginien supérieur et à la fin de l'Aptien inférieur est suivie de remplacements floro-fauniques caractérisés par l'évolution de communautés hétérozoaires à photozoaires. Les bouleversements observés suggèrent un changement drastique des conditions trophiques sous le développement de conditions arides relatives au refroidissement. Dans un second temps, l'évolution des communautés pélagiques au Valanginien répondraient également aux changements climatiques : ces communautés marquées d'un déclin depuis la fin du Valanginien inférieur présentent une courte reprise du début au milieu du Valanginien supérieur. Cette reprise coïncide avec le développement de conditions froides et plus arides occasionnant des conditions trophiques plus faibles

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Soula, Jean-Loup. "Essais sur la liquidité bancaire : contributions à la mesure du risque de liquidité et à la gestion de la production de liquidité bancaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAB012/document.

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Le risque de liquidité des banques reflète leur fonction de création de liquidité. Ces institutions sont fragiles par nature, exposées à la menace de ruées des créanciers de court terme. La thèse contribue par plusieurs aspects à une meilleure compréhension du risque de liquidité. Le deuxième chapitre propose une mesure de la fragilité bancaire basée sur la valeur des actifs détenus. Les résultats confirment de manière originale le caractère fragile des banques. La fonction de production de liquidité bancaire est toutefois bénéfique pour l’économie. Le troisième chapitre propose une analyse de la capacité des banques à produire de la liquidité en lien avec leurs choix d’activité et leur business model. La production d’information dans le cadre d’un modèle relationnel et la capacité à bénéficier de synergies informationnelles entre segments d’activité apparaissent comme déterminant l’efficacité de la production de liquidité bancaire. Néanmoins, l’exposition excessive des banques au risque de liquidité est à l’origine des crises. Le quatrième chapitre évalue l’exposition des banques au risque de liquidité en fonction de l’évolution des conditions générales de liquidité. Les résultats soulignent l’impact différencié des chocs de liquidité sur le risque supporté par les banques Bank liquidity risk reflects the function of banks to create liquidity. Banks are fragile, exposed to the possibility of runs from short-term creditors. This dissertation contributes to a better understanding of bank liquidity risk. The second chapter proposes a measure of bank fragility based on the value of the assets held by a bank. Results confirm, in an original way, the fragile nature of banks. However, bank liquidity creation benefits to the economy. The third chapter analyses the capacity of banks to produce liquidity in conjunction with their choices in terms of activity and business model. Determinants of the efficiency to produce liquidity appear to be the bank capacity to produce information through a relationship-oriented business model and to benefit from informational synergies through the activity mix. Nevertheless, excessive exposition of banks to liquidity risk results in bank liquidity crises. The fourth chapter investigates bank exposition to liquidity risk depending on the evolution of aggregate liquidity conditions. Results underline the heterogenous effect of liquidity shocks on the risk borne by banks

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Le, Terrier Xavier. "L'agriculture cannière et l'industrie sucrière à La Réunion au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, 1848-1914 : entre croissance et crise." La Réunion, 2008. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/08_16-leterrier-a-opt.pdf.

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La présente thèse vise à étudier les acteurs et les facteurs inhérents aux problèmes de la pratique culturale de la canne et de la fabrication industrielle du sucre dans la principale colonie sucrière de la France entre 1848 et la veille du premier conflit mondial. De quelle manière se conjuguent, à La Réunion, croissance et crise sucrière au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle ? Comment s'inscrit la production sucrière réunionnaise dans l'ensemble de la production de sucre coloniale, nationale voire mondiale ? Quel rôle les pratiques agricoles jouent-elles dans l'évolution de la principal activité économique de la colonie ? Quelles sont les réponses agricole et industrielle à la crise qui s'installe au début des années 1860, à la perspective de manquer de bras et au resserrement du marché sucrier ? Quelle est la politique industrielle des hommes de l'époque (propriétaires, techniciens) à l'égard de l'activité sucrière ? L'étude des séries tient, dans ce travail, une place centrale. Il s'agit, au final, de mettre en relation l'évolution spatiale des domaines sucriers et de la culture de la canne, les choix techniques opérés dans l'agriculture et la fabrication ainsi que l'évolution sociale constatée sur les habitations-sucreries réunionnaises de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Cette thèse devrait affiner la connaissance du monde agro-industriel du sucre, qui a structuré les paysages, les modes de pensée et les comportementd de la société réunionnaise This thesis aims at examining the actors and factors pertaining to the problems of the sugar-cane farming methods and the manufacturing of sugar in the main sugar-producing french colony from 1848 to the eve of W. W. I. How, in Reunion island, did sugar-producing development combine with crisis during the second half of the 19th cebtury? How did the sugar production of Reunion island fit in with the overall colonial and national output and, indeed, even with the world production? How did farming methods come into play with the development of the main economic activity of the colony? How did agriculture and industry respond to the crisis which stettled in the early 1860's ; mamely to the prospect of a labour force shortage and a slump in the sugar market? What industrial policy did landowners and experts adopt with regard to the sugar industry during thatperiod? A study of series holds a central position in this thesis. In fine, it's a question of relating the space growth of the sugar estates to the technical choices made in the world of agriculture and manufacture and to the social advancement noted in the sugar-producing plantations of Reunion island in the second half of the 19th century. This thesis should clarify our knowledge of the sugar-producing world which has modelled the landscape, the ways of thinking and the behavioural patterns of the society of the island

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Ducasse, Jean-Loup. "Identité chrétienne, positions sociales et dispositions culturelles analyses des discours chrétiens sur la crise de la viticulture en pays de Cognac dans les années 1977-1980, rapportés à leurs conditions historiques et sociales de production /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604683h.

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Ducasse, Jean-Loup. "Identité chrétienne, positions sociales et dispositions culturelles : analyses des discours chrétiens sur la crise de la viticulture en pays de Cognac dans les années 1977-1980, rapportés à leurs conditions historiques et sociales de production." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040019.

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Selon qu'ils proviennent de Charente ou de Charente-Maritime, les discours chrétiens diffusés en 1977-1980 sur la "crise de la viticulture" renvoient à des positions contraires. L'histoire des deux églises diocésaines et de leurs alliances, avec les fractions localement dominantes de population concernées par la production-vente du Cognac, montre la probabilité de telles prises de paroles antagonistes. L'analyse des procédures que les discours mettent en œuvre pour se présenter comme vrais et vraiment chrétiens fait apparaitre qu'on peut les interpréter comme produits à partir des intérêts de leurs auteurs dans le champ de la production-vente du cognac, et de leurs aptitudes à les faire valoir dans le champ religieux local. L'appel à l'identité chrétienne remplit alors une fonction de légitimation. Comparativement, l'analyse de textes bibliques, et de leur propre manière de se présenter comme vrais, permet de vérifier que les discours sur la crise de la viticulture se présentent comme chrétiens en faisant à la fois méconnaitre les intérêts sociaux qui président à leur production et les écarts qu'ils entretiennent par rapports au discours chrétien de référence. Le discours biblique semble notamment interdire d'ériger en absolu les valeurs d'un groupe, fut-il chrétien (il n'y a pas d'autre dieu que dieu). On dégage de ces observations des éléments pour une vigilance sur l'identité chrétienne en pays de Cognac Christian discourses diffused in 1977-1980 on the wine growing crisis reflect opposing standpoints according to whether they come from Charente or Charente Maritime. The history of the two diocesan churches and their alliances with the locally dominant fractions of the population concerned by the system of production-sale of Cognac shows the probability of such antagonistic. The analysis of the procedures put into effect by the discourses, to present themselves as both true, and truly Christian, shows that one can interpret them as being the product of their author's interests in the production and sale of Cognac, and of their capacity to give them value in the local religions space. The call to Christianity thus plays a legitimating role. Comparatively, the analysis of biblical texts and of their own manner of presenting themselves as true, allows verification that the discourses on the wine growing crisis are presented as being Christian by making misunderstood both the social interest which preside over their production, and the differences which they contain, relative to the Christian reference discourse. The biblical discourse seems particularly to forbid the setting up as absolute the values of any one group, be it Christian (there is no other god than god). We deduce from these observations, elements for vigilance over Christian identity in Cognac

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Buhse, Ana Paula. "DETERMINANTES DA COTONICULTURA BRASILEIRA E OS EFEITOS DOS CHOQUES DE OFERTA E DEMANDA, DE 1990 A 2013." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6619.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The general purpose of this work is to analyze the general determinants of cotton production and the evolution of Brazilian cotton production from 1990 to 2013. Period in which the sector has undergone changes, and trade liberalization and deregulation in the market resulted in the entry of the foreign product with the highest quality causing crisis in the production of Brazilian cotton. However, with further technological incentives in the late 1990s it was possible to increase the commodity productivity resulting in the recovery, making the country among the leading manufacturers and exporters in the 2000s. To make the analysis was utilized the theoretical model of Blanchard and Quah (1989), but adapted by Barros et al. (2006) for agriculture and Alves, Barros e Bacchi (2008) for cotton. The results showed that it is the supply shocks (area and productivity) contributing to explain the export variations, averaging 40% of changes in exports is explained by area, with a significant contribution because the variable itself accounts for about 38% of its variations, and the variable productivity explains around 5%. Compared with the growth of production, it follows that the domestic price and productivity explain about 30% and 8% from the fourth year, respectively. Finally, we have as a conclusion that you need a period of adjustment to the decision to plant or not, taking into account the area, production and past prices and / or prospects for the next harvest. O objetivo geral da dissertação é analisar os determinantes gerais da cotonicultura e a evolução da produção brasileira de algodão a partir de 1990 até 2013. Período no qual o setor passou por transformações, sendo que a abertura comercial e desregulamentação no mercado resultaram na entrada do produto externo com maior qualidade causando crise na produção de algodão brasileira. Porém, com maiores incentivos tecnológicos, no final da década de 1990, foi possível aumentar a produtividade da commodity resultando na recuperação transformando o país entre os principais produtores e exportadores na década de 2000. Para fazer a análise foi utilizado o modelo teórico de Blanchard e Quah (1989), porém adaptado por Barros et al. (2006) para a agricultura e por Alves, Barros e Bacchi (2008) para o algodão. Os resultados apontaram que são os choques de oferta (área e produtividade) que contribuíram para explicar variações da exportação, sendo em média 40% das variações das exportações é explicada pela área, sendo significativa a contribuição, pois a própria variável explica aproximadamente 38%, e a variável produtividade explica cerca de 5%. Em relação ao crescimento da produção, tem-se que o preço interno e a produtividade explicam aproximadamente 30% e 8% a partir do quarto ano, respectivamente. Por fim, tem-se como conclusão que é necessário um período de ajustamento para a decisão de plantar ou não, levando em consideração a área, produção e os preços passados e/ou perspectivas para a safra seguinte.

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Corder, Leandro Menegon. "Análise da dinâmica da produção de produtos agrícolas usados como matéria-prima para biocombustíveis e para alimentos na década de 2000 em países selecionados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-19092012-141632/.

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A necessidade atual de uso de fontes limpas e renováveis aumentou amplamente o interesse por biocombustíveis. Com isso, são necessários vários estudos para garantir que essas pressuposições de serem limpas e renováveis sejam verdadeiras. Assim, através da leitura das leis e da utilização de um modelo matemático, foram analisadas as políticas de diversos países na América Latina e Ásia, onde as políticas são muito recentes, e da Europa e Estados Unidos, para verificar os principais pontos positivos e oportunidades para essas políticas. Através do modelo shift-share, analisar-se-á quais os principais efeitos das políticas escolhidas por esses países, e, já com sete anos transcorridos desde o início do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel, poder-se-á analisar em quais pontos o programa evoluiu e em quais pontos ele não trouxe o resultado esperado. Ademais, não se pode esquecer de um momento importante ocorrido logo no início do século XXI, que foi a chamada crise dos alimentos, com aumento nos preços de muitas commodities, e que não deve ter seus efeitos ignorados. Isto feito, notam-se algumas tendências gerais para cada continente, como momentos de alta e queda de preços, e também possíveis movimentos causados pelas políticas adotadas. Apesar disso, é difícil captar os efeitos somente causados por um ou outro fator, pois como visto, o momento todo é favorável, com incentivos vindos de várias frentes. Com a percepção das diferenças entre as políticas regionais, busca-se entender, então, como essas políticas reagirão às questões posteriores a esse período favorável, com a crise econômica. Infelizmente, não é possível se concluir pontualmente quanto de uma variação é causada exatamente por aquele tipo de política ou por outro, e apenas é possível elencar países que se destacam dos demais e tentar, analisando as ações tomadas, citar exemplos de sucessos. The current need for clean and renewables energy sources vastly raised the interest in biofuels. Thus, several studies are needed to ensure that these assumptions that they are clean and renewable are true. Therefore, by reading the laws and usingf a mathematical model, the policies of various countries in Latin America and Asia, where policies are very recent, and Europe and the United States, to assess the main strengths and opportunities for these policies have been analyzed. Through the shift-share model, the main effects of the policies chosen by these countries will be analyzed and since there were seven years since the beginning of the National Program for Biodiesel Use and Production, we will be able to analyze in which point the program has evolved and at what points he did not bring the expected result. Moreover, an important moment occurred early in the century can\'t be forgetted: it was called the food crisis, with rising prices of many commodities, and its effects should not be ignored.

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Vaz, Céline. "Le franquisme et la production de la ville : politiques du logement et de l’urbanisme, mondes professionnels et savoirs urbains en Espagne des années 1930 aux années 1970." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100196.

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Urbanisation désordonnée, manque d’équipements urbains, prééminence de la promotion privée dans la production de logements, domination de la propriété d’occupation, telles sont les caractéristiques du développement urbain et immobilier sous le régime franquiste, qui ont perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui pour certaines d’entre elles. Cette ville « sans qualité » constitue un objet de préoccupation sociale majeur et une voie de contestation du régime dans les dernières années de la dictature franquiste. Le mode de production de la ville qui se met en place durant l’époque franquiste, et la question urbaine sur lequel il débouche, constituent l’objet de cette thèse. Cette recherche repose sur l’analyse conjointe des politiques nationales d’urbanisme et du logement, et du groupe professionnel des architectes. Ce choix a été guidé par un double constat. L’interventionnisme du régime franquiste s’est en effet aussi concrétisé dans les domaines du logement et de l’urbanisme : un ensemble d’organismes centraux, de dispositions et de dispositifs officiels ont ainsi encadré et déterminé le mode de production urbaine. Les architectes, par la position particulièrement privilégiée qu’ils occupent dans le secteur de la construction en Espagne, jouent un rôle clé dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Des membres du groupe professionnel sont par ailleurs les fers de la critique urbaine à la fin de la dictature. Ce dispositif de recherche permet d’étudier la constitution de l’espace urbain et immobilier en catégorie de l’action publique et les effets de ce processus sur les champs professionnel et scientifique sur l’ensemble de la période franquiste. Il offre les bases d’une histoire sociale des politiques urbaines qui éclaire à la fois l’histoire du régime franquiste, l’histoire des sciences sociales de la ville, ainsi que la sociologie de l’action publique et des groupes professionnels Francoism and urban production. Housing and urban policies, professionals and urban sciences in Spain from the 1930's to the 1970's.An urban model oriented towards growth, lack of public facilities and infrastructure, high proportion of owner-tenancy, shortage of public housing, or the relevance of real state in the national economy are some of the characteristics of Spain’s urban development during Franco’s dictatorship. It became a main social concern and way to criticize Franco’s regime at the end of the dictatorship. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study the mode of production of Spanish cities during the dictatorship and the social urban movement at the end of the regime. This research is based on the double analysis of national urban planning and housing policies and of the role of one of their principal actors: the architects. During the Franco’s era, State’s intervention was indeed reflected on housing and town-planning through a set of central institutions or bodies, of legal provisions and official measures. Theses decisions determined the mode of urban development. Owing to their privileged position in the building sector in Spain, architects play a key role in the definition and implementation of these policies. Moreover, some architects were years later the leaders of urban criticism and urban social movement. This set-up brings into light the development, if not the constitution, of the urban space as a category of public action during the Franco years, as well as its effects on the professional and scientific fields. This PhD thesis intends to constitute a social history of urban policies during the Franco’s era (1939-1975). Through this approach, it contributes to a better knowledge of the history of this period, of the history of urban social sciences and public action and of the sociology of professions

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Hemmerlé, Marie-Aude. "Représentations et figurations des dramaturgies québécoises contemporaines de Normand Chaurette à Daniel Danis." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030144.

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Examiner la dramaturgie québécoise contemporaine, c’est travailler la singularité et emprunter d’autres voies de la mise en crise du drame. Cette thèse montre comment des auteurs opèrent un double mouvement de représentation et de figuration qui renouvelle le drame. Malgré une décomposition de celui-ci, cette dramaturgie maintient une prégnance de la fable et du personnage grâce à la permanence de la fiction. Les auteurs continuent d’être des raconteurs d’histoires, mais les stratégies narratives ne vont plus de soi et engendrent un questionnement sur le personnage qui se transforme en agent essentiel des combinatoires explorées. Si les possibilités fictionnelles s’accroissent à partir des structures traditionnelles, elles se nourrissent aussi des données du personnage et inversement – une entité équivoque émerge et interroge d’autres modalités de présence dans le texte et sur le plateau. Par une exacerbation des sensations dans le discours, le personnage se change en espace esthésiogène. Cette approche n’est pas liée à une radicalisation de la forme et du contenu ; l’évolution s’inscrit dans une continuité historique et s’apparente à un nouveau développement de la dramaturgie québécoise. Une dramaturgie de l’entre-deux émerge, celle d’un territoire trouble, propice à la métamorphose et à l’expérience. Fable et personnage apparaissent comme des médias touchant tous les composants du drame. Le personnage devient le corps du récit et la fable donne corps au personnage, l’action se concentre autour de l’histoire à raconter. La persistance et la mutation de ces données provoquent aussi des répercutions dans les régimes de parole ou les cadres spatio-temporels. Une instabilité s’installe donnant à voir des univers poreux, mêlant réel et légendaire, laissant entrevoir de nouvelles possibilités dramaturgiques, notamment pour le spectateur To consider Québec contemporary drama means to work on singularity and implies taking other routes than the one leading to the crisis of the dramatic form. This thesis demonstrates how some playwrights operate a double movement of representation and figuration that renews the dramatic form. Despite its state of decomposition, those writings manage to sustain the imprint of the story and of the character thanks to the omnipresence of the fiction. The playwrights keep on being storytellers but the narrative strategies used are no longer an evidence and therefore generate a questioning of the character that further transforms itself into an essential agent of combinations previously explored. If the possibilities of the fiction are growing from traditional structures, they feed themselves from facts coming from the character and, conversely – an equivocal entity emerges and interrogates other modality of presence within the text and on stage. By an exacerbation of the sensations within the speech, the character transforms itself into an espace esthésiogène. This approach is not related to a radicalisation of the form or of the content; its evolution is part of an historical continuity and is connected to a new development in Québec drama. A dramaturgy of the “in between” emerges, a dramaturgy of the disturbed land, favourable to metamorphosis and experience. Story and character appear as medias touching all aspects of the drama. The character becomes the substance of the narrative and the fable gives shape to the character, the action focuses on the story to be told. The persistence and the mutation of this data have repercussions within levels of speech or other spatial-temporal frames. A certain instability settles in and allows us to see porous worlds, combining reality and legend, suggesting new dramaturgical possibilities, especially for the spectator

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Friser, Alice. "Du discours militant à la réalité de marché : la réponse du commerce équitable à la crise du coton en Inde." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2436/1/M11060.pdf.

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Ce mémoire porte sur la capacité du commerce équitable à répondre à la crise du coton dans le contexte indien, et plus spécifiquement sur sa capacité à émanciper du commerce conventionnel les producteurs de coton qui en adoptent la certification. L'évolution du discours sur le développement -du développement au développement durable -est difficilement mise en pratique dans les pays sous ajustement structurel, orientés essentiellement vers un objectif de croissance économique (Bélem, 2006). Pourtant, en tant que pays producteurs de matières premières, c'est en leur sein, plus particulièrement au niveau social et environnemental, que se font le plus ressentir les effets de la libéralisation des marchés. La marge de manoeuvre des gouvernements au pouvoir est souvent trop mince pour y remédier. Mais quelques initiatives proposent une esquisse de solution. C'est ce que nous tentons d'illustrer dans le secteur de l'agriculture en brossant un portrait historique de la production de coton en Inde, production aujourd'hui en proie à une crise sans précédent, et en présentant le commerce équitable comme seule alternative se revendiquant du développement durable qui s'oppose spécifiquement à la crise du coton indienne. Pour préciser notre recherche, nous avons choisi d'étudier une organisation de producteurs de coton équitable sous projet de contrat de production en Inde. Notre collecte de données repose sur la rédaction d'un journal ethnographique, fruit d'une observation participante au sein de l'organisation, et d'un corpus d'entrevues, menées pour la plupart avec des producteurs de coton de l'organisation. Il ressort de nos résultats que le commerce équitable ne répond que partiellement à la crise du coton, même jumelé aux pratiques de l'agriculture biologique. Le commerce équitable innove cependant dans le regroupement qu'il impose aux producteurs en une association de type démocratique. Nous concluons que c'est en prenant conscience de cette unité nouvelle que les producteurs de l'association étudiée seront à même de s'émanciper du commerce conventionnel, voire de s'y opposer en développant de nouvelles revendications auprès de leur gouvernement. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Commerce équitable, Développement, Coton, lnde, Projet de contrat de production.

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Neto, Maria Inês Marques Carneiro. "Jornalismo cultural em tempos de crise : o caso da Revista Rua na pandemia de COVID-19." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33094.

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A presente dissertação procura analisar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na produção e no consumo dos conteúdos da Revista RUA, confrontando dois períodos distintos: três meses antes (de 14 de dezembro de 2019 a 14 de março de 2020) e três meses (de 15 de março de 2020 a junho de 2020) depois do anúncio do primeiro confinamento, em março de 2020. Para analisar a produção jornalística, recorremos ao back office do website da revista (Wordpress), enquanto o consumo dos leitores foi sondado com recurso ao Google Analytics e aos dados de tráfego. Com o início da pandemia, constatou-se um aumento exponencial do consumo online, assim como um acréscimo do tempo médio passado pelos leitores no site. Entre outras mudanças, verificamos ainda uma maior produção e consumo de artigos da seção Cultura. Tais conclusões devem ser enquadradas num contexto de crise sanitária e de confinamento sem precedentes para a população portuguesa. Tratando-se de estudos de caso limitado num horizonte temporal específico (seis meses), não foi possível comparar resultados com outras publicações nacionais, nem confirmar a evolução de tais tendências. A pesquisa apresenta, todavia, algumas pistas de reflexão que abrem o caminho para outros estudos de caso num período mais abrangente. This dissertation seeks to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the production and consumption of Revista RUA’s contents, confronting two distinct periods: three months before (from December 14, 2019 to March 14, 2020) and three months (from March 15, 2020 to June 2020) after the announcement of the first confinement, in March 2020. To analyze a journalistic production, we resorted to the back office of the magazine's website (Wordpress), while the readers consumption results were polled with Google Analytic’s resources and traffic data. From the beginning of the pandemic, there was an exponential increase in online consumption, as well as an increase in the average time spent by the users on the website. Among other changes, we also see a greater production and consumption of articles in the Culture section. These must be framed in a context of unprecedented health crisis and confinement for the Portuguese population. In this case of limited case studies within a specific time horizon (six months), it was not possible to compare results with other national publications, nor to confirm the evolution of such trends. The research, however, present some avenues for reflection that open the way for other case studies in a wider period.

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Margato, Aldina Maria da Silva. "Tese de mestrado - Jornalismo e Comunicação - O impacto da Crise Economica 2008-2015 e a diluição de fronteiras." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93354.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Jornalismo e Comunicação apresentada à Faculdade de Letras Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da crise económica, ocorrida entre 2008 e 2015, em Portugal,na relação entre jornalistas e fontes profissionais, nomeadamente, agentes de comunicação, eas consequências para o processo de produção de notícias. Primeiro, evoca-se a história dasduas atividades, para depois explorar os modelos de relação e equacionar em que ponto sedeparam neste período. Enquanto o jornalismo se foi transformando numa profissão queganhou reconhecimento e legitimação, as relações públicas têm ainda um caminho a fazer naorganização de classe. Simultaneamente, o jornalismo não conseguiu criar um modelo desustentabilidade económica e a sua situação laboral piorou drasticamente no período de crise.Do lado das agências de comunicação, os preços praticados diminuíram, mas houvepulverização de empresas. Num segundo momento, faz-se uma síntese do que cincoprofissionais pertencentes a cada uma das áreas vivenciaram. Para perceber a influência dasfontes profissionais nas notícias analisou-se ainda a cobertura feita pelos diferentes meios aofestival “Rock in Rio”. Conclui-se que no período em análise se acentuou o desequilíbrio nojogo de forças entre jornalistas e relações públicas, assumindo-se o jornalista com menoscapacidade de negociação enquanto os assessores ganhavam influência; que uma diluição defronteiras, e que as notícias foram ganhando contornos híbridos. A transformação da notíciaconta ainda com a crescente inclusão de conteúdos de entretenimento, de carizsensacionalista, e a adoção de modelos de linguagens inspiradas nas redes sociais. Ojornalismo dito “hard news” terá passado a refugiar-se num reduto pequeno e o restanteespaço terá sido invadido por artigos mascarados, sem que os cidadãos, muitas vezes, seapercebam disso. This thesis analyzes the effects of the economic crisis, which occurred between 2008 and2015, on the relationship between journalists and professional sources, namely,communication agents, and the consequences for the news production process in Portugal.First, it evokes the history of both activities, then explores the relationship models andconsider the state of relations in this period. While journalism become a profession that hasgained recognition and legitimation, public relations still has a way to go in classorganization. Notwithstanding, journalism failed to create a model of economic sustainabilityand its employment situation worsened dramatically with the crisis. On the side of the mediaagencies, the prices charged decreased, but there was a increase in the number of companies.In a second moment, a synthesis of what five professionals belonging to each of the areasexperienced is put forward. To understand the influence of professional sources in the news,the coverage by the different media to the festival “Rock in Rio” is detailed and analyzed. It isconcluded that in the period under analysis the imbalance in the power play betweenjournalists and public relations was accentuated, noting journalist’s less negotiation capacitywhile the public relations gained influence; the blurring of borders and that the news gainedhybrid outlines. The transformation of the news also includes the increasing inclusion ofentertainment content, of sensationalist nature and the adoption of models of languagesinspired by social networks. The so called “Hard news journalism” has taken refuge inincreasing small redoubt while masked articles gained increasing prominence; a change thatoccurred without citizens greatly noticing it.

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Pelé, Ariane. "En direct de Pékin : la production d'information des journalistes étrangers en Chine à travers trois crises internes, 1958, 1989, 2003." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7461.

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Nambena, Jutta [Verfasser]. "Analyse de la subsistance paysanne dans un système de production en crise et identification participative de stratégies durables d'adaptation : cas de Beforona, versant oriental de Madagascar / Jutta Nambena." 2004. http://d-nb.info/970953313/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crise de la production cacaoyère'

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