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Journal articles on the topic 'Crises of the 14th century'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Thuan, Tran. "Some points about Ho Quy Ly’s socio-economic reform policies." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.614.

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Throughout the history of Vietnam, 10 socio-economic reformations have occurred. The size, level, nature and outcome of those reforms varied, but they all shared the same trait showing progress and revolution, especially ideology. Many leaders of socio-economic revolutions were talented people in the society who saw the cause leading to crises and the way to resolve them. They could be emperors, Confucian intellectuals, officials, etc. The reformation of Ho Quy Ly from the late 14th to the early 15th centuries is among them. It is a comprehensive and breakthrough reformation. Throughout 40 years, with his political position, Ho Quy Ly made some policies to change crisis status in terms of socio-economy in the late 14th century, especially economy. Over 600 years, many studies about Ho Quy Ly and his reform gave out many different opinions. In the feudal period, the Ho Dynasty and its reform received many negative reviews from historians who were affected by Confucianism. However, after 1954, this topic came back on research forums of modern historians in Vietnam. Those researches help researches about Ho Quy Ly's role in history become more positive than periods before. This paper will analyze the background of Vietnam society in the half-end of the 14th century to clarify reasons leading to Ho Quy Ly's changes. From the results, we can objectively judge the thoughts of the reform by Ho Quy Ly when facing the requests of his living period.

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Komatina, Ivana. "Some examples of treason in the 13th-century Serbia." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 57 (2020): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi2057021k.

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The paper observes examples of treason, that is, infidelity in the 13th-century Serbia. The author intends to show how this procedure was sanctioned by common law, since the punishments for such crimes appeared in the Serbian medieval written law only from the 14th century, all that with the aim of getting to know as closely as possible the social context of medieval Serbia.

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3

Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Economic Development: Pakistan's Policy Choices for the 21st Century (Presidential Remarks)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.19-23.

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It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 14th Annual General Meeting and Conference of th~ Society. As we prepare to enter the new millennium, we find ourselves at a crucial moment in history. It is time to take stock of our past achievements and to assess the new challenges. To deal with the future would require not only thorough knowledge of the evolving nature of development thinking but also a good sense of the policy choices available to a country in its national, international and regional position. What are the main challenges that require our urgent attention? A few words are in order at the very outset about Pakistan's current difficult economic situation. The slow-down in export expansion, capital inflows and foreign direct investment was an expected consequence of the imposition of sanctions. The pessimistic assessment of Pakistan's prospects is based largely on the recent negative trends of these economic parameters. The optimists are of the view that Pakistan has survived the imposition of sanctions rather well. Economic growth has remained positive and inflation has been kept under reasonable control. The optimists further maintain that Pakistan's current economic situation is no worse than that of the East Asian countries when. they started their economic climb and engineered major institutional and policy changes. Lessons from the initial years of the East Asian miracle clearly show that development is decidedly possible no matter what adverse initial conditions obtain in any developing country. Sustained, rapid and equitable growth is possible through the implementation of wide-ranging social and economic reforms. Lessons from'the recentEast Asian Crises are also before us-guiding us on what not to do and how best to protect ourselves in these rapidly changing times.

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Dimitrieska, Savica, Ljiljana Koneska, Kostadinka Gavazova Kozareva, and Jasna Teofilovska. "THE POWER OF PRIVATE BRANDS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 22, 2017): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.911.

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National brands are well-known and popular brands of manufacturers, such as Coca Cola, McDonald's, Milka, Maggi, Colgate, Toblerone, Evian, Knorr, etc. These brands usually are well accepted and favorites of consumers. They associate with high quality, availability, feelings, experiences, promotions, and events. However, their popularity is increasingly threatened by private brands. Private brands are brands of retailers and distributors, that starting from the 14th century, and especially today, have conquered lots of consumers. Initially, private brands appeared among consumer goods (food products) and were without name, style, design, with relatively low quality and with much lower prices than national brands.Economic crises, low living standard, poverty that existed in several countries in the middle of the XIX-th century caused the consumers to become more sensitive to prices, and they began to show interest in private brands. The greater demand for these products the richer became the retailers. Retailehad a great advantage: they knew the needs and wants of consumers. With time, retailers have invested more in quality, taste, packaging, design, style, and colors of their brands that have attracted more customers. Today, private brands represent a severe competitive threat to national brands. Some recent research shows that private brands are more popular and more required than national brands. This paper aims to reveal the future of national and private brands with the help of empirical research.

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Raczyńska, Alicja. "Meduza, osłona i wysłannik niebios. Tajemnice Pieśni IX „Piekła” Dantego według nadinterpretacji Giulia Leoniego w powieści „I delitti dellaMedusa”." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 12 (December 15, 2015): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2015.12.7.

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Giulio Leoni, a modern Italian writer, is the author of five crime novels inspired by the life and works of Dante Alighieri. He presents Dante as a detective who investigates mysterious crimes of the early 14th-century Florence, Rome and Venice. Although Leoni has gained an international fame, there are very few studies which examine the connections between the “Divine Comedy” and his books. My article aims to analyze the overinterpretation of Canto IX of the “Inferno” in the novel “I delitti della Medusa”.

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Dziarnovich, A. I. "The Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands of the 10–13th centuries: from Krevа to Kernavė". Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 64, № 5 (2020): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-5-632-640.

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Traditional notions on the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the earlier Lithuania of the 10-13th c. are quite sketchy. In the public consciousness of a population of the historical Lithuania (“Lithuania in the narrow sense”) is significantly inferior in terms of its civilization development of neighboring Rus' and Poland. But already in the 13th century new impulses of state formation began from Lithuania at a time when the entire of the East Slavic region of Europe was in a deep crisis. The article analyzes the results of the latest archaeological and historical research of the four centers of the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands and the historical Lithuania in the 10-13th c.: Kreva, Halsany, Kemaй (Kernave), Vilnia (Vilnius). The significant presence of Slavic settlers influenced the existence of urban settlements with a clear administrative and sacred function among the Baltic pagan population of Lithuania in the 12th-14th centuries. On the example of Kreva and Kernave we can see the emergence of regional centers of Lithuania, the first of which is already in the 14th century it will be the domain of Alhierd (Olgierd) and Jagiello, and the second in the late 13th - early 14th centuries it will be the main residence of the Duke Trojdzien and perhaps of Vicien. Halsany become generic possession of the Halsanski princes and early modern town as and Kreva will develop in accordance with the process of urbanization (16-18th cc.). Kreva, Kernave and Vilnius can be described as the sacred center of the Balts. These observations allow us to consider the emergence of a new state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a result of the influence of the Slavic ethnos on the corresponding development of political and economic interests of Lithuanian elites, as well as ethno-cultural interaction.

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Soalheiro, João. "Censual of the Diocese of Coimbra – 14th century: ANTT: MCO, Ordem de Cristo/Convento de Tomar, liv. 264." Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 6 (2006): 51–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_6_3.

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8

Webster, Lyndelle C., Omer Sergi, Sabine Kleiman, et al. "Preliminary Radiocarbon Results for Late Bronze Age Strata at Tel Azekah and Their Implications." Radiocarbon 60, no. 1 (2017): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.85.

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AbstractThis article presents the first radiocarbon (14C) results from the Late Bronze Age levels of Tel Azekah (Israel). The results testify to the long and prosperous occupation of the site during this period, commencing at least in LB IIA and ending with a severe destruction at the close of LB III. In the extra-mural quarter (Area S2), a pre-monumental building phase (S2-6) dates to the 14th or early 13th century BCE. Two sub-phases of a public building constructed above this yielded dates in the second half of the 13th century and first two-thirds of the 12th century BCE, suggesting that occupation persisted through the “Crisis Years” of the eastern Mediterranean region. On the top of the mound, in Area T2, the destruction of the final LB III level (T2-3) most likely occurred near the end of the 12th century BCE. The preliminary Azekah results are in good agreement with existing data from Lachish and Megiddo, but seem at odds with results from nearby Tel es-Safi/Gath.

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9

Sidqi, Ahmad. "“THE SPIRITUAL TURN”." Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman 14, no. 2 (2019): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/epis.2019.14.2.289-303.

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This article discusses the philosophical dimension of post-modern societies. It examines the champion of rationalities of modern human beings and contends its contemporary limits. It argues that the modern rational philosophies that over-simplify the meaning “being” in metaphysical form has led to the civilizational crisis. In religious dimension, modern human has been sacrificing their inner spiritual dimension of humanity. As a response to this crisis, modernity has initiated the birth of “spiritual turn” that modern human tries to reinvent their spirituality, mainly through Islamic Sufism. This article further examines the significance of Sufi concepts of the 14th century Sufi master Ibn Atha`illah (1259-1310). Examining his Sufi concepts from the lights of post-modern philosophy as panacea for modern diseases, this article found that the concept of spiritual knowledge (ma’rifat) is an essential concept as transcending the limits of rationality and materiality of modern philosophy

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10

Ergas, Zaki. "In Search of Development: Some Directions for Further Investigation." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 2 (1986): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00006893.

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The rapidly deteriorating social and economic situation in sub-Saharan Africa, and the need for large-scale action to reverse that ominous trend, are captured well in the following paragraph:It is becoming evident that Africa is in a state of breathtaking and grievous crisis whose… likes may not have been seen anywhere in the West since the 14th century Plague. Twenty-nine of the world's 36 poorest nations are to be found south of the Sahara desert… and 24 of them are now appealing for emergency aid to ward off famine… The percentage of Africans living in absolute poverty rose from 82 percent to 91 percent through the 1970s. In 1983 per capita food production was down by 14 percent from 1981. Five million Africans are currently refugees. Five million African children died this year; another five million were crippled by malnutrition and disease.

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11

Kovačević, Marijana. "Olipski fragment gotičkoga srebrnog ophodnog križa s prikazom Sv. Stošije." Ars Adriatica, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.463.

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This paper discusses an interesting silver fragment showing an image of a saint which was found a few years ago in the rectory of the island of Olib. Based on a thorough comparison of the fragment with similar liturgical objects from the wider area of Zadar, especially with the processional cross from Vlašići (Pag), the authoress proposes that the fragment once belonged to a Gothic proccessional cross dating from the end of the 14th century and that it was nailed as the middle part of its reverse side. The image of the saint depicted on this fragment is identified, based partly on the place of its discovery, with the patron saint of the parish of Olib, St.Anastasia. This identification is further strenghtened also by an iconographical analysis of various depictions of St. Ananstasia in Romanesque and Gothic art of Zadar and its area, especially in goldsmiths’ work of the time, where there are relatively many of her images considering that St. Anastasia was the patron saint of Zadar cathedral, where her relic was treasured for centuries, and also one of four main patron saints of this important Adriatic city. That analysis led to the conclusion that there was a certain evolutive change in the depiction of the saintly patroness during that era, and that, starting form ourfragment and the end of the 14th century, she is more often adorned with a book as her standard attribute.It was also noted that the image depicted on the Olib fragment may, perhaps, be identified with St. Catherine of Alexandria who was also often depicted with a book. Namely, she was the patron saint of a church in Novigrad, a small medieval town situated in the hinterland of Zadar,whence its inhabitants could have brought a whole cross, or solely this fragment, centuries after its making, as C. F. Bianchi recorded thet they brought to Olib a worshipped painting when fleeing from the Turks. This move of the local treasure from Novigrad to Olib in times of crisis and flight would thus coincide with the same practice of the move of the processional cross from Gorica to Pašman, as proposed by N. Jakšić. The stumbling stone of this theory is, of, course, the existence of the 14th century processional cross in Novigrad, with very similar image of St. Catherine on its reverse. Although she is iconographically coherent with the saintly image on the fragment from Olib, it is rather difficult toexplain the making of two similar processional crosses in such a short period of time, since the evident stylistic and tehnical differences between the two images allow only for a short time difference. On the other hand, if the saint on the Olib fragment indeed is St. Anastasia, this would mean that the parish church of Olib regularly refurbished its liturgical equipment during the period of less than two centuries, since one processional cross from Olib older than our fragment has also survived, still partly Romanesque in its morphology and iconography, as well as has survived the late 15th century cross attributed to Toma Martinov, goldsmith from Zadar, whose style is already Rennaissance in many aspects. In course of the search for the images of St. Anastasia in the medieval goldsmiths’ work of Zadar it was also observed that the long established iconographical identification of the figures depicted on the luxurious bishop’s staff of the archbishop Maffeo Vallaresso (1460) has to be partially revised.

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12

Zozuľak, Ján. "The Influence of Greek Spirituality on Russian Culture." Religions 12, no. 7 (2021): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12070455.

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In this article, we will analyze the influence of Greek spirituality on Russian culture in the second half of the 18th century, when Enlightenment ideas infused Russian society. Russian intellectual circles and the upper social class were inspired by Western categories of thought. The absence of a living theology that would give man the true meaning of life has caused tension and a great spiritual crisis in Russian society. One possible solution was to start a fight against the Enlightenment and reject any Western ideas. The second solution was to pay attention to the forgotten tradition and look for inspiration in it for the renewal of spiritual life. The spiritual renewal, known as the philokalic movement, leaned towards the second solution, building upon the Byzantine hesychastic tradition of the 14th century. This paved the way for a new era of Orthodox spirituality, which significantly influenced thinking and spiritual life in Russia. The movement of spiritual renewal is associated with the translation and publication of manuscripts written by Byzantine niptic authors, which were published in the book Dobrotolublye (gr. Philokalia). This significantly contributed to the spread of the hesychastic tradition in Russia and became an impetus for a return to Byzantine spiritual values. This article examines the spiritual, literary, and cultural activities of the most important centers of Russian Hesychasm, such as Sarov, Valaam, and Optina, and their influence on Russian society, which has not yet been recognized sufficiently.

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13

Dauby, Tim. "14th CENTURY FLANDERS." History Workshop Journal 19, no. 1 (1985): 192b—192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/19.1.192b.

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14

Teslenko, I. B. "BYZANTINE GLAZED CERAMICS OF THE 13th CENTURY IN THE CRIMEA (short review)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (2020): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.31.

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Despite political and military upheaval in Byzantium in the 13th century, the most important of which were the conquest of Constantinople and the central territories of the empire by the Latins in 1204, and then the restoration of the state and the return of the capital by Michael VIII Palaeologus in 1261, the manufacture of marketable glazed tableware on its historical territory had not stopped. Moreover, delivery of this ceramic into the territory of the Crimea also continued. This was largely due to the new owners of the maritime market — Italian merchants, first Venetians, and then Genoese, who were active participants of the political and military conflicts in the Eastern Mediterranean and Byzantium. At the same time, the composition of the imported ceramic was not stable. Finds from well-dated archaeological deposits known from the excavations of archaeological sites in the Crimea, as well as the surrounding area, provide the information as for the volume of the Byzantine import and changes in the imported pottery assemblage during the 13th century. First of all, these are the cultural remains with the layers of fire and destruction on the territory of the medieval towns in southern and south-western Crimea with the coins of 1250—1260s; shipwreck near the Novy Svet village south-west to Sudak, which wrecked not earlier than 1260—1270s; two pits in the harbor part of Soldaia / Sudak with coins of the 1266 and 1270s, which, according to stratigraphy, were filled after the mentioned catastrophe; sites in south-eastern Crimea with coins of the last quarter of the 13th — early 14th century, so on. Correlation of data from these contexts leads to the following conclusions. 1. Quantity of Byzantine ceramics imported into Crimea during the 13th century was quite significant. It accounts for up to 70 % and more of the ceramics assemblages. 2. The range of glazed ware remained approximately the same from the beginning until the middle — third quarter of the 13th century. The MBP (mainly «Incised Sgraffito Ware», less often «Champlevй» and others); GWW with monochrome green glaze as well as green and brown painted variants; «Zeuxippus Ware» (class IА&II) prevailed. 3. Since the last third of the 13th century less elegant and cheaper vessels («Sgraffito with Concentric Circles», jugs with stripes of white engobe) from different workshops, which in large quantities arise on the Byzantine and surrounding lands, start to come to the Crimea and Northern Black Sea Region. Their activities were stimulated by the intensification of maritime trade and the growing demand for cheap glazed pottery. 4. Cessation of some groups of import, especially MBP from Chalcis, may be due to the ousting of the Venetians from the Crimean market and their temporary difficulties with novation in the Black Sea after 1261. At the same time, the sales crisis could lead to the decline of some large pottery centers and to the emergence of new focused on more promising trading intermediaries, which the Genoese became.

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15

Stercken, Martina. "Martin Bauch / Gerrit Jasper Schenk (Eds.), The Crisis of the 14th Century. Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? (Das Mittelalter. Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung, Beih., Bd. 13.) Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2020." Historische Zeitschrift 312, no. 2 (2021): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2021-1115.

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16

Bergdolt, Klaus. "Die Pest und die Juden - Mythen, Fakten, Topoi." Aschkenas 29, no. 1 (2019): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2019-0004.

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Abstract This paper explores the relation between the »Black Death« and the persecutions of Jews in the mid-14th century. At first glance, it may come as a surprise that pogroms never took place during an outbreak (as some black legends claim). They were a phenomenon which occurred, typically, before or (seldom) after a plague. When everyone had to reckon with the deadly danger, the charge of well-poisoning, which had a long and fatal tradition, moved to the centre again, accompanied by other incriminations of Jews. Having been of more theoretical (or magic) importance before then, the terrible accusation now seemed to be justified more than ever by the medical theory that poisoned water could cause »miasmata«. The general anxiety, described excellently by Petrarch and other contemporaries, provided an ideal playground for fanatics and zealots who tried to convince people of the validity of such assumptions. It is therefore no wonder that the number of pogroms increased dramatically in 1348/49. They were promoted by the tactics of the emperor who sold his profitable role as a »protector of the Jews« increasingly to the »Imperial Free Cities«. In many towns the Black Death was preceded (or sometimes followed) by anti-Jewish massacres that were instigated by anti-Jewish writings and pamphlets. Only a general crisis of mentality and widespread moral decadence made this possible. The solid financial interests of certain groups of society seem also to have played an important role. Nevertheless, we have to admit that these medieval persecutions have left many questions open - to this day.

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17

Suleimanov, Muhammed-Ali. "Inscription on 14th Century Bronze Copper." Islamology 2, no. 2 (2009): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24848/islmlg.02.2.13.

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Appelt, S., L. Fancello, M. Le Bailly, D. Raoult, M. Drancourt, and C. Desnues. "Viruses in a 14th-Century Coprolite." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 9 (2014): 2648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03242-13.

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Marshall, K. "The organ in 14th-century Spain." Early Music XX, no. 4 (1992): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/xx.4.549.

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Lee, Young Joo. "The Study of Italian Velvet 14th Century-17th Century." International Journal of Costume and Fashion 5, no. 2 (2005): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/ijcf.2005.5.2.055.

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Cetron, Martin, and Pattie Simone. "Battling 21st-Century Scourges with a 14th-Century Toolbox1." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 11 (2004): 2053–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1011.040797_12.

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Classen, Albrecht. "The Crisis of the 14th Century: Teleconnections Between Environmental and Societal Change? Ed. Martin Bauch and Gerrit Jasper Schenk. Das Mittelalter, Beihefte, 13. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2020, VI, 299 pp., numerous graphs and figures." Mediaevistik 33, no. 1 (2020): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2020.01.149.

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Buccolieri, Giovanni, Alessandro Buccolieri, Susanna Bracci, et al. "Gold leafs in 14th century Florentine painting." ArchéoSciences, no. 33 (December 31, 2009): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archeosciences.2532.

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Caldwell, john. "Two polyphonic istampite from the 14th century." Early Music XVIII, no. 3 (1990): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/xviii.3.371.

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Savica, Vincenzo, Giovanni Duro, Thanos Diamandopoulos, and Guido Bellinghieri. "SP776RELATIVELY UNKNOWN "NEPHROLOGISTS" BETWEEN 1st-14th CENTURY." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 33, suppl_1 (2018): i609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfy104.sp776.

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Halperin, Charles J. "Muscovite Political Institutions in the 14th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, no. 2 (2000): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0033.

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Jex, Elizabeth A., David L. Inglefield, and Michael A. Christini. "Gene therapy and the 14th century Karelians." Nature Biotechnology 15, no. 4 (1997): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0497-299a.

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Hoppit, Julian. "Financial Crises in Eighteenth-Century England." Economic History Review 39, no. 1 (1986): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596100.

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Christie, Niall. "A Rental Document from 8th/14th Century Egypt." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 41 (2004): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20297193.

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Lascaratos, John. "Medical management of obesity in 14th century Byzantium." Lancet 346, no. 8966 (1995): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92685-2.

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Jung, Sung Sik. "14th Century Jeong Mong-joo‘s International Diplomacy Ideology." ONJI COLLECTION OF WORKS 57 (October 31, 2018): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.16900/onji.2018.57.06.147.

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Zivkovic, Valentina. "Prayers pro remedio animae at 14th-century Kotor." Balcanica, no. 35 (2004): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0535273z.

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With the growing belief in the reality of purgatory in medieval times, the hope was also rising of the salvation of the souls dwelling in that abode. By the fourteenth century the concept of purgatory had already been developed, and prayers, services and charitable acts came to be regarded as the most efficient aid to the souls of the dead. The hopes that people coping with the imminence of death placed in the effectiveness of prayers and masses pro remedio animae, and the belief in the existence of purgatory will be discussed by using the example of Kotor in the first half of the fourteenth century, on the basis of wall-paintings and wills. In the first decades of the fourteenth century the souls of the dead were depicted in the scene of the General Resurrection included in the Crucifixion painted in the apse of the Collegiata of St Mary at Kotor. In the context of eucharistic and soteriological symbolism of the iconographic programme of the apse, the motif of the General Resurrection - the souls of the dead depicted as babies that, wrapped in swaddling clothes, emerge from their sarcophagi explicitly expresses the idea of supplication. But the people's concern with the effectiveness of prayers for the deliverance of souls from purgatory is fully confirmed by the surviving wills dating to the 1320s and 1330s. Every citizen of Kotor could order in his will that masses, commemoration services and prayers for the salvation of his soul and the souls of his ancestors should be offered. The number and solemnity of the masses and prayers depended on the amount of money a person was able to set aside for that purpose. The imminence of death, timens mori, made people think of repentance. Still, the conventional formulae of testamentary provisions for pias causas reveal a genuine fear that death may catch them unprepared, i.e. with no charitable acts, with no repentance and, especially, with no insurance that their souls will be delivered from purgatory through masses and prayers.

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Hoffmann, Per, Kwang-nam Choi, and Yong-han Kim. "The 14th-century Shinan Ship-Progress in conservation." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, no. 1 (1991): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00297.x.

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Leach, Elizabeth Eva. "Learning French by singing in 14th-century England." Early Music 33, no. 2 (2005): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah069.

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Harrison, Stuart. "A 14th-Century Sculpted Arcade from Coverham Abbey." Journal of the British Archaeological Association 166, no. 1 (2013): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0068128813z.00000000018.

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Pridmore, Ralph W. "14th century example of the four unique hues." Color Research & Application 31, no. 4 (2006): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.20229.

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Ilyushechkina, E. "Language and text studies in 14th–16th-century Europe." Voprosy literatury, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2018-4-386-389.

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Gounaris, Basil C. "Reassessing Wheat Crises in Eighteenth-century Thessaloniki." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 5 (January 13, 2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.220.

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<p>Wheat crises and local riots in eighteenth-century Thessaloniki are not unknown to scholars. However, all the relative conclusions are based mostly on Svoronos' and Iliadou's indexes rather than on additional research of primary sources. Therefore, much space has been given to speculation and various issues have been left without proper examination. This paper seeks to explore, through the study of the French consular correspondence, if there was a common pattern in all wheat crises; why did not all crises develop into open revolts; and, who were the basic participants in the making and management of the crises. It asserts that the development of wheat shortages into popular riots was the outcome of local commercial interests and calculated petty politics, not of famine.</p>

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Dayton, Bruce W. "Managing Crises in the Twenty-First Century." International Studies Review 6, no. 1 (2004): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.393_1.x.

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Schetnikov, Andrey. "Architectural Perspective in Italian paintings of the 14th century." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, no. 1 (2020): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-1-339-365.

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This paper discusses the system of the pictorial depth representation, typical for Giotto and other Italian artists of 14th century. Differing from the linear perspective, this system has a number of peculiar features, and its own consistent logic for the formation of pictorial space. The paper is especially focused on the contradictions of such a system, which lead to the appearance of impossible figures, and the ways in which the artists solved these difficulties.

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Bendall, Simon. "A Late 14th Century Hoard of Balkan silver coins." Revue numismatique 6, no. 31 (1989): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/numi.1989.1944.

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Pizzoli, Enrico. "Palermo in the 14th Century: Between Latins and Catalans." Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art 9 (2019): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa199-4-46.

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Kozakaitė, Justina, Rokas Girčius, Jūratė Dementavičienė, Rimantas Jankauskas, and Dario Piombino-Mascali. "Four cases of beheading from 14th–17th century Lithuania." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 75, no. 3 (2018): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0864.

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Vunk, Aldur. "Metsepole Livonians from the 14th to the 17th century." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (2014): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.03.

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The topic of this paper is the history of Metsepole Livonians (later called Salaca Livonians) from the 14th to the 17th century. The paper refers to academic works from the 17th (by Thomas Hiärn) and later centuries dealing with the linguistic borders of Livonians in Salaca Parish. Also considered are rarely used papers such as the research by Manfred von Vegesack, who has investigated the population history of Livonians in the northern part of Vidzeme through place names found in church registers, ploughland revisions, revenue district registers etc. Information from some sources that have not been used before is presented here as well. As a result of different historical processes, the identity of Metsepole Livonians gradually weakened from the 14th to the 17th century. Livonian linguistic identity faded due to both the loss of its ancient status and the area of communication that expanded in the Middle Ages and the modern age. The number of language users became a strong precondition for the expansion of the area of use of a language, and there was not a vast number of Livonians. The history of these Finno-Ugric people is unusual due to the historical background of Livonia, but there are similarities in the rules of preservation of languages worldwide.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole liivlased 14.–17. sajandil. Artikli teemaks on Metsepole liivlaste (hiljem tuntud kui Salatsi liivlased) ajalugu 14.–17. sajandil. Käesoleva artikli maht ei võimaldanud kirjeldada Metsepole maakonna kujunemist ja selle ümberkujundamist Riia peapiiskopkonna kui riigi rajamise käigus 13. sajandil. Samuti kirjalike allikate kaudu paremini dokumenteeritud Salatsi liivlaste viimaste keelesaarte kahanemist 18. ja eriti 19. sajandil. Need teemad koos Salatsi liivlaste nimede teemaga on osadeks juba ettevalmistamisel olevale terviklikumale käsitlusele. Artikkel toetub akadeemilistele kirjutistele alates 17. sajandist (T. Hiärn) ja hilisemast ajast, kus kirjeldatakse liivlaste keelepiiri Salatsi kihelkonnas, samuti harvakasutatud Manfred von Vegesacki tööle, kes uuris Vidzeme põhjaosa rahvastikulugu kirikuraamatute, adramaarevisjonide, vakuraamatute ja muude omaaegsete allikate põhjal. Artikli koostamisel on kasutatud ka allikaid, mis seni olid läbi töötamata. Mitmesuguste ajalooliste protsesside tulemusel on Metsepole liivlaste identiteet 14. sajandist 17. sajandini oluliselt nõrgenenud. Põhjused keelelise identiteedi hääbumiseks on olnud nii liivlaste muinasaegse staatuse kadumine kui ka keskajal ja uusajal avardunud suhtluspiirkond, mille tõttu keelte kasutajate arv muutus oluliseks teguriks. Liivlasi polnud kuigi arvukalt ja nad olid oma tegevusaladest tulenevalt valmis omandama teisi keeli. 16. ja 17. sajandil alanud kirjakeelte loomise ja talurahvakoolide võrgu rajamise ajaks oli liivi keel jäänud vähemuskeeleks. Samuti ei leidunud piisavalt haritlasi, kes selles keeles kirjavara oleksid loonud. Selle soomeugri hõimu ajalugu on küll omapärane Liivimaa ajaloolise tausta tõttu, kuid keele hääbumise põhjustanud asjaolud on sarnased teistegi kadunud keelte omadega palju laiemas kontekstis.Märksõnad: Metsepole liivlased, Salatsi liivlased, liivi keel, Vana-Liivimaa, Vidzeme, Lemsalu, Vainiži, koolid, maakeelsed trükised, Salatsi kihelkonna mõisad, 17. sajandi vakusedKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Metsepole līvlizt 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra temātõks um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt (obbõm tundtõd kui Salāts līvlizt) istōrij 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal. Kēra alīzõks ātõ akādēmilizt kēratõkst 17. āigastsadāst (T. Hiärn) ja obāzõmõst āigast, kus kēratõb iļ līvlizt kīeležā Salāts pagāsts. Nei īž um kēra alīzõks Manfred von Vegesack tīe, mis tuņšliz Vidzeme pūojrov luggõ pivākuodārōntõd, addõrmōrevīzijd, vakrōntõd ja munt ovātõd abkõks. Sīe kēra kubbõpanmizõks attõ kȭlbatõd ka seļļizt ovātõd, mis attõ siedaigsōņõ īenõd tuņšlõmõt. Setsuglimizt istōrij suggimizt pierāst um Mõtsāpūol līvlizt eņtštīedami 14.–17. āigastsadā āigal nõŗkõn. Kīelliz eņtštīedamiz vōrgimiz pūojõks vȯļțõ nei līvlizt muinizaigiz kȭrda mȭitantimi kui ka kubsõkēmizarā ovārtimi sidāmtāigal ja ūžāigal. Līvlizt lug iz ūo sūr ja ne vȯļțõ vaļmõd oppõm mūḑi kēļi. Kērakīeld lūomiz ja talrovskūolõd võrgõ pūojtimiz īrgandõksõks 16. ja 17. āigastsadā āigal vȯļ līvõ kīelstõ īend veitimit kīelkõks. Nei īž iz täut opātõd rovžti, kis vȯlkstõ sīes kīels lūond kēravillõ. Sīe sūomõ-ugrõ rov istōrij um set Līvõmō istōrijs eņtšvīți.

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Holzman, David C. "Phages in 14th-Century Coprolites Carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes." Microbe Magazine 9, no. 5 (2014): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.9.188.1.

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46

Puholovok, Yurii. "13th—14th Century Forge Shop in Vorskla River Region." Archaeology, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2017.03.128.

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Wolski, Jan Mikołaj. "Autoproscoptae, Bogomils and Messalians in the 14th Century Bulgaria." Studia Ceranea 4 (December 30, 2014): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.04.15.

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This paper discusses the use of the names of heresies: bogomilism, messalianism and the heresy of autoproscoptae in 14th century Bulgarian sources. The author underlines that the names of bogomilism and messalianism do not always refer to dualism. Two wider unknown examples of such use of the name “messalinism” are recalled. In the Pseudo-Zonaras Nomocanon (CIAI 1160), the name “messalianism” is treated as being equal to the “heresy of autoproscoptae”. In the Rule for hermits, messalians are presented not as heretics, but as monks disregarding their rules.

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Bezzina, Denise. "Married women, law and wealth in 14th-century Genoa." Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Âge, no. 130-1 (January 12, 2018): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mefrm.4043.

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Uddin, Md Mesbah, and Nahid Farhana Amin. "Evolution of Anatomy Drawings from 14th to 16th Century." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 9, no. 2 (2013): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v9i2.15219.

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Bulakh, Maria. "Christian terminology in the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary (14th century)." St.Tikhons' University Review. Series III. Philology 45, no. 5 (2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturiii201545.20-29.

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