Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cristaux – Défauts – Simulation par ordinateur'
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Deleurence, Amélie. "Modélisation mathématique et simulation numérique de la structure électronique de cristaux en présence des défauts ponctuels." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004782.
Full textDurinck, Julien. "Modélisation de la plasticité de la forsterite par calculs à l'échelle atomique et par dynamique des dislocations." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9fd43a9a-26ef-450b-93e3-5ad8c43033b0.
Full textFasquel, Sophie. "Propriétés optiques de structures guidantes en cristal photonique." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e2f8fa6b-4758-4782-808c-b7155b110a74.
Full textChristiaen, Benjamin. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la déformation d’alliage de zirconium sous irradiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R008/document.
Full textZirconium alloys are used to manufacture fuel cladding as well as fuel assemblies of pressurized water nuclear reactors. Under irradiation, they show a dimensional change commonly called growth. Experimental observations have shown that above a threshold dose, these alloys are subject to accelerated growth called "breakaway". It has been well established that the irradiation formation of and dislocation loops is directly responsible for the growth of irradiated zirconium alloys and that the appearance of loops is correlated with this growth acceleration. However, the nucleation mechanisms of the loops that seem to be influenced by the presence of alloying elements are still poorly understood. In order to improve our understanding, a multi-scale modelling approach has been used to simulate the evolution of zirconium microstructure under irradiation. Atomic-scale calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) and empirical potentials are used to determine the properties of clusters of point defects (dislocation loops, cavities, pyramids of stacking faults). The results obtained are then used as input parameters of an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) code which allows us to simulate the microstructure evolution of the material under irradiation. Our results show that it is necessary to consider an anisotropic migration of the vacancies to predict the growth acceleration
Mérillou, Stéphane. "Rendu réaliste de défauts de surface en synthèse d'images." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0029.
Full textForget, Lionel. "X-logiques : théorèmes de représentation pour les logiques préférentielles et la logique des défauts." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11009.
Full textQuatravaux, Thibault. "Évolution de la modélisation du procédé VAR : contribution à la description de la dispersion inclusionnaire dans le puits liquide et à la prévention de défauts de solidification." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL037N.
Full textThis thesis deals with the modelling of Vacuum Arc Remelting process (VAR) using the numerical software SOLAR. The first aim of the study is a better description of several physical phenomena which occur during melting, in order to extend the application of the software to simulate the remelting of steel. The evolution in the modelling of transport phenomena in the secondary ingot is based on three major improvements: - lateral thermal transfer modelling, in order to take into account the formation of a gap between the ingot and the mould walls, a possible injection of a neutral gas, and the heating of water in the coolant circuit, according to its flow, - a better turbulence model, since the k-E model implemented previously in the numerical code was not accurate enough to correctly descri~ the flow of the liquid metal in the pool, - a new method to simulate the ingot growth, based on a cyclic operation of splitting and growth/migration of control volumes, which reproduces the continuous growth of the secondary ingot and allows for the refinement of the mesh close to the free surface. Finally, the improved model has been validated by comparison with experimental results provided from four remeltings carried out on full-scale furnaces. The second objective is the characterization of the quality of the manufactured products in terms of inclusion cleanliness and risk of freckles segregated channel generation. Ln order to describe the behaviour of inclusions in the liquid pool, a trajectory model, adapted to account for turbulent flows, was validated and then implemented in the code. Various particle behaviours were distinguished. A study on the risk of freckles generation led to the establishment of a criterion particularly weIl adapted to the process. A generalization of this criterion, suggested in this work, would allow the prediction of the probable orientation of such segregated channels
Boubeker, Rabia. "La formation des structures équiaxes : mouvement des grains, croissance-refusion, conséquences sur les macroségrégations." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_BOUBEKER_R.pdf.
Full textIn order to improve the predictions ofheterogeneitiesof composition observed on steel ingots at the end of solidification, a numerical study which takes into account the movement and the growth of equiaxed grains has been realized. After a bibliographic part related to the formation of the equiaxed grains, a diphasic approach has been adopted to describe the growth and the remelting of globular grains moving in the liquid bulk. This numerical study was implemented in the computer code SOLill. The movement of the grains has been described in a first part with the assumption that the grains move at the same speed than that of the liquid phase. The results obtained. " showed the influence of the movement and growth-remelting of the grains on solidification, especially in the evolution of the superheated zones. Then, we have taken into account the own movement of the grains which differs from that of the liquid phase. Ln this case, a solid fraction of coherence beyond which grains are imposed to be fixed has been introduced. This study showed that the final macrosegregation is strongly dependent on this fraction of coherency and on the flux density of fragments. Finally, we have demonstrated that it was possible to adjust the input data of the model in order to get a good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results
Kentabli, Hassane. "Etude par simulation à l'échelle atomique de la force image sur une dislocation vis et du maclage dans la structure cubique centrée." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2319.
Full textKassem, Hassan. "Simulation à l'échelle atomique de systèmes hétérogènes : défauts, interdiffusion et dynamique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30163.
Full textFahri, Emmanuel. "Etude des anomalies paraélectriques quantiques de pérovskites dérivées de KTaO3." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20190.
Full textBaudet, Mikaël. "Simulation de dispositifs en silicium polycristallin considéré comme matériau inhomogène." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10070.
Full textVela, Valdes Luis Gerardo. "Etude et élaboration d'une approche fonctionnelle pour la localisation de défauts en diagnostic : application à la simulation d'un moteur à courant continu." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10221.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis deals with the development of a functional approach in the fault diagnostic field. This approach is based on the classIfication of knowledge about the system in order to detect and isolate faults with respect to the principal characteristics in the behavior of the system. The objective of this work is to end at a best knowledge specification and utilization of abilities and tools in order to increase the quantity of isolated faults. The functional approach in diagnostic is based on the function. This approach is used in order to isolate the faults that have same signatures. The principal characteristics of parity space, observers and parameter estimation are classified using an ontological model. The function, in the ontological model frame, let to interpret otherwise the knowledge contents in residuals and signatures. This interpretation is based on the definition and. Specification of a generic frame using a structural, behavioral and functional analysis of residual generation, residual evaluation and decision tasks. The proposed approach is used on a simulated application concerning a D. C. Motor in open and closed loop, in order to detect and isolate sensor, actuator and component faults which have the same signatures. The contribution of this work is placed on the intersection of two fields: artificial intelligence and automatic control
Belley, Denis. "Évaluation du volume et des pertes de qualité causées par les principaux défauts des tiges d'épinette blanche et de pin gris." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25295.
Full textThe first objective of this work is to characterize the properties of jack pine and white spruce and develop a lumber volume correction factor due to stem shape for both species. The purpose of this section is to more precisely predict lumber volume from forest inventory data. The second objective is to model the presence of knots and evaluate their impact on lumber yield using Optitek, a sawing simulation software. To achieve this goal, a new software had to be developed in order to extract CT image information and make it compatible with the Optitek software. Hence, the second objective is simulate lumber sawing while taking into account the knot dimension and location. The trees come from a Nelder (1962) type plantation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). This type of plantation is characterized by a circular shape which makes the stand density vary from the center to the periphery of the circle. This site makes possible the study of two different species growing in similar conditions. Several field data were analyzed such as diameter at breast height (DBH), curvature, taper, total tree length, live crown size. First, the results show that tree characteristics are strongly influenced by the stand density. Indeed, DBH, total height, taper, length and width of the live crown, diameter of the five largest branches dead and alive generally increased with greater distance between the trees, both for jack pine and white spruce. The results obtained with the simulation using the knot information gave a lumber sawing volume and value significantly higher. Both jack pine and white spruce have produced more No.2 & better pieces when knots have been considered in the sawing simulations (15% for white spruce and 40% for jack pine). As for lumber value, the increase varied from 9.5% to 15.1% for white spruce and 15.2% to 23.0% for jack pine. Again, the larger jack pine knot size could explain this greater potential for improvement.
Fabianski, Robert. "Modeling of intermolecular interactions and stability in molecular crystals : experiments and computer simulations." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20223.
Full textEstocq, Philippe. "Une approche méthodologique numérique et expérimentale d'aide à la détection et au suivi vibratoire de défauts d'écaillage de roulements à billes." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000129.pdf.
Full textThis study deals with conditional maintenance by vibratory analysis. This activity constitutes an increasingly important part of the tools used to keep industrial plants in continuous service. This work proposes a numerical and experimental methodology of assistance to the detection and the vibratory follow-up of spalling defects in ball bearings. The objective of this work is to use a measurement point located on the casing of a revolving machine to carry out an effective vibratory monitoring. Two steps can be distinguished in this work. The first one consists in the conception of an optimized structural component, called resonator, to channel the vibrations if placed on the casing of the machine. The second step is a numerical determination of the optimum measurement point for defects detection, which can also be used for the follow-up of the evolution of severity of the spalling
Doualle, Thomas. "Stabilisation de dommages laser et de défauts sur composants optiques de silice par procédés laser CO2." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDM0010/document.
Full textOne limitation of the operation of large power lasers chains such as Laser MegaJoule, is the issue of laser damage of optical components. Different physical phenomena which depend on both the properties of materials, their conditions of manufacture / preparation and laser irradiation parameters can lead to damage initiation on the surface or in the volume, which will grow under successive irradiation. This effect limits the output power, affects the lifetime of the optical components and the maintenance cost of the laser. It can also cause serious safety problems. To address this issue and increase the lifetime of fused silica components, a laser process called "stabilization" is studied in this thesis, the aim being to treat the damage sites to stop their growth under repeated pulses for recycling damaged optics. This process consists of melting, followed by local evaporation by localized energy deposition by a CO2 laser beam of the damage site. We focused particularly on the stabilization of silica components by a micromachining process using a CO2 laser in order to treat millimeter size damages. This technique is based on fast micro-ablation of the silica during which the laser beam is scanned on the component surface to form an adjustable form of crater (typically conical) including the damaged site. A bench of experiments has been set up at the Fresnel Institute to develop and study this process. Various numerical and experimental works were also conducted to validate and optimize the technique. Our work has shown the efficiency of this micro-machining process by CO2 laser to stop the growth of damage to several hundred microns wide and deep. To achieve this goal we relied on modeling of physical phenomena involved in stabilization experiments using the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. First, the thermal model developed in this thesis is used to calculate the temperature distribution in the material during laser irradiation with or without movement of the beam. Combined with a thermodynamic approach, these thermal simulations can describe the transformation of silica during irradiation and predict the morphology of craters formed in the glass. Secondly, the mechanical part of the model can simulate the position and value of residual stress generated in the material around the crater after the temperature rise followed by rapid cooling. Other experiments on the treatment of fractures related to polishing on silica surfaces, or manufacturing defects on silica gratings are covered in this manuscript
Gringoz, Florian. "Prédiction de la conformité géométrique d'assemblages aéronautiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASN012.
Full textThe assembly geometry is define through its components geometry described in their nominal configuration, in other words without geometrical deviations and with accurate relative positions. In fact, the real components geometries has geometrical deviations and their positions are not accurate. The doctoral work consists of predict the geometrical conformity of an aeronautical assembly from the geometries of its components. From knowledge of components geometry, a second step objective is to realise the simulation of assembly of this components (geometrical deviations propagation and finite elements coupling) in order to evaluate the geometrical conformity of the assembly, and to determinate the required operations in order to reach this conformity. The entire process will be applied on aeronautical nacelles
Penzes, Maxime. "Caractérisation et simulation de défauts induits par laser 1340 nm continu sur la technologie 28FDSOI en analyse de défaillance électrique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0028/document.
Full textFaced with the high density of integration of the transistors and the number of metallization level, fault localization in analysis is mainly done by the rear face of the component. This backside analysis requires the systematic use of solid immersion lenses and laser scanning microscopy to limit the stress of spatial resolution and sensitivity. The objectives are to determine the degradation induced by a continuous 1340 nm laser on the 28FDSOI technology and to provide a simulation tool for predicting the allowable dose by the transistors. The study begins with the reproduction and characterization of the laser-induced defect. The results mainly show a diffusion of grid-contact interconnections in NiPtSi. Based on these observations, a model of thermal laser stimulation is built and then tested on an elemental structure. The results show that the temperature can reach sufficiently high values to cause the diffusion of the silicide and to explain the observations. In the last part, the model is put to the test on real structures. The defect is characterized parametrically using frequency mapping. Simultaneously, the simulation is applied to these same structures faithfully. The results show a good ability of the model to predict the degradation threshold of the transistors under laser thermal stimulation
Mahyob, Amin. "Modélisation des machines électriques tournantes défectueuses par la méthode des réseaux de perméances : application à la machine asynchrone." Le Havre, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LEHA0017.
Full textFault diagnosis in electrical machines needs a modelling approach reliable and as close to the reality as possible. It is shown that by proper modelling of the electrical machines it is possible to detect the effect of the different faults on the different machine quantities. This work proposes a robust modular model based on Permeance Network Method (PNM) for the diagnosis of induction machine stator and rotor faults. The proposed model allows taking into account the local magnetic saturation of the magnetic circuit due to heavy fault currents, especially in the case of inter-turn short circuit fault, and remains moderately time consuming. In this model, the magnetic circuit of the machine was represented by a set of permeances (reluctances); their values vary as functions of the magnetic state of the machine. Firstly, the system of algebraic equations describing the developed permeance network is written. Then, this magnetic model is coupled to the electrical and mechanical differential equations describing the induction machine operation in presence of different faults to achieve a final system of algebro-differential equations of first order with variable coefficients whose numerical solution is provided by the iterative Newton-Raphson method. The comparison between the experimental results and simulation results obtained by the proposed model in the presence of inter-turn short circuit fault shows the relevance of the chosen method to identify the signature of this fault in the measurable quantities
Boukhenoufa, Abdelmalek. "Modélisation du comportement électrique dans les TFTs en silicium polycristallin." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2052.
Full textGourichon, Boris. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes de génération de micro-vides en moulage RTM de composites organiques." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-126.pdf.
Full textLacroix, Cyril. "Caractérisation géométrique des assemblages flexibles par la mesure." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0031/document.
Full textThe emergence of composite materials in aeronautics leads to lighter structures. However, these new materials induce new constraints to the assembly process. The adaptation is not yet complete. Indeed many operations are necessary to respect the new requirements, but are considered as non-productive. In the context of the European project LOCOMACHS, an assembly simulation tool is developed to limit the use of these operations. This thesis relates to the validation, from the measure, of the models used for flexible assembly simulation. A method to evaluate the geometry of a flexible component is implemented. The method compensates, by simulation, the effects of the environment on the component during its measurement. A sensitivity analysis of the method against changes in various measurement parameters and simulation parameters is performed in order to define a framework for implementation. Parameters of the model used to perform the compensation by simulation are not representative of the actual behavior. A modal analysis of deviations to a chosen reference geometry contributes to the adjustment of these parameters. This reference geometry is obtained by a reversal method applied in a flexible context to cancel some of the effects of the environment on the measured geometry of the component. The gap between the assembled components is the geometric key characteristic in an assembly of aeronautical composite structure. The assembly simulation, from measuring data of flexible components, enables to evaluate the gap between the components prior to assembly. Gap measurement methods in an assembly of flexible components are proposed, and they have been experimentally performed. The comparison of measured and simulated gaps highlights the performance of the simulation tool, and the difficulties in modeling actual measurement environment and actual assembly environment
Mtimet, Habib. "Analyse fréquentielle d'image pour une résolution subpixel : Etude d'un système nanolidar appliqué à la localisation des défauts dans les composants III-V." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20018.
Full textOulmane, Mohamed. "Transport dans les composants en présence de centres profonds : modélisation numérique et analytique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20210.
Full textGuénolé, Julien. "Étude par simulations à l'échelle atomique de la déformation de nanofils de silicium." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2321/document.
Full textThe study of semiconductor nano-objets has revealed amazing mechanical properties, different from what is commonly observed in bulk. Besides the technological interest of these objects, due to the ever more pronounced miniaturization of electronic devices, their intrinsic specificities make them particularly well suited for fundamental studies. During this thesis, we have thus studied the onset of plasticity in silicon nanowires, the first stages of plasticity being indeed deciding for the subsequent evolution of the system. Silicon is here considered as a model semiconductor. For that study, we have used atomistic simulations, which are well appropriate for the detailed analysis of the nano-objects atomic structure. We first recall the context of that study, both from the experiments and simulations points of view. We then present the numerical methods used. Thestudy of the deformation of monocrystalline nanowires is then described; it reveals in particular the deciding role of surfaces, and the activation of one slip system never observed in bulk silicon. This slip system is analyzed in details, and its activation is explained notably thanks to ab initio calculations. Finally, crystalline-amorphous core-shell silicon nanowires are considered; and shownto exhibit a different behavior from that of monocrystalline nanowires. Indeed, native defects at the crystalline/amorphous interface seem to act as seeds, favoring the nucleation of the first dislocation which gives rise to the plasticity
Bazizi, El Mehdi. "Modélisation physique et simulation de défauts étendus et diffusion des dopants dans le Si, SOI, SiGe pour les MOS avancés." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509153.
Full textPureur, Vincent. "Modélisation et caractérisation de fibres à guidage par bandes interdites photoniques à coeur solide." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10003/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses both on theoretical and experimental studies of a new class of micro-structured optical fibers, called Solid Core Photonic BandGap Fibers (SC-PBGFs), for which PBGs originate from the 2D periodical arrangement of weak refractive index contrast inclusions in the cladding. After giving these fibers advantages, we work on the identification and the understanding of confinement losses mechanisms in such micro-structures in the case of straight and bent fibers. These investigations allow us to establish simple evolution trends ofthese losses versus their different opto-geometrical parameters, and underline a compromise to find between the losses of the straight and bent fiber. Moreover and for the first time, impact of transversal defects appearing during the fabrication process will be evaluated and discussed. This study shows notably that such defects can lead to a minimum confinement loss lower than the ideal structure, which leads us to define a new class of SC-PBGFs, called hybrid. A new double clad PBG structure is also proposed, for which an extra holey ring reduces the confinement losses of both the straight and bent fiber. This thesis lays out moreover an application of such all-solid fibers, thanks to the conception and characterization of an Ytterbium doped PBGF with a transverse single-mode laser emission around 977 nm. Finally, we present the experimental and theoretical studies of several birefringent solid-core photonic bandgap fibers
Diette, Christophe. "Measurement and analysis of forced convection phenomena in blade cooling channels." Valenciennes, 2003. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c76547a4-820c-48f8-9717-ced740f0cb38.
Full textEn matière de moteurs d'avion à turbine à gaz, une Température d'Entrée de Turbine (TET) aussi élevée que possible est souhaitée. Augmenter sa valeur permet en effet d'obtenir un rendement thermodynamique plus élevé tout en réduisant le rapport poids-poussée et la consommation spécifique (SFC). Parce que la TET maximum permise est liée aux limites de température supportées par les composants de la turbine, le choix des matériaux et la conception des circuits de refroidissement d'aubes sont cruciaux. Cette recherche rend compte d'une étude expérimentale et numérique sur les cavités internes de refroidissement d'aubes. Des sections de passage différentes sont examinées, en fonction de la région de l'aube à refroidir. Plusieurs paramètres en ce qui concerne les promoteurs de turbulence et les conditions de l'écoulement, sont variés pour définir une solution optimale en termes de transfert de chaleur et pertes de charges. Des simulations numériques sont réalisées pour appuyer l'analyse de l'écoulement. La comparaison de ces résultats avec les mesures aérodynamiques se révèle très satisfaisante. Enfin, des diagrammes sont proposés, pour décrire l'écoulement dans chaque cavité étudiée. De cette étude, il ressort une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu dans les cavités de refroidissement, ainsi qu'une base de données détaillée. Cette dernière est utile pour la validation de codes de calcul et l'optimisation des systèmes de refroidissement
Homssi, Louay. "Outils de modélisation, identification et traitement du signal pour le diagnostic des défauts dans les systèmes continus." Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0017.
Full textLouchez, Marc-Antoine. "Modélisation par champ de phase et atomique des interfaces hétérophases : application aux hydrures de zirconium." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10059/document.
Full textThe goal of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underpinning the formation and evolution of hydrides in α zirconium and its alloys. In this context, multi-scale approaches combining atomic and phase-field simulations were employed to address the structural and energetic properties of heterophase α|hydrides interfaces. A peculiar attention was focused on the γ-ZrH hydride due to its controversed stability and to its supposed role one many sequences of precipitation. In particular, the study was concentrated on the basal and prismatic interfaces complemented by a meticulous study of the habit planes. An original methodology, transferable to other systems and based on the microelasticity theory combined with ab initio calculations, was proposed to estimate the energies related to these interfaces. The results show a strong anisotropy hitherto neglected in the literature. Due to the semi-coherent nature of prismatic interfaces, a correct evaluation of its energy was proven to be difficult. Thus, an alternative approach, grounded in a phase-field formalism and able to describe the core structure of inherent dislocations in prismatic interfaces, has been suggested. This approach turned out useful to estimate the interfacial stability of various systems as well as to predict the coherency loss of a growing seed. It has been showed that the coherent ζ-Zr2H hydride could constitute a good precursor of γ-hydride. Finally, the application of the microelasticity theory to α|hydrides interfaces has clearly showed a preference for πI pyramidal habit planes where a significant effect of hydrogen content in the hydride has also been observed
Vincent, Edwige. "Simulations numériques à l'échelle atomique de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d'alliages ferritiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Vincent.pdf.
Full textPiault, Pierre. "Modélisation numérique et caractérisation des défauts dans les miroirs multicouches en vue de leur application en imagerie X cohérente." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLO008/document.
Full textMultilayer mirrors find numerous X-ray applications in synchrotron and X-rays free electron lasers. These multilayers optical devices must take up new challenges raised with the upgrade these radiation sources. To study the origin of intensity contrast in reflected beam, experimental measurements and numerical modeling were performed.Several techniques for multilayer structure charactérization have been implemented at the ESRF beamline BM05. Measurements methods based on 'Rocking Curve Imaging' and 'theta/2theta' Imaging were performed and applied for the first time to multilayer mirrors. Measurements of the wavefront reflected by multilayers were performed using holography and near field speckle techniques. The results obtained allowed a better understanding of the phase effects induced by multilayer reflection of their origin and to reconstruct the topography of the height defects within a multilayer mirror using the numerical model developped in the course of this PhD thesis.A numerical model based on Takagi-Taupin equations was modified to account for defects present in the multilayer mirror structure. Simulations for simple defects were performed to evaluate performance and limits of the numerical model. The propagation and the coherence of the reflected beam were simulated. The measurement and simulation results show the main influence of defect heights on the generation of the intensity contrast observed. The simulations also lead to conclude the equivalency phase effect resulting of the same height defects in multilayers mirror structure and reflecting surface.These modelization and simulations results can be usefull to specify defect feature which minimise reflected intensity contrast. The new developped experimental technics will allows X-rays caracterization for next multilayer mirrors
Mrabti, Abdelali. "Propriétés opto-mécaniques dans des matériaux nanostructurés : couplage plasmons-phonons." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10201.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the elastoplasmonic coupling in periodic nanostructured systems. This interaction plasmon/phonon has been studied first for a metal nanowire inserted into a cavity of a two-dimensional crystal, consisting in a periodic array of holes in a dielectric matrix. The second investigated system is a crystal with sustaining local resonances. The crystal is formed by a square array of gold nanocylindres deposited on a non-absorbing dielectric membrane. The interest of such a system is that it can support phonon modes localized in the nanocylindre enabling thus an efficient coupling with plasmon modes. The third system is a crystal constituted by a metal nanoparticles array coupled to a metal film via an ultra thin dielectric spacer (silica). The motivation behind such a study is twofold: first, plasmon modes are sensitive to small local deformations due to their strong confinement; second such a system supports many localized phonons that can provide a local amplification of vibrations. It is then a dual cavity for phonon and plasmon modes. For the three systems studied in this thesis, we have shown that mechanical vibrations can modulate during an acoustic period the wavelength of the plasmon resonance modes supported by the structure
Philippe, Sabine. "Développement d'une formulation Arbitrairement Lagrangienne Eulérienne (ALE) pour la simulation tridimensionnelle du laminage de produits plats." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431051.
Full textGuerder, Pierre-Yves. "Etude théorique et numérique des cristaux phononiques non linéaires." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0006/document.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the theoretical and numerical study of nonlinear phononic crystals. The studied nonlinearities are those due to the second (quadratic) and third (cubic) order elastic constants of the materials that constitute the crystals. Nonlinear effects are studied by the means of finite element methods, used to simulate the propagation of an elastic wave through the crystals.A first research project concerns the study of a bone structure, namely the dispersion of elastic waves in a structure composed of collagen and hydroxy apatite alternate constituent layers. Simulations showed that it exists a strong link between bones hydration and their ability to dissipate the energy.The second study relates to an elastic resonator. A structure composed of steel inclusions in a silica matrix shows a switch behavior when the cubic nonlinearities of steel are taken into account. This strong nonlinear effect appears when the amplitude of the incident wave reaches a threshold. A full analytical model is provided.The last study demonstrates the design of composite materials with both strong cubic nonlinearities and weak quadratic nonlinearities. The derivation of the mixing laws of the elastic parameters of a nonlinear material inside a linear one is performed up to order three. Equations show a strong amplification of the nonlinear parameters of the material for some concentrations. Numerical simulations allow to conclude that the above mentioned resonator can be produced
Réaux, David. "Cellules photovoltaïques à hétérojonctions de silicium (a-Si˸H/c-Si) : modélisation des défauts et de la recombinaison à l'interface." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS174/document.
Full textSilicon heterojunction (Si- HET) solar cells are based on an n-doped (p-doped) crystalline silicon (c-Si) substrate, a very thin (a few nanometers) passivation layer of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and a layer of p-doped (n-doped) a-Si:H, approximately 10 nanometer- thick. These cells currently lead the performance of silicon solar cells with conversion efficiencies in the order of 26% (with a record of 26.6% being achieved by the Kaneka company in 2017). One of the major focal points of research in Si- HET cells is the study of the c-Si/a-Si:H interface, which is a key factor in the cells' efficiency. In particular, this efficiency is strongly dependent on the recombination states at the interface between c-Si and a-Si:H. We therefore focused on developing a model of recombination through interface defects, which were evaluated based on the Defect-Pool Model (DPM) in a-Si:H. We calculated the effective lifetime vs excess carrier density curves and their dependence on the undoped a-Si:H passivation layer thickness and compared them to experimental results.In order to determine the characteristics of the c-Si/a-Si:H interface, we proceeded as follows: (1) Calculation of the volumic density of states (DOS) in a-Si:H layers (doped and undoped) using the DPM. In this model, the DOS varies as a function of the position of the Fermi level in relation to the band edge. The band bending at the a-Si:H/c-Si interface thus implies a spatial variation of the DOS in a-Si:H. (2) Calculation of the surface DOS at the interface by projection from the volumic states present in a-Si:H at the interface. (3) Calculation of the recombination rates and of the effective lifetime curves for symmetrical a-Si:H/c-Si/a-Si:H structures and comparison with experimental results. Thus we were able to study the impact of material parameters of a-Si:H on the effective lifetime curves. The change in lifetime as a function of a-Si:H parameters is sometimes counter-intuitive because two passivation mechanisms, namely passivation by field-effect or by the reduction of the DOS at the a-Si:H/c-Si interface, have opposed behavior in relation to the position of the Fermi level at the interface. A simple calculation of the DOS at the interface is not, therefore, sufficient to explain variations in lifetime, and a complete calculation of effective lifetime under illumination is required and has been performed. We demonstrate that the impact of certain DPM parameters may have a significant effect on the DOS but only a minor effect on the effective lifetime due to the compensation by the field-effect passivation. Moreover we have studied both types of silicon heterojunctions, (p)a-Si:H/(i)a-Si:H/(n)c-Si(PIn), and (n)a-Si:H/(i)a-Si:H/(n)c-Si(NIn) that are used as front emitter and back surface field junctions, respectively, in double-side contacted silicon Si-HET solar cells. Our simulations allowed us to emphasize that NIn interfaces are less critical in terms of recombination than PIn interfaces. We demonstrate that recombination at PIn interfaces is dominated by the capture of electrons by positively charged silicon dangling bonds. We further show that the Urbach energy is the major a-Si:H parameter that determines the effective lifetime in Si-HET solar cells and that the use of fixed values for this Urbach energy in the passivation layer whatever the layer thickness does not permit the experimental trends of PIn interfaces to be reproduced. Instead, we propose a model featuring that the Urbach energy decreases with the thickness of the passivation layer, which does allow experimental trends to be reproduced for very thin passivation layers (< 10 nm), but which requires further elaboration for larger thicknesses, for instance with a combined bandgap variation
Jedidi, Mohamed Yassine. "Vers une meilleure prédiction des limites de formabilité des matériaux polycristallins à structure hexagonale." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE029.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the ductility of hexagonal close packed (HCP) materials, which are being increasingly used in a wide range of engineering applications (aircraft and aerospace industries). After the step of the understanding of the physical phenomena and the different mechanisms that contribute to the plastic deformation (plastic slip, twinning…), a set of constitutive frameworks are selected from the literature and improved. These different frameworks are numerically integrated by implementing numerical schemes ensuring the accuracy and the robustness of the time integration. The adopted models are then coupled with several plastic instability criteria: general bifurcation, initial imperfection approach of Marciniak-Kuczynski, Rice bifurcation theory, and linear perturbation method. The effect of some phenomena and mechanical parameters on the predicted ductility limits are particularly studied. The results obtained by phenomenological models are compared to various experimental results. Once fully developed, assessed and validated, the numerical tools based on the above-described modeling can be advantageously used to help in the optimization of mechanical properties (crystallographic texture…) in order to improve the formability of HCP materials
Cregut, David. "Application de la modélisation moléculaire à l'étude stsructurale de la tropomyosine et des annexines : une approche complémentaire de l'expérience." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20026.
Full textKraych, Antoine. "Modélisation à l’échelle atomique du rôle des dislocations dans la déformation de la bridgmanite." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10091/document.
Full textHeat transfer through the mantle is carried by convection, which involves plastic flow of the mantle constituents. In this study, we model the mobility of dislocations, and their role in the plastic deformation of bridgmanite, the most abundant constituent of the lower mantle. The dislocation structures at the atomic scale control their mobility, and hence their influence on the material’s deformation. We determine the structure of dislocations at pressure relevant for the lower mantle, by modeling these defects at the atomic scale with molecular static calculations. The thermally-activated mechanism of dislocation glide in bridgmanite, the kink-pair nucleation, is assessed by coupling a continuous model to the fundamental properties of dislocations. These results allow to estimate the glide velocity of dislocations, as a function of pressure and temperature. The model is able to reproduce the yield stress measured in laboratory deformation experiments. The model is also able to estimate the stress level needed to deform bridgmanite by dislocation glide at mantle conditions, and allows us to discuss their role in the deformation of the Earth’s lower mantle
Pecile, Bérénice. "Modèle dynamique d'interaction véhicule-voie ferroviaire en présence de défauts géométriques sur les surfaces en contact." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0004/document.
Full textThe appearance of dynamic phenomena during the running of train on track leads to issues such as noise and vibration pollution, which can be further amplified by the presence of defects on the treads. In order to analyze them, it is necessary to predict with reliability the dynamic behavior of the vehicle-track interaction components, in particular the contact forces produced by non perfect treads.The aim of this PhD thesis is to provide a semi-analytical vehicle-track interaction model able to take into account multiple defects on the surfaces in contact. In order to conduct simulations in the time-domain and ensure applicability in the sizing phase, a special attention is given on the compromise between the accuracy of the results and the simulation times.The proposed model is therefore composed of half a bogie running on a ballasted track. This latter is modeled by a pinned-pinned beam with periodic supports located at the sleepers while the vertical behavior of the bogie is given by masses, springs and dampers. These two models are coupled in contact by a discretized Distributed Point Reacting Spring (DPRS) procedure.A validation of the model, based on previous work, is firstly proposed for perfect treads. Then, multiple combinations of defects, either localised as wheelflat or spread as corrugation, are introduced in the simulation. The spatial variability, specific to shelling, is modeled by random fields
Guidara, Mohamed. "Tenue en service des joints soudés : influence des paramètres géométriques." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-142.pdf.
Full textPannier, Baptiste. "Towards the prediction of microstructure evolution under irradiation of model ferritic alloys with an hybrid AKMC-OKMC approach." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10061/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis work consisted, in the first place, in accelerating an atomic kinetic Monte Carlo model aiming at simulating the microstructure evolution of the FeCuMnNiP model alloys, representative of the reactor pressure vessel steels, under irradiation. This acceleration was required to reach, in a reasonable amount of time, doses and flux conditions comparable to the experimental ones. To do so, an algorithmic optimization has first been performed. The different optimizations introduced lead to an acceleration of the code of a 7 factor. Since this acceleration was not sufficient, the retained approach was to develop an hybrid between an AKMC and an OKMC. The parameterization of the object model provided a better understanding of the macro events involved in the simulations. It turns out that parameterize the model became too complex when increasing the chemical complexity of the objects. However, the hybrid approach brings an acceleration of two orders of magnitude allowing reaching doses corresponding to 40 years of irradiation in service condition. From these results, different limitations of the model as well as the parameterization were highlighted. The difficulty of the model to reproduce flux effect has been solved by adding an absorber that reduced the grain boundary sink strength. Traps have also been introduced to simulate the presence of impurities in pure iron. The high doses simulations in FeCuMnNiSiP model alloys also highlighted differences between the microstructures simulated and those observed experimentally. Thus, in a second time, a new cohesive model based on concentration dependent pair interactions has been developed and parameterized. While the new cohesive model is numerically heavier than the previous one, it has been possible to reach the target dose by coupling it with the hybrid model. The results obtained are in better agreement with recent DFT calculations and experimental microstructures
Goryaeva, Alexandra. "Modélisation à l’échelle atomique des dislocations et de la plasticité dans la post-perovskite MgSiO3." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10164/document.
Full textThe D’’ layer, located right above the core-mantle boundary, represents a very complex region with significant seismic anisotropy both at the global and local scale. Being a part of inaccessible deep Earth interior, characterized by extreme P-T conditions (>120 GPa, 2500 K), this region is very challenging for interpretation relying only on the direct geophysical observations and high-pressure experiments, leading often to contradictory results. Thus, the reasons of the pronounced anisotropy in D’’ are still debated. Among them, contribution of the crystal preferred orientation in anisotropic silicate post-perovskite (ppv) phase is commonly considered as substantial. Furthermore, the D’’ is a thermal boundary layer located at the interface between liquid iron alloy, constituting the outer core, and solid although viscous silicates of the lowermost mantle. As such, its physical properties are critical for our understanding of the heat transfer from the core, driving mantle convection. The latter is governed by plastic flow, controlled by the motion of defects in crystals. However, for the ppv, information about mechanical properties, easy slip systems, dislocations and their behavior under stress is still scarce. For high pressure phases, numerical modelling represents a powerful tool able to provide the intrinsic properties and the elementary deformation mechanisms, not available for direct observations during high-pressure experiments. The aim of this study is to access the structure and mobility of dislocations in MgSiO3 ppv, relying on the atomic-scale modeling, in order to infer the ability of this phase to plastically deform by dislocation glide at D’’ conditions
Lamouchi, Rihab. "Contributions à l'observation et à la commande tolérante aux fautes des systèmes incertains." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1134/document.
Full textThe research work presented in this thesis focuses on the design of interval observers for fault-tolerant control of uncertain systems. The presence of faults, uncertainties and disturbances in automated systems often causes undesirable reactions. In this context, two approaches of fault tolerant control have been developed based on interval observers in the case where the faults and the uncertainties are unknown but bounded. The first approach is passive and consists in ensuring the closed loop system stability even in the presence of actuator and/or component faults. The second approach, an active one, compensates the fault effect and ensures the system stability and desired performances. These contributions are validated through numerical simulations
Piochaud, Jean-Baptiste. "Modelling of radiation induced segregation in austenitic Fe alloys at the atomistic level." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10024/document.
Full textIn pressurized water reactors, under irradiation internal structures are subject of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking which is influenced by radiation induced segregation (RIS). In this work RIS of 316 stainless steels is modelled considering a model ternary Fe–10Ni–20Cr alloy. For this purpose we have built an Fe-Ni-Cr pair interaction model to simulate RIS at the atomistic level using an atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo approach. The pair interactions have been deduced from density functional theory (DFT) data available in the pure fcc systems but also from DFT calculations we have performed in the Fe–10Ni–20Cr target alloy. Point defect formation energies were calculated and found to depend strongly on the local environment of the defect. As a consequence, a rather good estimation of these energies can be obtained from the knowledge of the number and respective positions of the Ni and Cr atoms in the vicinity of the defect. This work shows that a model based only on interaction parameters between elements positioned in perfect lattice sites (solute atoms and vacancy) cannot capture alone both the thermodynamic and the kinetic aspect of RIS. A more accurate of estimating the barriers encountered by the diffusing species is required than the one used in our model, which has to depend on the saddle point environment. This study therefore shows thus the need to estimate point defect migration energies using the DFT approach to calibrate a model that can be used in the framework of atomic kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We also found that the reproduction by our pair interaction model of DFT data for the self-interstitial atoms was found to be incompatible with the modelling of RIS under electron irradiation
Rouchette, Hadrien. "Sink efficiency calculation of dislocations in irradiated materials by phase-field modelling." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10017/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to develop a modelling technique for diffusion of crystallographic migrating defects in irradiated metals and absorption by sinks to better predict the microstructural evolution in those materials.The phase field technique is well suited for this problem, since it naturally takes into account the elastic effects of dislocations on point defect diffusion in the most complex cases. The phase field model presented in this work has been adapted to simulate the generation of defects by irradiation and their absorption by the dislocation cores by means of a new order parameter associated to the sink morphology. The method has first been validated in different reference cases by comparing the sink strengths obtained numerically with analytical solutions available in the literature. Then, the method has been applied to dislocations with different orientations in zirconium, taking into account the anisotropic properties of the crystal and point defects, obtained by state-of-the-art atomic calculations.The results show that the shape anisotropy of the point defects promotes the vacancy absorption by basal loops, which is consistent with the experimentally observed zirconium growth under irradiation. Finally, the rigorous investigation of the dislocation loop case proves that phase field simulations give more accurate results than analytical solutions in realistic loop density ranges
Heitkam, Sascha. "Manipulation of liquid metal foam with electromagnetic fields : a numerical sudy." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112102.
Full textMetal foam has unique mechanical and thermodynamic properties which could prove useful in many fields, such as light-weight construction and automotive engineering. However, metal foam is not yet established in engineering. One reason are the difficulties and high prices in the fabrication process. Caused by gravity-driven drainage in liquid state, inhomogeneous material distributions can occur. Also, exceeding drainage might cause bubble rupture and the generation of blow-holes. These negative effects potentially can be avoided by adding magnetic or electromagnetic fields during the generation process. In this thesis, the influence of these fields is therefore investigated by conducting phase resolving simulations. These simulations are carried out with the in-house code PRIME. A modification of the collision modelling was necessary in order to investigate the agglomeration of bubbles within liquid metal. Computing a static-drainage setup, the agglomeration mechanisms are investigated without the presence of electric or magnetic fields. At high drainage velocities the bubbles float. At lower drainage velocities the bubbles agglomerate in the upper part of the domain, forming close-packed crystalline structures. The experimentally well known preference of face-centred cubic ordering, over hexagonally close-packed ordering of equal-volume bubbles is reproduced numerically. Applying further simulations and experiments, an instability mechanism of hexagonally close-packed ordering is identified, resulting in the preference of face-centred cubic ordering. In order to determine the mechanical properties of solid metal foam with low gas fraction and to state advantageous and disadvantageous features of bubble arrangements, Finite-Element simulations of solid metal foam with spherical voids are carried out and compared. A significant influence of the amount of bubble crystals on the foam mechanics is found. The type of the crystalline ordering is less important. The influence of a horizontal magnetic field on the bubble agglomeration is investigated. The drainage resistance can be increased significantly by adding a magnetic field. The resulting structure of the bubbles is less sensitive to a magnetic field. Combining a horizontal electric current and a perpendicular, horizontal magnetic field results in a vertical Lorentz force. This force can balance gravitation and thus, cause rotation of the bubbles. Simulating this state reveals a homogeneous bubble distribution. At the same time, curling force fields in the vicinity of each bubble induce a continuous stirring motion. Small electromagnetic field strengths do not prevent the bubbles from agglomerating, but can vary the amount of crystallized ordering and therefore, the mechanical properties of the resulting solid foam. In conclusion, a horizontal magnetic field increases the drainage resistance, while its combination with an electric current causes homogeneous bubble distributions and can alter the foam structure and the gas fraction. The results of this thesis could help improve the industrial fabrication process of metal foam or even allow production of porous metal with user-defined gas fraction
Picot, Alexis. "2P optogenetics : simulation and modeling for optimized thermal dissipation and current integration Temperature rise under two-photon optogenetics brain stimulation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB227.
Full textOver the past fifteen years, optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience research by enabling control of neuronal circuits. The recent development of several illumination approaches, combined with new photosensitive proteins, opsins, have paved the way to neuronal control with the single-cell precision. The new ambition to use these approaches in order to activate tens, hundreds, thousands of cells in vivo has raised many questions, in particular concerning the possible photoinduced damages and the optimization of the choice of the illumination / opsin couple. During my PhD, I developed an experimentally verified simulation that calculates, under all actual illumination protocols, what will be the temperature rise in the brain tissue due to the absorption of light. In parallel, I modeled, from electrophysiology recordings, the intracellular currents observed during these photostimulations, for three different opsins, allowing me to simulate them. These models will allow the researchers to optimize their illumination protocols to keep heating as low as possible in the sample, while helping to generate optimized photocurrent dynamics according to experimental requirements
Bacchus, Alexandre. "Représentativité de la modélisation aux éléments finis pour le diagnostic de machines synchrones de grande puissance." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10014/document.
Full textAn identification method of rotor inter-turn short-circuits and static eccentricities of an operating turboalternator is developed. This approach provides the type of the machine functional state such as its seriousness and location. The electromotive force obtained from a radial flux sensor is considered in order to identify the machine faults. Some previous works have shown that learning methods are efficient to characterize precisely the fault of a machine. Thus, a fault signatures data set, i.e. prototypes matrix, is built thanks to simulations using finite element method applied to the machine considering a great number of functional states. Therefore, the goal of this work is to identify the class (fault) of experimental measurements using the simulated output. To do that, a small scale alternator is modelled and simulation outputs are compared to the experimental measurements. The application of supervised classification method chosen beyond the shape of data shows that a good classification rate of 79 % for short-circuits and 93 % for eccentricities can be achieved thanks to specific features and simulation output treatments. An identification rule of the fault type is designed by considering a hierarchical classification approach. It achieves excellent results since all experimental measurements are assigned to the right type of fault. Finally, the use of a finite state automaton achieves better results for short-circuits identification by taking into account the temporal evolution of the machine functional state