Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cristaux – Essais'
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Mialon, Geneviève. "Monocristaux YVO4:Ln à l’échelle nanométrique : Mécanismes de fluorescence et « upconversion »." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5661/01/th%C3%A8se_vf.pdf.
Full textLe, Lu Tuan. "Etude par essais in situ MEB et AFM sur monocristaux des mécanismes de glissement à température ambiante de la ferrite de pureté commerciale." Paris 13, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01725850.
Full textRamgobin, Aditya. "Synthèse et conception de retardateurs de flamme intelligents." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R045/document.
Full textPolymeric materials have been increasingly used as replacement for other types of materials such as ceramics or metals. However, most polymers have a serious drawback: they need to be fire retarded. Nevertheless, thanks to advanced research in the field, high performance materials that resist high temperatures and fire scenarios have been developed. While these materials have extremely enviable properties, they are also very expensive. The aim of this PhD is to understand the fire behavior of high-performance polymers and design fire retardants that would mimic these high-performance materials under extreme heat or fire. To do so, the thermal and fire behavior of three high performance materials were studied: polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyimide (PI), and polybenzoxazole (PBO). Their thermal decomposition pathways were evaluated thanks to high temperature analytical techniques like pyrolysis-GC/MS and TGA-FTIR. Model based kinetics of the thermal decomposition of these polymeric materials were also elucidated by using dynamic TGA under three different atmospheres (nitrogen, 2% oxygen, and air). These provided insight regarding the thermal behavior high performance polymers, which were used to conceptualize novel potential fire retardants. Therefore, a series of fire retardants that have demonstrated similar behaviors as high performance polymers in fire scenarios were synthesized. These fire retardants include a Schiff base: salen and its derivatives, as well as some of their metal complexes. The thermal behavior and fire performances of these fire retardants were evaluated in two polymeric materials using a relatively low loading (< 10 wt%): thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyamide 6. While some of the fire retardants had little effect, in terms of fire retardancy, some candidates showed a significant improvement in terms of peak of heat release rate. This reverse approach towards designing fire retardants has shown some promise and can be used as a complementary method for the design of high-performance materials at lower cost
Bollinger, Caroline. "Rhéologie de l’olivine polycristalline aux conditions du manteau supérieur : étude en D-DIA." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10038/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents an experimental investigation of the effect of pressure on the rheology of olivine and forsterite. Indeed, the geodynamics of the Earth’s interior is not always well understood and needs input for experimental data. The movements of materials in the Earth mantle induce plastic deformation of the constitutive minerals and, particularly, are connected to the rheology of olivine, the main constituent of the upper mantle. Polycristalline olivine and forsterite are deformed in D-DIA at pressure-temperature conditions of the upper mantle, from 3 to 8 GPa and 1373-1673 K. Coupled with synchrotron radiations, applied stresses and developed lattice preferred orientations are measured in situ, with the addition of transmission electron microscopy observations on the run products. From these experimental data, rheological laws have been determined in dislocation-creep regime, under “wet” conditions and below 8GPa for both of these minerals. Pressure effect is observed with an activation volume of 12.8 ± (5) cm3.mol-1 for olivine. For forsterite, this parameter is 12.5 ± 5 cm3.mol-1, with a stress-exponent of n’= 2.35 (0.6). The water influence is apparently not significant compared to the pressure effect, and the iron-bearing olivine is more ductile than iron-free olivine.Developed textures show a dominant slip-system along the (010) plane below 8 GPa. Above, textures are weaker, leading to the conclusion that others slip-systems and/or deformation mechanisms take a part in the plasticity of the olivine. This transition is well correlated with the decreasing of the observed seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle below -200 km
Marco, Yann. "Caractérisation multi-axiale du comportement et de la micro-structure d'un semi-cristallin : Application au cas du P.E.T." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005271.
Full textChen, Xiaolei. "Experimental and theoretical studies of incompatibility and dislocation pile-up stresses at grain boundaries accounting for elastic and plastic anisotropies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0089.
Full textThe mechanical properties of metallic materials strongly depend on the dislocation behavior, such as the density, the distribution, the nucleation and the mobility of dislocations as well as the interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries (GB). The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of elastic and plastic anisotropies on the dislocation-GB interaction considering complex properties of GBs, misorientation effects and free surfaces effects. To reach this objective, an analytical approach based on the L-E-S formalism was investigated, which provides the elastic fields of single straight dislocations and different dislocation pile-ups at GBs in anisotropic homogeneous media, half-spaces, bi- and tri-materials while possibly considering free surface effects. The tri-material configuration allows considering a non-zero thickness in the nanometer range and a specific stiffness tensor for the GB region. The configuration with two free surfaces was used to study size effects. The effects of anisotropic elasticity, crystallographic orientation, GB stiffness and free surfaces were studied in the case of a single dislocation and dislocation pile-ups in a Ni bi-crystals with image forces and pile-ups length analyses, respectively. In parallel, in-situ compression tests on micron-sized Ni and α-Brass bi-crystals produced from FIB machining and observations coupling SEM, AFM and EBSD were performed. The compression test was performed with a low strain. Then, step height spatial variations due to localized slip bands terminating at GB were measured by AFM to determine the Burgers vector distribution in the dislocation pile-up. This distribution was then simulated by dislocation pile-up configuration in bi-crystals with the experimentally measured parameters by considering the effect of misorientation, GB stiffness, free surfaces, incompatibility stresses and critical force. In particular, the incompatibility stresses were analyzed using CPFEM simulations and the thickness of GB was simulated using atomistic simulations with LAMMPS
Ben, Saada Mariem. "Étude du comportement visco-plastique du dioxyde d'uranium : quantification par analyse EBSD et ECCI des effets liés aux conditions de sollicitation et à la microstructure initiale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0270/document.
Full textUranium dioxide (UO2) is used as a fuel, in pressurized water nuclear reactors, in the form of pellets produced by powder metallurgy. During power transients, the center part of pellets undergoes visco-plastic deformation by creep mechanisms. These mechanisms can be partially reproduced, out of irradiation, by uniaxial compression tests at high temperature (typically 1500°C). Testing conditions and initial microstructure of the UO2 pellets influence their macroscopic mechanical behavior. At the grain scale, sub-structuring mechanisms are involved, but, up to now, the sub-structure is not quantified and the role of pores on these mechanisms is unknown. In order to provide answers to these points, two batches of pellets (L1 and L2), characterized by a similar grain size, a same volume fraction of pores, but different pores distribution (2.5 times more intra-granular pores in L1 than in L2), were elaborated. They were submitted to mechanical tests under different conditions. The result shows that L1 has as a lower creep rate than L2. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) techniques were used and optimized for porous materials to analyze the evolution of the microstructure after deformation. An original EBSD methodology was implemented to detect Sub-Grain Boundaries (S-GB) with very low disorientation angles (down to 0.1°), study statistically the grain fragmentation into sub-grains and evaluate the average density of the geometrically necessary dislocations. Thanks to ECCI, the arrangement of dislocations in some S-GB was evidenced and analyzed. EBSD and ECCI complementarity allowed relating the distribution of pores within the grains and the S-GB location. The results obtained on the two batches show that the number and the linear fraction of S-GB increases with the deformation level and rate. At high deformation rates, new grains appear by a mechanism of dynamic recovery/recrystallization by rotation of sub-grains. For identical loading conditions and strain rates, the samples of batch L1 have a number and a linear fraction of S-GB that are significantly higher than those of batch L2. Furthermore, in batch L1, S-GB are located essentially in the vicinity of the grain boundaries while they are distributed throughout the grain for batch L2. These microstructural differences seem to be related to a dislocation's mean free path reduction due to the presence of intra-granular pores
Tran, Hoang Son. "Identification d'un modèle de plasticité cristalline par recalage éléments finis sur des mesures de champs cinématiques issues d'un essai de traction sur des multicristaux d'aluminium pur élaborés par écrouissage critique." Paris 13, 2013. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/edgalilee_th_2013_Tran_Hoang.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to propose a procedure to identify the parameters of a constitutive model for the mechanical behaviour of single crystal. This procedure consists in a quantitative comparison between finite element simulations of multicrystalline aggregates with experimental results (Force-Displacement curve and strain fields). The kinematic measurement is done thanks to the digital image correlation technique. The optimal values of the material parameters are derived by a minimization of a total cost function which is a weighted sum between two costs functions calculated respectively on the strain field defined on the same area and the tensile force. This study is divided into three stages : The first stage was the preparation of multicrystal samples. The main purpose of the experiment is to study the influence of main parameters to optimize the elaboration process. We have succeeded in producing Aluminium multicrystals with a single layer of quasi-columnar grains of centimeter size and single crystals. The second stage concerns the mechanical test on multicrystals. The samples used in this study contain few centimetre grains crystallographically oriented by X-ray diffraction technique have been analysed at different deformation stages. We examine the scheme of high plastic strain heterogeneity and its evolution with load. The results obtained allow exploiting the identification procedure. The last stage of this study concerns the identification and validation. The finite element mesh geometry is based on the actual 3D morphology of grains. The sensitivity of the strains fields and the global behaviour due to the model parameters and then the crystal orientations were discussed. The influence of some key-elements entering in the identification procedure such as: zones and stages of deformation, the initial set of parameters, the fineness of the mesh and the weights are studied. Another multicrystal was used to validate the identified parameters. In any cases, a good agreement is obtained on the global curve and the prediction of the strain fields
Tromas, Christophe. "Etude par AFM et TEM des premiers stades de plasticité induits par un essai de nanoindentation sur une face (001) d'un monocristal d'oxyde de magnésium." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2251.
Full textQuint, Anne-Marie. "L'"Imagem da vida cristã" de frei Heitor Pinto : essai d'interprétation du langage figuré chez un humaniste chrétien /." Paris (51 Av. d'Iéna, 75116) : Centre culturel Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb358054791.
Full textQuint, Anne-Marie. "L'"imagem da vida crista" de frei heitor pinto. Essai d'interpretation du langage figure chez un humaniste chretien." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA030090.
Full textFrei heitor pinto is a sixteenth-century portuguese writer (1524?-1584?), and a jeronymite friar. The thesis studies his portuguese works, imagem da vida crista, which aremade up of eleven dialogues published in 1563 (first part) and 1572 (second part). It includes a presentation of the author(s life and works, a reflection about the influence of authorities, plato's in particular, on the genesis of the dialogues, a stylistic analysis and a typology of figurative language. It finally studies images by classifying them according to their contents. These imates can be grouped into two main networks, that of elemental imagination - fire, air, water, earth - and that of the human world, that is man himself as well as human activities. The divesity of contents, which reflect the richness of creation, reveals the author's culture and imagination. But it must also lead to the knowledge and love of the sole creator: this is a constant preoccupation for a christian humanist like frei heitor pinto
Montagne, Alex. "Mécanismes de déformation précédant et accompagnant le phénomène de pop-in lors d'un essai de nanoindentation sur un monocristal d'oxyde de magnésium." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664296.
Full textCapolo, Laura. "Contribution à l'étude des hétérogénéités de déformation viscoplastique de la glace Ih mono et multi cristalline : essais de compression in-situ sous rayonnement X." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00175271.
Full textDegeilh, Robin. "Développement expérimental et modélisation d’un essai de fatigue avec gradient thermique de paroi pour application aube de turbine monocristalline." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DENS0019/document.
Full textMonocrystalline high pressure turbine blades are booth cooled by an internal channel network and side-wall crossing holes. As they undergo complex thermo-mechanical cycles they suffer fatigue, creep and oxidation damages. In order to validate lifetime prediction chain under real conditions of use, the study of technological test configurations reproducing turbine cycle conditions was necessary. For that, a thermal gradient mechanical fatigue facility is developed. Thermal gradient is generated through an external surface heating and an internal air cooling. As a result, tests could be conducted following a growing complexity on smooth and multi-perforated tubular specimens going from isothermal test up to thermo-mechanical complex cycle. The need of in-depth analysis of these tests led to the study of two measurement methods. The electrical potential drop method for crack detection and crack following applied to complex shapes and digital image correlation which use was extended to high temperatures. Simulation key issue is the thermal field estimation. Measurement complexity led us to numerically determine it by various methods including aero-thermal coupled calculations. Finally lifetime prediction chain including non-local coverage was confronted with experimental measurements in terms of mechanical response, damage localisation and crack initiation lifetime
Saai, Afaf. "Modèle physique de la plasticité d'un cristal métallique CFC soumis à des chargements alternés : contribution à la définition d'une modélisation multiéchelles de la mise en forme des métaux." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00335219.
Full textCette thèse est une contribution à l'établissement d'un modèle de comportement plastique destiné à être utilisé pour la simulation numérique des opérations de mise en forme. Le parti a été pris de recourir à un modèle micromécanique dont les variables sont des paramètres micro-structuraux intrinsèques comme les densités de dislocations et leurs distributions sur chaque système de glissement. Le modèle traite des chargements alternés dans un cadre physique unifié défini pour l'ensemble des équations constitutives décrivant l'écrouissage.
Au-delà de l'intérêt de définir un modèle particulier, ce travail apporte une contribution à la mise en œuvre des différentes étapes qui doivent conduire à son utilisation dans une simulation numérique macroscopique. Il s'agit de définir un protocole reproductible, plutôt indépendant du modèle considéré et exploitable pour d'autres modélisations. En particulier, des protocoles expérimentaux sont définis pour produire des données dans des conditions reproductibles. Des moyens de caractérisation récents comme l'analyse d'images dans les domaines visible et infrarouge sont utilisés pour étudier la réponse expérimentale thermomécanique de différents échantillons à caractère fortement cristallin. Ensuite, l'implantation du modèle dans un code éléments finis commercial permet d'envisager des simulations complexes qui, si elles ne s'adressent pas actuellement à des opérations d'emboutissage, comportent toutefois les ingrédients pour les traiter.
Ce travail, à l'interface de nombreux champs disciplinaires, apporte donc une contribution au développement des modèles de comportement plastique des matériaux métalliques qui porte sur l'ensemble des briques nécessaires au développement de simulations numériques utilisant des modèles à caractère physique.
El, sabbagh Alexandre. "Caractérisation du mécanisme de glissement aux joints de grains dans l’aluminium à haute température par mesures de champs in situ MEB." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX098/document.
Full textIn many industrial applications, polycrystalline materials are subjected to high temperatures at which grain boundary sliding (GBS) plays an essential part. It is however strongly coupled with intracrystalline plasticity, but very few models account for this coupling. GBS is not well understood and poorly quantified experimentally. To do so we have developed a set-up to perform in-situ compression experiments inside a scanning electron microscope, with a contactless temperature measurement. The tests have been done with large grained aluminium samples (0.1 % wt Mn) at several temperatures between 25°C and 400°C and a low strain rate. The kinematic fields measured by digital image correlation (DIC) have allowed the analysis of the start and development of plasticity mechanisms during deformation and their evolution with temperature. We have shown a strong coupling between intragranular plasticity and GBS. At higher temperature, the deformation is more concentrated at the grain boundaries while intragranular slip gets more complex, involving more glide systems. A DIC method has been used to measure the discontinuities at the grain boundaries and thus quantify the part of GBS with respect to the total plastic deformation at 200°C. Despite a large grain size, GBS contributes significantly to the deformation. GBS appears from the start of the deformation process, then reaches a limit. A local approach has been developed to quantify the local amplitude of GBS. This has allowed to weigh the influence of some geometrical parameters, such as grain misorientation, a coefficient which measures the transfer of intragranular sliding across the grain boundary and the orientation of the grain boundary with respect to the direction of solicitation. This last parameter seems to be the most relevant, but does not suffice to characterize the amplitude of the slip. The local properties of the microstructure cannot be neglected
DOQUET-DARIDON, VERONIQUE. "Comportement et endommagement de deux aciers a structure cubique centree et cubique a faces centrees, en fatigue oligocyclique, sous chargement multiaxial non-proportionnel." Paris, ENMP, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENMP0137.
Full textCros, Alexandre. "Influence des propriétés cristallochimiques de la calcite sur la diffusion de l'hélium et essai de datation (U-Th-Sm)/He de calcite filonienne et de remplissage de brèche." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719709.
Full textL'Hôte, Gabriel. "Etude de la dynamique des dislocations de monocristaux de cuivre sous chargement cyclique : Emission acoustique et caractérisations microstructurales." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI125.
Full textDuring the plastic deformation of crystalline materials, a soft plasticity, made up of many uncorrelated dislocation movements, can coexist with a wilder plasticity, in the form of collaborative movements: dislocation avalanches. The coexistence of the two plasticities depends on the establishment of a dislocation structure, which is supposed to hinder the spread of avalanches. It is proposed to study the correlation between microstructural evolutions and dislocation arrangements under cyclic loading on the one hand, and the nature of the collective dynamics of dislocations on the other hand, in the case of pure copper single crystals. Various stress imposed fatigue tests are performed to study the influence of (i) the loading path, (ii) the loading ratio and (iii) the crystallographic orientation on the plasticity phenomena. The acoustic emission (EA) technique is used to study both types of plasticity. Continuous EA, which can be considered as background noise resulting from the cumulative effect of many sources, is associated with mild plasticity. Discrete EA, with more energetic signals than those emitted continuously, is associated with wild plasticity. Dislocation microstructures are studied using EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) and ECCI (Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging) techniques at the end of each fatigue level. The EA-ECCI coupling provides valuable information on the dynamics of dislocations. The monitoring by ECCI, during a fatigue test at Rσ=0.1 shows that a given dislocation structure is stable only for given level of stress. The emergence of a dislocation structure act as an obstacle to avalanche movement. However, the application of a larger stress amplitude allows the rearrangement of the structure, which is largely in the form of dislocation avalanches that can travel longer distances than the dislocation mean free path. Small uncorrelated dislocation movements are confined within the dislocation structures, between dense dislocation arrangements (cells, walls, etc.). Mild plasticity is therefore increasingly restricted as the mean free path decreases. The various tests carried out show that the loading path (at Rσ=0.1) has no influence on the dislocation structure formed, but that the dynamics of the dislocations adapt to the way the material is loaded. The loading ratio (Rσ=-1) has a major influence on the formation of dislocation structures, with the emergence of veins, matrices, persistent slip bands and dense cells, but also on the dynamics of dislocations, with a gradual evolution of mild plasticity during cycles and a reduction in the number of avalanches during the hardening of the material. Concerning the influence of crystallographic orientation, a larger number of activated slip systems limit the contribution of avalanches to plasticity