Journal articles on the topic 'Criterion consideration G'

Maniatis, G., Demiris, N., Kranis, A., Banos, G. and Kominakis, A. 2013. Model comparison and estimation of genetic parameters for body weight in commercial broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 67–77. The availability of powerful computing and advances in algorithmic efficiency allow for the consideration of increasingly complex models. Consequently, the development and application of appropriate statistical procedures for model evaluation is becoming increasingly important. This paper is concerned with the application of an alternative model determination criterion (conditional Akaike Information Criterion, cAIC) in a large dataset comprising 203 323 body weights of broilers, pertaining to 7 (BW7) and 35 (BW35) days of age. Seven univariate and seven bivariate models were applied. Direct genetic, maternal genetic and maternal environmental (c2) effects were estimated via REML. The model evaluation criteria included conditional Akaike Information Criterion (cAIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and the standard Akaike Information Criterion (henceforth marginal; mAIC). According to cAIC the best-fitting model included direct genetic, maternal genetic and c2 effects. Maternal heritabilities were low (0.10 and 0.03) compared to the direct heritabilities (0.17 and 0.21), while c2 was 0.05 and 0.04 for BW7 and BW35, respectively. BIC and mAIC favoured a model that additionally included a direct-maternal genetic covariance, resulting in highly negative direct-maternal genetic correlations (−0.47 and −0.64 for BW7 and BW35, respectively) and higher direct heritabilities (0.25 and 0.28 for BW7 and BW35, respectively). Results suggest that cAIC can select different animal models than mAIC and BIC with different biological properties.

The mechanical properties of materials are ultimately determined by events occurring on the atomic scale. In the case of brittle fracture, this connection is obvious, since the crack in a perfectly brittle material must be atomically sharp at its tip. The crack moves by breaking individual bonds between atoms and can therefore be regarded as a macroscopic probe for the atomic bonding. Nevertheless, traditional analysis of brittle-fracture processes resorts to the treatment of Griffith,1 which implies thermodynamic equilibrium. The Griffith criterion for the mechanical stability of a crack can be formulated as a balance of the crack driving force, the energyrelease rate G, and the surface energy ɣs of the two freshly exposed fracture surfaces: G = 2ɣs. The crack driving force can be obtained from elasticity theory. Within linear elasticity, the crack is characterized by a singularity in the stress field that decays as the inverse square root of the distance R from the crack. The strength of the singularity is characterized by the stressintensity factor K, the square of which directly gives access to the energy-release rate (G = K2/E′, where E′ is an appropriate elastic modulus). While this linear elastic description of the material is not disputed for brittle materials, except for a few atomic bonds around the crack, the assumption that the resistance of the material to crack propagation will only be characterized by the surface energy of the fracture surfaces is certainly worth some further consideration. Such considerations should range from examining atomic details at the tip of a single brittle crack to the relevance of more complex fracture events involving additional irreversible processes and complex crack geometries.

The manipulation of unsealed sources in nuclear medicine poses significant risks of internal exposure to the staff. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the radiological protection program should include an evaluation of such risks and an individual monitoring plan, assuring acceptable radiological safety conditions in the workplace. The IAEA Safety Guide RS-G-1.2 recommends that occupational monitoring should be implemented whenever it is likely that committed effective doses from annual intakes of radionuclides would exceed 1 mSv. It also suggests a mathematical criterion to determine the need to implement internal monitoring. This paper presents a simulation of the IAEA criteria applied to commonly used radionuclides in nuclear medicine, taking into consideration usual manipulated activities and handling conditions. It is concluded that the manipulation of 131I for therapy presents the higher risk of internal exposure to the workers, requiring the implementation of an internal monitoring program by the Nuclear Medicine Centers.

The question of the possibility of holomorphic continuation into some domain of functions defined on the entire boundary of this domain has been well studied. The problem of describing functions defined on a part of the boundary that can be extended holomorphically into a fixed domain is attracting more interest. In this article, we reformulate the problem under consideration: Under what conditions can we extend holomorphically to a matrix ball the functions given on a part of its skeleton? We describe the domains into which the integral of the Bochner—Hua Luogeng type for a matrix ball can be extended holomorphically. As the main result, we present the criterion of holomorphic continuation into a matrix ball of functions defined on a part of the skeleton of this matrix ball. The proofs of several results are briefly presented. Some recent advances are highlighted. The results obtained in this article generalize the results of L.A. Aizenberg, A.M. Kytmanov and G. Khudayberganov.

The purpose of these studies is to reduce the amout of low back pain as well as work injuries. Low back pain is more likely to occur if the load exceeds the worker's physical capabilities. In this paper, biomechanical criterion was based on calculating the compressive forces in the L5/S1 disc (Eqs (1), (2)). Three types of activity were taken into consideration. First, manual lifting granite plates (500× 500× 100 mm) with and without special devices (Figs 1, 2). Second manual lifting porous silicate blocks (300 × 600 × 200 mm). Third, manual lifting silicate brick in stooped postures. The investigation results presented in Fig 6 show clear benefits of ergonomic solutions for manual lifting heavy construction elements. The risk for back injuries becomes quite insignificant when ergonomic lifting devices are used (Fig 6 point f and g). These devices do not reduce the weight of lifted elements, but in case of a pneumatic device the total lifting weight is considerably increased, but the positive effect is achieved due to reducing moments because workers perform the task with a straight back. The reloaders of bricks usully feel back pain due to extreme repetitive bending of the back.

The article under consideration is devoted to continuous almost periodic at infinity functions defined on the whole real axis and with their values in a complex Banach space. We consider different subspaces of functions vanishing at infinity, not necessarily tending to zero at infinity. We introduce the notions of slowly varying and almost periodic at infinity functions with respect to these subspaces. For almost periodic at infinity functions (with respect to a subspace) we give four different definitions. The first definition (approximating) is based on the approximation theorem. In the classical version, for almost periodic functions, they are represented as uniform closures of trigonometric polynomials. In our case, the Fourier coefficients are slowly varying at infinity functions. The second definition, which is an analogue of G. Bohr’s definition of an almost periodic function, is based on the concept of an ε-period. The third definition meets S. Bochner’s criterion for the almost periodicity of functions. The fourth definition is given in terms of factor space. With the help of the results of the theory of almost periodic vectors in Banach modules those four definitions are proved to be equivalent. In addition, it was proved that the introduced spaces of slowly varying and almost periodic at infinity functions with respect to different subspaces of functions vanishing at infinity coincide with the spaces of ordinary slowly varying and almost periodic at infinity functions, respectively. The feasibility of consideration of these functions is due to the fact that the solutions of some important classes of differential and difference equations are almost periodic at infinity. We consider differential equations whose right-hand side is a function vanishing at infinity and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for their bounded solutions to be almost periodic at infinity functions. We also study an asymptotic representation of the solutions.

When determining the mechanical properties of materials in kinetic indentation tests using indentation diagrams, careful consideration of the elastic compliance of the device, i.e., the hardness tester, is required. The determined values of the Young's modulus of the tested material substantially depend on the reliability of the method of evaluation and accounting for the elastic compliance. Therefore, verification of the test techniques based on kinetic indentation should be carried out using the materials with the known, but rather different values of the Young's modulus. Successful experience has been gained to date in the evaluating and accounting for the elastic compliance of the device upon kinetic indentation of the materials by a diamond pyramid which is reflected in the relevant standards. However, there is no way of transferring this experience to the kinetic indentation by a steel or carbide ball without additional research and experimental verification. We proposes a technique for estimating the elastic compliance of a hardness tester using a kinetic ball indentation diagram based on the G. Hertz equation for the case of elastic contact of a ball with a plane. A linear correlation has been determined between the additional elastic deformations of the device and indentation load, which is characteristic of each device and independent on the ball diameter. The obtained dependence allows for correct consideration of the elastic compliance of the device using software applications in recording and processing the ball indentation diagrams. Experiments have been carried out to determine the hardness and the Young's modulus through ball instrumented indentation of different materials (steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, and titanium alloy) using the existing and developed methods of taking into account the elastic compliance of the device. The coincidence or proximity of the values of the Young's modulus of the same material determined from the ball indentation diagrams and sample tensile tests is considered the main criterion proving the accuracy of the technique. The advantages and shortcomings of the known and proposed procedures are discussed along with practical recommendations for their applications.

This paper reports determining the basic strength indicators for the removable roof of a railroad gondola. It has been established that the typical roof design has a significant margin of safety in the components of the supporting structure. In order to reduce the roof material intensity, the reserves of its strength have been determined and optimized based on the criterion for minimal material intensity. Pipes of square cross-section have been proposed for using as the components of the roof frame. When taking into consideration the proposed measures, it becomes possible to reduce the mass of the frame of the removable roof for a railroad gondola by almost 15 % compared to the typical design. At the same time, to apply the roof on different types of gondolas, its cantilevered parts can move in a longitudinal plane. It is possible to use deflectors on the removable roof. The roof can be attached to the body in a regular way. It is also possible to fix it using shog-connections. To substantiate the proposed solution, the strength of the improved structure of the removable roof was determined. It was established that the maximum equivalent stresses in the load-bearing structure of the removable roof did not exceed permissible ones. To define the indicators of removable roof dynamics, its dynamic loading was investigated. The calculation was performed in a flat coordinate system. The oscillations in bouncing and galloping were taken into consideration as the most common types of a railroad car oscillations when running on a rail track. The mathematical model of dynamic loading was solved in the Mathcad software package (Boston, USA). The study has shown that the acceleration of the body in the center of masses is 0.4 g and is within the permissible limits. At the same time, the ride of a railroad car is excellent. The study reported here would contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of railroad transportation.

Attempts to understand ingestion have sought to understand the control of meals. The present study evaluated a meal definition that included prandial drinking (drinking-explicit meals). The spontaneous nocturnal intake of male Wistar rats was studied. The meal breakpoint was defined as the interval between feeding or drinking events providing the most stable estimate of meal structure. Alternative breakpoints derived from prevailing methodology, log-survivorship, or frequency histogram analysis of interfeeding intervals without respect to drinking were compared (drinking-naive meals). Threshold interfeeding intervals that accounted for drinking indirectly were evaluated as surrogate breakpoints (drinking-implicit meals). Definitions were compared by determining which criterion better conformed to predictions of satiety. Microstructural differences resulting from the definitions were also studied. Under the drinking-explicit definition, rats averaged nine or ten 13-min meals/night, during which they consumed food and water equally in duration (5–6 min) and quantity (2.3 g). Individual differences were observed in microstructure measures. Meals defined by drinking-informed, but not drinking-naive, methods were followed by the behavioral satiety sequence and by an initially low likelihood of resuming feeding that monotonically increased with time. The drinking-explicit definition uniquely revealed preprandial and postprandial correlations of similar magnitude. Under drinking-informed definitions, food restriction increased meal size, whereas drinking-naive definitions increased meal frequency. Drinking-implicit definitions provided workable approximations of meal frequency and size but inferior estimates of feeding duration, eating rate, and the preprandial correlation. Thus log-survivorship analysis is not appropriate for identifying meal breakpoints, and the consideration of drinking in meal definitions can provide a better estimate of meal structure.

Megaloblastic anemia and Myelodysplastic syndrome are generally considered mutually exclusive diagnosis and at times becomes difficult to diagnose on the first encounter even after performing bone marrow examination. Aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LDH in the diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia by treatment response at a tertiary care center in the northeastern part of India. Patients with age more than 12 years, Hemoglobin of patients less than 10 gm/dl, MCV ≥ 100 fl, Reticulocyte count <2.5 were included in the study. Based on serum LDH level patients were divided into two groups. Group A with serum LDH level ≥ 1200 U/L and Group B with serum LDH level of less than 1200 U/L. All these patients of serum LDH ≥1200 U/L were given a treatment trial of injectable Vitamin B12 containing 1000 μg of Vitamin B12 for 14 days. The response to treatment was monitored by an increment in reticulocyte count at day 5 and day 14. Bone marrow aspiration was done in all patients who had serum LDH less than 1200 mg/dl. Seventy-nine consecutive patients, who presented with anemia (Hb<10 g/dl) and macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fl) were included in the study. Median LDH values were higher in the patients who responded ( vitamin B12 deficient megaloblastic anemia ) as compared to non-responders. 93.5% of patients with megaloblastic anemia had Vitamin B12 deficiency, and in comparison, the folic acid deficiency was present among just 6.5 percent patients. Serum Vitamin B 12 and Folic acid level should not be used as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia and other parameters such as MCV, LDH, and characteristic blood picture, should all be taken into consideration before planning an appropriate treatment strategy.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Today, vegetable oils, in particular, rapeseed oil (RO) are widely used types of fuels for diesel engines. The main physicochemical properties of RO are somewhat similar to diesel fuel (DF). However, one can highlight a large fraction of the oxygen content in it, which affects the fuel combustion intensity in diesel cylinders. In this regard, the addition of rapeseed oil is very important to optimize the composition of mixed fuel (MF) for its use in diesel engines. The purpose of the study was optimizing the MF composition and obtaining experimental data of diesel engine effective performance by means of regression analysis.Methodology and research methods. To optimize the MF composition studies were carried out to determine the relative fractions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in RO and MF, as well as bench tests of diesel fuel and MF with various RO additives operation, followed by the regression analysis of effective indicators.Scientifi c novelty and results. The effective performance dependences of the diesel engine on the RO content in the MF have been determined. Basing on the obtained load characteristics of the diesel engine, it was concluded that an increase in the average effective pressure from 0.2 to 1.2 MPa, as well as in the share of RO in MF from 0 to 80%, would lead to an increase in the effective specifi c fuel consumption to 383–506 g/kW·h and the decrease in effective effi ciency by 14–28%. On the basis of the regression analysis the maximum values of the optimality criterion indicators D-optimum = 0.98–1.0 with the addition of RO to MF from 45 to 50% were determined.Practical signifi cance. The value of the maximum permissible composition of MF, consisting of 50–55% of diesel fuel and 45–50% of RO and ensuring maximum compliance with the specifi ed conditions of optimality on the diesel engine under consideration has been obtained.

Context. When can an active galactic nucleus (AGN) be considered radio loud (RL)? Following the established view of the AGNs inner workings, an AGN is RL if associated with relativistic ejections emitting a radio synchrotron spectrum (i.e., it is a “jetted” AGN). In this paper we exploit the AGN main sequence that offers a powerful tool to contextualize radio properties. Aims. If large samples of optically-selected quasars are considered, AGNs are identified as RL if their Kellermann’s radio loudness ratio RK > 10. Our aims are to characterize the optical properties of different classes based on radio loudness within the main sequence and to test whether the condition RK > 10 is sufficient for the identification of RL AGNs, since the origin of relatively strong radio emission may not be necessarily due to relativistic ejection. Methods. A sample of 355 quasars was selected by cross-correlating the Very Large Array Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters survey (FIRST) with the twelfth release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog published in 2017. We classified the optical spectra according to their spectral types along the main sequence of quasars. For each spectral type, we distinguished compact and extended morphology (providing a FIRST-based atlas of radio maps in the latter case), and three classes of radio loudness: detected ( specific flux ratio in the g band and at 1.4 GHz, R′K < 10), intermediate (10 ≤ R′K < 70), and RL (R′K ≥ 70). Results. The analysis revealed systematic differences between radio-detected (i.e., radio-quiet), radio-intermediate, and RL classes in each spectral type along the main sequence. We show that spectral bins that contain the extreme Population A sources have radio power compatible with emission by mechanisms ultimately due to star formation processes. RL sources of Population B are characteristically jetted. Their broad Hβ profiles can be interpreted as due to a binary broad-line region. We suggest that RL Population B sources should be preferential targets for the search of black hole binaries, and present a sample of binary black hole AGN candidates. Conclusions. The validity of the Kellermann’s criterion may be dependent on the source location along the quasar main sequence. The consideration of the main sequence trends allowed us to distinguish between sources whose radio emission mechanisms is jetted from the ones where the mechanism is likely to be fundamentally different.

Since the early nineties countless publications have reported promising medicinal applications for [60]fullerene (C60) related to its unparalleled affinity towards free radicals. Yet, until now no officially approved C60-based drug has reached the market, notably because of the alleged dangers of C60. Nevertheless, since the publication of the effects of C60 on the lifespan of rodents, a myriad of companies started selling C60 worldwide for human consumption without any approved clinical trial. Nowadays, several independent teams have confirmed the safety of pure C60 while demonstrating that previously observed toxicity was due to impurities present in the used samples. However, a purity criterion for C60 samples is still lacking and there are no regulatory recommendations on this subject. In order to avoid a public health issue and for regulatory considerations, a quality-testing strategy is urgently needed. Here we have evaluated several analytical tools to verify the purity of commercially available C60 samples. Our data clearly show that differential scanning calorimetry is the best candidate to establish a purity criterion based on the sc-fcc transition of a C60 sample (Tonset ≥ 258 K, ∆sc-fccH ≥ 8 J g−1).

The article is devoted to the systematization of the criteria of the classification of concert music for violin, in which, along with the traditional genre criteria, stylistic and textured ones are highlighted It is noted that such a comprehensive consideration allows solving a number of tasks of both research and performance profile. Based on the modern approach to the genre system, the article extrapolates it to concert violin music, which covers the range from solo miniature pieces to concerts for violin and symphony orchestra. It is emphasized that the least researched is the question of the stylistics of concert violin genres, constituted according to the same parameters as the musical texture – horizontal, vertical and depth (E. Nazaikinsky). The article proposes an original classification of the genre-stylistic complex of concert violin music, that is based on the following factors: the style of the highest levels (epoch-making, national, specific), genre (the complex of existing genres of violin music), texture in the aspect of stylistics (the main “identification mark” of the genre) and the style of concretized levels (author’s individual level and separate work). Considering the first classification criterion – the genre one, its universal nature it should be noted, covering two levels of the concert violin music system: functional – performers, the way of performance – and semantic-compositional – genre content and style (I. Tukova). The style criterion acts as a parallel to the genre criterion and means the differentiation of the genre system according to the signs of introversion (style as an introvert category, according to V. Kholopova). Here the phenomena and concepts are formed that cover all levels of the style hierarchy in its distribution to concert music for violin – from the historical to the author’s individual and even the style of a separate piece. It is emphasized that the least explored area of violin concert is its stylistics, which is closely related to its texture – the “external form” of the genre manifestation (L. Shapovalova). The stylistic aspect in violin music-making is reviewed in the article according to the same parameters as the texture aspect, since they largely coincide (E. Nazaikinsky). We are talking about the factors of horizontal (the types of texture that form the stylistic relief of the text of the work), vertical (the combination of textures in their different stylistic meanings), depth (based on the author’s handwriting of his connections with the texture and style sources – historical, national ones, characteristic of certain violin schools and directions). It is noted that this refers to both sides of the genre-stylistic system of concert music for violin (with the participation of a violin) – functional and semanticcompositional – and is realized in the following variants of textured style: solo orchestra (violin or several violins with an orchestra); solo ensemble (the same accompanied by a chamber ensemble); solo piano (violin and piano duet); solo violin (violin without accompaniment). It is proved that all these textured and stylistic varieties of concert violin music are combined on the basis of the idea of a concert style – “competition-agreement” (B. Asafiev) of the participants in the act of playing music. The measure of the correlation of performing forces in a concert dialogue ultimately determines the choice of criteria for classifying its varieties in their extrapolation to a concert violin. The article reveals the features of all four above-named options for this dialogue, taking into account their possible combination. It is noted that this combination is most fully reflected in a violin concert with an orchestra, where other forms of concert appear occasionally – solo without accompaniment (solo cadenzas), ensemble (microdialogues of the violin and other orchestral instruments). The classification criteria highlighted in the article, first of all texture-stylistic ones, together form the following system of genres of concert music for violin (with the participation of a violin), considered from the standpoint of: 1) concert dialogue in its textured manifestations (gradation in the dominance of the soloist instrument over accompaniment or, conversely, accompaniment over a solo part); 2) the principle of intimacy, bordering on concertness, but meaning the parity of the performing parts (a distinctive feature of chamber ensembles, in which it stands out as the leading violin part); 3) the self-sufficiency of the violin as a universal instrument suitable for the implementation of concert dialogue in the solo form of music-making (a wide range of genre forms of violin music – from miniatures and their cycles to suites, partitas and solo sonatas). It is noted that, in the future, the classification patterns identified in this article can be considered using the example of specific samples belonging to a particular genre group. The author of this article plans to do this on the basis of concert genres of violin music created by the composers of the Kharkiv school. Focusing on classical and modern samples, as well as the traditions of the Kharkiv stringbow performing school represented by A. Leshchinsky, A. Yuriev, S. Kocharyan, G. Averyanov, E. Shchelkanovtseva, L. Kholodenko, E. Kupriyanenko and other string players, Kharkiv authors interpret the concert-violin style in various ways, revealing in it both the general (the “image” of the violin in the system of specific instrumental styles), and the special (the styles of the national and regional schools), as well as the unique, individual (the representations of the latter are their best works).

The paper discusses the meaning and nature of urban cultural heritage, and the available methods for its valuation in the perspective of sustainable city development. From this perspective, decision-making problems of renovation often involve a complex decision-making process in which multiple requirements and conditions have to be taken into consideration simultaneously. In project development it is hardly possible to get exhaustive and accurate information. As a result, the situations occur, the consequences of which can be very damaging to the project. Sometimes the loss is related to symbolic values that the public perceive as disregarded by the project, despite the overall improved conditions. This paper presents the multiple criteria assessment of alternatives of the cultural heritage renovation projects in Vilnius city. The model consists of the following elements: determining attributes set affecting built and human environment renovation; information collection and analysis, decision modeling and solution selection. The main purpose of the model is to improve the condition of the built and human environment through efficient decision making in renovation supported by multiple attribute evaluation. Delphi, AHP and ARAS-G methods, considering different environment factors as well as stakeholders' needs, are applied to solve problem.

Project management includes the consideration of complex decision modes used in modern decision support techniques. The aim of this paper was to prioritize such factors and evaluate their effects on project management and optimal control. Their effect on management and optimal project control are evaluated in frame of a statistical hypothesis. A new algorithm, "IPICEA-g" is proposed for the assessment. A questionnaire is used for data collection distributed between 56 employees of the CALCIMINE Company. T-test, two-sentence test, ANP method, FUZZY SEAMATEL and the IPICEA-g hybrid algorithm, are employed for data analyzing. Results are further discussed and conclusions are drawn.

Taking into consideration the high rate of perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes, we need to develop the efficient algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. We have analyzed the specificity of the course and pregnancy outcomes for 500 women who used the new clinical guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The control group includes 100 women with GDM (criteria of V. G. Baranov, 1977). Analysis of the results is necessary to optimize the tactics of the treatment for this group of patients.

Despite pharmacological prophylaxis using calcineurin (CN) inhibitors (i.e., cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major barrier to the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Upon antigen stimulation, activated T cell receptor (TCR) signaling triggers rapid Ca2+ influx. This induces both CN-mediated NFAT activation, and increase of mitochondrial Ca2+ content, a major driver of metabolic activity. However, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload triggers opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cell death. We hypothesize that pharmacologically increasing mitochondrial Ca2+ load may decrease T cell survival capability, thereby reducing the GVH reaction. If this can be accomplished, it may lead to new strategies for inhibition of GVHD, which is conceptually different from the use of CN inhibitors. To test this hypothesis, we employed a high throughput drug screening system with the proliferation and cytotoxicity of TCR-activated human T cells as the readout, and screened the NPL-800 library (https://www.timtec.net) composed of 800 pure natural compounds. With a stringent criterion in consideration of dose-dependent effect, 26 compounds stood out for reducing the count of activated human T cells with a reduction rate of at least 30% at both 1.0uM and 10.0uM. Positive hits included inhibitors of DNA synthesis, the Na-K-ATPase and mitochondrial metabolism. We were particularly interested in artesunate (ART), which is a derivative of artemisinin that has been used for treating malaria in patients. While artemisinin acts by inhibiting sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in P. falciparum malaria, which causes passive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ depletion and the subsequent cytosolic Ca2+ influx, ART did not inhibit SERCA in T cells. Ex vivo culture assays showed that ART dose-dependently reduced the survival of TCR-activated murine T cells. This inhibitory effect of ART was abrogated by inhibiting Ca2+ influx using BTP2, a potent inhibitor of store-operated Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, treatment of murine CD8 T cells with ART induced significant increases in mitochondrial Ca2+ loading upon TCR activation. These data suggest that inhibition of T cell survival by ART was dependent on TCR activation-induced Ca2+ influx and associated with enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. We examined the impact of ART on GVHD in Balb/c mice receiving C57BL/6 (B6) mouse T cell-depleted bone marrow (TCD-BM) and CD4+ T cells. Intraperitoneal injection of ART (10 mg/kg, every other day) from day 1 to day 28 after transplantation reduced clinical signs of GVHD in these recipients and significantly improved their overall survival. Similar inhibition effects of ART on GVHD were observed in miHA-mismatched B6 anti-Balb/b and haplo-identical B6 anti-BDF1 mouse models of GVHD. Further investigations showed that in vivo administration of ART caused significant decreases in the number of host-reactive donor T cells in the spleen and liver of Balb/c mice 7 days after transfer of B6 TCD-BM plus CD4+ T cells. ART treatment did not affect the capacity of donor T cells to produce effector cytokines (e.g., IFN-g and TNF-α) in individual cells. Importantly, in vivo administration of ART preserved anti-leukemia activity of donor T cells and did not impair the reconstitution of hematopoiesis and lymphocytes. Collectively, our findings indicate that pharmacologically increasing mitochondrial Ca2+ loading may have significant implications in the development of novel strategies to prevent GVHD and other T cell-mediated inflammatory disorders in a broad context. Since ART therapy has been clinically approved, this work could be immediately translated into patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The different criteria to be taken into consideration when carrying out presymptomatic screening of neoplastic diseases are given. Screening is an operation of secondary prevention and can be divided into: 1) mass screening 2) selective (or aimed) screening 3) multifascia screening (check up). The Author gives the fors and againsts of the above types of screening and concludes that they can lead to: 1) only a prolungation of the lead time 2) a more favourable life expectation 3) a normal life expectation with death due to the neoplasm 4) death for natural causes and not for the tumour 5) early death (iatrogenic). The general criteria laid down by the W.H.O. on the suitability of submitting a population to screening are: a) the pathology to be investigated must be an important problem both for health and socially b) a diagnostic protocol must be available for subjects who have a positive test result, as well as an effective treatment protocol for the diagnosed cases c) the investigated pathology must be characterised by a recognisable stage, latent or with early symptoms d) screening methods must be easy to carry out with no risks involved e) the screening must be acceptable for the invited population f) the natural history of the neoplasm must be sufficiently well-known g) the parameters of normality, allowing the positive patients to be distinguished from the negative ones, must be very clear h) assessment of the cost/benefit ratio i) the activity of early diagnosis must be a continuing and not an irregular service, on the basis of established protocols I) the availability of economic, staff and organisational resources must be guaranteed. In any case, the Author proposes that the screening programme be checked in terms of sensitivity (capacity to select the truly ill people), specificity (capacity to select the healthy ones) and predictive value (% value of test reliability).

The U.S. Army is evaluating recycle of field shower water as a conservation practice in arid regions and is seeking to define appropriate technologies and health criteria. Shower wastewaters at a military installation have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Two treatment technologies have been investigated. Microfiltration cartridges with a nominal pore size of 0.2 µm achieved consistent removals of 75±15% of total organic carbon (TOC) and better than 99% of turbidity from synthetic shower water containing 50 to 100 mg/L of TOC as soap. An alternative treatment technology utilized powdered activated carbon and coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation followed by diatomaceous earth filtration. A TOC reduction of 70±15% was achieved in three separate studies, although at a cost of 1 g/L or more of powdered activated carbon. Revised quality criteria for recycled shower water have been developed with guidance from the National Research Council. Parameters which can practically be measured in the field are primarily associated with microbiological safety. Therefore, the safety of recycled shower water with respect to chemical contamination must depend on design considerations.

<p>The IAEA Safety Guide RS-G-1.2 recommends that occupational radiation monitoring should be implemented whenever it is likely that committed effective doses from annual intakes of radionuclides would exceed1mSv. This study presents the analysis of IAEA methodology for the evaluation of the need for the implementation of an internal monitoring program; considering that it should be carried out whenever the potential internal exposure of incorporation leads to a value of annual committed effective dose equal or higher than 1 m Sv. The IAEA criteria applied to commonly used radionuclides in nuclear medicine, taking into consideration usual manipulated unsealed radioactive sources and handling conditions. It is concluded that the handling of unsealed radioactive sources presents the risk of internal radiation exposure to the workers, requiring the implementation of an internal dosimetry program by the concerned Nuclear Medicine Institutes/Centers. </p><p>Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 20(1): 51-55, January 2017 </p>

The achievements of modern medical science have led to the situation when children born deeply premature have a chance to survive. In the paper, the authors examine the problems of determining the initial moment of human life associated with the life birth criteria, analyze approaches to the definition of live birth criteria adopted by the World Health Organization and consolidated by Russian experts in the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of 27 December 2011 No. 1687n “On Medical Criteria of Birth, Form of the Birth Document and the Procedure for its Issuance” (as amended on 13 September 2019).The authors intended to identify and analyze some issues related to the lack of regulation of the legal status of deeply premature babies born 22 weeks premature or if the body weight of such children is not more than 500 g from the moment of their birth until they are seven days old. The authors are critical of the actual lack of legal regulation of the status of such children, assess the legal provisions regulating the mandatory resuscitation measures in relation to such children with due regard to the risks of further development of pathologies.The paper provides for the conclusions about the need to clarify the conceptual and categorical apparatus in relation to the criteria of live birth, more complete consideration by domestic specialists of the criteria of live birth proposed by the World Health Organization, the need to take into account parents’ opinion concerning the extent of medical care for deeply premature children, including intensive care, within the framework of the institution of informed voluntary consent.The authors call for special caution to examine any proposals to extend the limits of responsibility of medical workers, especially those related to the existence of gaps and ambiguities of the legal regulation.

This document explains the criteria, considerations and formulations used for the design of the main components of a mobile platform with a robotic arm. This type of robot is one of the most used in the educational field, it facilitates learning and allows the incorporation of control strategies for navigation. Aspects of resistance of materials useful for branches of engineering that lack bases on mechanics are raised.
 Keywords: Design; robot; platform; educational.
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AimTo determine the level of compliance to age and critical drug monitoring parameters required for patients receiving carboplatin doses with therapeutic drug monitoring.1 This audit will focus on age at administration and, whether pharmacokinetic (PK) levels, audiology and creatinine clearance were conducted prior to administration of carboplatin as per the protocol.MethodData was collected retrospectively from December 2018 till January 2019 of patients treated from 2017-present using the PK monitoring carboplatin in any protocol. Data collected includes -patient demographics, age at time of carboplatin administration, date of administration, course of treatment, target AUC, dose (actual, protocol and dose difference), whether audiology was completed, AUC levels and creatinine levels.2,3,4 The data was compared against set standards to determine percentage of compliance.ResultsA total of 7 patients were identified as fitting the inclusion criteria – 3 males and 4 females – between them there were 26 courses of carboplatin. The patients had a variety of diseases – neuroblastoma (n=1), low grade glioma (n=1), astrocytoma (n=1) and retinoblastoma (n=4). 85.7% of patients (n=6) had audiology tests conducted, however only 28.6% (n=2) had them at baseline pre-treatment as per the protocol. All patients apart from two (71.4%) has their creatinine levels investigated prior to the first course of chemotherapy as per protocol. Of the 26 courses of carboplatin, 20 courses accurately received PK monitoring as per protocol where doses were modified as per the levels (76.9%). Furthermore, those following JOE chemotherapy protocol for retinoblastoma were all <3 months at the start of treatment and hence were within the age criteria to receive PK monitoring. The other disease states had a range of ages at the start of treatment from 2 months to 6 months, but still underwent PK monitoring for most of their treatment, i.e. only 2 (29%) patients did not meet the age criteria for PK monitoring.ConclusionThe findings showed that the correct age criteria were selected to receive PK monitoring, however typically they would monitor throughout their treatment even over 3 months. They also showed that the critical drug monitoring requirements before and whilst undergoing treatment with carboplatin were not consistently met for all patients as per protocols. To improve compliance to protocols, all practitioners should receive information on what monitoring requirements are necessary, when they need to be done and the importance of them for patient care, an SOP should be produced to include this information.ReferencesVeal G, Errington J, Hayden J, et al. Carboplatin therapeutic monitoring in preterm and full-term neonates. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:2022–2030.Nitz A, Kontopantelis E, Bielack S, et al. Prospective evaluation of cisplatin- and carboplatin-mediated ototoxicity in paediatric and adult soft tissue and osteosarcoma patients. Oncol Lett. 2012;5:311–315.Batchelor H, Marriott J. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015;79:395–404.Kearns G, Abdel-Rahman S, Alander S, et al. Developmental pharmacology — drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children. N Engl J Med 2003;349:s1157–1167.

Background:Osteoporosis is a disease with increasing prevalence in the aging and growing world population and its insidious progression and lack of findings without fracture cause certain difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. There are many medical and paramedical treatment options for osteoporosis, and clinicians make these treatment decisions with many factors in mind.Objectives:We wanted to evaluate the importance of these factors for clinicians through a questionnaire. This 17-question questionnaire aimed to investigate the factors that clinicians consider in the planning of osteoporosis treatment and the effect of these factors on treatment planning. We made the Turkish version of the OSTEQ questionnaire in this study which factors clinicians in planning treatment for osteoporosis in Turkey we aimed to investigate that take into consideration.Methods:OSTREQ questionnaire developed by Makraz et al. are used in this research. In this survey, which consists of 8 sections (health care system, patients’ preferences regarding regimen’s administration, usage, cost, severity of disease, treatment efficacy, safety profile and pharmaceutical industry) and 17 questions, the participants were asked to evaluate their answers with 5 different scales: Absolutely Preventive, Partially Preventive, Neither Preventive or Encouraging, Partially Encouraging, Absolutely Encouraging.Clinicians of Rheumatology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases participated in our study. The questionnaires were filled in by e-mail or by inviting the participants to the our university or by going to the clinics where the clinicians were working.Results:In our study 37 (21.8%) were endocrinology, 49 (28.8%) were rheumatology and 84 (49.4%) were physical therapy and rehabilitation specialists. The overall Cronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was found to be 0.855. No material was found to significantly increase the internal reliability coefficient if deleted. As a result of t-test in 27% lower and upper groups to measure the discriminative power of the items, it was seen that all items made a significant difference in the lower and upper groups, which were formed according to the total score of 27 people. Confirmatory factor analysis and internal reliability results did not require removal of the substance, so the substance was not removed. When the responses of the specialist physicians participating in our study to the osteoporosis preference criteria questionnaire were examined according to their specialty, no statistically significant difference was found between specialty branches but only significant difference was found in health system and cost subscale according to branches (p = 0.013). Post-hoc test (LSD) was used to find out the group that made a significant difference in health system and cost sub-factor. higher scores (p = 0.034).Conclusion:We developed and validated a general osteoporosis treatment questionnaire that could provide assessment of the criteria that physicians take into consideration when they decide to implement a regimen for osteoporosis. This tool could assist health care systems and pharmaceutical companies understand which parameters drive physicians’ choices regarding the treatment of osteoporosis.References:[1]P. Makras, A. Galanos, S. Rizou, A. D. Anastasilakis, and G. P. Lyritis, “Development and validation of an osteoporosis treatment questionnaire (OSTREQ) evaluating physicians’ criteria in the choice of treatment,”Hormones, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 413–422, Jul. 2016.[2]S. Tuzunet al., “Incidence of hip fracture and prevalence of osteoporosis in Turkey: The FRACTURK study,”Osteoporos. Int., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 949–955, Mar. 2012.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background. In modern musicology, the issues of composer creativity for children are far from enough covered. This applies to both Ukrainian and foreign musicological literature. Aesthetic issues prevail in studies of children’s piano music, while the issues of composer and performing techniques related to the interpretation of such works become the object of study only occasionally. Still there aren’t special works devoted to piano music for children of Kharkiv authors, and information about this music is dispersed in publications of review or monographic plan, for example, such as the brochure by K. Heivandova (1981) about M. Karminskyi. This article proposes the consideration of the cycle (triptych) of children’s piano miniatures by Mark Karminskyi as a representative of the Kharkiv school from the point of view of the unity of composer and performing aspects and the specifics of their connection. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of embodiment the genre of children’s piano miniature in M. Karminskyi’s composer interpretation using the example of “Three Pieces in C Major”. The main objective of the study is to consider the genre stylistics of the pieces, reflected through the means of thematism, texture and harmony. In a methodological aspect, the article contains elements of a new scientific approach to the study of texture-harmonic complex as the main indicator of the style of children’s piano music, including in the aforementioned work of M. Karminskyi. From a practical point of view, the study can be of help to performers who turn both to the triptych of M. Karminskyi and to other works in the genre of children’s piano miniatures. The results of the study. Piano miniatures, including children’s ones, obey the laws of poetics of this genre, in which, according to E. Nazaikinskyi (2003), the principle of reflection of “big in small” is the main one. Among the other features of this genre, as the main one, we single out the desire of miniatures to unite into groups, cycles of a special kind in which the principle of “identity of the modus and the genre” operates (E. Nazaikinskyi, 2003, p. 372). This means the music pieces of same type follow each other without highlighting any special functions in the form-making. In children’s piano miniatures, such a grouping is normative. However, they also have their own specifics: the contrast, based on which any musical cycle is built, should be combined with the same type of pieces by genre signs and the presence of certain connecting moments, except for a common genre name. For example, the designation “Pieces” typical for cycles of children’s miniatures may have program subheadings aimed at deciphering the emotional and figurative content, which is especially important for children’s perception. In the cycle “Three Pieces in C Major” by M. Karminsky, almost all typical signs of children’s piano miniatures are presented. As a master, in whose work the theme of childhood and youth was one of the leading ones, M. Karminskyi worked intensively in the genres corresponding to her. These were songs and song collections, as well as three children’s piano cycles – the programmatic “Children’s Album”, “Three Pieces in C Major” (discussed here), as well as the cycle “27 plays in a triple meter”. In constructing a cycle of three plays, united by the key in C Major, the figurative and emotional content of each of the numbers is the main thing for the composer. The pieces have programmatic names: No. 1 – “Carelessness”; No. 2 – “Playfulness”; No. 3 –“Fervor”. These names actually correspond to the three main modes-states that are characteristic of the children’s psyche and behavioral reactions. Their reflection in the thematic complex, texture and form of each of the plays puts before the composer the task of harmonizing imagery with the writing technique. It seems that the method of realizing this task for M. Karminskyi is, first of all, the texture in its close connection with harmony – “texture-harmonic complex” (G. Ignatchenko, 1984). The textural-harmonic formulas used by the composer in each of the triptych’s numbers reflect not only their emotional and figurative content, but also belong to various “stylistic inclinations” (according to E. Nazaikinsky, 2003) that are accessible to children’s perception. First, this refers to the unifying moment – the key of C Major, which is presented differently in each of the plays, and these differences are directed towards complication. The same can be said about the texture, as well as the form of the parts of the triptych. With the external similarity and even the same type of compositional solutions (the basis of all the plays is a three-part model of the ABA type, but with different intonation content), individual numbers, as well as sections within them, differ in the features of textured techniques. This is connected, not least, with didactic tasks set by the author that gradually becoming more complicated. The composer sequentially acquaints young pianists with the features of the piano texture, using and combining elements of traditional homophony, various types of sub-voice polyphonic writing, contrasting and imitation polyphonic combinations. Such, at first glance, the “kaleidoscope” texture is ordered, however, by the criterion of ease of performing, which the author takes care of, even taking into account the peculiarities of children’s stretching of fingers in verticals: intervals and chords. Conclusions. The analysis of the plays of the cycle presented in the article proves that it is an original work intended, on the one hand, for performance by young pianists; on the other hand, M. Karminskyi’s triptych reflects the general tendencies of “adult” pianism in the genre of piano miniatures and the cycle of miniatures. According to the style of “Three Pieces in C Major”, they belong to the neoclassical trend, as evidenced by a complex of expressive means: tonality, harmony, texture, and performing attributes – dynamics, articulation, agogics. M. Karminskyi interprets C Major as the “starting point” of various modal and tonal transformations, from the major-minor variable modus in the first play to showing the twelve-tones version of this tonality in the finale piece. There is a similar tendency in the field of texture in the cycle: from stylization of “minuet” homophony in the first piece to polyphony on the constant bass in the second and “stratum” polyphonicity in the finale. The composer acquaints young musicians with the texture and harmony means of piano music from different eras, which makes this cycle a peculiar short textbook of pianistic formulas in their artisticfigurative embodiment. Prospects for further research on this topic lie in the coverage of a largerscale material relating to children’s piano music, not only M. Karminskyi, but also other composers of the Kharkiv school. We can also add the performing aspect: after all, children’s piano music is always updated in interpretations, often with an eye to a concrete performer or performers.

AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungi and are known to have a significant negative impact on human and animal health. When feedstuffs are contaminated with mycotoxins, their toxicities may be caused a variety of diseases. In this study, the residual mycotoxins in feedstuffs were analyzed using LC–MS/MS incorporated with QuEChERS extraction. Analytical method validation was performed for LOD, LOQ, linearity, and recoveries with consideration of matrix effects prior to the residual analysis. They were all reached to the accepted range of validation level. Using 39 feedstuff samples (5 g) for mycotoxin analysis, nine samples were contaminated by four major mycotoxins such as fumonisin B1 (FB1), deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B2, and zearalenone. Among them, FB1 was detected at the highest concentration as 18.0943 mg/kg. The total sum of fumonisins in 39 samples did not exceed the maximum residual level (MRL) criterion set by Korean Food and Drug Administration. Altogether, intensive management of mycotoxins in Korean feedstuffs should be implemented with proper and routine monitoring, even their residual concentrations are not exceeded over the MRL levels because of high frequent detection found in this study.


 
 
 Acidic spent pickling solutions and rinse water are produced during steel pipe acid pickling. They are usually neutralised with lime in a neutralisation plant and pumped in the form of a wet sludge to a landfill. This is one of the main environmental issues of Russian steel mills. The implementation of sludge treatment units, including equipment for sludge polymer conditioning and dewatering, is an import consideration when seeking to reduce the impact of steel mills on human health and the environment. The researches results of polymer conditioning of the aggressive wastewater sludges by flocculants are reflected in the paper. Sludge samples were obtained from the neutralisation plant of an Ural’s steel pipe mill. Sludges of two types were investigated: the sludge which is formed in clarifiers during spent pickling solutions neutralization with lime and the sludge which is formed in clarifiers during rinse water neutralization with lime. During the work non-ionic, cationic, and anion flocculants Praestol® efficiency was estimated. The shortest time of water capillary suction from the flocculated sludge was accepted as efficiency criterion of flocculant processing. It was defined with use of the capillary suction timer Fann® and Whatman® 17 chromatographic paper. It is established that: non-ionic focculant Praestol® 2500 dose of 4–5 g/kg dry solids is effective for conditioning of the sludge produced during lime neutralization of acid spent pickling solutions; the anionic flocculant Praestol® 2540 dose of 1.5–2 g/kg dry solids is effective for conditioning of the sludge produced during lime neutralization of acid rinse water. The empirical response surfaces and the contour plots showing the relationship between capillary suction time and a dosage of flocculant and a charge density (% hydrolysis) of a flocculant were reveived.
 
 
 
 Keywords: steel pipe mill, acid pickling, wastewater, sludges, flocculants, capillary suction time
 
 
 
 
 

Considerada uma deficiência funcional de ampla complexidade de sistematização dos sintomas e diagnósticos diferenciais, as disfunções temporomandibulares têm maior prevalência no gênero feminino, variando a faixa etária dos 18 aos 45 anos de idade. Pode estar associada a fatores dentários e/ou faciais, os quais se relacionam com o aparelho estomatognático. É imprescindível a anamnese criteriosa e avaliação física amiudada do sistema manducatório (sistema postural que integra músculos mastigatórios e cervicais) – campo multidisciplinar da odontologia, fonoaudiologia, otorrinolaringologia, neurologia e fisioterapia – para adequada propedêutica e assim, correto diagnóstico e precisa abordagem terapêutica do paciente. Este trabalho apresenta um relato de caso de paciente portadora de Disfunção Temporomandibular com alterações cocleares, diagnosticada, conduzida, tratada e evoluída em disciplina clínica de Estomatologia da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas. A problematização do caso, suas resoluções, e o compartilhamento dessas informações corroboram de modo considerável no aspecto clínico e científico, possibilitando ampliar o reconhecimento das diversas situações possíveis no atendimento aos pacientes com este quadro. Assim, as relações profissional-paciente e a multidisciplinaridade dos profissionais envolvidos ganham crescente relevância.Descritores: Orelha Média; Sistema Estomatognático; Dor de Orelha; Cefaleia.ReferênciasMiraglia SS, Nogueira RP, Monazzi MS, Soares FAV. Principais Problemas da ATM. Guia prático de orientação diagnóstica para o clínico geral. Rev Bras Prot Clin Lab. 2001;3(14):271-77.Matta MAP, Honorato DC. Uma abordagem fisioterapêutica nas desordens temporomandibulares: estudo retrospectivo. Fisioter Pesq. 2003;10(2):77-83.Pereira KNF, Andrade LLS, Costa ML, Portal TF. Sinais e sintomas de pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular. Rev CEFAC. 2005;7(2):221-28.Seedorf H, Jude HD. Otalgia as a result of certain temporomandibular joint disorders. Laryngorhinootologie. 2006;85(5):327-32.Costen JB, Louis ST. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon disturbed function of thetemporomandibular joint 1934. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997;106(10 Pt 1):805-19.Mota LAA, Albuquerque KMG, Santos MHP, Travassos RO. Sinais e sintomas associados à otalgia na disfunção temporomandibular. Arq Int Otorrinolaringol. 2007;11(4):411-15.Pascoal MIN, Abrão R, Chagas JFS, Pascoal MPBN, Claudiney CC, Magna LA. Prevalência dos sintomas otológicos na desordem temperomandibular: estudo de 126 casos. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2001;67(5):627-33.Sicher H. Temporomandibular articulation in mandibular overclosure. J Am Dent Assoc. 1948;36(2):131-39.Gardner E, Gray DJ, O’Rahilly R, Benevento RH. Anatomia: estudo regional do corpo humano. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1978.Myrhaug H. The incidence of ear symptoms in cases of malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disturbancez. Br J Oral Surg. 1964;2(1):28-32.Zocoli R, Mota ME, Sommavilla A, Perin LR. Manifestações otológicas nos distúrbios da articulação temporomandibular. ACM Arq Catarin Med. 2007;36(1):90-95.Ramírez, LM, Ballesteros ALE, Sandoval OGP. A direct anatomical study of the morphology and functionality of disco-malleolar and anterior malleolar ligaments.Int J Morphol. 2009;27(2):367-79.Okeson PJ. Tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares e oclusão. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2000.Camparis CM, Formigoni G, Teixeira MJ, de Siqueira JT. Clinical evaluation of tinnitus in patients with sleep bruxism: prevalence and characteristics. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(11):808-14.Paiva HJ, Vieira AMF, Cavalcante HCC, Medeiro ME, Gondim NFR, Barbosa RAD. Oclusão: noções e conceitos básicos. São Paulo: Santos;1997.Quinto AC. Classificação e Tratamento das Disfunções Temporomandibulares. Qual o papel do fonoaudiólogo no tratamento dessas disfunções? Rev CEFAC. 2000;2(2):15-22.López-Zuazo A, Sánchez PM.A. Salinas Cubillas Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara. Guadalajara. España. Medicine. 2015;11:4184-97.Scrivani SJ, Keith DA, Kaban LB. Temporomandibular disorders. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(25):2693-705.Barreto DC, Barbosa ARC, Frizzo ACF. Relação entre disfunção temporomandibular e alterações auditivas. Rev CECAF. 2010;12(6):1067-76.Felício CM, Oliveira JAA, Nunes LJ, Jeronymo LFG, Ferreira-Jeronymo RR. Alterações auditivas relacionadas ao zumbido nos distúrbios otológicos e da articulação temporomandibular. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 1999;65(2):141-46.Jorge JH, Silva Junior GS, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH, Bombarda NHC. Desordens temporomandibulares em usuários de prótese parcial removível: prevalência de acordo com a classificação de Kennedy. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2013;42(2):72-7.Fricton J. Myogenous temporomandibular disorders: diagnostic and management considerations. Dent Clin North Am. 2007;51(1):61-83.Feine JS, Widmer CG, Lund JP. Physical therapy: a critique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;83(1):123-27.Alves Rezende MCR, Marques CB, Gonçales AN, Sales A, Ávila SMHC, Magalhães AP et al. Sinais e sintomas na síndrome de Costen associada a desordens temporomandibulares: relato de caso clínico. Revista Odontol Araçatuba. 2011;32(1):65-9.Garcia AR. Desordens Temporomandibulares. In: Madeira MC. Anatomia da face. São Paulo: Sarvier; 2010.Figueiredo VMG, Cavalcanti AL, Farias ABL e Nascimento SR. Prevalência de sinais, sintomas e fatores associados em portadores de disfunção temporomandibular. Acta Sci Health Sci. 2009;31(2):159-63.Ash CM, Pinto OF. The tmj and the mddle ear: structural and functional correlates for aural symptoms associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Int J Prosthodont. 1991;4(1):51-7.

Introdução: A transmissão SARS-CoV-2 de humano para humano pode ocorrer e o risco de propagação no ar durante os procedimentos odontológicos geradores de aerossóis permanece uma preocupação. Acredita-se que um enxaguatório bucal antimicrobiano pré-operacional reduza o número de micróbios orais. No entanto, a eficácia do enxaguatório bucal pré-procedimento na redução do número de microrganismos disseminados por meio do aerossol gerado por procedimentos odontológicos ainda não está clara. Objetivo: avaliar através de uma revisão de literatura o uso de enxaguantes bucais na redução da carga viral do SARS-CoV-2. Materiais e Método: O levantamento literário para esta pesquisa foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2019 a 10 de agosto de 2020 nas bases de dados Scielo e Medline/PubMed. Na estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas as palavras “SARS-CoV-2”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19”, “Dentistry”, “Odontologia”, “Odontología”, “Mouthwashes”, “Antissépticos Bucais” e “Antisépticos Bucales”. Resultados: Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada, foram encontrados 661 artigos, após a realização da leitura criteriosa dos artigos completos foram selecionados 42 artigos. 88% dos estudos indicavam o uso de Peróxido de hidrogênio a 1%, 76% indicavam Povidine 0,2% e apenas 19% o uso da Clorexidina a 0,12%. Conclusão: Os estudos presentes na literatura apresentam divergências nas indicações e porcentagens dos enxaguantes indicados. Os protocolos clínicos devem ser avaliados para reduzir o risco de transmissão e proteger pacientes e profissionais.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Betacoronavirus; Odontologia; Antissépticos Bucais.ReferênciasGe ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020;21(5):361-68. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. 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