Journal articles: 'Critic genetics'

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Morimura, Tetsuro, Eiji Uchibe, and Kenji Doya. "Natural actor-critic with baseline adjustment for variance reduction." Artificial Life and Robotics 13, no. 1 (December 2008): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10015-008-0514-8.

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Itoh, Hideaki, and Kazuyuki Aihara. "Combination of an actor/critic algorithm with goal-directed reasoning." Artificial Life and Robotics 5, no. 4 (December 2001): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481507.

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Ahn, Inkyung, and Jooyoung Park. "Drug scheduling of cancer chemotherapy based on natural actor-critic approach." Biosystems 106, no. 2-3 (November 2011): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.07.005.

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Makino, Kenji, Yutaka Nakamura, Tomohiro Shibata, and Shin Ishii. "Adaptive control of a looper-like robot based on the CPG-actor-critic method." Artificial Life and Robotics 12, no. 1-2 (March 2008): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10015-007-0453-9.

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Frémaux, Nicolas, Henning Sprekeler, and Wulfram Gerstner. "Reinforcement Learning Using a Continuous Time Actor-Critic Framework with Spiking Neurons." PLoS Computational Biology 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2013): e1003024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003024.

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Bystrov, Vladimir, and Vladimir Kamnev. "Vulgar Sociologism: The History of the Concept." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 18, no. 3 (2019): 286–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2019-3-286-308.

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This article can be considered as the history of the concept of vulgar sociologism, including both the moment of the emergence of this concept and its subsequent history. In the 20th century, new approaches were formed in the natural sciences about society and man which assumed to consider all of the ideas from the point of view of class psycho-ideology. This approach manifested itself somewhat in the history of philosophical and scientific knowledge, but chiefly in literary criticism (Friche, Pereverzev). As a result, any work of art turns into a ciphered message behind which the interest of a certain class or group hides. The critic has to solve this code and define its sociological equivalent. In the discussions against vulgar sociology, M. Lifshitz and his adherents insisted on a limitation of the vulgar-sociological approach, qualifying it as a bourgeois perversion of Marxism. They saw the principle of the criticism of vulgar sociology in the well-known statement by K. Marx about the aesthetic value of the Ancient Greek epos. The task of the critic does not only reduce to the establishment of social genetics of the work of art because he also needs to explain why this work causes aesthetic pleasure during other historical eras. In the article, it is shown that later attempts to reduce the complete spectrum of modern western philosophy and aesthetics into a paradigm of vulgar sociology of the 1920s is an unreasonable exaggeration. At the same time, in discussions in the 1930s, the question of the need of the differentiation of the vulgar-sociological approach and a sociological method in general was raised. As for sociology, this question remains relevant even today.

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Mannella, Francesco, and Gianluca Baldassarre. "A neural-network reinforcement-learning model of domestic chicks that learn to localize the centre of closed arenas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1479 (January 11, 2007): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1966.

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Previous experiments have shown that when domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus ) are first trained to locate food elements hidden at the centre of a closed square arena and then are tested in a square arena of double the size, they search for food both at its centre and at a distance from walls similar to the distance of the centre from the walls experienced during training. This paper presents a computational model that successfully reproduces these behaviours. The model is based on a neural-network implementation of the reinforcement-learning actor–critic architecture (in this architecture the ‘critic’ learns to evaluate perceived states in terms of predicted future rewards, while the ‘actor’ learns to increase the probability of selecting the actions that lead to higher evaluations). The analysis of the model suggests which type of information and cognitive mechanisms might underlie chicks' behaviours: (i) the tendency to explore the area at a specific distance from walls might be based on the processing of the height of walls' horizontal edges, (ii) the capacity to generalize the search at the centre of square arenas independently of their size might be based on the processing of the relative position of walls' vertical edges on the horizontal plane (equalization of walls' width), and (iii) the whole behaviour exhibited in the large square arena can be reproduced by assuming the existence of an attention process that, at each time, focuses chicks' internal processing on either one of the two previously discussed information sources. The model also produces testable predictions regarding the generalization capabilities that real chicks should exhibit if trained in circular arenas of varying size. The paper also highlights the potentialities of the model to address other experiments on animals' navigation and analyses its strengths and weaknesses in comparison to other models.

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Singh, Rama S. "Darwin’s legacy: why biology is not physics, or why evolution has not become a common sense1Award Lecture, Genetics Society of Canada P. Moens and W.F. Grant Award of Excellence, 2010. / Conférence du récipiendaire, Prix d’excellence P. Moens et W.F. Grant de la Société de Génétique du Canada, 2010." Genome 54, no. 10 (October 2011): 868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-046.

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Cosmology and evolution together have enabled us to look deep into the past and comprehend evolution—from the big bang to the cosmos, from molecules to humans. Here, I compare the nature of theories in biology and physics and ask why physical theories get accepted by the public without necessarily comprehending them but biological theories do not. Darwin’s theory of natural selection, utterly simple in its premises but profound in its consequences, is not accepted widely. Organized religions, and creationists in particularly, have been the major critic of evolution, but not all opposition to evolution comes from organized religions. A great many people, between evolutionary biologists on one hand and creationists on the other, many academics included, who may not be logically opposed to evolution nevertheless do not accept it. This is because the process of and the evidence for evolution are invisible to a nonspecialist, or the theory may look too simple to explain complex traits to some, or because people compare evolution against God and find evolutionary explanations threatening to their beliefs. Considering how evolution affects our lives, including health and the environment to give just two examples, a basic course in evolution should become a required component of all our college and university educational systems.

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Hatakeyama, Hiroyuki, Shingo Mabu, Kotaro Hirasawa, and Jinglu Hu. "Genetic Network Programming with Actor-Critic." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2007): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0079.

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A new graph-based evolutionary algorithm named “Genetic Network Programming, GNP” has been already proposed. GNP represents its solutions as graph structures, which can improve the expression ability and performance. In addition, GNP with Reinforcement Learning (GNP-RL) was proposed a few years ago. Since GNP-RL can do reinforcement learning during task execution in addition to evolution after task execution, it can search for solutions efficiently. In this paper, GNP with Actor-Critic (GNP-AC) which is a new type of GNP-RL is proposed. Originally, GNP deals with discrete information, but GNP-AC aims to deal with continuous information. The proposed method is applied to the controller of the Khepera simulator and its performance is evaluated.

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Condit, Celeste M. "How the public understands genetics: non-deterministic and non-discriminatory interpretations of the “blueprint” metaphor." Public Understanding of Science 8, no. 3 (July 1999): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/8/3/302.

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Critics have worried that recent mass media coverage of genetics encourages genetic determinism and discriminatory attitudes in the public. They have identified the “blueprint” metaphor as one major component of public discourse that encourages such undesirable public opinions. To assess public interpretations of popular discourse about genetics, this audience study exposed 137 college students to sample genetics news articles and asked for their interpretations of the “blueprint” metaphor and of genetics in general. A larger group, the plurality, offered non-deterministic interpretations and perspectives on genetics. A small minority offered discriminatory interpretations, whereas a plurality offered explicit antidiscriminatory interpretations and opinions. Non-deterministic views were based on interpretations of the blueprint metaphor that understood genes as operating in a partial and probabilistic fashion, and that interpreted genes as malleable through individual will or technological intervention.

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Alvis, John. "The Philosopher's Literary Critic." Review of Politics 78, no. 4 (2016): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670516000620.

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Leon Craig's five books are interrelated by a common approach: Craig writes of philosophic matters juxtaposing them with literary works, or one may reverse the order—whichever way, the exegesis proceeds in tandem. Moreover, he has intertwined the books in a sequential development. One can perceive Craig discovered his fountainhead in Plato. His first book, in 1993, The War Lover: A Study of Plato's “Republic,” has left its genetic pattern upon the next four, Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's “Macbeth” and “King Lear” (2001), The Platonian Leviathan (2010), Philosophy and the Puzzles of “Hamlet” (2014), and his latest, The Philosopher's English King: Shakespeare's “Henriad” as Political Philosophy (2015). In this latest effort, Shakespeare is the philosopher and Henry V the best of Shakespeare's English kings. But you will not appreciate the extent and intricacy of Craig's web unless you recognize that Plato's thought, especially as that thought has been conveyed in The Republic, runs through every filament. To be precise, taking such themes of that dialogue as Socrates's notion of a tripartite human soul, his taxonomy of defective regimes, his all but best regime of “Guardians,” and Socrates's ultimately best constitution, rule by a philosopher become king or king become philosopher, or only somewhat less improbably, a king become an understanding student of a counselor philosopher. Then, best self-government within the individual soul is likewise worked out in The Republic as Craig reads it. To my mind he has read Plato aright.

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SHIBATA, Takanori, and Toshio FUKUDA. "Robotic Motion Planning by Genetic Algorithm with Fuzzy Critic." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 30, no. 3 (1994): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.30.337.

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Saukko, Paula. "State of play in direct-to-consumer genetic testing for lifestyle-related diseases: market, marketing content, user experiences and regulation." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 72, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112002960.

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Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests have aroused controversy. Critics have argued many of the tests are not backed by scientific evidence, misguide their customers and should be regulated more stringently. Proponents suggest that finding out genetic susceptibilities for diseases could encourage healthier behaviours and makes the results of genetics research available to the public. This paper reviews the state of play in DTC genetic testing, focusing on tests identifying susceptibilities for lifestyle-related diseases. It will start with mapping the market for the tests. The paper will review (1) research on the content of the online marketing of DTC tests, (2) studies on the effects of DTC genetic tests on customers and (3) academic and policy proposals on how to regulate the tests. Current studies suggest that the marketing of DTC genetic tests often exaggerates their predictive powers, which could misguide consumers. However, research indicates that the tests do not seem to have major negative effects (worry and confusion) but neither do they engender positive effects (lifestyle change) on current users. Research on regulation of the tests has most commonly suggested regulating the marketing claims of the companies. In conclusion, the risks and benefits of DTC genetic tests are less significant than what has been predicted by critics and proponents, which will be argued reflects broader historical trends transforming health and medicine.

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Baranov, Vladislav. "Major Critical Periods in Developmental Pathogenomics of Endometriosis." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/017.

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In spite on numerous experimental and clinical data molecular mechanisms of endometriosis (EM) - the most common benign tumor of the female reproductive tract still remains obscure . The deciphering enigmas of EM gave a birth to a number of hypothesis . System genetics approach used in our studies of common diseases support the existence of special genetic program of EM operative in its development. It is taken for granted that EM results from abnormal differentiation of stem cells (SC). Two major sources of EM SC are considered : SC disseminated throughout peritoneum during female reproductive organs embryogenesis , SC from junction zone the uterine endometrium (2) [6]. According to our reviewed hypothesis [7] the genetic program of EM consists of several critical periods (CP) [8] corresponding to three crucial events in EM development with each of them corresponding to major genome reprogramming in EM cells.

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Bauer, Keith A. "Transhumanism and Its Critics." International Journal of Technoethics 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010070101.

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Transhumanism is a social, technological, political, and philosophical movement that advocates the transformation of human nature by means of pharmacology, genetic manipulation, cybernetic modification, nanotechnology, and a host of other technologies. The aim of this movement is to increase physical and sensory abilities, augment intelligence and memory, and extend lifespan. After providing some background on transhumanism, its philosophical heritage, and its goals, the author looks at three arguments against transhumanism, arguing that they are unpersuasive and should be rejected. This paper presents two arguments against transhumanism that have merit. The first argument is an argument from justice that addresses the distribution of benefits and burdens for funding, developing, and employing enhancement technology. The second argument examines a significant assumption held by many transhumanists, namely, that there is an essential “human nature” that can be transcended.

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Wright, Karen, and William Diehl-Jones. "An Introduction to Clinical Genetics." Neonatal Network 38, no. 5 (August 1, 2019): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.38.5.266.

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Understanding the principles of basic genetics is the beginning of understanding more complex and advanced genetic studies, such as epigenetics. This article presents a review of the basic concepts of genetics, Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, and basic genetic testing.

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Braunack-Mayer, Annette J. "Ethics and health technology assessment: Handmaiden and/or critic?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 22, no. 3 (July 2006): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462306051191.

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Objectives: This study examines the content and role of ethical analysis in health technology assessment (HTA) and horizon scanning publications. It proposes that ethical analysis in HTA is of at least two different types: an ethics of HTA and an ethics in HTA.Methods: I examine the critical differences between these approaches through the examples of the analysis of genetic screening for breast cancer and home blood glucose testing in diabetes. I then argue that, although both approaches subscribe to similar views concerning HTA and ethics, they use different theoretical and methodological traditions to interpret and explain them.Results and Conclusions: I conclude by suggesting that we need the interpretive insights of both these approaches, taken together, to explain why ethics has not been able yet to contribute fully to HTA and to demonstrate the scope and complexity of ethical work in this domain.

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Zlotnik-Shagina, Olha. "LEONID RUDNITSKY IS A RESEARCHER OF I. FRANKO`S WORKS." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.144-149.

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The article deals with the system of views of the famous researcher of German and Slavs literature L. Rudnitsky. The author conducts studies with a focus on neo-views of authoritative international scholars in the context of comparative literature, with an examination of monographic studies of Rudnitsky on Ivan Franko’s work – the famous Ukrainian critic, ethnographer, literary critic, man of letters. L. Rudnitsky’s focus is on Franko as on the translator and popularizer of the works of German and Western literature, in particular, Lessing, Schiller, Goethe, etc. The author pays special attention to the contact- genetic and comparative-typological relations with the German language and literature. The contextual links of language and literature with the art of that time, which is considered in the context of the world cultural space are also described. In Rudnitsky’s monographs Ivan Franko and the German-speaking world: the importance of the environment for the poet’s creativity and the German language and literature in the works of Ivan Franko, the concept of the research space of the French translator at that time is observed. In confirmation of the importance of Rudnitsky’s work, the author uses the views of diaspora literary critics, such as I. Denisyuk, I. Kachurovsky, etc., who noted the work as a significant contribution and breakthrough in the study of the work of the outstanding Ukrainian artist I. Franko in the context of his translation activities. Through citational intertextuality, the author proves the contribution of Rudnitsky in the analysis of the works of Franco in a new generally-European perspective. The author emphasizes the deep meaningfulness of L. Rudnitsky’s translations conducted by I. Franko from the oldest German written notes, emphasizes the skill of the Camener in the transfer of the features of the old German language. We also see a comparative aspect in literary studies, which is dominant in our approach to the study of Franco’s translation activity. Valuable in research observations of L. Rudnitsky about Franco as a translator and popularizer of the works of German literature is his desire to expand the “German-speaking world”, which is confirmed by our in-depth analysis of the works of Rudnitsky and authoritative reviews on them. It is proved that for many years there was created an original concept of the study of German literature through the works of L. Rudnitsky – American talented literary critic of Ukrainian origin.

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TAHAMI, EHSAN, AMIR HOMAYOUN JAFARI, and ALI FALLAH. "APPLICATION OF AN EVOLUTIONARY ACTOR–CRITIC REINFORCEMENT LEARNING METHOD FOR THE CONTROL OF A THREE-LINK MUSCULOSKELETAL ARM DURING A REACHING MOVEMENT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500401.

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In this paper, the control of a planar three-link musculoskeletal arm by using a revolutionary actor–critic reinforcement learning (RL) method during a reaching movement to a stationary target is presented. The arm model used in this study included three skeletal links (wrist, forearm, and upper arm), three joints (wrist, elbow, and shoulder without redundancy), and six non-linear monoarticular muscles (with redundancy), which were based on the Hill model. The learning control system was composed of actor, critic, and genetic algorithm (GA) parts. Two single-layer neural networks were used for each part of the actor and critic. This learning control system was used to apply six activation commands to six monoarticular muscles at each instant of time. It also used a reinforcement (reward) feedback for the learning process and controlling the direction of arm movement. Also, the GA was implemented to select the best learning rates for actor–critic neural networks. The results showed that mean square error (MSE) and average episode time gradually decrease and average reward gradually increases to constant values during the learning of the control policy. Furthermore, when learning was complete, optimal values of learning rates were selected.

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MABU, Shingo, Kotaro HIRASAWA, Hiroyuki HATAKEYAMA, and Takayuki FURUZUKI. "Performance Evaluation of Genetic Network Programming with Actor-Critic for Creating Mobile Robot Behavior." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 44, no. 4 (2008): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/ve.sicetr1965.44.343.

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Howington, Lynnette, Kristina Riddlesperger, and Dennis J. Cheek. "Essential Nursing Competencies for Genetics and Genomics: Implications for Critical Care." Critical Care Nurse 31, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): e1-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2011867.

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The implications of genetics and genomics for critical care nurses are becoming more evident, not only in the care provided but also in the numerous medications administered. Genetic causes are being discovered for an increasing number of chronic illnesses and diseases, such as Huntington disease. Because of the scientific and pharmacological advances, leading nursing organizations, such as the American Nurses Association, have established competencies in genetic knowledge for nurses. Such competencies help ensure quality care. Recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and malignant hyperthermia have indicated a genetic linkage; therefore treatments are targeted toward the genetic aspect of the abnormality. Critical care nurses need knowledge of these genetic conditions and of medications affected by genetic factors.

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Frank Nobre, Sofia, Florencio Vicente Castro, and María Lapa Esteves. "PRODUTIVIDADE: CRITICA (L) RESILIÊNCIA." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v5.679.

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Abstract.Knowing that resilience is determined by genetic and environmental factors upon the culture of origin, age and gender of the individual (19, 4, 6, 7, 5, 14) and that the issue of productivity is seriously notorious (18, 8 and 3) in the current world of serious competitiveness and insecure survival, it’s prudent to evaluate the relationship between resilience and productivity. Our research, in development, aims to build a new model of psychotherapeutic intervention to develop individual’s resilience and productivity, recognizing which resilience’s categories contribute the most to increase each individual productivity, adapting the interventional model considering the individual resilience skills to develop or acquire. Our non-probabilistic sample, by convenience, comprises workers of both genders, with 35 years old mean. Regarding the business world is of vital importance the employee’s technical competence, as well as their emotional and social skills, since are those that would respond in crisis situations and/or in adaptational urgency (18, 12), therefore focus of our interventional model, with the following psychotherapeutic techniques that had emerged as fundamental to increase productivity: the awareness and promotion of self-esteem and self-confidence, autonomy and independence, internal locus of control, patience, initiative, determination, tenacity and empathy (team spirit and belonging); expectations management and setting realistic goals (realistic notion of control, focusing on the solution and skills enhancement) and finally emotion/stress and negative feedback management (critical situations exposure and training).Keywords: Resilience, Stress and Productivity.Resumo.Sabendo que a resiliência é determinada por factores genéticos e ambientais, mediante a cultura de origem, idade e género do indivíduo (19; 4; 6; 7; 5; 14) e que a questão da produtividade é de séria retumbância (18; 8; 3), no mundo actual de séria competitividade e insegura sobrevivência, torna-se prudente avaliar a relação entre resiliência e produtividade. A nossa investigação, em fase de desenvolvimento, visa a construção de um novo modelo de intervenção psicoterapêutica que desenvolva a resiliência e produtividade de um indivíduo, reconhecendo em que medida as categorias da resiliência contribuem para a produtividade de cada indivíduo, adequando o modelo consoante as competências da resiliência a desenvolver ou adquirir. A nossa amostra de conveniência não probabilística compreende trabalhadores de ambos os géneros. No que concerne o mundo empresarial é de vital importância a competência técnica do trabalhador, assim como as suas competências emocionais e sociais, uma vez que serão estas últimas as que responderão em situações de crise e/ou de necessidade de adaptação (18; 12), e portanto em foco no nosso modelo de intervenção que conta assim com as seguintes técnicas psicoterapêuticas que emergiram fundamentais para o aumento da produtividade: de consciencialização e promoção da auto-estima e autoconfiança, autonomia e independência, locus de controlo interno, paciência, iniciativa, determinação, tenacidade e empatia (espírito de grupo e de pertença); de gestão de expectativas e criação de objectivos realistas (noção realística de controlo, com enfoque na solução e valorização das competências) e finalmente de gestão de emoção/stress e feedback negativo (exposição e treino em situações críticas).Palavras-Chave: Resiliência, Stress e Produtividade

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Semendeferi, Ioanna. "Legitimating a Nuclear Critic: John Gofman, Radiation Safety, and Cancer Risks." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 38, no. 2 (2008): 259–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2008.38.2.259.

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Whether low-level ionizing radiation has an effect on humans has been a polarizing issue for the last fifty years. The epicenter of this controversy has been the validity of the linear non-threshold dose-response model, according to which any amount of radiation, however small, causes damage to human genes and health. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the nuclear scientist and medical researcher John Gofman (1918––2007) played a pivotal role in the debate. Historical accounts have treated Gofman as a radical antinuclear scientist whose unscientific arguments put enormous political pressure on the nuclear power industry and regulatory agencies. Gofman's bitter struggle with the Atomic Energy Commission, which funded his research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, partly accounts for this view. However, my analysis of Gofman's involvement in the low-level radiation debate shows how he also helped shift the focus in radiation safety from the risks of genetic damage or leukemia to somatic or cancer risks. His arguments led to the introduction of the linear nonthreshold radiation model as a means of numerically estimating cancer risks. This was a watershed event in radiation-safety science and politics. Gofman's case sheds light on the process by which a scientist could secure legitimation even when his technical arguments threatened the government's interests. I conclude that it also points to an open issue in the history of antinuclear scientists, or of other politically active scientists or technology critics: treating them as critics should not preclude historians from treating them as scientists.

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Braid, Susan. "The Basics of Molecular Genetic Testing in the NICU." Neonatal Network 38, no. 5 (August 1, 2019): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.38.5.274.

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Understanding of genetics has grown rapidly over the past 20 years and has led to the new diagnostic genetic technologies used in the NICU. These molecular genetic tests help diagnose neonates with congenital anomalies, growth disorders, and dysmorphic features. This article presents the basic molecular biology needed to understand such diagnostic tools. Neonatal intensive care nurses are on the forefront of this technology, and need to understand it so they can provide optimal nursing care and support to parents of neonates going through this advanced genetic testing.

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Kenner, Carole, and Stephanie Amlung. "Newborn Genetic Screening: Blessing or Curse?" Neonatal Network 18, no. 7 (October 1999): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.18.7.11.

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Newly discovered genes and advances in genetic screening programs prompt many questions reflecting the kinds of ethical dilemmas that go hand in hand with life-changing discoveries. Neonatal genetic screening has been a standard of care for some time, but as our knowledge in the field of genetics expands, should we continue with the same approach? What newborn genetic screening tests should be mandatory, and what are the long-range consequences associated with testing? This article reviews genetic modes of inheritance, outlines and explains the most common newborn screening tests, and enumerates the ethical issues associated with these screening procedures. The role of the neonatal nurse in the newborn genetic screening process is discussed.

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Resnik, David B. "The Human Genome Diversity Project: Ethical Problems and Solutions." Politics and the Life Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 1999): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400023510.

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The goal of the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) is to provide a comprehensive study of genetic diversity across different human populations. Scientists working on the HGDP plan to collect samples from all 400 to 500 geographically isolated or culturally unique human populations that desire to participate in the project. Few people have questioned the scientific merits of the HGDP and its potential contribution to our understanding of human genetics, but the project has created a storm of moral, cultural, and political controversy during its brief existence. Opponents have argued that the HGDP smacks of racism, commercialism, exploitation, and cultural imperialism. Critics have also found fault with the informed consent process proposed by organizers of the HGDP. Opposition to the HGDP has succeeded in impeding (but not derailing) this project. The essay explores some of the key moral, political, and cultural issues raised by the HGDP and argues that the project should be implemented and should be funded, provided that researchers and organizers take steps to address the issues it raises.

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Caillat-Zucman, Sophie, and Jean-Francois Bach. "Genetic Predisposition to IDDM." Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 19, no. 3 (2000): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/criai:19:3:227.

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JACKMAN, SIMON. "LIBERALISM, PUBLIC OPINION, AND THEIR CRITICS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 775, no. 1 (June 1995): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23153.x.

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Barber, Michael D. "Genetic phenomenology and potentiality: a new insight to the theory of impathy in Husserl." Análisis, no. 75 (April 6, 2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/s0120-8454.2009.0075.02.

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<p>The following article has a main objective to re-read the theory of Empathy (Einfülung) by Edmund Husserl, through an analysis of the concept of analogic aprehension, since the critics by Alfred Schutz on his text The problem of trascendental intersubjectivity in Hussert.</p>

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Schroeder, Harry W. "Genetics of IgA Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency." Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 19, no. 2 (2000): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/criai:19:2:127.

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Hopp, Russell J. "Epidemiology and Genetics of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma." Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 22, no. 1 (2002): 001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/criai:22:1:001.

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Schubert, Charlotte. "Reformed US malaria program garners critics' approval." Nature Medicine 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2007): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0207-109a.

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Ready, Tinker. "NIH privatization push compromising science, critics warn." Nature Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 2003): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1203-1442b.

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Harper, P. S. "Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, its Sources and its Critics in Britain." Journal of Medical Genetics 29, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.29.6.440-a.

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Palatnik, AnneMarie. "Genetics and genomics." Nursing Critical Care 5, no. 6 (November 2010): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccn.0000389042.33242.38.

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Salardi, Silvia. "‘Usi’ e ‘abusi’ nel diritto: Una riflessione critica sulla normativa in materia di analisi genetiche." Filozofija i drustvo 24, no. 2 (2013): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1302239s.

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Al centro di questo contributo vi ? l?analisi eticogiuridica degli atti normativi disciplinanti le analisi genetiche in vari contesti, ad esempio, ricerca medica, terapia, medicina legale e cos? dicendo. Lo scopo ? di mettere in evidenza i valori ai quali sono state improntate alcune risposte normative. Pertanto, dopo una ricognizione delle varie tipologie di analisi genetiche e dei loro possibili impieghi, il presente lavoro confronta i testi normativi internazionali, europei e nazionali (Austria, Francia, Germania, Svizzera), al fine di individuare la strada percorsa e da percorrere per salvaguardare il pi? possibile certi valori ritenuti fondamentali per la preservazione sia dell?autonomia individuale, sia dell?eguaglianza tra i consociati. Si concluder? che non tutte le norme che disciplinano le analisi genetiche possono considerarsi rispettose dei diritti fondamentali garantiti a tutti gli individui.

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Schmidt, Deborah. "Genetics." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 24, no. 1 (January 1995): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02372.x.

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Maserati, Megan, and Sheila A. Alexander. "Genetics and Genomics of Acute Neurologic Disorders." AACN Advanced Critical Care 29, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2018566.

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Neurologic diseases and injuries are complex and multifactorial, making risk prediction, targeted treatment modalities, and outcome prognostication difficult and elusive. Genetics and genomics have affected clinical practice in many aspects in medicine, particularly cancer treatment. Advancements in knowledge of genetic and genomic variability in neurologic disease and injury are growing rapidly. Although these data are not yet ready for use in clinical practice, research continues to progress and elucidate information that eventually will provide answers to complex neurologic questions and serve as a platform to provide individualized care plans aimed at improving outcomes. This article provides a focused review of relevant literature on genetics, genomics, and common complex neurologic disease and injury likely to be seen in the acute care setting.

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Hirasawa, Hiroyuki, Shigeto Oda, Eizo Watanabe, Takaaki Nakada, Ryuzo Abe, and Shunsuke Otani. "Cytokine-related genetic polymorphism in critical care medicine." Journal of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine 14, no. 1 (2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3918/jsicm.14.14.

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Hellman, Deborah. "What Makes Genetic Discrimination Exceptional?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 29, no. 1 (2003): 77–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800002343.

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Recent advances in understanding the genetic basis of disease has inspired hope but also fear. While establishing a link between a person's genetic makeup and a propensity to disease may lead to better treatment, many scientists, physicians and genetic counselors also worry that it may lead to discrimination. Although access to health insurance is the primary concern, people also fear discrimination in life and disability insurance, employment and other contexts, such as child custody decisions or adoption. In response to this concern, many state legislatures have passed laws forbidding genetic discrimination. While most of these laws focus on health insurance, some also prohibit genetic discrimination in employment or in life or disability insurance coverage.These laws have been the subject of both praise and criticism. Defenders of the laws see them as important and necessary, though arguably incomplete. Critics view them as unjustified and unwarranted. However, the question that dominates current literature is whether genetic discrimination is meaningfully different from discrimination on the basis of general health status; or as the debate is often framed, whether anti-discrimination laws ought to be genetic or generic.

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Weitz, Eric D. "On Certainties and Ambivalencies: Reply to My Critics." Slavic Review 61, no. 1 (2002): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696982.

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Eric D. Weitz argues that the Soviet Union promoted the development of national institutions and consciousness and explicidy rejected the ideology of race. Yet traces of racial politics crept into Soviet nationalities policies, especially between 1937 and 1953. In the Stalin period particular populations were endowed with immutable traits that every member of the group possessed and that were passed from one generation to the next. Recent scholarship, he suggests, has been resistant to drawing out the racial elements in the Stalinist purges of certain nationalities. Francine Hirsch challenges Weitz’s argument, arguing that the Soviet regime had a developed concept of “race,” but did not practice what contemporaries thought of as “racial politics.” Hirsch argues that while the Nazi regime attempted to enact social change by racial means, the Soviet regime aspired to build socialism dirough die manipulation of mass (national and class) consciousness. She contends that it is imperative to analyze the conceptual categories that both regimes used in order to undertake a true comparative analysis. Weiner proposes that Soviet population politics constandy fluctuated between sociological and biological categorization. Although the Soviets often came close to adapting bioracial principles and practices, at no point did they let human heredity become a defining feature of political schemes. Race in the Soviet world applied mainly to concerns for the health of population groups. Despite the capacity to conduct genocidal campaigns and operate death camps, the Soviets never sought the physical extermination of entire groups nor did they stop celebrating the multiethnicity of tiieir polity. The radicalization of state violence in the postwar era was triggered by die nature and role of the war in the Soviet world, the alleged conduct of those who failed to rise to the occasion, and the endemic unstable and unassimilated borderlands, and not by die genetic makeup of the internal enemies. Alaina Lemon’s contribution suggests that scholars seek racialized concepts by treating discourse as situated practice, rather than by separating discourse from practice. This allows consideration of the ways people use language not only to name categories but also to point to social relationships (such as “race”) with or without explicidy naming them as such. Doing so, however, is admittedly more difficult when die only available evidence of past discursive practices are printed texts or interviews. In conclusion, Weitz responds to these critics.

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Martelli, G. P. "A critical appraisal of non conventional resistance to plant viruses." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S15—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10311-pps.

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Among natural resistance mechanisms to plant pathogens, cultivar resistance has been extensively used in plant breeding to introduce what can be defined as “conventional” resistance to a number of them, including viruses. The necessity of overcoming the constraints of genetic incompatibility, so as to widen the range of possibile use of genetic control of infectious agents, has propitiated the utilization of biotechnological procedures, whereby “non conventional” or transgenic resistance was developed. Transgenic resistance to plant viruses encompasses the identification, cloning and tranferring into the recipient host of single viral genes, which gives rise to what is known as “pathogen-derived resistance” (PDR). Of the hypothesized mechanisms underlying expression of PDR, post-transcriptional gene silencing has been most extensively investigated in recent years. Despite of the success that virus-resistant cropping of transgenic plants begins to enjoy, in Europe there is still a widespread sentiment against agricultural biotechnologies and the use of genetically modified plants in particular. Yet, experimental evidence is accumulating that, in the case of PDR, the feared risks associated with genetic trasformation are minimal, if not negligible

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Sharp, Richard R., and Morris W. Foster. "Involving Study Populations in the Review of Genetic Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 28, no. 1 (2000): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00315.x.

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Research on human genetic variation can present collective risks to all members of a socially identifiable group. Research that associates race or ethnicity with a genetic disposition to disease, for example, presents risks of group discrimination and stigmatization. To better protect against these risks, some have proposed supplemental community-based reviews of research on genetic differences between populations. The assumption behind these appeals is that involving members of study populations in the review process can help to identify and minimize collective risks that otherwise could go unnoticed. In contrast to this position, critics have argued that supplemental community-based reviews are unnecessary, impractical, and morally problematic. This paper is our attempt to advance this debate by distinguishing the various goals of community review and the forms that it can take.

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Condit, Celeste Michelle, Roxanne Parrott, and Tina M. Harris. "Lay understandings of the relationship between race and genetics: Development of a collectivized knowledge through shared discourse." Public Understanding of Science 11, no. 4 (October 2002): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/11/4/305.

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Throughout the past century, research into human genetics revealed the relationships between biochemistry and various human characteristics in increasing detail. At each step of this path of discovery, social critics warned that knowledge of genetics, and especially social attention to genetics, might heighten racist attitudes. In light of these warnings and the recent sequencing of the Human Genome, it is important to inquire into the interpretations laypersons might hold of the relationship between race and genetics. A variety of recent efforts have described the insufficiency of public opinion polls for arriving at sophisticated understandings of such complex attitudinal structures. Therefore, this essay offers a sketch of some lay understandings of race and genetics in the United States based on a series of focus group sessions. In order to interpret the responses, the analysis employs a novel template for interpreting focus group research based on the theoretical concept of rhetorical formations. This approach reveals the way in which the knowledge of individual members is brought to bear upon collective decision-making through the social process of discussion to produce a pool of information that is similar to expert knowledge, although phrased in a popular vocabulary. Differences in the ways in which cultural groups negotiate this knowledge are discussed.

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Teuber, Bernardo. "!O Felix Lapsus! Autobiografia, critica genetica y genealogia del Sujeto en Paradiso de Jose Lezama Lima." MLN 108, no. 2 (March 1993): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2904638.

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Blackburn, Susan. "Medical Genetics." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005237-200401000-00012.

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Slack, Carolyn, Kerry Lurix, Sarah Lewis, and Lauren Lichten. "Prenatal Genetics." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 20, no. 1 (January 2006): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005237-200601000-00028.

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Knerr, Sarah, Dawn Wayman, and Vence L. Bonham. "Inclusion of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Genetic Research: Advance the Spirit by Changing the Rules?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 3 (2011): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00617.x.

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As genetic and genomic research has progressed since the sequencing of the human genome, scientists have continued to struggle to understand the role of genetic and socio-cultural factors in racial and ethnic health disparities. Recognition that race and ethnicity correlate imperfectly with differences in allele frequency, environmental exposures, and significant health outcomes has made framing the relationship between genetic variation, race, ethnicity, and disease one of the most heated debates of the genome era. Because racial and ethnic identities reflect a complicated mix of social and genetic factors, critics have argued that use of racial and ethnic categories as analytical variables in biomedical research lacks rigor, leads to potentially dangerous stereotyping in medical practice, and sends harmful messages of innate racial difference to the broader public.Concerns over the current lack of diversity in human genetic and genomic studies have developed in parallel to discussions of the appropriate use of racial and ethnic categories during the research process.

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Tin, Adrienne, and Anna Köttgen. "Genome-Wide Association Studies of CKD and Related Traits." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 11 (May 14, 2020): 1643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.00020120.

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The past few years have seen major advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of CKD and kidney function–related traits in several areas: increases in sample size from >100,000 to >1 million, enabling the discovery of >250 associated genetic loci that are highly reproducible; the inclusion of participants not only of European but also of non-European ancestries; and the use of advanced computational methods to integrate additional genomic and other unbiased, high-dimensional data to characterize the underlying genetic architecture and prioritize potentially causal genes and variants. Together with other large-scale biobank and genetic association studies of complex traits, these GWAS of kidney function–related traits have also provided novel insight into the relationship of kidney function to other diseases with respect to their genetic associations, genetic correlation, and directional relationships. A number of studies also included functional experiments using model organisms or cell lines to validate prioritized potentially causal genes and/or variants. In this review article, we will summarize these recent GWAS of CKD and kidney function–related traits, explain approaches for downstream characterization of associated genetic loci and the value of such computational follow-up analyses, and discuss related challenges along with potential solutions to ultimately enable improved treatment and prevention of kidney diseases through genetics.

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Thomsen, Simon Francis, Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, and Vibeke Backer. "A Note on Twin–Singleton Differences in Asthma." Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.2.161.

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AbstractTwins constitute a valuable resource for genetic studies of asthma. However, critics argue that twins are ‘special’ in terms of prenatal environment and upbringing and therefore nonrepresentative. In respect to asthma a small range of studies report differential morbidity in twins compared with singletons. We review some of the possible explanations for these findings and conclude that results from twin studies of asthma can be extrapolated to the general population.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Critic genetics'

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