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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Critical criminology'

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1

Copson, Lynne Joanna. "Archaeologies of harm : criminology, critical criminology, zemiology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540895.

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2

Guebert, Karl. "Student Discipline and Neoliberal Governance: A Critical Criminology of Education." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32231.

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Prompted by the need to expand the criminological enterprise, I put forward a criminology of education that offers a deeper understanding of education’s purpose in contemporary society. In tracing the reconfiguration of social security and understandings of citizenship in Western capitalist societies, education is situated as a centrally important institution of social governance. Moving from ‘the social’ as the predominant category of governance to smaller, individualized units of governance such as the ‘community’ has produced a post-social state which involves significant implications for political institutions, including crime control and education. This is illustrated by the ‘criminalization of schools’ thesis, which posits that schools increasingly take on responsibilities for governing crime to the point that they are now governed through crime. Market preparation constitutes another governing principle of education, encapsulated in what can be termed the ‘marketization of schools’, which points to education’s role in producing lean, active citizens. I draw on the work of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu for explicating the features of governance and discipline, and their articulation. I then turn to explore the empirical referent found in recent efforts to rethink and reorganize student discipline policies in Ontario schools. The ‘discovery’ of bullying in Ontario is suggested to be a discursive reality that made possible the implementation of a program of regulation. From this, we see that education is conceptualized and represented as a ‘security apparatus’, and education policies as increasingly concerned with managing public safety and social order.
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3

Shwani, Hazim G. "Critical infrastructure protection." Thesis, Utica College, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1555605.

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This research study focused on identifying the protection of critical infrastructures and enhancing cybersecurity. The most recent cyber practice that is in place to protect critical infrastructures was also explored. From the literature review, it was concluded there are security loopholes in critical infrastructures. The study also uncovered that the federal government uses the newest cybersecurity tools, but does not share cyber vulnerabilities and risks with the private sector operating the infrastructures. The study also included an in-depth examination of Congressional documents pertaining to cybersecurity. However, it concluded that implementing rules and regulations is an ardouous step for the US Congress due to conflicts of interest. Finaly, the studied uncovered robust training, information sharing, and a contingency plan as the DHS's strategy to adapt to cyber threats that are emerging. Key Words: Critical Infrastructure, Cybersecurity.

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4

Dandoy, Arnaud. "Humanitarian insecurity, risk and moral panic: toward and critical criminology of aid." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.591924.

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This dissertation explores the construction of humanitarian insecurity as a social problem; more particularly, it suggests the rise of a moral panic about a perceived "new and growing threat" to humanitarian actors in the post-Cold \Vax era. Whilst there is nothing that has radically changed in the nature of the threat to humanitarian actors throughout the twentieth century and earlier, the grmving perception of "shrinking humanitarian space" has encouraged the adoption of security policies that deepen the conditions for some of the problems that humanitarian actors face today. By linking moral panic theory with Bourdieu's social theory, this thesis shows that disproportionate reactions to humanitarian security can be sociologically understood, not as a collective mistake in understanding, but, rather, as a meaningful response to effects of hysteresis in the field of humanitarian aid. Particularly, it shows that the collapse of faith in the pre-modem humanitarian system and the rise of new ways of working "on" rather than "in" conflict precipitated a deeper sense of disorientation about what humanitarian actors stand for in the post-Cold War era. This, in turn, has provided a fertile ground for a moral panic about humanitarian insecurity to take root and flourish, as well as for humanitarian security experts to promote the adoption of a 'culture of security' across the aid community in an effective way. By encouraging reflexivity about the social processes and relations through which specific types of knowledge on humanitarian insecurity are transfonned into power, this dissertation helps develop a critical criminology of aid that breaks with expert and media predispositions towards the status quo and engages with the ways in which existing power structures directly contribute to the very "problem" of humanitarian insecurity.
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Doerksen, Mark D. "Fighting Fear with Fear: A Governmental Criminology of Peace Bonds." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24224.

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Peace bonds are a legal tool of governance dating back to 13th c. England. In Canada, a significant change in the application of peace bonds took place in the mid-1990s, shifting their purpose from governing minor disputes between individuals to allowing for persons who have not been charged with a crime to be governed as if they had. Given the legal test for a peace bond has always been the determination of ‘reasonable fear’, the advent of these ‘specialized’ peace bonds suggests that the object of reasonable fear has changed. Despite their lengthy history, peace bonds have limited coverage in academic literature, a weakness compounded by a predominant doctrinal approach based in a liberal framework. The central inquiry of this thesis moves beyond this predominant perspective of ‘peace bonds as crime prevention’ by developing a governmental criminology, which deepens our understanding of the role of specialized peace bond law in contemporary society. Specifically, governmental criminology takes a Foucaultian critical legal studies approach, which acknowledges legal pluralism and sets out the historical context required for analysis. Ultimately, by unearthing underlying social, economic, and political power relations it is possible to critique the accompanying modes of calculation of fear and risk, thus challenging the regimes of practices that make specialized peace bonds possible. Specialized peace bonds merely manage the consequences of a criminal justice system limited by social, political, and economic circumstances, in a broader biopolitical project of integrating risky populations.
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6

Woodward, Darren. "A critical evaluation of the reintegration experiences of child sex offenders in the community." Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16593.

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Criminology has conventionally focussed on the onset and punishment of crime. Less attention is paid to how offenders reintegrate, exist, cope and move away from crime. However, there is a growing body of research interested in reintegration and desistance from crime. The literature on sex offender reintegration and desistance is limited but emerging, with studies exclusively involving child sex offenders remaining scarce. Therefore, this thesis has been designed to evaluate the reintegration experiences of child sex offenders in a community in England and Wales. Using a qualitative, semi-structured, individual interview approach, data were collected from 10 men (the participants) who had at least one current and at least one previous child sexual offence conviction. The index offences ranged from internet related charges, to rape. Data were additionally obtained from 11 professionals working with child sex offenders in the community. The professionals worked for either the National Probation Service (NPS), the police or Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA). The themes of resettlement, risk management and stigma were discussed, and an illustrative model of child sex offender reintegration was developed. The findings suggest the participants were vulnerable. They shared experiences of verbal and physical abuse at the hands of non-sex offenders, loss, fear, isolation and pressure. They were not afforded the opportunities to reintegrate with success in comparison to other offender types, with internet offenders’ opportunities being lessened further. They used a variety of coping methods, including self-risk management, identity passing, avoidance and appropriate offence disclosure. In addition, the illustrative model highlighted how the men were active agents of their reintegration journey, rather than being passive. They shaped and negotiated their way through life in the community as men with child sexual offences in different and interesting ways, whilst being mindful of the stigma associated with this offence type.
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7

Harding, Bryony. "Pregnancy on patrol : a critical exploration of the issues surrounding pregnancy, maternity and operational policing." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pregnancy-on-patrol(b77a3a4d-a9ef-4fe2-afbc-00462d5c52a8).html.

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Research has long established the under representation of women police. A historical focus on discrimination and harassment in an overtly masculinised police environment has dominated discussion, with commentators failing to take into account the most feminine of all life experiences – procreation. This research critically assesses the impact of pregnancy and maternity upon the operational policing experience. A gendered theoretical conceptual framework informs a qualitative research strategy comprising in-depth interviews with serving women constables and senior officers. Are female officers’ experiences of deployment, training and career progression negatively affected by pregnancy, maternity and care responsibilities? An acceptance that police organisations are not gender neutral permits a feminist, contextualised approach, which seeks to establish the reality of managing pregnant and newly maternal women in policing. Findings suggest that female officers’ deployment and progression are significantly impacted by pregnancy and maternity. Police career structures remain dictated by dominant masculine values, which reinforce development structures built on the male life cycle. A risk averse culture to managing pregnancy was apparent. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and child-friendly flexible working necessitate multiple individual role moves, especially for uniformed officers. This restricts the use and development of women’s policing skills. A masculinised police culture appears resistant to family-friendly policies, despite evidence that such policies can be managed successfully in practice. Conceptions of operational career success are heavily gendered. The male body, which does not bear the responsibility of reproduction, remains the standard template. It is argued that it is not being a woman but being a mother that restricts the progression of women police. Progression pathways must acknowledge the female life cycle and adapt practices and policies to welcome this important difference if police services are to succeed in increasing female representation across all levels of their organisations.
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8

Nickel, Orville. "Critical Factors in Police Use-of-Force Decisions." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1270.

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This study investigated law enforcement officers' perceptions of the legal, normative, and practical considerations that are implicit in their decisions when faced with using physical force. Law enforcement officers observe and protect fundamental human rights. A significant problem, however, is that physical force is sometimes misused, impacting public confidence in police services. The study was framed by Durkheim's conflict theory and Beirie's concepts of police corporate culture and social control. It used a grounded theory method and predeveloped case scenarios presented to 2 male focus groups of 7 and 6 participants respectively, and 2 female focus groups of 5 and 7 participants, who were police officers in Canada, to explore for gender differences in response strategies, decisions to use force, and arguments for their decisions, following the model set forth by Waddington (2009). Additionally, data were also collected through 12 individual semistructured interviews. Open, axial, and selective manual coding was used in the data analysis. The data collection and analysis for this study resulted in the development of, the paradigm of safety, a theory that reflects how female officers' use-of-force decisions differ from the decisions of their male colleagues. These decision factors, when incorporated into their response strategies, reflect the timing and need for using force. This study promotes positive social change by providing information that will inform police policies and training practices. This information will enable police administrators and legislators to enhance workplace safety for their officers that are more consistent with democratic rights and freedoms for citizens by reducing use-of-force in conflict circumstances.
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9

Dedavid, Juliana Aguiar. "Justiça restaurativa e direitos humanos : por um diálogo possível em matéria penal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164136.

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O presente trabalho propõe-se ao estudo da Justiça Restaurativa como novo modelo de administração dos conflitos em matéria penal, a partir do diálogo com a temática dos Direitos Humanos. Considerando os apontamentos da Teoria Crítica do Direito e da Criminologia crítica, situamos a Justiça Restaurativa junto ao Direito Penal mínimo, a partir da introdução de uma racionalidade ética à racionalidade jurídica. Como modelo comunitário, participativo e dialogal, a Justiça Restaurativa parece abrir novos caminhos no campo sinuoso da conflitualidade social e sustenta-se pela necessária tutela dos Direitos Humanos diante das prerrogativas do Estado Democrático de Direito.
This research aims to study Restorative Justice as a new administrative model for conflicts in criminal matters, coming from a dialogue with Human Rights. Considering the concepts brought by the Critical Theories of Law and Critic Criminology, we place the Restorative Justice model within the Minimum Criminal Law, with the introduction of an ethic rationality to the rationality of law. As a communitarian, participative and dialogical model, Restorative Justice seems to open new avenues in the sinuous field of social conflict and is sustained by the necessary protection of Human Rights as a prerogative of the Democratic Rule-of-Law State.
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10

McMullen, Shirley M. "Are the police racist? A critical assessment of the literature on police minority relations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9455.

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This thesis proposes that the systemic differential treatment of aboriginal and racial minority peoples in the criminal justice system is at least partly attributed to police racism. Discrimination, which refers to the negative treatment toward out-groups (Elliot and Fleras, 1992:330), is systemic in policing and not isolated to racial minorities. The lower class and others considered deviant are also routinely discriminated against. However, the visibility of racial minorities and aboriginal peoples makes them particularly susceptible to police actions. Because the role of policing necessitates the identification of not only criminals but also potential criminals, this identification must have visible characteristics, or cues. Consequently, the police officer comes to develop these visible characteristics to identify criminals. It is thus the visibility of racial minorities which results in their being categorized as criminal and subsequently the focus of police suspicion. Chapter one reviews the literature in other democratic countries to determine the role of police decision-making in the over-representation of aboriginals and racial minorities in the criminal justice system. Establishing the over-representation of aboriginal peoples and visible minorities in Canada, chapter two examines various explanations for this. Chapter three presents the allegations of police racism by visible minority and aboriginal peoples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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11

Rubens, David. "Beyond 'command & control' : developing a new paradigm for incident command systems, critical decision-making and 21st century crisis response." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/beyond-command--control(40c91f5f-f79e-4c4e-b8cb-4e19f9d10b75).html.

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The nature of crises has changed radically in recent years, so that rather than being merely ‘major incidents’ or ‘routine emergencies’, they are now characterised by their hypercomplexity and the catastrophic impact of their cascading consequences. The centralised command systems that have traditionally been considered the bedrock of crisis response programmes are repeatedly failing to stand up to the challenges posed by this new class of crisis, and it has become clear, following incidents such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, that new forms of non-hierarchical, decentralised decision-making and strategy-setting frameworks need to be developed. This thesis makes the case that the organisational vulnerabilities that led to many of the high-profile crisis management failures that have become the major case studies for such incidents are both well known and highly predictable. It examines the nature of current hierarchical command-centered crisis management systems, and questions as to why these are still accepted as the default framework for such programmes. It then looks at some of the critical capabilities that are necessary for multi-agency operations operating in high-pressure crisis environments, and how they can be incorporated into current crisis management practices. It then goes on to offer two alternative paradigms to the traditional understanding of ‘efficient’ crisis management, based on the concepts associated with organizational resilience, that would allow multi-agency operations to main their functionality in high-volatile crisis environments, and the lessons that can be learned from high reliability organisations in terms of recognising the importance of reliability over efficiency. It concludes by demonstrating that the fundamental weaknesses that are the root causes of repeated failures are not so much technical or operational, but rather are reflective of the culture of crisis management organizations themselves, and makes the point that the acceptance by all levels of the crisis management community of their responsibility to create and maintain ‘organizations that work’ could lead to a rapid improvement in the rates of success.
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12

Mendez, Angela M. "Police High-Profile Critical Incidents and the Resulting Effects on Police and Community Resilience| A Case Study." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752507.

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Critical incidents in law enforcement often either lead to a great divide between police agencies and the communities they serve, or they exacerbate a volatile relationship that already exists. Critical incidents may cause outrage within the community due to: misconceptions about the incident, extreme distrust of police, allegations of police misconduct, or racial tension. In an effort to improve and enhance organizational police and community resilience following a critical incident, a case study comparison of four recent high-profile critical incidents seeks to answer the following question: What lessons can we learn from police critical incidents and how do the events surrounding them affect police and community resilience? Analysis of the cases identifies specific factors that affect resiliency among police agencies and communities during and after critical incidents. The analysis leads to recommendations for police agencies to enhance police-community relations and resilience.

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13

Henley, Andrew. "Criminal records and the regulation of redemption : a critical history of legal rehabilitation in England and Wales." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3779/.

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The collation and use of criminal records by the state has conventionally been regarded as essential for the prevention and detection of crime, the administration of justice and the maximisation of public safety. For instance: the police may check the criminal records of suspects to determine whether they are ‘known offenders’; those working in the judicial sphere may investigate the prior ‘form’ of witnesses and defendants to adduce ‘bad character’ or determine an appropriate sentence; and educational authorities and social services departments may conduct criminal background checks to determine the ‘suitability’ of individuals to work with or foster children. Whilst not disputing that these official functions provided the original justification for the state’s development of criminal record repositories during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this thesis argues that other unofficial and quasi-penological functions are now served in the present by the collation, retention and dissemination of criminal background information. This contention is examined through a critical history of legal rehabilitation in England and Wales as introduced under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974. This legislation determines if, when and under what circumstances a previous criminal record can be deemed ‘relevant’ for a number of purposes. Effectively, it regulates the extent to which a wide range of social actors can permissibly treat people with convictions less favourably than those in society without any criminal background. The thesis argues that legal rehabilitation as a social practice determines the boundaries of redemptive possibility in late-modern society by enacting a discriminatory biopolitics which uses criminal records as a moral apparatus to regulate life chances. Underpinned by neoliberal and authoritarian governmentalities, this biopolitics distinguishes a ‘law-abiding citizenry’ - constructed as deserving of access to social goods - from a ‘denizen class’ of convicted people whose ‘punishment’ is perpetuated through exposure to various exclusionary conducts.
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Norton, Travis. "Primary Law Enforcement Mistakes during Initial Critical Incident Response and Timeline of These Events Anatomy of the First 60." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10975168.

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Law enforcement is responding to an ever-increasing number of large-scale critical incidents involving an adversary who has killed or is attempting to kill innocent citizens. These incidents include active shooters, terrorist attacks, hostage situations, snipers, and other associated conflicts. The initial response phase of these incidents is an extreme challenge for law enforcement response organizations. Moreover, little academic research has been conducted concerning this phase and the issues occurring within it. This thesis intends to help address this gap in the research and provide important insight into the factors and dynamics at play during this time period with a focus on the major issues that are occurring. An analysis of 15 after- action reports from these large-scale events was conducted and used to formulate useful percentages on the primary errors occurring during these events. The results of the analysis were also utilized to create the framework for the timeline of the initial response phase. The ultimate goal of this research thesis is to provide useful information for these events by drawing attention to primary issues for future incident commanders and law enforcement first responder consideration.

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Merill, William Andrew. "Navigation through chaos : can the introduction of a time critical aide memoire improve the effectiveness of the law enforcement resposne to threats to life by organised crime groups?" Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2017. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/8560/.

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Belaisha, Belaisha Bin. "Money laundering and financial crimes in Dubai : a critical study of strategies and future direction of control." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2015. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/3489/.

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Preventing money laundering is a major international problem. Several attempts, from the national to the international level, have been made to address and prevent money laundering. These are often frustrated by the dynamic nature of the crime itself. However, regardless of its reach and dynamism in illegal or legal transactions, which are often intertwined, individual nations need to address the issue of money laundering to signify to an international audience and legitimate commercial interests their intent to tackle money laundering and thus illustrate that public and private state run organisations in the financial and law enforcement sectors are honest and professional, and that their country is a ‘place to do business’. This thesis, therefore, presents an evaluation of the strategies and future directions of money laundering in Dubai, as it is a ‘new’, dynamic place in which to conduct business and the financial centre of the Middle East. It examines the various ways in which legislation and law enforcement in Dubai are struggling with and tackling the issues and problems of money laundering in the face of organised crime and terrorism. In this thesis, the concepts of money laundering and financial crimes in Dubai, with a special focus on strategies as well as future direction of control, are explored in some depth. This work has established that Dubai has a substantial anti-money laundering framework; however, it suffers from some weaknesses. These weaknesses are caused by the poor relationship between anti-money laundering units, the Anti-Organised Crime Department of the Dubai police, the financial sector and the Central Bank of Dubai. This situation is particularly evident when it comes to sharing information on those suspected of money laundering in Dubai. The ‘lack of a relationship’ is illustrated by primary research, as is the fact that other nations have (i.e. the UK) developed a more intelligence-led approach and partnerships in their quest to prevent money laundering where possible in their jurisdiction. This thesis highlights the progress that is needed in Dubai and the UAE to prevent money laundering, and as such is an original contribution to knowledge in an under-researched field in the Middle East.
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Quigley, Meghan Cailtin. "Journey to justice| A critical analysis of sexual assault response on college campuses." Thesis, Prescott College, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1551266.

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Sexual assault on college campuses in the United States has been a major social problem for many decades, however, in the past few years, many colleges and universities have been under investigation by the Department of Education and Office for Civil Rights for the lack of policy and response regarding this issue.

Using the model of insider ethnography, this study looked to compile the experiences of campus sexual assault survivors. The intention of this study was to gather a collection of sexual assault responses, while also collecting ideas from survivors as to how they could have been better supported in the aftermath of being sexually assaulted during their college experience. Several themes emerged amongst the participants in this study: (1) Arrived at college having already experienced sexual assault or rape, (2) Sexually assaulted within the first semester of college and in a campus housing structure, (3) Two of the four participants reported the sexual assault to local and/or campus police, (4) All four participants were sexually assaulted while under the influence of alcohol, (5) The first person each participant told about being sexually assaulted was a friend, (6) Two of the four participants dropped out of college as a result of being sexually assaulted, and (7) Each participant expressed the desire for educational programming that differentiated sex from sexual assault.

This thesis is intended to serve as a platform and megaphone for survivors of campus sexual assault. The hope is to raise awareness around the intense reality of sexual assault that still exists on U.S. college campuses, in addition to providing suggestions for how campus administration might better respond to sexual assault in light of current research and the experiences of survivors.

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Doble, Elizabeth. "Risk assessment by statistics? : a critical examination of the clinical and actuarial risk assessment approaches used within the Probation Service to assess sexual offenders." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/risk-assessment-by-statistics-a-critical-examination-of-the-clinical-and-actuarial-risk-assessment-approaches-used-within-the-probation-service-to-assess-sexual-offenders(c4325931-7e51-4c85-9ad1-ed615ecbfe72).html.

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This Doctorate research study has aimed to critically review the concepts of risk and risk assessment processes of sex offenders within the Probation Service. It has sought to critically examine the uses and application of the risk assessment tools of the Offender Assessment System and Risk Matrix 2000 in relation to sexual offenders, and examine practitioners opinions and perspectives regarding the effectiveness of these tools for aiding in understanding and managing the risks posed of sexual offenders. It has also aimed to critically examine the level of practitioners experience and training as well as the support available to Probation staff and how this impacts upon their use of clinical and actuarial approaches to assessing the risk that sex offenders pose. Lastly it has aimed to critically discuss these aims in light of the changes that have taken place due to the Transforming Rehabilitation policies implemented by the coalition Government. The research has been undertaken using qualitative methods of semi structure interviews and quantitative data in the form of questionnaires. This Doctorate research has identified there is an increasing trend to focusing on actuarial risk assessments, and these being used to determine intervention / allocation of resources. The clinical assessment skills of Probation Officers can be very valuable, and further attention needs to be given in terms of ensuring that these are developed. This research has identified that there was a lack of formal training available, and there was not consistent levels of support available to Probation Officers. This Doctorate has contributed to academic knowledge, and has provided a frontline perspective on the risk assessment tools used by Probation Officers to assess the risk that sex offenders pose. It provided an investigation of the use of Offender Assessment System and Risk Matrix 2000 as part of the risk assessment process and there has been limited coverage of this previously within academic circles. It was written at a time when the Probation Service was undergoing radical reforms, and provides a critical examination of how these reforms have impacted on the assessment and management of sex offenders.
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Snell, Katy M. "A critical analysis of victims' experiences and state responses to a corporate killing." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7476/.

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An explicit starting point for this research is to give a voice to the experiences of the victims of safety crime. The accounts of such victims are missing from the criminal justice arena and academia. This research will attempt, in part, to fill the gap in the following ways. First, the longstanding separation between safety crime and ‘real’ or ‘traditional’ crime is both reflected and institutionalised through state responses to the offences committed by corporations. This research offers a critical analysis of the social, legal and political obstacles that victims of safety crime face. Second, the effect of this process on secondary victims is examined. The deaths of their loved ones are, in the first instance, framed as ‘accidental’. The families are an obstacle to the corporations, as they seek to hide or manipulate the truth in the pursuit of their innocence. This is enabled by legal and political processes, which make justice an almost impossible achievement. The thoughts of the families and the long-term impact this has on their lives is explored in detail. The final part of this research is focused on the aims, nature and success of the various groups created in response to the reaction of the criminal justice system following a corporate killing. The visibility of the corporate accountability movement, mounted from the late 1980s against the victimisation of workers, raises questions for future research. It concludes with a discussion of how this situation has altered and the potential site for change in the future. Safety crime in the UK and worldwide, is a regular occurrence, yet popularly and politically, safety crimes are comparatively invisible. Through the experiences of secondary victims, who are neither represented nor treated as real victims, this thesis offers an original contribution to the understanding of how this happens, the effects and the response.
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Nowakowski, Jesse. "A Critical Examination of Investor State Dispute Settlement in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39144.

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This study critically examines rulings of Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) tribunals. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement’s (NAFTA) Chapter 11, ISDS provides foreign investors with the tools to launch a claim against signatory countries should they feel their investment was inhibited by local regulations. Empirically this study draws upon Windstream Energy LLC. v. the Government of Canada as a case study to analyze the competing responses exchanged during the tribunal’s hearings. The claim by Windstream Energy LLC against the Government of Ontario (GoO) serves as both a central and relevant example for examining the ramifications of ISDS, as it is one of Canada’s most recent defeats featuring the largest award outside a pre-tribunal ISDS settlement. Information was drawn from tribunal documents, referred to as a Memorial and Counter Memorial, which outline each party’s argument and supporting claims. Additionally, the tribunal publishes their final decision and justifications. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature and Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, helps in critically examining the economic, political, and cultural assumptions that influenced the tribunal’s decision and the state’s approach to foreign investment. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about transnational market expectations and the role of the state under a globalized capitalist system. Justifications rooted in market logics prioritized the accumulation of foreign capital over the potential dangers of Windstream’s project. Ultimately, it is the inclusion of corporate safeguards, like ISDS, in free trade pacts that help to (re)produce neoliberal capitalist ideals and further reinforce status-quo economic relations.
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Zarro, Michael S. Jr. "A qualitative study of the Spotswood New Jersey police department?s critical infrastructure| Local police crisis management and mitigation resiliency." Thesis, New Jersey City University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3730742.

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In the aftermath of the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the role of the local police has undergone a continual expansion process that has become a vital component in safeguarding our national security. Despite numerous technological advancements in intelligence operations, the local police remains the only 24/7 emergency operations entity that is capable of gathering intelligence, investigating, mobilizing operations, and apprehending threats to our nation. With this expanded role in national security, police leadership and management is faced with increased levels of accountability, including the safeguarding of critical infrastructure in their respective jurisdictions, often without financial commitments and resources acquisitions. This qualitative study served to address the local police as a component of national security through five police chiefs’/directors’ perceptions of their roles in safeguarding critical infrastructure, examining their perceptions as they pertain to their current delivery mission model, through interviews and the development of pervasive themes. Themes from the data were well-saturated, as well as overarching, and emerged as follows: (a) critical infrastructure (CI) identification, (b) policy and patrol practice, (c) police officer knowledge, (d) technology impacts on critical infrastructure, and (e) budget. Identification regarding the relationships between local police and civil/national security, leadership/management and policy were made that suggest changes and sweeping support for future frameworks. The paper concludes with a discussion of the research, along with recommendations for policy, practice and future research.

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Barreira, César Mortari. "Entre Direito Penal e criminologia crítica: uma nova agenda de pesquisa a partir da relação entre Günther Jakobs e Niklas Luhmann." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6668.

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This Master s thesis aims to examine the contribution capacity of the autopoietic social systems theory of Niklas Luhmann for new studies both within criminal law as in the context of criminological thought. The research starts from the diagnosis that Luhmann's theory is consistently interpreted as a foundation of Günther Jakobs criminal justice system, without therewith being made any rigorous analysis about the context in which Luhmann's thinking is inserted and about the possible change of meaning that occurred in the transportation of these concepts from sociology to the criminal legal dogmatic. These analytical deficits constitute the main justification for the research hypothesis, namely the possibility that the critical potential of Luhmann's theory generally ignored can contribute to a new research agenda for the criminal legal dogmatic and to the critical criminology. For that, after analyzing the meaning given by Jakobs to Luhmann s concepts in the course of his work and presenting the main concepts of the autopoietic social systems theory and its application in the study of law, it is argued that the meaning given by Jakobs to Luhmann s concepts is arbitrary. As a result, it is understood that a rigorous understanding of the assumptions of this sociological theory can contribute to enhance critically some of Jakobs writings, opening a door for new studies in criminal legal dogmatic, while at the same time that it may enhance the studies in the context of critical criminology
Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar a capacidade de contribuição da teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann para novos estudos tanto no âmbito do direito penal quanto no âmbito do pensamento criminológico. A pesquisa parte do diagnóstico de que a teoria de Luhmann é constantemente interpretada como fundamento do sistema jurídico-penal de Günther Jakobs, sem que com isso seja feita qualquer análise rigorosa acerca do contexto no qual se insere o pensamento de Luhmann e sobre a possível alteração de significado ocorrida no transporte desses conceitos da sociologia para a dogmática jurídico-penal. Estes déficits analíticos constituem a principal justificativa para a hipótese da pesquisa, qual seja a possibilidade de que o potencial crítico da teoria de Luhmann geralmente ignorado possa contribuir para uma nova agenda de pesquisa para a dogmática jurídico-penal e para a criminologia crítica. Para tanto, após a análise do significado dado por Jakobs aos conceitos de Luhmann no decorrer de sua obra e a apresentação dos principais conceitos da teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos e de sua aplicação no estudo do direito, argumenta-se que o significado dado por Jakobs aos conceitos de Luhmann é arbitrário. Como resultado, entende-se que a compreensão rigorosa das premissas desta teoria sociológica pode contribuir para potencializar criticamente alguns escritos de Jakobs, abrindo uma porta para novos estudos na dogmática jurídico-penal, ao mesmo tempo em que pode potencializar os estudos no âmbito da criminologia crítica
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23

Karam, Aimee. "Terror and patriotism in the United States: A critical analysis of governmental discourses surrounding the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the introduction of the Patriot Act in the United States of America." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26939.

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The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States of America represented a pivotal historical moment that divided history into two distinct categories: a pre-9/11 period of relative security and a post-9/11 period of death and insecurity in which the threat of future terrorist attacks was presented as certain and ongoing. In the aftermath of the attacks, the American government prioritized national security over all other aspects of everyday life, including individual civil rights and freedoms. This prioritization necessitated and later justified the introduction of a potentially invasive anti-terrorism legislation, passed through an abridged legislative process. This thesis analyzes the official discourse in the six week period between the 9/11 attacks and the enactment of the Patriot Act. The research focuses on various discursive strands and narratives surrounding the attacks and on justifications and arguments related to the anti-terrorism measures proposed. The explored discursive themes include patriotism, national and international unity, populism versus prudentialism, war/crime models of terrorism and 'us versus them' rhetoric. The thesis shows the complex nature of the discourses involved and different roles played by various political actors and branches of government. The interpretation of findings is informed by current literature on discursive construction of risk, security, terrorism and ethical justifications of trade-offs between security and liberties.
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24

Cacicedo, Patrick Lemos. "Pena e funcionalismo sistêmico: uma análise crítica da prevenção geral positiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-01122015-125435/.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar criticamente a teoria da prevenção geral positiva da pena construída por Günther Jakobs. Nesse passo, após uma digressão sobre a crise das teorias tradicionais da pena, analisa-se descritivamente o funcionalismo sociológico desde sua inauguração com Durkheim até a moderna versão sistêmica de Niklas Luhmann. Com base no funcionalismo sistêmico, Jakobs elabora a teoria da prevenção geral positiva em um percurso teórico que é apresentado em três diferentes fases. A segunda parte do trabalho analisa criticamente as bases sociológicas e jurídicofilosóficas do pensamento de Jakobs a partir de um viés da sociologia do conflito e da teoria crítica do direito. Por fim, além das críticas enunciadas pela doutrina penal, a teoria da prevenção geral positiva é confrontada com a realidade do processo de criminalização, de modo a revelar seu viés legitimador da seletividade do sistema penal, suas relações com o papel da mídia no incremento do autoritarismo penal, além do significado material da pena como imposição de sofrimento ao ser humano. O cotejo com a realidade brasileira termina por revelar a inadequação do discurso da pena de Jakobs para sociedades em processo de democratização cuja defesa da liberdade e da dignidade humana assumem um papel de prioritária importância.
This research aims to critically analyze Günther Jakobs\' theory of the positive general prevention penalty. In this way, after a digression on the crisis of the traditional theories of punishment, the sociological functionalism is analyzed descriptively, from its beginning with Durkheim to the modern systemic version of Niklas Luhmann. Based on the systemic functionalism, Jakobs elaborates the theory of positive general prevention in a theoretical course divided into three different phases. The second part of this paper critically analyzes the sociological and legal-philosophical foundations of the ideas of Jakobs from a bias of sociology of conflict and critical theory of law. At last, in addition to the criticism made by the criminal doctrine, the positive general prevention theory is confronted with the reality of the criminalization process, in a way to reveal its legitimizing inclination to the selectivity of the criminal system, its relations with the media\'s role in increasing criminal authoritarianism, beyond the material meaning of the penalty how imposing suffering to the human being. The comparison with the Brazilian reality turns out to reveal the inadequacy of the penalty speech by Jakobs for societies under democratization process whose defense of freedom and human dignity assume a role of primary importance.
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25

Boghossian, Peter. "Socratic Pedagogy, Critical Thinking, Moral Reasoning and Inmate Education: An Exploratory Study." PDXScholar, 2004. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3668.

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This exploratory study examines the hypothesis that Socratic pedagogy is a useful tool for imparting critical thinking and moral reasoning skills to inmates. The study explores the effectiveness of a new curriculum, Introducing Socrates, which relies on Socratic pedagogy to achieve its objectives. The curriculum draws from the effective criminal justice research on cognitive education to determine its objectives, and then looks to the Platonic dialogues to find broad philosophical questions that tie into those objectives. The program also evaluates salient criticisms of Socratic pedagogy that are found in the educational and philosophical literature, and then isolates and evaluates constructs from these criticisms in the study.
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26

Serra, Victor Siqueira. "Pessoa afeita ao crime : criminalização de travestis e o discurso judicial criminal paulista /." Franca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182087.

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Orientador: Ana Gabriela Mendes Braga
Resumo: Esta pesquisa busca compreender em que situações conflituosas envolvendo travestis o sistema de justiça criminal interveio, de que forma essas intervenções ocorreram e como tudo isso foi representado na “ponta final” do processo penal. Para isso, analiso 100 acórdãos criminais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, coletados a partir da palavra-chave “travesti”. Por meio da análise de discurso - atento, portanto, ao poder da linguagem -, busquei compreender em que momentos a travestilidade é evidenciada ou silenciada, e de que formas estereótipos e expectativas sociais influenciam as decisões jurídicas e o funcionamento do sistema de justiça criminal paulista. Considerando a vulnerabilidade em que vive grande parte das travestis, a distribuição desigual de violência, as estratégias estatais de controle dos crimes e a seletividade de classe, raça e gênero inerente ao poder punitivo em nossa sociedade, concluo que o Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo reproduz a imagem de travestis como pessoas necessariamente desviantes e criminosas, culminando em um processo de criminalização que deslegitima suas narrativas sobre os conflitos e legitima práticas bastante questionáveis do sistema de justiça. Sua humanidade somente é reconhecida depois da morte – para punir com prisão seus agressores. A ambivalência dos discursos sobre travestis e as profundas desigualdades que marcam o processo penal concretizam as expectativas sociais e servem como fundamentação jurídica para a criminalização das ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research seeks to understand in which conflicts involving transvestites the criminal justice system intervened, how these interventions occurred and how all this was represented in the “final point” of the criminal process. For that, I analyzed 100 criminal decisions of São Paulo’s Supreme Court, collected through the key-word “transvestite”. Using discourse analysis – therefore watchful of the power of language –, I tried to understand which moments travestility is evidenced or silenced, how stereotypes and social expectations influence juridical decisions and the criminal justice system’s functioning. Considering the vulnerability under which most transvestites live, the unequal distribution of violence, the State’s strategies to control crimes and the class, race and gender selectivity inherent to the punitive power in our society, I concluded that São Paulo’s Supreme Court reproduce the image of transvestites as necessarily deviant and criminal people, culminating in a criminalization process that delegitimizes their narratives about the conflicts and legitimize profoundly questionable practices of the criminal justice system. Their humanity is only recognized after death. The ambivalence of discourses surrounding transvestites and the deeply rooted inequities that constitutes the criminal process materialize the social expectations and serve as legal validation for the criminalization of transvestites, consolidating a process known in critical criminology as self-fu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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27

Kelly, Terri Lee. "A critical review of issues in applying restorative justice principles and practices to cases of hate crime." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3629.

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A restorative approach to justice focuses on accountability for healing the harm done to victims and communities as a result of criminal acts. Hate crimes are intended to send a threatening message to a particular group of people. There is enough reliable research on restorative justice principles and practices, and on the causes, meaning and impact of hate crimes, to bring together a representative selection of available literature for a critical review. This thesis critically reviews the literature of restorative justice principles and practices, and the literature of hate crime causes, definitions, laws, and typologies of offenders, using as a model Comstock's seven-step Critical Research Method. Findings suggest that congruencies between the two fields of study are primarily found in how activities appropriated to define the fields have increased the ambiguity of the definitions. Further findings suggest that there are important underlying issues of class and power distribution in need of attention in both fields of research. These findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future areas of research.
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Rocha, Thiago de Oliveira. "A PENA, A EXECUÇÃO PENAL E O SISTEMA CAPITALISTA: UMA APROXIMAÇÃO NECESSÁRIA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3448.

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The dissertation talks about the necessity of doing a reflection about the criminal enforcement out of merely dogmatic delimitations, in other words, there is a necessity of doing analysis of the criminal enforcement and its relation with the capitalism, essencially how the production’s relations influence to make decisions in a criminal system enforcement. Such connection has been estudied firmely based on Critical Criminology and developed in three chapters. On Chapter I, there is a demonstration of the punishment by a historical view with theirs transformation’s results. On Chapter II, there is an approach about the historical materialism in the same way of the critical view by Kichheimer and Rusche that examine the prision system related to class conflict and its relation with the capitalist system.At last, the chapter III shows a criticism about the jail as a way to make the prisioner to be reintegrated to the capitalism by the relations between the punitive system and the capitalism system based on Michel Foucault, Melossi and Pavarini reference works. increments
A dissertação versa sobre a necessidade de se refletir a execução penal fora de contornos puramente dogmáticos, ou seja, requer a análise da execução penal e sua relação com o capitalismo, essencialmente sobre como as relações de produção influenciam na tomada de decisões em um sistema de execução penal. Tal relação é explorada com base na Criminologia Crítica e desenvolvida em três capítulos. No capítulo I, há a demonstração da pena sob uma perspectiva histórica com as suas consequentes transformações. No capítulo II, existe a abordagem sobre o materialismo histórico nos termos da abordagem crítica inaugurada em Kichheimer e Rusche que analisam o sistema carcerário no contexto da luta de classes e sua consequente relação com o sistema capitalista. Por último, o capítulo III apresenta uma crítica ao cárcere como meio socialização do preso para o capitalismo por meio das relações entre o sistema punitivo e o sistema capitalista fundamentadas nas obras de Michel Foucault e Melossi e Pavarini.
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29

Turney, Jeffery J. "Police supervisory attributes that influence attitude towards Critical Incident Stress Management programs." Thesis, Capella University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3619257.

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This quantitative survey study explored relationships between a law enforcement supervisor's personal characteristics and the attitude a supervisor had towards the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) program. The study solicited law enforcement supervisors (n = 6635) who were graduates of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Academy (FBINA). A modified survey instrument assisted in the collection of demographic data and the assessment of attitudes towards the CISM program. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in the form of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test and a multiple regression analysis that used a backwards-stepwise format assisted in the examination of the collected data. The results indicated time away from the duties of a line-level patrol officer, investigator, or detective, and time in law enforcement shared a weak relationship with a supervisor's attitude towards the CISM program. More specifically, the longer the time span for each, the more positive the supervisor's attitude should be towards the program. Unfortunately, while these variables may have been deemed significant, the results are virtually meaningless since the model resulted in only two percent of the variance in attitude. Although the study's findings only indicated a weak link between a law enforcement supervisor's characteristics and the attitude a supervisor has towards the CISM program, it also showed supervisors within the study overwhelmingly supported the program. Knowing this support exists could still provide stress management program managers with invaluable insight, as processes are developed to mitigate critical incident stress in law enforcement.

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30

De, LA Cruz Jesse S. "Mexican American / Chicano gang members' voice on social control in the context of school and community| A critical ethnographic study in Stockton, California." Thesis, California State University, Stanislaus, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3633628.

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The purpose of the study was to examine what role social control, in the context of family, school, and community, played in the participants' decision to join gangs in their adolescent years. The study examined the lives of four male ex-gang members over the age of 18, with extensive criminal records and poor academic histories. Participants were chosen from a Stockton reentry facility where ex-offenders were in the process of improving their lives by breaking the chains of street gang involvement, criminality, and incarceration.

The findings revealed that social control administered by family, school, law enforcement, and community all played a significant role in shaping each participant's decision to join his prospective gang in adolescence. The researcher found that while the family life of the participants was the prime mover in terms of a nudge toward gang life, school was also a place where they were constantly devalued, in large part because educators did not understand them, and the teachers arrived to their classrooms ill equipped for the realities of teaching in schools located in violence-ridden neighborhoods where the youth suffered morbid and multiple exposure to trauma. In fact, the teachers and law enforcement's inept ways of addressing the participant's maladaptive behaviors—with a propensity for handling all issues with punitive measures—ended up creating incentives for the participants to join a gang.

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31

Bernat, Molina Ignasi. "Mapping the crimes of the powerful and the economic crisis: crime, state and power." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673707.

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The ‘Mapping the Crimes of the Powerful and the Economic Crisis: Crime, State and Power’ focuses on four recent episodes of the different crisis affecting Southern Europe. Departing from criminological literature and crimes of the powerful, the thesis draws attention upon certain elements that made possible the conditions of possibility that led to these crises. The crises need to be understood as the result of the crimes of the powerful. Thus, the thesis interrogates the nature of the crimes of the powerful, as it understands that these crimes are those which produce a wider social harm. Answering from criminology requires an understanding of how these have been conceptualized. Particularly, the thesis defends that state-corporate crimes have to be understood as a process instead of the sum of different isolated cases. We need to locate them within a wider political economy growingly financialised and a set of corporate power relationships, but also colonial and patriarchal that relegate common resources and social rights to mere commodities. Corporate crimes play a key role in the process of power and wealth accumulation. The corporation is the institutionalisation of power relations (class, gender and colonial) where dispossession and violence take place. The corporation and the state that works in its behalf, have proved the capacity to pass laws, to threaten governments, to deploy illegal practices, neglect rights and dispossess people through corporate power and symbolic violence. The crimes of the powerful cannot be scrutinized outside of the political economy where these crimes occur. Financialization of the economy has been a common factor behind all these events that turned previous rights into commodities that had to be bought in the market. Finally, the thesis reclaims the importance of the geopolitical dimension as an element to understand the different kind of crimes that will happen in diverse areas. That is, regional power regimes shape the crimes of the powerful that will occur in each specific area. To comprehend the role played by each of these elements, state, economy and power continues to be central for a criminology that aims to be critical.
La tesi ‘Mapping the Crimes of the Powerful and the Economic Crisis: Crime, State and Power’ es concentra en quatre episodis recents de les diverses crisis que afecten el sud d’Europa. Partint de la literatura criminològica i dels crims dels poderosos, la tesi fixa l’atenció en els diversos elements que han fet possible les condicions que han portat a aquestes crisis. Les crisis han de ser enteses com el resultat dels crims dels poderosos. D’aquesta forma la tesi s’interroga per la naturalesa dels crims dels poderosos, doncs entén que són aquests crims els que generen un major dany social. La tesi es pregunta per quina criminologia és necessària per poder respondre a aquests crims. En concret, la tesi defensa que els crims estatal-corporatius han de ser entesos com un procés enlloc de com una suma de successos diferents aïllats. Els hem de localitzar dins d’una economia política creixentment financiaritzada i un conjunt de relacions de poder corporatiu, però també colonial i patriarcal que relega els recursos comuns i els drets socials a meres mercaderies. Els crims corporatius juguen un rol central en el procés actual d’acumulació de poder i riquesa. La corporació és la institucionalització de relacions de poder (classe, gènere i colonial) a on la despossessió i la violència tenen lloc. La corporació i l’estat que treballa amb ella, han demostrat la capacitat d’aprovar lleis en benefici seu, amenaçar governs, emprar pràctiques il·legals, negar drets i desposseir a gent a través del poder corporatiu i de la violència simbòlica. Els crims dels poderosos no poden ser estudiats fora de l’estructura social on aquests són comesos. La financiarització de l’economia ha sigut un element comú de tots els crims estudiats aquí doncs a trinxat antics drets fins a convertir-los en mercaderies que calia comprar. Per últim, la tesi reivindica que la importància de la dimensió geopolítica com a element a l’hora d’entendre els tipus de crims que succeiran a cada regió. És a dir, els règims de poder regionals configuren els crims dels poderosos que es realitzaran a cada àrea específica. Comprendre el paper jugat per cada un d’aquests elements, estat, economia i poder, segueixen sent claus per una criminologia que aspiri a ser crítica.
Programa de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empresa
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32

Carvalho, Cecilia Perlingeiro Ferreira de. "Segurança na Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA): uma análise crítica dos discursos sobre segurança cidadã e direitos humanos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4483.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
A segurança cidadã é apresentada nos dias de hoje como um novo modelo de segurança, forjado a partir da necessidade de aliar direito à segurança e proteção de direitos humanos. A expressão segurança cidadã habita planos de segurança nacionais e estratégias hemisféricas sobre segurança de forma bastante consensual, representando um avanço na atuação estatal frente às ameaças do campo da segurança pública, refletida em uma atuação humanizada. No desdobramento do conteúdo em ações, bem como na legitimação e propagação da terminologia e estratégias associadas a este modelo de segurança, a OEA se destaca como um importante espaço jurídico-político de caráter interamericano. O modelo de segurança cidadã é a conformação mais recente do conceito de segurança, que, entretanto, teve início na OEA - ainda anos 80 - por meio do desenvolvimento de documentos estratégicos de combate às drogas. Neste sentido, este trabalho quer entender, concretamente, em que medida esta novo modelo de segurança realmente oferece novas abordagens e/ou outras condições que representem uma ampliação na garantia de direitos humanos. Para tanto, considerasse relevante à análise dos mais relevantes documentos sobre segurança, nos quais é possível identificar conceitos-chave e estratégias de ação e como estes foram atualizados ao longo do tempo. Esta análise é feita a partir de uma perspectiva da criminologia crítica, que com seus conceitos e categorias equaciona aspectos da realidade político-criminal, bem como fatores socioeconômicos e da realidade carcerária da região, que usualmente não integram os modelos de segurança, embora tenham relação direta com uma mais ampla garantia de direitos humanos.
The citizen security model is nowadays presented as a new security model, forged to combine security and the protection of human rights. The expression citizen security model dwells national security plans and documents of strategies on hemispheric security in a fairly consensual trend, presented as innovations in States behavior in dealing with "threats" in the public security field. By developing the concept and content actions as well as by legitimating and spreading the terminology and strategies associated to this new model, the OAS definitely stands as an important legal and political actor in the interamerican field. The citizen security model is the latest configuration to the security concept that has stared to be developed in in the OAS in the 80s through the first documents regarding drugs and trafficking issues in the region. Therefore, this work is focused in understanding, specifically, in which bases this new security model really does offer new approaches and / or other conditions that represent an increase in the guarantee of human rights. For this, we have analyzed in a chronological order, the most relevant documents on security in the OAS, highlighting its major strategies and key-concepts, and pointing out how have they been adapted and improved (or not) over time. This analysis takes place based on concepts and categories of critical criminology, considering aspects of the criminal-political reality as well as socioeconomic issues and the reality of prison system, which are aspects that usually do not integrate the development of public security models, despite the direct relation of such aspects with a broader human rights discussion.
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33

Pitoulis, Terry. "Bloody Oil: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Safety Crimes in the Alberta Oil and Gas Industry." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31800.

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This thesis critically examines dominant conceptualizations of safety crimes – offences by corporations that seriously injure and kill workers – within the Alberta oil and gas industry. Using critical discourse analysis, and relying on and Foucaultian and Marxist literatures, the thesis critically examines the extent to which government fatality reports, workplace safety education campaigns and court decisions characterize safety crimes primarily as ‘accidents’ caused by ‘careless’ workers. Two main discourses were found: first, workers were responsibilized, effectively blamed for their own injury and death in the workplace while employers were characterized as largely good and law-abiding; second, serious injury and death was (re)conventionalized as the regrettable but largely unintentional and unavoidable side effect of capitalist production. In the process, the underlying causes of safety crimes, including weak and under-enforced laws and a socio-economic context that prioritizes profits over worker safety, remain untouched.
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Lucena, Mariana Barrêto Nóbrega de. "(Re)pensando a epistemologia feminista na análise da violência contra mulher: uma aproximação com a criminologia crítica." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8335.

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This academic work is a critical review of studies on violence against women undertaken by the american radical feminism and the approaches influenced by this. The research aims to analyze the theoretical framework used on the interpretation about violence in heterosexual relationships, considering the hypothesis that some of its assumptions are wrong. Problem areas found in American traditional theory revolved mainly around three issues. First, its simplistic and reductionist analysis, which summarizes the explanation of violence to gender. Second, its essentialist and deterministic conception of attributes related to men and to their sexuality, which gives them an insurmountable violent nature. Third, the strategy to struggle against violence lately reduced to criminalization and punishment. Such misconceptions reflect their adoption of the old etiological paradigm in criminological considerations made by this current, which has reverberated in different feminist theories and in political activism. In contrast, this work proposes a feminist approach to compose a unit with the critical criminology, that is, to make an interpretation of violence contextualized historically free of essentialism and committed to human emancipation forward to the various mechanisms of oppression.
Este trabalho constitui uma revisão crítica dos estudos sobre a violência contra a mulher empreendidos pelo feminismo radical estadunidense e pelas abordagens por este influenciadas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a fundamentação teórica implementada nas interpretações sobre a violência nas relações heterossexuais, considerando a hipótese de que alguns de seus pressupostos estejam equivocados. Principalmente três aspectos são problematizados nas interpretações da corrente norte-americana. Primeiro, sua análise simplista e reducionista, que resume a explicação da violência contra a mulher à questão de gênero. Segundo, sua concepção essencialista e determinista dos atributos referentes aos homens e a sua sexualidade, que lhes atribui uma natureza violenta insuperável. Terceiro, a estratégia de combate à violência, ultimamente reduzida à criminalização e à penalização de condutas. Tais perspectivas refletem a adoção do antigo paradigma etiológico nas reflexões criminológicas realizadas por essa corrente, que tem reverberado nas diversas teorias feministas e na militância política. Em contraponto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem feminista que componha uma unidade com a criminologia crítica, isto é, que faça uma interpretação da violência contextualizada historicamente, livre de essencialismos e comprometida com a emancipação humana frente aos diversos mecanismos de opressão.
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35

Anjos, Cleide Leite de Sousa dos. "Cárcere na unidade de prisão feminina de Palmas: formas de aprisionamento e direitos humanos fundamentais à luz da criminologia crítica." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/459.

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Este Relatório Técnico tem por objetivo analisar as condições de encarceramento de mulheres na Unidade de Prisão Feminina de Palmas (UPF), retratar o perfil feminino e os tipos penais que levaram a prisão. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica cuja coleta de dados sistemática foi realizada diretamente no prontuário físico das 62 presas, mediante visitas in loco à UPF. Como suporte teórico-metodológico para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o enfoque da Teoria do Etiquetamento, da Criminologia Crítica. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam traços da criminalização da pobreza e a rotulagem por classe social, cor da pele, escolaridade, etc. Ao contrário da Criminologia Crítica, a microssociologia criminal positivista trabalha com o paradigma da reação social, que rotula o criminoso pelas características do meio em que está inserido e pelo tipo penal, produzindo o fenômeno do superencarceramento, desconsiderando os fatores macrossociais que produzem o fenômeno da criminalidade e permitem uma compreensão do crime para além da mera causalidade. Na UPF, as condições de encarceramento violam os Direitos Humanos, considerando o quadro de superlotação e a estrutura da UPF, que é uma residência adaptada aos fins que se propõe.
This Technical Report aims to analyze the conditions of imprisonment of women in the Prision Unit Women (UPF) in Palmas, portraying the female profile and the criminal types that led to the arrest. This is an empirical research whose systematic data collection was performed directly on the physical records of the 62 prey, through on-site visits to UPF. As a theoretical and methodological support for the analysis of the data was used the approach of the Theory of Labeling from Critical Criminology. The results of the research show traces of the criminalization of poverty and labeling by social class, skin color, schooling, etc. Unlike Critical Criminology, positivist criminal micro-sociology works with the paradigm of social reaction, which labels the criminal by the characteristics of the environment in which he is inserted and by the criminal type, producing the phenomenon of overincarceration, disregarding the macro-social factors that produce the phenomenon of criminality and allow an understanding of crime beyond causality. At UPF, the conditions of incarceration violate Human Rights, considering the overcrowding and UPF structure, which is a residence adapted to the purposes of it.
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Kelner, Lenice. "(In)Constitucionalidade das penas cruéis e infamantes no Brasil: da voz da criminologia crítica à voz dos encarcerados." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6667.

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Nesta pesquisa de doutorado busca-se verificar a inconstitucionalidade da pena cruel e infamante, com aporte teórico na criminologia crítica e na pesquisa etnográfica, diante da função real da pena e não a declarada, conforme referencial legal da Constituição Federal de 1988, que proíbe as penas consideradas cruéis e infamantes. A principal hipótese é de que o aumento de pessoas no cárcere em números alarmantes e o recrudescimento punitivo demonstram que o sistema penal está cada vez mais violento e menos idôneo para cumprir suas funções prometidas, violando as normas, tratados e princípios reguladores do exercício do seu poder punitivo. A pena de prisão é inconstitucional por ser cruel, infamante e indiretamente induzir à morte. A análise das condições concretas do funcionamento do sistema penal brasileiro, não o discurso declarado, mas a realidade da pena e do cárcere no Brasil demonstra ser a pena uma engenharia punitiva da dor e da violência. A delimitação do marco teórico (lugar da fala) se dará através da “Criminologia Crítica” por ser a ciência que explica a operacionalidade e as reais funções do sistema penal, mediante estudos da história da colônia, do extermínio dos povos indígenas e das marcas da escravidão. É pela ótica da criminologia crítica que se compreende as novas funções do sistema penal no capitalismo tardio periférico, com a transformação do Estado Previdenciário em Estado Penal que veio com o objetivo único de manter as relações dos sistemas penais e seus nexos funcionais como mecanismos seletivos próprios de uma formação econômica e histórica do Brasil. Para a realização da pesquisa, a metodologia de abordagem utilizada foi fenomenologia hermenêutica.
In this research at the doctoral level, we seek to verify the unconstitutionality of cruel and infamous punishment, with a theoretical contribution in critical criminology and ethnographic research, given the real function of the sentence and not that declared, according to the legal framework of the 1988 Constitution. Which prohibits penalties considered cruel and infamous. The main hypothesis is that the increase in prisoners in alarming numbers and the increase in punishment show that the penal system is becoming more violent and less suitable to fulfill its promised functions, in violation of the norms, treaties and principles governing the exercise of Its punitive power, then the prison sentence is unconstitutional, since it is cruel, infamous and indirectly of death, it is a punitive engineering of pain and violence, with the analysis of the concrete conditions of the functioning of the Brazilian penal system, not the declared speech, but the reality of pen and jail in Brazil. The delimitation of the theoretical framework - place of speech - will give it through "Critical Criminology", since it justifies the operability and real functions of the penal system through our colonial history, the extermination of indigenous peoples and the Including the new functions of the penal system in peripheral late capitalism, with the transformation of the State of Social Security into a Criminal State, with the objective of understanding the relations of the penal systems and their functional links with the selective mechanisms characteristic of a Brazilian economic and historical formation . For the accomplishment of the research, the approach methodology used was Hermeneutic phenomenology.
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Melo, Camila Gibin. "Entre muros e grilhões: criminologia crítica e a práxis de enfrentamento contra o sistema penal e pelo fim das prisões." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17690.

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The present paper discusses the possibilities and limits of the struggle for prision abolition, using Critical Criminology as the revolutionary theory for the praxis. For this purpose, we base central discussions for the comprehension of the context of the Democratic State of Criminal Law currently experienced, as well as its transformations, current configuration and its relations to the production and reproduction of capitalist system. From totalizing perspective, we intend to analyze the expression of this Criminal State in Latin American territory against specific sectors of society - cis and trans women, children and adolescents, black and indigenous people - based on specific theories for this, as the Feminist Criminology, Queer Criminology and Latin American Criminology. We start from Marxist theoretical and methodological assumptions, which motivated and guided the theoretical analysis, discussions and summaries recorded during production, culminating finally in the detailed presentation of alternatives to criminal program that has as a goal the abolition of prisons and the capitalist system. We conclude that overcoming the Penal System and the Criminal Law is related to the struggle to end capitalism, and that there is a need for such articulate emancipatory praxis politics as a means to human emancipation. For this, theres is a need to build together with the social movements and with all those who are incarcerated in prisons and juvenile detention units suffering from the violence of the Penaly System
O presente trabalho se propõe a problematizar as possibilidades e limites do enfrentamento pelo fim das prisões, buscando na Criminologia Crítica enquanto teoria revolucionária à práxis. Para tal, pautamos debates centrais à compreensão do contexto de Estado Democrático de Direito Penal vivenciado na atualidade, suas transformações, atual configuração e a relação com produção e reprodução do sistema capitalista. A partir da perspectiva totalizante, procuramos analisar a expressão deste Estado Penal em território latino-americano e contra seguimentos específicos da sociedade mulheres cisgênero e transgênero, crianças e adolescentes, negros e indígenas respaldando-nos em teorias específicas para tal, como a Criminologia Feminista, a Criminologia Queer e a Criminologia Latino-Americana. Orientamo-nos a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos marxistas que fundamentaram e nortearam a análise teórica, os debates e a síntese registrados ao longo da produção e culminaram, por fim, na fundamentada apresentação de alternativas a um programa criminal que tenha como horizonte a abolição das prisões e do sistema capitalista. Concluímos que a superação do Sistema Penal e do Direito Penal está atrelada à luta pelo fim do capitalismo e que para tal, há a necessidade de articular a práxis emancipatória política como meio à emancipação humana, como também a necessidade de construirmos junto aos movimentos sociais e a todos que, encarcerados nos presídios e unidades de internação juvenil, sofrem diretamente a violência do sistema penal. Consideramos ainda que esta práxis pode ser adensada teoricamente pela Criminologia Crítica de corte marxista, podendo ser incorporada pelo Serviço Social em sua intervenção nos espaços prisionais. Esperamos contribuir, portanto, com esta reflexão para o fortalecimento do Projeto ético-político do Serviço Social
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38

Oliveira, Nayana Guimarães Souza de. "Da exclusão do campo à inclusão na prisão: a gestão penal da pobreza agrária no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7879.

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This research aims to be a study about the criminal management of agrarian poverty in the temporal space that goes from the urban and industrial transformation of Brazil to the present. It seeks to unravel the socially excluding and criminally inclusive impacts of the rapid urbanization and industrialization process in Brazil. The emptying of the countryside that happened in the same time with the expansion of the cities, was one of the causes of structural unemployment and the formation of the urban peripheries, where the marginalized majority of the population is segregated. To cross this path, the genesis of the periphery is studied, building a bridge between the exclusion of the countryside and urban segregation. It takes care of delineating the Brazilian land characteristics, a context in which the rural-urban migratory movement and the process of rural and urban poverty formation are inserted. It stands out as the State - in which hopes of realizing socially guaranteed rights are placed - has become increasingly a minimal State, with minimum obligations. In sequence, this study deals with the criminal management of poverty in Brazil through the expansion of repression directed at poor individuals, with a stratospheric increase in public expenditures directed at the expansion of a police force that, however, isn’t succeed in effectively combating the increase of urban violence, since this is part of the contradictions proper to capitalism. In this society created by the contradictions of the economic system, the poor, the “favelado” and marginalized, is easy target of the police apparatus of the State, while it does not guarantee social rights; He is seen as dangerous individual and inspires distrust for the most privileged classes in society. In this Penal State, not only the repressive apparatus of the State grows, but also private security; on the other had, the rate of incarceration increases, especially of the poorer class of the population. Thus, there is an interweaving between agrarian question, criminal issue and urban violence, which involves the transfer of agrarian poverty to the cities, the formation of urban peripheries and the segregation of the poor’s in this places, where they will receive very little of the rule of law and will perceive the daily presence of the Criminal State.
Esta pesquisa faz um estudo acerca da gestão penal da pobreza agrária no Brasil, desde a transformação urbana e industrial, iniciada na década de 1930 até a contemporaneidade. Busca-se desvendar os impactos socialmente excludentes e penalmente includentes do rápido processo de urbanização e industrialização ocorridos no Brasil. O esvaziamento do campo, pari passu com a expansão das cidades, foi uma das causas do desemprego estrutural e da formação das periferias urbanas, onde está segregada a grande maioria marginalizada da população. Para percorrer este caminho, estuda-se gênese da periferia, construindo uma ponte entre a exclusão do campo e a segregação urbana. Cuida-se de delinear as características fundiárias brasileiras, contexto no qual se insere o movimento migratório do tipo rural-urbano e o processo de formação da pobreza rural e urbana. Destaca-se como o Estado – no qual se depositam esperanças de realização dos direitos socialmente garantidos – tornou-se cada vez mais um Estado mínimo, com mínimas obrigações. Em sequência, aborda-se o tema da gestão penal da pobreza no Brasil por meio da dilatação da repressão direcionada aos indivíduos pobres, com aumento estratosférico nos gastos públicos direcionados à ampliação de um corpo policialesco que, contudo, não logra êxito em combater efetivamente o incremento da violência urbana, já que este faz parte das contradições próprias ao capitalismo. Nessa sociedade criada pelas contradições do sistema econômico, o pobre, favelado e marginalizado, é alvo fácil do aparelho repressivo do Estado, ao passo que a ele não se garantem direitos sociais; ele é visto como indivíduo perigoso e que inspira desconfiança pelas classes mais privilegiadas da sociedade. Neste Estado Penal, cresce não só o aparelho repressivo do Estado, mas também a segurança privada; de outro lado, aumenta o índice de encarceramento, em especial da classe mais pauperizada da população. Assim, verifica-se um entrelaçamento entre questão agrária, questão criminal e violência urbana, que perpassa pela transferência da pobreza agrária para as cidades, pela formação das periferias urbanas e pela segregação do pobre neste local, onde ele receberá muito pouco do Estado de Direito e perceberá a presença cotidiana do Estado Penal.
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39

Leung, Lai-yee Catherine, and 梁麗儀. "From school-rule breaking behaviors to roaring behaviors: a constitutive-Foucaultian perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245638.

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40

Matsumoto, Adriana Eiko. "Práxis social e emancipação: perspectivas e contradições no Estado Democrático de Direito Penal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17014.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study, which has been supported by the dialectical and historical materialism principles, has intended to conduct the relations of production analysis in their totality, noticeably considering the capital structure crisis effects and its ideological consequences over the superstructure into the juridical, penal and criminal fields. Therefore, we have developed the narrative of the Public Security, Justice and Citizenship Working Group s trajectory. The Group was founded in 2008 in the city of São Paulo in the purpose of arranging civil society representatives participation into the 1st National Conference on Public Security. It s also been carried out the analysis of public documentation and the Group s propositions for that Conference. We have concluded that the possibilities of overcoming both Penal Law and hegemonically defined relation among mass criminalization and manpower surplus cannot only be performed by superstructure transformation but, namely, by social praxis. Such praxis, mediated by contradictions between causality and teleology, and aimed at contributing to human emancipation, must face the overcoming of Penal Law in the Democratic State of Law. The aforementioned state is considered as the formulation synthesis of barbarism in the contemporary capitalism in which coexists juridical-political equality and institutional classism, based on a totalitary, penal and police model for workers
A partir dos pressupostos da perspectiva materialista-histórico e dialética, buscou-se construir uma análise que permitisse a leitura da totalidade das relações de produção, notadamente os efeitos da crise estrutural do capital, e seus desdobramentos ideológicos na expressão da superestrutura no campo jurídico, penal e criminal. Para isso, elaborou-se narrativa da trajetória do Grupo de Trabalho Segurança Pública, Justiça e Cidadania, criado em 2008 na cidade de São Paulo com o intuito de organizar a participação de representantes do segmento sociedade civil na 1ª Conferência Nacional de Segurança Pública, bem como se procedeu à análise dos documentos públicos e propostas do Grupo para esta Conferência. Concluímos que a possibilidade de superação do Direito Penal e da relação hegemonicamente consolidada no processo de criminalização da massa excedente de mão-de-obra não pode se dar apenas pela transformação da superestrutura, mas sim a partir de uma práxis social (mediada contraditoriamente pela causalidade e teleologia) que, para contribuir para a emancipação humana deve integrar em seus enfrentamentos a superação do Estado Democrático de Direito Penal, compreendido como forma-Estado síntese da expressão da barbárie no capitalismo contemporâneo, em que convive a igualdade jurídico-política com a faceta classista do Estado, qual seja, totalitária, penal e policial para os trabalhadores
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41

Canziani, C. "LA CRIMINOLOGIA CRITICA IN ITALIA.LINEE EVOLUTIVE E GENERAZIONALI DELL'APPROCCIO CRITICO ALLO STUDIO DELLA QUESTIONE CRIMINALE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/470624.

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La tesi consiste nel tentativo di tracciare le linee evolutive e generazionali della criminologia critica, sviluppatasi in Italia grazie all'opera del filosofo e sociologo del diritto Alessandro Baratta e delle riviste da lui fondate e ispirate che ne hanno rappresentato la voce più autorevole, La questione criminale divenuta poi Dei delitti e delle pene e ora edita come Studi sulla questione criminale. Nuova serie di Dei delitti e delle pene. Questo lavoro nasce dall’urgenza di individuare e sistematizzare i fondamenti teorico-epistemologici di questa corrente di pensiero, che si contraddistingue per la propria radicalità e interdisciplinarità, tentando di dar conto dei diversi percorsi intrapresi nel tempo dagli esponenti di tale movimento. L’obiettivo è quello di riscoprire un approccio critico allo studio della questione criminale dal punto di vista scientifico, aggiornandone i presupposti teorico-epistemologici. La ricerca è stata condotta su due fronti: da un lato, tramite lo studio della rivista, come si è evoluta e strutturata nelle sue varie fasi e l’analisi degli scritti di chi faceva parte della redazione o del comitato scientifico della rivista stessa, dall’altro lato, sono stati intervistati venticinque autori, che si sono occupati di criminologia critica, hanno contribuito ai progetti editoriali, hanno vissuto in prima persona la nascita e lo sviluppo di questa corrente di pensiero in Italia. Le interviste sono state strutturate su una serie di domande aperte. L’intento con cui tali interviste sono state effettuate è duplice: quello di raccogliere in un quadro unitario testimonianze di chi è stato portavoce del movimento in questione e quello di fare emergere le analogie e le discrepanze tra le posizioni degli intervistati e tra queste e il pensiero di Baratta. Agli intervistati è stato chiesto di esprimersi in merito alla loro personale interpretazione della nozione di “critica”, al paradigma epistemologico da loro adottato – se adottato – , al tipo di rapporto che li lega alla ricerca empirica e al ruolo che ritengono debba assumere lo scienziato sociale quando indaga la questione criminale. Nelle interviste si è voluto altresì dare spazio alle storie di vita accademica dei singoli studiosi, lasciando loro un margine di libertà nel rispondere al fine di raccogliere testimonianze preziose circa le letture e gli autori che hanno rappresentato i punti di riferimento della loro formazione scientifica e intellettuale. Allo scopo di interpretare le interviste si è ritenuto utile dotarsi dei concetti di “legame generazionale” e di “unità di generazione” presi in prestito alla sociologia della conoscenza, rimodellati per adeguarli allo studio di un movimento di pensiero a partire dalle sue componenti epistemologiche, costruendo così una griglia di analisi per individuare i diversi legami generazionali cui appartengono i vari autori e all'interno dei quali questi costituiscono differenti unità generazionali. È stato così possibile dimostrare come la criminologia critica, nonostante le difficoltà, sia una prospettiva ancora viva e vitale in Italia e come gli autori ad essa riconducibili abbiano nel tempo assunto delle posizioni in ambito teorico e metodologico differenti rispetto a quelle originariamente tracciate da Baratta tra la fine degli anni settanta e l’inizio degli anni ottanta del secolo scorso.
The thesis consists in an attempt to draw the generational and evolutionary trajectories of critical criminology, developed in Italy thanks to the work of the philosopher and sociologist of law Alessandro Baratta and the scientific reviews he founded and inspired, La questione criminale later became Dei delitti e delle pene and now published as Studi sulla questione criminale. Nuova serie di Dei delitti e delle pene. This work comes from the urgency to identify and systematize the theoretical and epistemological foundations of this way of thinking, which is characterized by radicalism and interdisciplinarity, trying to take account of the different paths undertaken through the years by the members of this movement. The aim is to revalue a critical approach to the study of the criminal question from a scientific point of view, updating the theoretical and epistemological assumptions. The research was conducted along two lines: on the one hand, through the study of the journal as it has evolved in its various historical phases and through the analysis of the writings of the members of its scientific committee, and on the other hand, by in-depth interviews with twenty-five authors who dealt with critical criminology, who contributed to the publishing projects, who lived personally the origin and the development of this current of thought in Italy. The interviews were structured on open questions. The aim was two-fold: firstly, to gather the memories of the spokesmen of the movement into a unified framework; secondly, to highlight both the similarities and the differences among them. I asked the interviewed to express themselves with regard to their personal interpretation of the concept of “critique”, to the epistemological paradigm they adopt – if they adopt one -, to the kind of relationship they have with the empirical research and to the role they consider the social scientist should play when he investigates the criminal question. During the interviews, tried to leave space for the academic life stories of the individual scholars in order to collect valuable record regarding the readings and authors who represented the benchmarks of their scientific and intellectual education.
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42

Jonsson-Lindberg, Patricia, and Zander Anna Elers. "Konstruktionen av brottslingar i kriminalpolitiska program : En kritisk diskursanalys." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Kriminologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30356.

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Construction of culprits within criminal policy programs: A critical discourse analysis. The purpose of this study was to make visible discourses within criminal policy before the elections of 2018 through analysis of the established political parties ́ criminal policy programs. Method qualitative content analysis was used to bring out categories, later analysed with Fairclough ́s critical discourse analysis. Constructions of culprits as “foreigner”, “in gang”, “organized”, “young”, “male” and “non-ethical Swedish” emerged. Other groups were crime victims identified as “children”, “juveniles”, “elders”, “females” and “entrepreneurs/business owners”. The crimes observed were honor crimes, terrorism, crimes of violence (especially domestic violence), sexual offences and internet-based crime. The constructions may create a skewed interpretation of criminality and feelings of “us and them”. This may lead to “them” labelled as the criminals and “us” as their potential victims. The discourses in the programs therefore risk sustaining unequal power configurations in society.
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43

Morais, Andrea Cardinale Urani Oliveira de. "O saber crítico-criminológico na atuação da magistratura criminal a partir da análise de sentenças proferidas no estado do Tocantins durante o ano de 2016." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/898.

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Trata-se de pesquisa realizada em processos criminais sentenciados no ano de 2016, nas 21 varas criminais das 14 comarcas de terceira entrância do Estado do Tocantins, visando a investigar se utilizam ou não fundamentos hermenêuticos crítico-criminológicos e humanistas. Nesta dissertação, a pesquisa empírica dividese em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, o universo amostral é 100% das sentenças (3.163) proferidas no interregno de 2016, nas comarcas selecionadas, para fins de identificação do número total de sentenças criminais e, ainda, do número de sentenças condenatórias (356) e absolutórias (150, entre próprias e impróprias). Assim, na segunda parte específica da análise são estudadas 506 sentenças proferidas nesses processos, com o objetivo de averiguar de que forma o sistema penal (material e processual) está sendo utilizado na prática dos(as) magistrados(as) tocantinenses. O trabalho é realizado a partir do instrumental metodológico oferecido pela técnica de análise do conteúdo, de Laurence Bardin, precedido de representações gráficas dos dados obtidos em sentenças absolutórias e condenatórias. A perspectiva de análise sob enfoque interdisciplinar é assegurada, eis que marca a própria vocação da Criminologia em sua vertente crítica (influenciada fortemente pelos contributos de outras ciências, principalmente da Sociologia, da Psicologia, da Psiquiatria, da Antropologia e da Filosofia). A pesquisa procura pela existência de uma postura puramente dogmática e rasa no ato de julgar, ou pela utilização de conhecimentos críticos, que sejam combativos do senso comum teórico, reprodutor da crença na função ideológica do Direito Penal como instrumento de defesa social e de ressocialização de condenados. A conclusão indica que a abordagem crítica, tão necessária ao julgar com justiça, a partir de embasamentos constitucionais e nas normas internacionais de direitos humanos, não é o padrão utilizado pela magistratura criminal tocantinense. Ao contrário, os resultados das análises revelam um grande percentual de sentenças que ainda utilizam argumentos estritamente legalistas e dogmáticos no trato de um dos mais básicos direitos humanos fundamentais, que é a liberdade das pessoas.
It is a research carried out in criminal cases sentenced in 2016, in the 21 criminal courts of the 14 third-order districts of the State of Tocantins, aiming to investigate whether they use critical-criminological and humanistic hermeneutical foundations. In this dissertation, the empirical research was divided in two parts, in the first, the sample universe is 100% of the verdicts (3.163) was given in the year of 2016, in the regions selected, for the purpose of identifying the total number of criminal sentences and the number of convictions (356) and acquittals (150, between proper and improper). Thus, in the second specific part of the analysis, 506 sentences handed down in these cases are studied, with the objective of ascertaining how the criminal (material and procedural) system is being used in the practice of the Tocantins' magistrates. The work is based on the methodological tools offered by Laurence Bardin's content analysis technique, preceded by graphical representations of the data obtained in acquittals and convictions. The perspective of analysis under an interdisciplinary approach is ensured, as it marks the very vocation of Criminology in its critical aspect (strongly influenced by the contributions of other sciences, especially Sociology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Anthropology and Philosophy). The research seeks the existence of a purely dogmatic and shallow posture in the act of judging, or by the use of critical knowledge that is combative of theoretical common sense, reproducing the belief in the ideological function of Criminal Law as an instrument of social defense and re-socialization of the condemned. The conclusion indicates that the critical approach, so necessary in judging, from constitutional foundations and international human rights norms, is not the standard used by the criminal magistrates of Tocantins. On the contrary, the results of the analyzes reveal a large percentage of sentences that still use strictly legalistic and dogmatic arguments in dealing with one of the most basic fundamental human rights, which is the freedom of the people.
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44

Leal, Jackson da Silva. "O SISTEMA PENAL NA LENTE DA JUVENTUDE TRANSGRESSORA: da política social à política penal." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/248.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jackson.pdf: 1516001 bytes, checksum: ae3c062269e689aebb488e0a8044c9a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15
This paper addresses the youth in one of his most dramatic contact with modernity - the penal system. Thus, it approaches with youth has been severely victimized by the passage of the Welfare State to Prisonfare State, existing amidst this transmutation ideology / practice and discourse of correction. Used in Critical Criminology and its theoretical framework, in particular its marginal proposition zaffaroniana realism as a theoretical tool and ethical commitment to deconstruct the juvenile justice system, and also of legal pluralism as a conceptual tool to enable an alternative emancipatory and liberating, so two instruments should intersect theoretical methodological towards a new paradigm of sociability and legality - a critical criminology and legal pluralism way to a democratic legality and non-violent. Besides the theoretical analysis, we work with empirical research conducted through interviews with the inmates in FASE (South Unit) and analysis of records with the aim of seeking the reality of the juvenile justice system since the subjects that are the object of intervention and which was imposed silence. There is talk of youths as locus construction, preservation and recognition of individuals endowed with creative ability and dialoguing with insurgents and emancipatory potential of social dynamics and oppressive legal and an upright position. Advocates up for access to justice as a matter of social policy, understood this from a conceptual extension over and above the traditional public-state sphere and hierarchical
O presente trabalho aborda a juventude em um de seus mais dramáticos contatos com a modernidade o sistema penal. Assim, aborda como a juventude tem sido severamente vitimizada com a passagem do Welfare State ao Prisonfare State, existindo em meio a essa transmutação a ideologia/prática do previdenciarismo penal e o discurso correcionalista. Utiliza-se da Criminologia Crítica e seu arcabouço teórico, em especial a sua proposição zaffaroniana do realismo marginal, como ferramenta teórica e comprometimento ético para desconstruir o sistema penal juvenil, e ainda, do pluralismo jurídico como instrumento conceitual a fim de possibilitar uma alternativa emancipatória e libertadora, por isso, dois instrumentos teórico metodológicos devem se entrecruzar na consecução de um novo paradigma de sociabilidade e juridicidade a criminologia crítica e a pluralismo jurídico a caminho de uma juridicidade democrática e não violenta. Além da análise teórica, trabalha-se com pesquisa empírica realizada mediante entrevistas com os jovens internos na FASE (unidade Sul) e análise de prontuários com o fito de buscar a realidade do sistema penal juvenil desde os sujeitos que são o objeto de intervenção e aos quais foi imposto o silencio. Fala-se de juventudes como lócus de construção, preservação e reconhecimento de indivíduos dotados de capacidade criativa e dialogal com potenciais insurgentes e emancipadores das dinâmicas sociais e jurídicas opressoras e verticalizantes. Propugna-se por um acesso à Justiça como sendo uma questão de política social, esta entendida a partir de um alargamento conceitual e que ultrapasse a tradicional esfera público-estatal e hierarquizante
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45

Neil, Howard. "'It's easier if we stop them moving' : a critical analysis of anti-child trafficking discourse, policy and practice : the case of southern Benin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:11094e72-496e-4b99-ba15-6b19e6efc490.

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This thesis offers a critical assessment of anti- child trafficking discourse, policy and practice, using a case study of the situation in Southern Benin. It seeks to achieve two main goals. First, to transcend the reductiveness of the dominant paradigm around child trafficking, including dominant representations of it and prevailing policy approaches to dealing with it. Second, to complicate the simplistic nature of much of the academic literature that explains the existence and persistence of this dominant paradigm. Based on 14 months of multi-sited fieldwork, the thesis demonstrates, first, that the institutional narrative of ‘child trafficking’ misrepresents what would be better understood as adolescent labour migration in Benin, and second, that mainstream policy approaches to tackling this fail to account for the sociocultural or political-economic conditions that underpin it. The thesis suggests that this can be interpreted as a result of the power of three framing orders of discourse – ‘Apollonian Childhood’, Neoliberalism and that of the Westphalian State – which structure both what ‘trafficking’ can mean and what can be done about it. The thesis suggests that the material and power structures of the anti-trafficking discourse- and policy-making field are such that, even where individuals within it reject both the dominant paradigm and its (and the field’s) framing orders of discourse, little space exists for them to construct meaningful alternatives. The result is a degree of formal and representational stability, hiding practical hybridity. The conclusion is offered that, while anti-trafficking discourse is presumed to be accurate and while antitrafficking policy is justified in terms of its contribution to ‘beneficiaries’, theprinciple achievement of both is the depoliticised reproduction of the institutions, orders of discourse and political-economic context within which they are constructed.
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46

Chen, Ashley Lai Ming. "Is It Any of Our Business? Canadian Perspectives on Transnational Corporate Accountability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35578.

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This study explores conceptualizations of transnational corporate accountability in the responses of Canadian organizations to a crisis in global capitalism. Empirically this study focuses on discussion and debate concerning the involvement of Canadian retail companies in the Rana Plaza disaster, which killed over 1,100 Bangladeshi garment workers on 24 April 2013. Information was drawn from Canadian Parliamentary Committee sessions, documents published by Canadian retail companies, governmental departments and civil society organizations, and nine semi-structured interviews with individuals possessing professional knowledge about corporate governance in global supply chains. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony and Foucault’s notion of knowledge and power, examined the economic, political, and legal assumptions that characterized discussions about transnational corporate crime and accountability. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about the effectiveness of allowing corporations to develop and implement their own means of transnational regulation. Claims describing the social benefits of free markets and flexible regulatory regimes overshadowed concerns about the dangerous and exploitive practices inherent in the production of private capital, which effectively reproduced the (de)regulation of multinational corporations.
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47

CHIARAMONTE, XENIA MANUELA. "LE TATTICHE DELL'ACCERCHIAMENTO. ETNOGRAFIA DELLA QUESTIONE CRIMINALE NO TAV." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/489481.

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Le tattiche dell’accerchiamento (The tactics of encircling) are those mechanisms through which a social conflict is criminalized. The term is borrowed from Michel Foucault’s concept of stratégie du pour tour, a process conducted by different agencies of control that consists of generating fear and constructing exemplar cases on the base of a commune dispositive: the defense of society. The work detects the micro-tactics of this strategy through an analysis of media discourse and an ethnography of the two major penal process against the opposition to the Turin-Lyon high-speed railway project (No Tav Movement). The main argument is that these tactics of encircling reveal a Positivistic legacy and a blend of that with the principle of the Reason of State. The counter-conducts to these tactics of encircling have been performed by the No Tav movement during the last 12 years to reaching the point of a resistance not only to a train but to an overall neoliberal governmentality, in which law mimes the market, is applied by a judicial field that functions as the manager of security and protection, and treats the population through an attempt of separating the good and the bad population.
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48

Lawhorn, Joshlyn. "Race and Gender in (Re)integration of Victim-Survivors of CSEC in a Community Advocacy Context." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7324.

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In this thesis, I use feminist ethnography at a nonprofit organization to analyze the racialized gender in (re)integration of victim-survivors of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Critical race feminism and intersectionality are the theoretical frameworks to guide the analysis of community advocacy. The analysis considers two themes with various subsections that capture CSEC at the site. The first theme analyzes the definition, challenges, coordination and rhetoric of reintegration at the site. The second theme highlights the site’s racial identity, Black victimhood of victim-survivors of CSEC in the context of community, and racialized gender within reintegration. I discuss the strategic use of colorblindness within reintegration at the NGO and the child/adult dichotomy that shapes the organization’s understanding of CSEC.
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Nagels, Carla. "Jeunes, violence et société: analyse du discours de la Chambre des représentants de 1981 à 1999 dans une perspective de criminologie critique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211207.

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Fidèle à notre orientation sociologique et criminologique, cette recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective critique. C’est-à-dire dans un courant de pensée qui conçoit la société, non pas comme un tout homogène, non pas comme un ensemble d’individus en interrelation, mais bien comme l’expression de rapports conflictuels entre groupes sociaux, comme l’expression de rapports de domination.

La thèse analyse le discours de la Chambre des représentants de 1981 à 1999. Elle pose comme hypothèse générale que le discours sur l’augmentation de la violence des jeunes, considérée comme un problème social digne d’intérêt politique, doit s’analyser à la lumière des modifications importantes qui affectent le discours politique dans son ensemble.

La formulation de cette hypothèse générale repose sur un ensemble de développements qui ont précédé son élaboration. C’est l’objet de la première partie de ce travail. Dans cette première partie, les deux concepts en présence sont problématisés, c’est-à-dire les jeunes et la violence, ainsi que leur association, c’est-à-dire la violence des jeunes. Dans cette partie également nous construisons un cadre analytique et méthodologique qui va guider l’analyse du matériel empirique. La deuxième partie de la recherche est, elle, entièrement consacrée à l’analyse du discours de la Chambre des représentants sur vingt ans. Reprenons ces deux parties.

En ce qui concerne les deux concepts en présence, il faut noter d’emblée qu’il n’est guère possible de les enfermer dans une définition univoque. Tant la jeunesse que la violence s’apparentent plutôt à des constructions sociales qui évoluent dans le temps et dans l’espace. On ne peut évoquer la jeunesse sans tenir compte du statut social qu’on lui accorde, c’est-à-dire de la place que lui réserve la société. Sa définition n’est donc pas arrêtée une fois pour toute. Quant à la notion de violence, sa définition est encore plus problématique. Ainsi quand on tente de répertorier dans la littérature scientifique les différents phénomènes qui sont associés à la violence des jeunes, on ne peut que s’étonner de leur diversité. La violence désigne coups et blessures, meurtres, hold-ups, viols, racket, etc. c’est-à-dire un ensemble d’actes pénalement répréhensibles. Mais la violence est également associée à ce qu’on appelle des incivilités. Enfin, la violence concerne également ce que Pierre Bourdieu appelle la violence symbolique, c’est-à-dire celle que subissent les jeunes auxquels la société ne semble plus capable d’accorder une place.

Etant donné que les concepts de jeunesse, et surtout de violence, ne peuvent pas se définir de manière univoque, il est bien difficile de déterminer dans quelle mesure la violence des jeunes s’accroît. Cet objet recouvre en effet des réalités tellement diverses qui n’ont pas grand chose en commun, si ce n’est de se voir assigner une valeur négative. Par contre, une chose est tout à fait certaine :le discours sur la violence des jeunes, tant politique que médiatique et scientifique, s’amplifie, lui, de manière exponentielle depuis une quinzaine d’années. Et, l’utilisation du concept de « violence » n’est pas neutre. Il désigne toujours un phénomène problématique à éradiquer. Il permet aussi d’entretenir une image catastrophiste de la réalité et d’agir en conséquence. Cette image « catastrophiste » ne résiste pourtant pas à l’analyse. Les seuls faits de « violence » qui semblent en effet augmenter sont les « émeutes urbaines ». La délinquance juvénile enregistrée semble, quant à elle, plutôt témoigner d’une dégradation des relations entre jeunes et forces de l’ordre. Quant aux « agressions », même si elles augmentent, elles concernent essentiellement les jeunes (défavorisés) entre eux. Elles sont d’ailleurs pour 50% des agressions verbales. Loin de nous l’idée de nier qu’il existe des situations-problèmes, parfois même graves, mais tenter de les résoudre par une répression accrue, est pour le moins réducteur, voire même inefficace. Or, les discours qui dominent vont dans le sens d’une répression accrue et la dénomination des divers phénomènes sous le vocable « violence » participe en plein à ce processus.

À partir de ces constats, il nous a semblé intéressant d’analyser comment le discours sur la violence des jeunes émerge, comment il se construit et à quelles préoccupations il répond. La trame de ce travail consiste donc à tenter, d’une part, de cerner l’évolution des deux concepts retenus et, d’autre part, de montrer comment ils se rencontrent. Mais il s’agit aussi de comprendre quel est l’enjeu de la lutte qui a permis cette rencontre et comment cette lutte s’est structurée.

Pour ce faire, l’analyse du discours politique nous a paru la plus adéquate. En suivant Max Weber, si l’Etat moderne se caractérise par le monopole de la violence légitime, c’est également lui qui possède le pouvoir de désigner quels sont les comportements qui relèvent de la violence « illégitime ». De plus, le fait de s’intéresser au champ politique présente un double avantage. Tout d’abord, selon la théorie des champs développée par Pierre Bourdieu, et plus particulièrement son analyse du champ politique, il s’agit bien d’un espace où des agents sont en lutte pour la reconnaissance de certaines visions et divisions de la réalité sociale, c’est-à-dire pour sa catégorisation. Ensuite, toujours selon Bourdieu, le discours dominant, celui qui acquiert le plus de légitimité, est en quelque sorte capable de se réaliser, notamment parce qu’il s’inscrit durablement dans l’appareil d’Etat. Comme le dit cet auteur :« Dire, c’est faire », et c’est d’autant plus vrai en ce qui concerne le discours politique.

Le champ politique doit donc s’analyser comme un espace relationnel et conflictuel. Le choix s’est porté sur la rhétorique de la Chambre des Représentants. C’est un discours facilement accessible, qui a la particularité de regrouper tant les prises de position du gouvernement que celles de la majorité et de l’opposition. Mais dans une démocratie à scrutin proportionnel telle que la Belgique, notons que les discours de la majorité et de l’opposition ne sont pas homogènes. Par ailleurs, il fallait couvrir une période suffisamment longue pour voir comment les deux objets « jeunesse » et « violence » étaient perçus chacun séparément avant d’être associés. L’analyse débute ainsi à la première législature du gouvernement Martens-Gol en novembre 1981. Elle prend fin avec le dernier gouvernement de Jean-Luc Dehaene en juin 1999 et couvre ainsi cinq législatures, presque deux décennies.

La méthode d’analyse, s’inspire, elle, de la méthode archéologique de Michel Foucault. En accord avec cet auteur, la recherche part du postulat que le discours est une pratique qui a ses propres règles d’existence, c’est-à-dire qu’il peut s’analyser comme pratique autonome. L’étude reste donc entièrement à l’intérieur du discours analysé. Elle ne sollicite pas d’apports extérieurs pour conforter les évolutions qu’elle fait apparaître. Elle ne nie pas la réalité de l’extérieur, du non-discursif, mais estime qu’une analyse du seul discours peut déjà s’avérer pertinente pour rendre compte d’une évolution.

Décrire le discours politique consiste alors à :

Premièrement, analyser ce qui peut devenir objet d’énonciation de la politique :de quoi parlent les députés ?

Deuxièmement, évaluer la place que le locuteur doit occuper pour pouvoir légitimement prétendre à un discours sérieux, c’est-à-dire l’appartenance à la majorité ou à l’opposition, le nombre de députés faisant partie d’une formation politique, le poids accordé aux interventions par les autres députés.

Troisièmement, déterminer les différents concepts mobilisés dans le discours et les théories auxquelles ils donnent lieu :comment les députés parlent-ils des objets ?

L’objectif est double. D’une part, sur un axe diachronique, relever les discontinuités du discours, montrer comment et sur quels points il se modifie, comment l’évolution s’opère. D’autre part, sur un axe synchronique, tenter de découvrir l’unicité du discours, faire apparaître sa cohérence interne.

Puisque la recherche porte sur vingt ans et que le discours à la Chambre est particulièrement prolifique, il était matériellement impossible d’analyser la totalité de ce discours. Un choix a donc dû être opéré en rapport avec le sujet de cette recherche. Toujours est-il que l’analyse porte sur quelque 10.000 pages de ce discours. Partant d’une analyse des déclarations et communications gouvernementales selon le jeu proprement politique entre un gouvernement, une majorité qui le soutient et une opposition qui le critique, nous avons pu dégager une grille d’analyse qui a ensuite été appliqué aux deux objets particuliers :la violence et la jeunesse. La démarche se veut donc inductive dans le sens où la grille d’analyse est entièrement tirée de la première section et n’a pas été construite a priori.

La grille d’analyse s’élabore en quatre temps.

Premièrement, l’analyse des déclarations et communications nous permet de dégager trois périodes distinctes :de 81 à 88, de 88 à 92, de 92 à 99. Cette périodisation se vérifie à l’aune de deux critères :la structuration différente du champ politique et l’interprétation différenciée de la crise économique et de l’emploi.

En ce qui concerne le premier critère, il s’agit essentiellement du changement de coalition gouvernementale :de 81 à 88 une coalition libérale social-chrétienne est au pouvoir et ensuite les socialistes gouvernent avec les sociaux-chrétiens. Mais l’importance accrue de nouvelles forces politiques comme le Vlaams Blok et les écologistes et la disparition d’autres forces tels l’UDRT et les communistes participent également au changement de structure du champ politique.

Le deuxième critère de périodisation, c’est-à-dire l’interprétation différenciée de la crise, a été choisi pour sa prégnance :la gestion de la crise constitue en effet la préoccupation majeure des débats à la Chambre au cours de toute la période étudiée. Et cette gestion prend des formes différentes selon les périodes sélectionnées.

La deuxième étape de la construction de la grille d’analyse consiste à repérer une évolution similaire à propos de plusieurs thématiques :la politique générale, la politique de l’emploi, la politique de l’immigration, la politique de l’éducation, l’image véhiculée de la jeunesse ou la délinquance au sens large ainsi que sa prise en charge.

Au cours de la troisième phase, nous avons pointé les modifications dans les discours des forces politiques en présence, selon les périodes. Certains discours acquièrent de plus en plus de légitimité. Certains partis parviennent à inscrire durablement leurs objets privilégiés à l’agenda politique. Mais d’autres discours ou objets disparaissent. Ces trois étapes constituent l’analyse diachronique du matériel. Elle permet de relever les discontinuités dans le discours, de montrer comment les différents objets se construisent, s’analysent, évoluent, disparaissent puis réapparaissent sous des formes modifiées. Elle permet aussi de voir comment et pourquoi certains objets gagnent en importance.

Reste la quatrième étape. Elle relève l’unicité des discours en fonction de la périodisation retenue. C’est l’axe synchronique qui se concrétise par la grille d’analyse proprement dite. Quelle que soit la thématique envisagée, à l’intérieur de chaque période, le discours tenu à la Chambre se structure de façon identique. Le champ politique reste un espace de lutte, mais le « ce sur quoi les députés luttent » se métamorphose fondamentalement. Si ce changement est surtout manifeste entre la première période et la troisième période, la période intermédiaire est pourtant cruciale pour qu’il puisse s’opérer. Le discours optimiste face à l’avenir qui caractérise la période 88-92 et qui se base sur des indicateurs économiques favorables, va en effet permettre de passer de l’un à l’autre.

Dans la première période, les années 80, les débats se structurent autour de visions et de divisions de la réalité sociale qui sont clairement antagonistes. L’a priori historique, dirait Foucault, du champ politique est bien particulier. Les agents politiques défendent les intérêts de classes sociales en lutte et la lecture privilégiée est celle du conflit qui oppose patronat et travailleurs. Toutes les thématiques (violence, délinquance, immigration, emploi, éducation) sont abordées à travers ce prisme particulier. Dans ce contexte, le rôle de l’État est d’apaiser les tensions entre les classes sociales. Les écologistes sont les seuls à rester étrangers à ce débat. Ils ne défendent pas les intérêts d’une classe sociale particulière, en relation conflictuelle avec une autre. Ils privilégient plutôt une conception de l’être humain, de la dignité humaine, fortement inspirée par la philosophie des droits de l’homme.

L’image emblématique de la violence, dans cette première période, est la manifestation de contestation. Il s’agit d’une violence collective, qu’expriment les mouvements sociaux en ébullition. Pour les socialistes et les communistes, cette violence est souvent provoquée par les forces de l’ordre et elle répond par ailleurs à l’autre violence, peut-être moins visible mais tout aussi réelle, celle que le patronat fait subir aux travailleurs. Par contre, pour les libéraux, l’UDRT, le Vlaams Blok et, dans une moindre mesure les sociaux-chrétiens, la violence est entièrement le fait des manifestants. Ces partis adressent d’ailleurs une mise en garde à « ceux » qui incitent à la manifestation et donc à la violence, à savoir les socialistes.

Les socialistes et les communistes estiment en effet que le gouvernement, avec l’appareil d’État qu’il dirige, joue clairement la carte du patronat. Au lieu d’atténuer les conflits sociaux, l’Etat les exacerbe. Au lieu d’éradiquer la violence, il la stimule. Il n’apaise plus les tensions entre les classes sociales. C’est pourtant son rôle après tout. Pour les socialistes et les communistes, la mise en avant de la montée de l’insécurité et de la délinquance ne sert qu’à renforcer la politique de sécurité et les appareils de maintien de l’ordre, pour pouvoir contenir les débordements sociaux auxquels la politique néo-libérale va inévitablement mener. C’est l’interprétation qui est privilégiée par ces partis, quel que soit le type de violence en cause (hooliganisme, terrorisme).

Les écologistes, une nouvelle fois, ne participent pas au débat. Pour eux, la violence est celle d’une société productiviste, d’une société de consommation et les travailleurs y participent tout autant que le patronat.

En matière de jeunesse, la lecture est quelque peu différente. Elle ne passe pas par le prisme de la lutte des classes. Les députés ne parlent pas de la « jeunesse laborieuse », mais de la « jeunesse » tout court. Et tous évoquent le problème de sa future marginalisation. Les libéraux sont les seuls à ne voir aucun lien entre la marginalisation de ce groupe social particulier et sa précarisation accrue. Toutes les autres forces politiques font le lien de manière tout à fait explicite. La problématique du chômage des jeunes irrigue d’ailleurs l’ensemble des discussions. Tous les députés estiment qu’un peuple conscient de son avenir doit investir dans sa jeunesse, lui assurer une éducation de qualité et mettre en œuvre des politiques sociales actives à son égard.

Malgré ce consensus sur la finalité à poursuivre, des conceptions différenciées s’expriment évidemment en fonction de l’appartenance politique. Ainsi, pour les sociaux-chrétiens, s’il faut investir dans la formation des jeunes, c’est pour rendre ceux-ci plus compétitifs sur le marché du travail. L’opposition « de gauche » estime, quant à elle, que la jeunesse est fortement pénalisée par le gouvernement. Celui-ci se contente de défendre les thèses du patronat et ne se préoccupe que de réduire le déficit des finances publiques. Pour les socialistes, un jeune devra dorénavant être issu d’un milieu favorisé pour pouvoir prétendre à une intégration sociale réussie. Et les écologistes affirment que cette pénalisation de la jeunesse va tout à fait à l’encontre de son émancipation. Cette lecture en termes de risque de marginalisation est prédominante. Mais elle coexiste néanmoins avec une autre lecture, en termes de risque de révolte, qui s’exprime le mieux à travers l’adage :« qui sème la misère, récolte la colère ».

Dans la troisième période, les années 90, une nouvelle structuration du débat apparaît clairement. C’est une autre manière de lire la réalité, de la catégoriser et d’agir sur elle. Les discussions ne se structurent plus autour de classes sociales en conflit pour la sauvegarde de leurs intérêts mais autour d’une image de la société composée d’individus ayant des droits et des devoirs et sujets à des risques « sociaux ». Dans ces conditions, l’action étatique se modifie profondément. Le rôle de l’État n’est plus d’apaiser les tensions entre classes sociales et d’assurer l’intérêt général, mais d’inciter, voire de contraindre, les individus à s’adapter aux changements sociaux. Comme l’intervention de l’État devient de plus en plus proactive (il n’attend pas qu’un risque social se produise, il l’anticipe), sa politique devient de plus en plus ciblée. Ce ciblage de plus en plus fin permet un repérage et un calcul de plus en plus précis des risques justifiant une nouvelle intervention.

Au sein de la Chambre, les débats s’organisent alors autour de ce que nous avons appelé des binômes :le binôme prévention/répression, le binôme droit/devoir, le binôme intégration/exclusion. Les partis « de gauche » se montrent enclins à défendre les pôles prévention/droit/intégration, tandis que les partis de « droite » sont davantage disposés à défendre les pôles répression/devoir/exclusion. Sans conteste, cette dernière tendance domine largement la scène politique. De plus en plus de partis s’y rallient sans hésiter et le gouvernement s’en inspire dans ses réponses aux différentes interpellations et questions des députés.

Pour en arriver là, le discours politique a subi un nombre important de transformations. Des objets ont acquis une place importante :sécurité, justice, délinquance, insécurité, immigrés, illégaux, violence urbaine, pédophilie. D’autres ont disparu :patronat, travailleur. Les agents ont changé de place sur l’échiquier politique et certains ont acquis progressivement une légitimité plus importante :le Vlaams Blok et les libéraux. D’autres concepts et théories ont été mobilisés :intégration/exclusion, prévention/répression, droit/devoir, responsabilisation, activation, proactivité, efficacité, managment.

Ainsi par exemple, l’immigration devient un thème important dans les débats parlementaires. Les approches en présence se fondent sur deux des binômes :d’une part, intégration/exclusion, d’autre part, prévention/répression. Et il faut bien constater que le discours des députés penche de plus en plus vers une criminalisation accrue de l’immigration. Les discours sur les illégaux, sur les émeutes urbaines, sur la délinquance des jeunes immigrés, sur le terrorisme islamiste en témoignent. Les tenants des pôles intégration/prévention sont de plus en plus minoritaires. Mais quel que soit le type de discours, c’est l’ « étranger » qui est visé, alors que dans la première période, l’immigré était considéré comme un travailleur. A ce titre, il bénéficiait d’une représentation parlementaire au travers des partis qui défendaient les intérêts des travailleurs. Faute d’emploi et faute de parti affichant un intérêt pour la protection des salariés, il ne lui reste plus qu’à être stigmatisé dans son altérité.

Toutes ces modifications doivent également se lire à travers le prisme de la réorganisation du champ politique.

Ainsi le Vlaams Blok prend une place importante dans le discours de la Chambre des représentants. Il ne s’agit pas uniquement d’une importance quantitative. Les écologistes sont autant présents mais ils sont nettement moins influents. Indéniablement, le discours du Vlaams Blok acquiert une légitimité au sein de la Chambre et permet aux différentes formations politiques d’asseoir leur point de vue. Dans l’opposition, les écologistes estiment que le gouvernement se rallie un peu vite aux politiques sécuritaires prônées par ce parti. Inversement, pour les libéraux, il n’attache pas assez d’importance aux thématiques de la sécurité et surtout, de l’immigration.

Plus fondamentalement, les dominés ou les exclus comme on les appelle maintenant (jeunes, immigrés, précaires, toxicomanes, prostituées,…), ne sont pas ou plus représentés sur la scène politique, même s’ils sont la cible d’un important dispositif de politiques publiques. Et si certains partis semblent se préoccuper de leur sort (les écologistes, les socialistes et certains sociaux-chrétiens), la dimension conflictuelle fait totalement défaut à l’expression de leur intérêt. Mais quoi de plus normal dans une société composée d’individus « responsables » ?

En tout état de cause, il faut bien constater que le discours des libéraux devient progressivement hégémonique alors que, moins de vingt ans auparavant, il se situait en opposition aux autres. Il acquiert un capital symbolique tel qu’il structure l’ensemble des débats. Or, le parti qui le porte est dans l’opposition.

La prédominance du discours libéral se perçoit le mieux au travers de ce que les députés estiment être une intervention étatique légitime. Si l’Etat ne semble plus devoir intervenir dans le champ économique, puisqu’il n’y a plus d’alternative au système capitaliste et à l’économie de marché, tout se passe comme s’il était obligé d’intervenir davantage ailleurs. Et par exemple dans le champ de la sécurité en raison, d’ailleurs, des risques inhérents à la dérégulation dénoncée par les partis « de gauche » et certains sociaux-chrétiens. Le droit à la sécurité est ainsi de plus en plus proclamé partie intégrante de la justice sociale et, par là même, celle-ci est réduite à sa plus simple expression.

C’est bien cette métamorphose fondamentale du discours politique qui permet la rencontre de deux objets qui, jusque-là, étaient abordés séparément dans le discours des députés :la jeunesse et la violence.

En effet, la jeunesse n’est plus perçue comme un groupe social à part entière. Elle devient un ensemble d’individus qui sont porteurs de droits et de devoirs. Mais surtout, ils sont sujets à risques (risque de non-intégration pour les jeunes immigrés, risque de décrochage scolaire, risque de chômage, risque de délinquance) et font donc l’objet de politiques publiques de plus en plus ciblées.

La violence, quant à elle, n’est plus une violence collective découlant du conflit entre des classes sociales antagonistes, mais une violence « individuelle », qui est délinquance, c’est-à-dire violence urbaine, ou violence sexuelle.

L’image d’une jeunesse délinquante et violente, qu’il faut responsabiliser davantage, cohabite ainsi avec l’image d’une jeunesse victimisée, qu’il s’agit de protéger.

La rencontre de l’objet jeunesse et de l’objet violence a donc bien eu lieu. Au prix de l’avènement d’une nouvelle ère politique, qui ouvre le 21e siècle.


Doctorat en criminologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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50

Tangerino, Davi de Paiva Costa. "Apreciação critica dos fundamentos da culpabilidade a partir da criminologia: contribuições para um direito penal mais ético." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-31012011-162514/.

Full text
Abstract:
A idéia de culpa está impregnada no pensamento ocidental, permeando todos os âmbitos das ciências humanas. Em sede de Direito penal, surge como forma de restrição da responsabilidade pelo resultado delitivo. Com a consolidação da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, associa-se fortemente com a pena aflitiva, servindo a um só tempo como requisito e medida da mesma, isto é, porque o Direito penal administra uma sanção particular, a pena aflitiva, mister que o delito contenha um requisito a mais que os demais ilícitos a culpabilidade -, cuja intensidade terá repercussão direta na fixação da reprimenda. A primeira noção acabada de culpabilidade no seio da teoria do delito, conseqüentemente, é da atribuição de uma pena a quem agiu livremente em contradição ao ordenamento jurídico, situação que torna do condenado um merecedor da mesma. Está calcada em uma imagem iluminista de ser humano: livre, igual e racional; em uma imagem consensualista de sociedade, cujos bens jurídicos essenciais, em grande parte herdados do Direito natural, seriam igualmente valorados por seus membros; e, finalmente, em uma percepção da pena como espelho do mau uso da razão representado no delito. Em que pese a evolução doutrinária da culpabilidade, tais premissas, aqui denominadas ilustrativamente de pilares, mantém-se inalterados. A Criminologia, porém, demonstra que tal imagem de sujeito não se sustenta; que a sociedade é heterogênea; que os bens jurídicos são escolhas políticas e que a pena aflitiva tem efeitos deletérios tão ou mais graves quanto os do crime. Tem-se, assim, uma contradição entre o discurso e a prática do Direito penal, com um superávit punitivo, anverso de seu déficit ético. Possível correção de rota estaria na desvinculação entre delito e pena aflitiva, redefinindo-se o Direito penal, a culpabilidade e o processo penal com vistas à recomposição dos danos de relacionamento, com explícito desprezo à pena aflitiva. Dentro do marco da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, é possível vislumbrar o fortalecimento da culpabilidade em vista das criticas criminológicas, sobretudo em sede de erro de proibição e de inexigibilidade de conduta diversa. Limitando o poder punitivo, a dogmática cumpriria a única missão viável no Estado Democrático de Direito, com resgate ético do Direito penal.
The idea of guilt is deeply rooted in western thinking, permeating all areas of humanities. In criminal law, it appears as a restriction of liability by the offense result. With the consolidation of modern criminal rationality, however, it is strongly associated to a painful penalty, serving at the same time as its requirement and extent, that is, because Criminal Law manages a particular penalty, the painful penalty, it is necessary that the offense contains an additional requirement to other illegal acts - guilt - whose intensity will have direct impact on the setting of the reprimand. The first built notion of guilt within the theory of Criminal Law, therefore, is the award of a penalty to those who freely acted in contradiction to the legal system, which makes the criminal someone who deserves such punishment. This is based on the Enlightment Age image of a human being: free, equal and rational; on a consensual society image, whose legal essential goods, largely inherited from Natural Law, would also be valued by its members; and finally, on the perception of the penalty as the mirror image of the misuse of reason, represented by the crime. Despite the doctrinal evolution of guilt, such assumptions, here called pillars, remain unchanged. Criminology, however, demonstrates that such image does not hold; that society is heterogeneous; that legal assets are political choices and that the painful penalty has side effects possibly far more serious than the crime itself. Thus there is a contradiction between the discourse and practice of Criminal Law, with a punitive surplus, opposite to its ethical deficit. A possible track correction would be the untying of crime and punishment, redefining Criminal Law, guilt and criminal prosecution with the purpose of rebuilding the relationship damages with explicit contempt with respect to the painful penalty. Within the framework of modern criminal rationality, however, it is possible to see the strengthening of guilt in the presence of criminological criticism, especially in the presence of the error as to prohibition and exculpation. Limiting punitive power, the dogmatic would meetthe only viable mission in a Democratic State of Law, with the rescue of an ethical criminal law.
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