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1
Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. Critical situations, criteria and guidelines. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1992.
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Noble, Elizabeth B. Classification Pamlico Sound nursery areas: Recommendations for critical habitat criteria. Morehead City, NC (P.O. Box 769, Morehead City 28557): North Carolina Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, 1991.
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David, Masters. Criteria for identifying the critical environmental capital of the maritime zone: A discussion paper : a report. Peterborough: English Nature, 1995.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Strategic defense system: Criteria for deployment decision will not be met by 1993; critical issues must be resolved : forty-first report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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McCarren, Gerard H. "Tests" or "notes"?: A critical evaluation of the criteria for genuine doctrinal development in John Henry Newman's Essay on the development of Christian doctrine. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI, 2000.
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Anderson, John E., Christian Bucher, Bruno Briseghella, Xin Ruan, and Tobia Zordan, eds. Sustainable Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed014.
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<p>Sustainability is the defining challenge for engineers in the twenty-first century. In addition to safe, economic, and effi-cient structures, a new criterion, sustainable, must be met. Furthermore, this new design paradigm–addressing social, economic, and environmental aspects–requires prompt action. In particular, mitigation of climate change requires sustainable solutions for new as well as existing structures. Taking from both practice and research, this book provides engineers with applicable, timely, and innovative information on the state-of-the-art in sustainable structural design. <p>This Structural Engineering Document addresses safety and regulations, integration concepts, and a sustainable approach to structural design. Life-cycle assessment is presented as a critical tool to quantify design options, and the importance of existing structures–in particular cultural heritage structures–is critically reviewed. Consideration is also given to bridge design and maintenance, structural reassessment, and disaster risk reduction. Finally, the importance of environmentally friendly concrete is examined. Consequently, structural engineers are shown to have the technical proficiency, as well as ethical imperative, to lead in designing a sustainable future.
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Tottossy, Beatrice, ed. Fonti di Weltliteratur. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-312-0.
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53 writers invited to speak, as artists, of themselves and their world at the beginning of the new millennium in no more than 2002 keystrokes. A new research criterion with which Fonti di Weltliteratur. Ungheria obtains the real and literary data for a theoretical specification of the state and behaviour of the cultural sphere in the globalized context, in the critical passage constituted – for the political and economic spheres as well – by a transformation of linguistic—national realities. Brief historical notes on the recent and current status of the writer in a Hungary passing from dictatorship to democracy in the end enable light to be thrown on the possible fate of the general figure of the intellectual in the perspective of the realization of a Goethean Weltliteratur. Fonti di Weltliteratur. Ungheria by Beatrice Töttössy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Non opere derivate 2.5 Italia License.Based on a work at www.fupress.com.
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1956-, Dierking Lynn D., Pacific Science Center, Association of Science-Technology Centers, and SLi, eds. Collaboration: Critical criteria for success. Washington, D.C: Pacific Science Center, 1997.
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Dierking, Lynn. Collaboration: Critical Criteria for Success. Assn of Science Technology Ctr, 1997.
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Maryland. Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission., ed. A Guide to the Chesapeake Bay critical area criteria. [Annapolis?]: State of Maryland, Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission, 1986.
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Mapping critical loads: A guidance to the criteria, calculations, data collection and mapping of critical loads. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1990.
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The Nln Criteria for Appraisal of Baccalaureate Programs: A Critical Hermeneutic Analysis (National League for Nursing Publication). Harry N. Abrams, 1989.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. History of Brain Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190662493.003.0001.
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The ability to diagnose brain death is linked to the ability to support catastrophic neurological injury and, thus, linked to the development of critical care. A new comatose state was noted with loss of all brainstem reflexes, absent respiratory drive, and loss of vascular tone leading to progressive hypotension and cardiac arrest. This chapter describes the evolution of thought and refinement of brain death criteria in the United States, from the Harvard criteria in 1968 to the American Academy of Neurology practice guidelines in 2010 and more recent pediatric guidelines.
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Moon, Jeremy. 4. The socialization of markets. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671816.003.0005.
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‘The socialization of markets’ is concerned with how and why corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become more institutionalized. It considers the ways in which CSR features in some markets, thereby shaping a ‘business case’ for CSR. Markets have become ever more socialized as non-economic criteria increasingly feature in market transactions. As companies both respond to and reinforce this trend, they consolidate CSR as part of ‘business as usual’, and new, shared, and legitimized norms of appropriate business behaviour emerge. The socialization of markets results from the interaction of market, social, and governmental factors. Companies retain a critical role in shaping products and services that foster and reward demands for social criteria in market decisions.
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Fedoroff, J. Paul. The Paraphilias. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466329.001.0001.
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Abstract: This book examines current and past perspectives concerning unconventional sexual interests. Extensively referenced, it challenges the dogma that sexual interests are immutably determined during a single critical period and are thereafter unchangeable. It critically reviews the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic criteria for paraphilic disorders. It provides assessment and treatment recommendations for each of the paraphilias listed in the DSM-5 and ICD-10. The book provides extensive case histories and tables summarizing more than 100 paraphilias and the latest research. It is written for mental health clinicians and specialists in the fields of sexology, forensic psychology, and psychiatry.
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Weinhouse, Gerald L. Sleep disturbances in critically ill patients. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0045.
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This chapter reviews the numerous reasons why critically ill patients often sleep poorly and describes the unique challenges of monitoring sleep in these patients. An inhospitable environment in the intensive care unit (ICU), care-related interruptions day and night, mechanical ventilation, numerous medications, and critical illness itself conspire to deprive these vulnerable patients of both deep NREM sleep and REM sleep. Under some conditions, sleep is so disturbed as to be almost unrecognizable by the Rechtschaffen & Kales criteria. Patients may suffer from “atypical sleep” or from “pathological wakefulness.” Patients often recall this poor sleep as one of their most stressful experiences while in the ICU. Ultimately, what may best restore good quality sleep for patients in the ICU is a multifaceted approach to creating a quiet, safe environment, combined with evidence-based management of medications, support devices, pain, and delirium and a conscious effort to set aside uninterrupted time for sleep.
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Hillman, Ken, and Jack Chen. Rapid response teams for the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0003.
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There is a high incidence of potentially preventable deaths and serious adverse events in acute hospitals. Most of these events occur on the general wards of the hospital. The concept of rapid response systems was developed as a way of identifying seriously-ill and at-risk patients in acute hospitals at an early stage in order to improve outcomes. The system has two major components—criteria to define the deteriorating patient linked to a rapid response. The criteria are based on a combination of abnormal vital signs and observations, and the response is based on matching the patient with staff with the appropriate skills. Implementing and evaluating hospital-wide systems present new challenges that are different to our approach to a new drug or procedure. As well as agreeing to the appropriate criteria and response, the system needs leadership and support across the whole hospital, including education programmes and, monitoring with appropriate quality assurance activities. Increasingly, the specialty of intensive care is designed around the needs of the seriously ill, rather than being geographically confined within the four walls of an intensive care unit. The concept of rapid response systems is part of that process.
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Kottman, Paul A. Art and Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802228.003.0013.
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This chapter aims to rethink Lessing’s Laocoon by reassessing its fundamental aesthetic contribution. The essay proceeds in three parts. First, it argues that Lessing’s critical practice in Laocoon demonstrates how the amateur’s ‘felt’ responses to an artwork’s aesthetic effect bears on the critic’s judgment concerning both what and how artworks mean. Second, Kottman claims that Lessing’s discussion of medium-specificity is not meant to arrive at any fixed ‘theory’ of different media; rather, it follows from his broader sense of what art does through its solicitation of our imagination. Third, the chapter argues that Lessing’s focus on the ‘limits’ of painting and poetry does not present transcendentally derived criteria according to which different ‘media’ are graspable; rather, Lessing shows how the very view that artworks or practice yield a special understanding of human life, unavailable elsewhere, is earned through the careful consideration of the achievements of specific artworks and practices.
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Barclay, Philip, and Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.
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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.
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Fassin, Didier. What Is Punishment? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888589.003.0003.
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What is punishment? To answer this question, two options are possible: one normative, the other critical. Ethnographic research puts H. L. A. Hart’s classical definition of punishment to the test, while taking seriously his generally overlooked remark that there should be no “definitional stop,” which ignores the complexity of practice because of a theoretical principle. After thorough examination of the five criteria provided to characterize punishment, only one seems to remain: the infliction of pain. A further genealogical exploration combining philology, ethnology, and history then shows how the response to offenses has evolved from an affective economy of debt implying reparation to a moral economy of punishment involving suffering.
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Toner, Andrew, Mark Hamilton, and Maurizio Cecconi. Post-surgery, post-anaesthesia complications. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0047.
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Postoperative complications are common in high-risk surgical populations and are associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes. Morbidity can be identified using prospective assessment of pathological criteria, or deviations from the ideal postoperative course requiring clinical intervention. While infections are the most prevalent complication type, morbidity affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain carry the worst prognosis. Specific pathophysiological processes drive morbidity in each organ system. In addition, dysfunction of the cardiovascular and immune systems can lead to multiorgan impairment, and have been the focus of many clinical trials. Perioperative strategies backed by the strongest evidence base include smoking cessation, surgical safety checklists, perioperative warming, pre-emptive antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, enhanced recovery protocols, and early critical care rescue when complications arise. Isolated attempts to optimize cardiovascular function or attenuate inflammatory responses have not been consistently successful in improving outcomes. As the proportion of surgical patients meeting high-risk criteria rises, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications has become a priority in many developed healthcare systems. To meet this need, improved implementation of proven strategies should be combined with routine and rigorous surgical outcome reporting. In addition, advances in pathophysiological understanding may lead to novel interventions offering multisystem protection in the surgical period.
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North, Carol S. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Disaster. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0011.
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This chapter provides an overview of disaster-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter begins by examining the special role that disasters have in contributing to our general understanding of PTSD. It further explores the critical roles played by both disaster trauma and exposure to it toward the development of PTSD, by applying nosology of the disorder and understanding the construction of criteria for its diagnosis. The chapter explains procedures and methods for assessment of disaster-related PTSD in individuals and in populations, reviews risk factors for PTSD after disasters, and describes the post-disaster course of PTSD. Finally, the chapter provides an operational approach with a mental health framework to address PTSD associated with exposure to disaster.
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Norton, Wynne E., Cynthia A. Vinson, and David A. Chambers. Future Directions in Implementation Science Across the Cancer Continuum. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0040.
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Implementation science in health has made considerable progress in the past decade, including in cancer control and prevention. As those in the field reflect on accomplishments and advancements, they must also consider emerging challenges and outstanding issues that have yet to be tackled. This chapter provides an overview of three issues in implementation science in health that warrant additional consideration and attention: minimum criteria for implementation, implementation strategies 2.0, and generalizability of implementation science. The goal of this chapter is to increase focus on these areas of inquiry and highlight some challenges that implementation science may encounter. The chapter takes a critical yet constructive approach to these issues and, in doing so, challenges the field to address these topics.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. Neurology of Brain Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190662493.003.0002.
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The diagnosis of brain death is based on a comprehensive neurological evaluation. First, physicians need to eliminate confounders to the clinical examination. Once excluded, a set of neurological tests and a formal apnea test (to document absent respiratory drive after CO2 challenge) often will suffice. Second, ancillary tests may be needed if some parts of the neurological examination cannot be accurately assessed. This chapter provides a full discussion of the clinical criteria in adults and children and is modeled after the guidelines of the American Academy of Neurology and the 2011 definition of pediatric brain death by a joint task force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Child Neurology Society.
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Rotberg, Robert I. State Failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0028.
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A failed state is a country with a government that cannot or will not deliver essential public services (political goods) to its citizens. Failed states are those political entities in international politics that supply deficient qualities and quantities of political goods and, simultaneously, no longer exercise a monopoly of violence within their territories. Failed states are violent. There are no failed states that do not harbour civil wars. When there are one or more insurgencies within the state, and when other critical criteria are met, we have a failed state. This chapter examines the range of failed or failing states that have affected Europe’s security interests since the end of the cold war.
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Brady, Sara J., and Eric Y. Drogin. Civil Commitment of Older Persons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0008.
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Older persons experience higher rates of psychiatric illness than the general population. Consequently, they are disproportionately affected by issues at the intersection of psychiatry and law. Case law, statutes, and regulations that address involuntary hospitalization do not typically address the unique challenges faced by this population in terms of available resources, cognitive styles, or manifestations of age-related or other psychiatric disorders. This chapter reviews the scope of civil commitment issues, legal standards for due process and compelled treatment criteria, forensic assessment techniques, cognitive screening, and opportunities for finding common ground with representatives of the legal community. Maintaining currency with requirements of each of the stakeholder professions will provide the best means of advancing practice in this critical and expanding area.
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Fraenkel, Ernst. The Legal History of the Dual State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.003.0008.
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This chapter aims to take an objective view of the appeal of National-Socialism. However, it is argued, people who had an ambivalent attitude toward National-Socialism suffered from two principal misconceptions. Firstly, the German ideology of Gemeinschaft (community) is just a mask hiding the still existing capitalist structure of society. Secondly, this ideological mask equally hides the existence of the prerogative state operating by arbitrary means. Any critical examination which attempts to reveal the social structure of the National-Socialist state, it is stated, must discover whether or not the essential criteria of the dual state have appeared in any earlier historical period. The chapter, therefore, looks in detail at the history of the dual state in Prussia and Germany as a whole.
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Kristjánsson, Kristján. Educating Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809678.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 rehearses Aristotle’s somewhat unsystematic remarks about emotion education. Moreover, the chapter subjects to critical scrutiny six different discourses on emotion education in addition to Aristotle’s: care ethics; social and emotional learning; positive psychology; emotion-regulation discourse; academic-emotions discourse; and social intuitionism. Four differential criteria are used to analyse the content of the discourses: valence of emotions to be educated; value ontology; general aims of emotion education; and self-related goals. Possible criticisms of all the discourses are presented. Subsequently, seven strategies of emotion education (behavioural strategies; ethos modification and emotion contagion; cognitive reframing; service learning/habituation; direct teaching; role modelling; and the arts) are introduced to explore how the seven discourses avail themselves of each strategy. It is argued that there is considerably more convergence in the practical strategies than there is in the theoretical underpinnings of the seven discourses.
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Sharples, Edward. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Rutger Ploeg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0127.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and contributes significantly to length of stay and hence costs. Large epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate an incidence of AKI of 5–18% depending on the definition of AKI utilized. Even relatively small changes in renal function are associated with increased mortality, and this has led to strict definition and staging of AKI. Early recognition with good clinical assessment, diagnosis, and management are critical to prevent progression of AKI and reduce the potential complications, including long-term risk of end-stage renal failure. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, causes, and early management of AKI are discussed. Hypovolaemia and sepsis are the most common causes in hospitalized patients, across medical and surgical specialities. Other common causes are discussed, as well as diagnostic criteria.
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Lauve-Moon, Katie. Preacher Woman. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197527542.001.0001.
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When people are committed to gender equality, what gets in their way of achieving it? Why do well-intentioned people reinforce sexist outcomes? Why does dissonance persist between organizational actors’ good intentions of equality and sexist outcomes? This book provides answers to these questions by applying the critical lens of gendered organizations to moderate-liberal congregations that separated from their mainline denomination in support of women’s equal leadership yet remain predominately male in positions of authority. This critical methodological study investigates congregations affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) with some dually aligned with The Alliance of Baptists. Although the CBF identifies the equal leadership of women as a core component of its collective identity and women are enrolling in Baptist seminaries at almost equal rates as men, only about 5% of CBF congregations employ women as solo senior pastors. This book provides an organizational analysis investigating gendered congregational processes on the individual, interactional, and organizational levels, including themes such as gendered hiring criteria, a perceived incongruence of women’s bodies and leadership, unconscious biases of organizational actors, and how women pastors’ experiences of discrimination influence their riskier approaches to leadership.
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Chidester, Thomas R. Creating a Culture of Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0008.
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Safety culture focuses on who is responsible in what ways for patient safety, ranging from individuals and teams performing critical duties on the front lines to the context within which work takes place, and high-level organizational priorities. Though it is a recent concept, it represents growth in the understanding of accident causation, and offers additional and potentially more broadly effective preventive actions. Key concepts include organizational commitment, operational interactions, formal and informal safety indicators, and safety behaviors and outcomes. Measurement can be accomplished through benchmarked surveys, case analysis, field observation, and examination of procedures, manuals, newsletters, brochures, and performance evaluation criteria for their safety focus. Intervening to improve safety culture requires assessing an organization’s current state, communicating safety and minimizing patient risk as a core value in a methodical and sustained manner, deploying and monitoring standardized procedures by workgroup, establishing feedback systems, and reporting progress in safety alongside economic progress.
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Jasanoff, Sheila. A Field of Its Own. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.15.
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This chapter presents science and technology studies (STS) as a new island in a preexisting disciplinary archipelago. As a field, STS combines two strands of work dealing, respectively, with the nature and practices of science and technology (S&T) and the relationships between science, technology, and society. As such, STS research focuses on distinctive objects of inquiry and employs novel discourses and methods. The field confronts three significant barriers to achieving greater intellectual coherence, and institutional recognition. First, it must persuade skeptical scientists and university administrators of the need for a critical perspective on S&T. Second, it must demonstrate that traditional disciplines do not adequately analyze S&T. Third, it has to overcome STS scholars’ reluctance to create intellectual boundaries and membership criteria that appear to exclude innovative work. A generation of scholars with graduate degrees in STS are helping to meet these challenges.
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Matson, Johnny L., and Paige E. Cervantes. Intellectual Disabilities. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.12.
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Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant deficits in intellectual skills and adaptive behavior. ID affects approximately 1% of the population; an individual’s ID can range from mild to profound based on the level of impairment and supports needed. Individuals often present with associated challenging behaviors and medical and psychiatric comorbidities that create a complicated clinical picture. Comprehensive assessment is critical for effective treatment. Intervention for ID is focused on addressing the discrepancies between an individual’s ability and environmental demands by providing supports to improve daily functioning. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary. Evaluation and treatment procedures will likely evolve as etiological understanding of ID improves. Greater research and policy attention to several areas of clinical practice are needed to improve prognosis and quality of life. This chapter details diagnostic criteria, assessment and intervention strategies, gaps in and future directions of research and practice, and implications for clinical practice.
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Pitt, Matthew. Pathophysiological correlations in neuropathies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0004.
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This chapter begins with an explanation of the pathophysiological correlations between the recorded changes and the underlying diagnosis which allow classification into demyelinating and axonal neuropathy. Demyelinating neuropathies are discussed first. The extensive and ever expanding literature in hereditary neuropathies is highlighted. The different variants of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy encountered in children are discussed along with the electrodiagnostic criteria for the diagnosis. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is then covered, both in its clinical presentation and electrodiagnosis. Other causes such as MNGIE and Lyme disease are highlighted. In the section on axonal neuropathy, division into hereditary and acquired is made. The diagnosis of sensorimotor hereditary neuropathies is discussed along with primarily sensory neuropathies including ataxia telangiectasia, Friedreich’s ataxia, and abetalipoproteinaemia, finishing with discussion of the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. The many different causes of acquired axonal neuropathy are listed and discussed including neoplasia, endocrine disturbances, metabolic conditions, infective agents, autoimmune conditions, mitochondrial disease, drugs, and vitamin deficiency, finishing with critical illness neuromyopathy.
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Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.
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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory failures and/or severe sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This chapter discusses the particularities in the management of neutropenic patients in the ICU, including outcome and criteria for ICU admission, management of antimicrobials with respect to the current epidemiological trends, and other measures specific to this subgroup of patients.
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O’Brien, Alastair. Management of acute or chronic hepatic failure in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0200.
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Acute on chronic liver failure is characterized by an acute deterioration of liver function in a patient with previously compensated cirrhosis secondary to a precipitating event. It is most commonly associated with a very poor prognosis and early identification of the precipitating cause is essential to successfully attempt to reverse decompensation. The most common precipitant is infection and a high index of suspicion is required. Other management is largely supportive with close attention to renal dysfunction being particularly important. All patients admitted to the intensive care unit with complications of cirrhosis warrant consultation with a transplant centre to determine whether they fulfil the criteria for transplantation and for expert advice.
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Pinkhasov, Arkadiy, Michael J. Germain, and Lewis M. Cohen. Dialysis withdrawal and palliative care. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0261.
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This chapter discusses why dialysis withdrawal is so common in the United States, when dialysis withdrawal and withholding is appropriate, and the role of palliative care in the renal patient. It discusses guidelines that were created to aid in dialysis withdrawal, dialysis initiation, and prognostic calculation. Factors contributing to the phenomenon of dialysis discontinuation include variability in the criteria for initiation of renal replacement therapy, increasing numbers of incident and prevalent geriatric patients, new emphasis on autonomy and quality of life, the development of improved prognostic instruments for prediction of survival, growing acceptance of medical decisions that accelerate dying, and a clearer appreciation of the quality of dying that ensues following the cessation of dialysis. There continues to be a need for further integration of palliative medicine in the clinical management of patients with chronic kidney disease, especially since hospice services are often unavailable unless a decision is made to stop dialysis treatment. The importance of communication between staff and patients and the documentation of the plan of care is critical.
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Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. Edited by David Van Leer. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535774.001.0001.
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Since their first publication in the 1830s and 1840s, Edgar Allan Poe's extraordinary Gothic tales have established themselves as classics of horror fiction and have also created many of the conventions which still dominate the genre of detective fiction. Yet, as well as being highly enjoyable, Poe's tales are works of very real intellectual exploration. Abandoning the criteria of characterization and plotting in favour of blurred boundaries between self and other, will and morality, identity and memory, Poe uses the Gothic to question the integrity of human existence. Indeed, Poe is less interested in solving puzzles or in moral retribution than in exposing the misconceptions that make things seem ‘mysterious’ in the first place. Attentive to the historical and political dimensions of these very American tales, this new critical edition selects twenty-four tales and places the most popular - ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’, ‘The Masque of the Red Death’, The Murders in the Rue Morgue; and ‘The Purloined Letter’ - alongside less well-known travel narratives, metaphysical essays and political satires.
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Illes, Judy, ed. Neuroethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.001.0001.
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We have new answers to how the brain works and tools which can now monitor and manipulate brain function. Rapid advances in neuroscience raise critical questions with which society must grapple. What new balances must be struck between diagnosis and prediction, and invasive and noninvasive interventions? Are new criteria needed for the clinical definition of death in cases where individuals are eligible for organ donation? How will new mobile and wearable technologies affect the future of growing children and aging adults? To what extent is society responsible for protecting populations at risk from environmental neurotoxins? As data from emerging technologies converge and are made available on public databases, what frameworks and policies will maximize benefits while ensuring privacy of health information? And how can people and communities with different values and perspectives be maximally engaged in these important questions? Neuroethics: Anticipating the Future is written by scholars from diverse disciplines—neurology and neuroscience, ethics and law, public health, sociology, and philosophy. With its forward-looking insights and considerations for the future, the book examines the most pressing current ethical issues.
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M, O'Farrell J., and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. High frequency flow/structural interaction in dense subsonic fluids. Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1995.
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M, O'Farrell J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. High frequency flow/structural interaction in dense subsonic fluids. [Huntsville, Ala.]: Rockwell Aerospace, Space Systems Division, Huntsville Operations, 1994.
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Jibawi, Abdullah, and David Cade. Current Surgical Guidelines. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199558278.001.0001.
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Current Surgical Guidelines covers the main conditions requiring surgical care, such as breast cancer, critically ill surgical patients, and diverticular disease, and focuses on the evidence and selection criteria which determine the best action to take. Recommendations are graded according to relevant current guidelines and all benefits/risk decision recommendations are supported by easy-to-digest facts and figures.
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Sexton, Thomas L., and Julie R. LaFollette. Finding What Works. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.17.
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One of the critical challenges in relationship science is translating the “science” of relationship research into the “practice” of clinical intervention. One of the major issues in this challenge is determining when something “works” or, more specifically, identifying the central criteria from which to evaluate the findings of research and determine that an intervention is ready for clinical use. This seemingly simple task is complex given that relationship science research is based on the interaction among client factors, therapeutic influence, and specific change mechanisms that lead to measurable outcomes in couple and family therapy (CFT). As a result of the complexity, determining what works can no longer be accomplished by literature reviews or meta-analyses alone. Determining what works in a clinically useful way is an important task because if clinicians are to use research it must be evaluated on components that are both methodologically sound and clinically useful. We suggest that treatment guidelines have the potential to reliably distinguish varying levels of evidence and effectively disseminate this information to practitioners, serving to close the gap between practice and research in relationship science. Thus, treatment guidelines offer a “vehicle” to move research into practice.
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Jorio, Rosa De. The Heritagization of Islamic and Secular Architecture. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040276.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the challenges encountered by state and quasi-state organizations in transforming some of the Djenné-based sacred sites into public heritage sites. It analyzes the centrality of Sudanese architecture in colonial and postcolonial representations of Mali, including the construction of models of the Great Mosque of Djenné in the context of worldwide expositions featuring Mali's artistic and artisanal products. It highlights some of the additional challenges (and possibilities) opened up by the inscription of the towns of Djenné on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list and Djennenkés' critical perspectives on the criteria and objectives overseeing the management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Through an analysis grounded in a postcolonial revision of Bennett's exhibitionary complex, the chapter also addresses state and quasi-state attempts to diversify the selection of the cultural patrimony to be restored. It examines the reinvention of the youth house of the Saho, which is being reconceived in bureaucratic reports and the media as an example of Mal's secular patrimony. Such transformations in state narratives of the Saho represent an effort to mitigate opposition by religious leaders—whose perspectives are shaped not merely by religious concerns but also by an array of other considerations (including economic and political ones).
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Estrada-Mesa, Ángela María, Gina Marcela Arias-Rodríguez, Aida Milena Cabrera-Lozano, Alexandra Gutiérrez-Velasco, Alvaro Díaz-Gómez, Andrés Felipe Ortiz-Gordillo, Angélica Paola Carvajal-Sánchez, et al. Experiencias psicosociales en la transición hacia la paz profunda en Colombia. Edited by Ángela María Estrada-Mesa and Gina Marcela Arias-Rodríguez. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133532.2020.
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The chapters in this book show a reflection on some challenges faced by the psychosociological research with a view to the accompaniment, support and even orientation of the processes and psychosocial dynamics of peace building. It is inspired by the set of works included here, but not based on them exclusively or as a priority; rather, it seeks to offer a set of criteria for critical reflection in a unique historical moment by the advocacy opportunities that open up for the improvement of psychosociological research. In turn, it is expected to encourage new reflective practices that contribute to increase the relevance and pertinence of this type of research, to choose fruitful paths both for the definition of research programs and crucial curricular decisions for the advanced training of new generations of professionals who contribute to the coming years to this fundamental challenge of building real and durable peace in Colombia. The book is a contribution to epistemological, methodological, and ethical reflections at a historical and political crucial time for the country, in which unfortunately the desire for peace in rural Colombia is not materialized yet. But, even during vicissitudes and promises for having a stable and lasting peace, psychosociological knowledge becomes meaningful and more relevant.
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Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.
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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending on the level of dermal involvement. Damage in a third-degree burn extends to subcutaneous fat. There is a substantial hypermetabolic response to severe burn, resulting in significant catabolism and untoward effects on the immune, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Accurate assessment of the extent of burn injury is critical for prognosis and initiation of resuscitation. Burn size, measured in total body surface area, can be quickly estimated using the rule of nines or palmar method. A more detailed sizing system is recommended once the patient has been triaged. Appropriate diagnosis of burn depth will be important for later management. First-degree burns are erythematous and painful, like a sunburn; third-degree burns are leathery and insensate. Differentiating between second-degree burn types remains difficult. There are a number of formalized criteria during assessment that should prompt transfer to a burn centre.
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Perkins, Elizabeth C., Shaun P. Brothers, and Charles B. Nemeroff. Animal Models for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0024.
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Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide a wellspring of biological information about this complex condition by providing the opportunity to manipulate trauma exposure and measure biological outcomes in a systematic manner that is not possible in clinical studies. Symptoms of PTSD may be induced in animals by physical (immobilization, foot shock, underwater stress) and psychological stressors (exposure to predator, social defeat, early life trauma) or a combination of both. In addition, genetic, epigenetic and transgenic models have been created by breeding animals with a behavioral propensity for maladaptive stress response or by directly manipulating genes that have been implicated in PTSD. The effect of stressors in animals is measured by a variety of means, including observation of behavior, measurement of structural alterations in the brain and of physiological markers such as HPA axis activity and altered gene expression of central nervous system neurotransmitter system components including receptors. By comparing changes observed in stress exposed animals to humans with PTSD and by comparing animal response to treatments that are effective in humans, we can determine the validity of PTSD animal models. The identification of a reliable physiological marker of maladaptive stress response in animals as well as standard use of behavioral cutoff criteria are critical to the development of a valid animal model of PTSD.
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Kleppinger, Kathryn A. Branding the 'Beur' Author. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781381960.001.0001.
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Branding the Beur Author analyzes mainstream media promotion of literature written by the descendants of North African immigrants to France (often called beurs). Launched in the early 1980s, conversations between journalists and ‘beur’ authors delve into contemporary debates such as racism in the 1980s and Islam in French society in the 1990s. But the interests of journalists looking for sensational subject matter also heavily shape the promotion and reception of these novels: only the ‘beur’ authors who use a realist style to write about the challenges faced by the North African immigrant population in France—and who engage on-air with French identity politics and immigration—receive multiple invitations to participate in interviews. Previous scholarship has taken a necessary first step by analyzing the social and political stakes of this literature (using labels such as ‘beur’ and/or ‘banlieue,’ to designate its urban, economically distressed setting), but this book argues that this approach reproduces the selection criteria deployed by the media that determine which texts receive commercial and critical support. By demonstrating how minority-based literary labels such as ‘francophone’ and ‘postcolonial’ are always already defined by the socio-political context in which such works are published and promoted, this book establishes that these labels are tautological and cannot reflect the thematic and stylistic richness of beur (and other minority) production in France.
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Dasgupta, Bhaskar. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0134.
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This chapter reviews advances in pathogenesis; European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria with clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound criteria for classification as polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR); the heterogeneity and overlap between PMR, inflammatory arthritis, and large-vessel vasculitis as illustrated by representative cases; recent guidelines on early and correct recognition, investigations, and management of PMR; the scope of disease-modifying agents; socio-economic impact, outcomes, and patient experience in PMR. It also discusses areas for future research including clinical trials with biological agents and newer steroid formulations, standardized outcome assessments, and the search for better biomarkers in PMR. PMR is one of the common inflammatory rheumatic diseases of older people and represents a frequent indication for long-term glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. It is characterized by abrupt-onset pain and stiffness of the shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles. Its management is subject to wide variations of clinical practice and it is managed in primary or secondary care by general practitioners (GPs), rheumatologists, and non-rheumatologists. The evaluation of PMR can be challenging, as many clinical and laboratory features may also be present in other conditions, including other rheumatological diseases, infection, and neoplasia. PMR is usually diagnosed in the primary care setting, but standard clinical investigations and referral pathways for suspected PMR are unclear. The response to standardized therapy is heterogeneous, and a significant proportion of patients do not respond completely. There is also an overlap with inflammatory arthritis and large-vessel vasculitis for which adjuvant disease-modifying medications are often used. Prolonged corticosteroid therapy is associated with a variety of side effects, especially when high-dose glucocorticoid therapy is employed. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is also often linked to PMR. It is a vasculitis of large- and medium-sized vessels causing critical ischaemia. GCA is a medical emergency because of the high incidence of neuro-ophthalmic complications. Both conditions are associated with a systemic inflammatory response and constitutional symptoms. The pathogenesis is unclear. The initiating step may be the recognition of an infectious agent by aberrantly activated dendritic cells. The key cell types involved are CD4+ T cells and macrophages giving rise to key cytokines such as interferon-γ (implicated in granuloma formation), PDGF (intimal hyperplasia), and interleukin (IL)-6 (key to the systemic response). The pathogenesis of PMR may be similar to that of GCA, although PMR exhibits less clinical vascular involvement. The mainstay of therapy is corticosteroids, and disease-modifying therapy is currently indicated in relapsing disease.