Relevant bibliographies by topics / Critical locations for road transport

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Critical locations for road transport'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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Coronell, Garis, Julián Arellana, and Víctor Cantillo. "LOCATION OF SPEED CONTROL CAMERAS ON HIGHWAYS: A GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS." Transport 36, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.15117.

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This research proposes a methodology to identify critical sections of highways where the location of speeding control may be beneficial. The method relies on a spatial and statistical analysis of infrastructure risks, along with traffic accident frequency and severity. A relevant feature of this methodology is related to its potential to be used in areas where there are no detailed historical records about traffic crashes, which is common in Global South countries. We applied the methodology to a rural road network in Colombia, where a recent law established that technical criteria should support the location of speed cameras. The case study uses accident information from six years, and risk data from a road safety audit carried out in the area under study. Even though historical records of accidents in the area were not fully available, the methodology allowed prioritising speed camera installations in the zone and identifying the relevant variables to define camera location. The relevant variables were the geometric characteristics of the road, traffic flows, risk factors, and proximity to populated centres. The use of speed controls should be part of a road safety management system, which allows defining camera location according to robust technical criteria.
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Mossoux, Sophie, Matthieu Kervyn, and Frank Canters. "Assessing the impact of road segment obstruction on accessibility of critical services in case of a hazard." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 1251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1251-2019.

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Abstract. Development of hazard maps is one of the measures promoted by the international community to reduce risk. Hazard maps provide information about the probability of given areas to be affected by one or several hazards. As such they are useful tools to evaluate risk and support the development of safe policies. So far studies combining hazard mapping with accessibility to services are few. In hazardous environments, accessibility of the population to strategic infrastructure is important because emergency services and goods will principally be offered at or provided from these locations. If a road segment is blocked by a hazard, accessibility to services may be affected, or worse, people may be completely disconnected from specific services. The importance of each road segment in the transport network as a connecting element enabling access to relevant services is therefore critical information for the authorities. In this study, we propose a new application of hazard mapping which aims to define the importance of each road segment in the accessibility to services, taking into account the probability of being affected by a hazard. By iteratively removing one segment after the other from the road network, changes in accessibility to critical infrastructure are evaluated. Two metrics of road segment importance considering the population affected and the hazard probability are calculated for each segment: a road accessibility risk metric and a users' path vulnerability metric. Visualization of these road metrics is a useful way of valuing hazard maps and may help to support discussions about the development of new infrastructure, road capacity increase and maintenance of existing infrastructures, and evacuation procedures.
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Awad-Núñez, Samir, Nicoletta González-Cancelas, Francisco Soler-Flores, and Alberto Camarero-Orive. "HOW SHOULD THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE LOCATION OF DRY PORTS BE MEASURED? A PROPOSED METHODOLOGY USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS AND MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1081618.

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The global economic structure, with its decentralized production and the consequent increase in freight traffic all over the world, creates considerable problems and challenges for the freight transport sector. This situation has led shipping to become the most suitable and cheapest way to transport goods. Thus, ports are configured as nodes with critical importance in the logistics supply chain as a link between two transport systems, sea and land. Increase in activity at seaports is producing three undesirable effects: increasing road congestion, lack of open space in port installations and a significant environmental impact on seaports. These adverse effects can be mitigated by moving part of the activity inland. Implementation of dry ports is a possible solution and would also provide an opportunity to strengthen intermodal solutions as part of an integrated and more sustainable transport chain, acting as a link between road and railway networks. In this sense, implementation of dry ports allows the separation of the links of the transport chain, thus facilitating the shortest possible routes for the lowest capacity and most polluting means of transport. Thus, the decision of where to locate a dry port demands a thorough analysis of the whole logistics supply chain, with the objective of transferring the largest volume of goods possible from road to more energy efficient means of transport, like rail or short-sea shipping, that are less harmful to the environment. However, the decision of where to locate a dry port must also ensure the sustainability of the site. Thus, the main goal of this article is to research the variables influencing the sustainability of dry port location and how this sustainability can be evaluated. With this objective, in this paper we present a methodology for assessing the sustainability of locations by the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Bayesian Networks (BNs). MCDA is used as a way to establish a scoring, whilst BNs were chosen to eliminate arbitrariness in setting the weightings using a technique that allows us to prioritize each variable according to the relationships established in the set of variables. In order to determine the relationships between all the variables involved in the decision, giving us the importance of each factor and variable, we built a K2 BN algorithm. To obtain the scores of each variable, we used a complete cartography analysed by ArcGIS. Recognising that setting the most appropriate location to place a dry port is a geographical multidisciplinary problem, with significant economic, social and environmental implications, we consider 41 variables (grouped into 17 factors) which respond to this need. As a case of study, the sustainability of all of the 10 existing dry ports in Spain has been evaluated. In this set of logistics platforms, we found that the most important variables for achieving sustainability are those related to environmental protection, so the sustainability of the locations requires a great respect for the natural environment and the urban environment in which they are framed.
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Bachtiar, Vera Surtia, Purnawan, Reri Afrianita, and Randa Anugerah. "Validation of CO dispersion model due to the road position on the dominant wind direction on transport sector." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713017.

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This study aims to validate CO dispersion model due to the position of the road toward the dominant wind direction on the transport sector. Sampling for modelling was done on the road with the road angle to wind direction is 0 degree (Jend. A. Yani Road), 30 degree (Andalas Road) and 60 degree (Prof. Dr. Hamka Road). CO dispersion model was obtained from the relations between CO concentration with traffic volume, traffic speed, wind speed and dominant wind direction. Sampling for validation was done at three location points, i.e. Jend. Ahmad Yani Road, By Pass Road and Dr. Wahidin Road, each of which has a position of 0, 45 and 90 degrees toward dominant wind direction. Sampling for CO was done using impinger. Measurement of traffic characteristics and meteorological conditions was performed in conjunction with CO sampling. Validation test was done by using Pearson Product Moment formula and Test of Two Variance. Results of the Two-Variance Test showed no significant difference between two concentrations of CO model and CO measurement. It showed the Test Ratio (RUf) smaller than the Critical Point. Validation test using Pearson Product Moment showed that the CO model can be used for predicting CO dispersion.
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Jezek, B., J. Vaněk, K. Antos, and M. Prochazka. "(P2-27) Simulation of Transport During a Major Incident." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004717.

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Transportation capacities belong to the key factors of the response to a major incident. Available resources, both in terms of personnel and equipment, must be transported, usually by ambulances, to the incident location. In the other direction, casualties must be transported to hospitals and other health care facilities for further treatment. For this reason, the efficiency of the response is greatly determined by ambulance travel times and the ability of health care facilities to absorb large numbers of patients. We propose methods to compute the travel times to and from the incident location based on a classified road network. The methods take into account different attributes that depend on ambulance type and capacity, road quality, time of day, weather or actual traffic density. Correctly computed travel times are crucial not only for optimal deployment of all resources within the analyzed region, but also for the evaluation of the readiness of the emergency health care system for a major incident. We have included the methods in an agent-based simulation of transport during the response. From the simulation outputs and with the help of geographical information systems and information visualization methods we have synthesized maps that represent the capability of a region to absorb a major incident defined by a scenario. When combined with risk maps and maps of population density the synthesized maps allow emergency management authorities to find critical points and gaps in the emergency health care service.
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Krechowiecki-Shaw, C. J., I. Jefferson, A. Royal, G. S. Ghataora, and I. M. Alobaidi. "Degradation of soft subgrade soil from slow, large, cyclic heavy-haul road loads: a review." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 9 (September 2016): 1435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0234.

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Extraction of resources in remote locations can require temporary haul roads to transport extremely large, slow-moving, indivisible loads (e.g., plant, oil–gas production modules, and reactors, weighing in excess of 1000 t) without interruptions. Poor subgrade soils may experience larger cyclic strains and greater cyclic degradation under these conditions than under conventional roads, yet the short engineering life precludes many foundation-strengthening options due to cost. As there is little research into this unique situation, this paper synthesizes research from a broad range of applications to discuss implications on expected soil response. Reference is made to critical state theory and discrete element method (DEM) modelling to develop fundamental concepts considering particle-scale interactions. Cyclic failure is proposed to be a kinematically unstable process, triggered by shear banding on the Hvorslev surface, tensile liquefaction or fabric-governed meta-stable liquefaction; the latter is particularly influenced by stress history and anisotropy. This paper finds pore-water pressure accumulation under load and dissipation between loads are key to cyclic degradation and furthermore to be dependent upon load duration, principal stress rotation, and repetition frequency. For meta-stable, liquefiable soils in particular, inclination of principal stresses is at least as important in assessing failure risk as magnitude of stresses.
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Saleh, Wafaa Shoukry, and Maha M. A. Lashin. "Investigation of Critical Gap for Pedestrian Crossing Using Fuzzy Logic System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103653.

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This paper assesses pedestrian crossing behavior and critical gaps at a two-way midblock crossing location. A critical gap is the shortest gap that a pedestrian accepts when crossing a road. A dataset was collected in 2017 in Edinburgh (UK). The analysis was performed using the fuzzy logic system. The adopted membership function of the fuzzy logic system is of a triangular form since it has a simple and convenient structure. The input variables that are used in the analysis are the number and length of rejected gaps and length of accepted gaps at the crossing location. The output variables are the critical gaps. The results show that assessing critical gap estimation of pedestrians crossing using fuzzy logic is achievable and produces reasonable values that are comparable to values that are reported in the literature. This outcome improves the understanding of pedestrian crossing behavior and could therefore have implications for transport infrastructure design. Further analysis using additional parameters including waiting time and demographic characteristics and alternative forms for membership functions are strongly encouraged.
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Morchid, Khaoula, and Margaret O’Mahony. "Transport Sector Impacts of a Border between Ireland and Northern Ireland after a Hard Brexit." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9029852.

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More than half of British voters chose to leave the European Union (EU) leading to a series of negotiations between the United Kingdom and the EU. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU is widely referred to as Brexit. As the only country that shares a land border with the UK, the impact of Brexit on Ireland is expected to be greater than on any other European country. The objective of the research is to evaluate the potential impact of Brexit on the transport sector in Ireland at a micro level by focusing on cross‐border commuters and by also assessing the impact on road freight transport. Potential crossing scenarios are examined at six crossing locations. Assuming a hard border is implemented, each crossing is modelled in VISSIM, a microscopic traffic flow simulation software, using traffic data from Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) and dwell time estimated based on the US–Canada border crossings. Six scenarios are considered to determine the impact on cross‐border traffic at different flow conditions and with varying levels of technology used in border infrastructure leading to short versus long processing times. The paper evaluates travel measures including delays, queue lengths and emissions. The worst‐case scenario has a vehicle delay of 18.4 min and the highest delay‐associated costs across all locations modelled are estimated at €60.7 million per year. Estimated emissions generated at the border crossings raise concerns about environmental impacts of a hard Brexit. Interviews with stakeholders emphasized the critical role of technology in reducing the impact of a hard Brexit on cross‐border commuters and on the freight sector. A key finding is the importance of using technology tools to facilitate controls and reduce processing times. The results indicate that technology use leads to significant time and cost savings as well as reduced environmental impacts.
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Kourmpa, Efthymia, and Stefanos Tsigdinos. "Detection Of Fire-Prone Areas In Attica Region Integrating Urban And Transport Aspect." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-148.

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In Mediterranean climate areas, wildfires are one of the most critical problems bringing about several negative impacts (loss of human life, infrastructure damages, landscape transformation, natural environment deterioration, etc.). Fires pose great dangers not only for rural areas, but also for suburban or even urban areas. The aim of the research is to detect areas vulnerable to wildfire in Attica Region and then to examine the critical factors affecting the risk degree in macro and microscale. In the first step we examine the wider study area, which is close to vulnerable areas in a zone at least 1km wide. This examination includes the factor of vegetation along with other factors such as road network, aspect, slope etc, aiming to detect the exact area vulnerable to fire. The second step focuses on a vulnerable study area individually, for identifying and measuring the factors that affect the risk degree in microscale. The most notable factors are: a) population density, b) connectivity of the road network, c) geometric features of the streets, c) location of fire stations and police departments, d) existence of open spaces, e) parking conditions and f ) existence of vulnerable facilities. The wider study area (macroscale) is the Regional Unit of Eastern Attica and the main study area (microscale) is the settlement of Saronida. The findings indicate that several rural and peri-urban areas inEastern Atticaare vulnerable to wildfire. Particularly, crucial issues regarding microscale are the low roadway width values and the inadequate connectivity of the network structure.
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Heitor, Ana, Joshua Parkinson, and Thomas Kotzur. "The Role of Soil Stabilisation in Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change in Transport Infrastructure with Reference to Wetting Processes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031080.

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Cost efficient and robust transport systems are of critical importance to future economic prosperity as well as for the society’s social and environmental well-being. However, current performance shortcomings in the transport infrastructure formations induced by extreme climatic events cause excessive maintenance requirements with increased costs and disruptions to commuters and loss of productivity in the freight services. This is particularly important in locations where soils are sensitive to moisture changes caused by extreme climatic events. In this paper the role of soil stabilisation in halting volumetric deformation and associated reduction in shear strength derived from the wetting processes (e.g., rainfall periods) is examined for an expansive soil. Two stabilizers commonly used in road construction are examined, i.e., hydrated lime and Portland cement. An additional non-traditional stabiliser composed of a blend of ground granulated blast furnace slag and hydrated lime is also considered. A series of one-dimensional swelling and direct shear box tests were conducted adopting vertical stresses relevant for pavements and simulate wetting process that can take place after a period of rainfall. Results indicate that while all stabilizers contribute to a reduction of swelling and smaller losses in shear strength upon wetting, the blend of blast furnace slag and hydrated lime is the most favourable in terms of carbon footprint.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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Polok, Jiří. "Analýza kritických míst v silniční dopravě ve vybraném regionu - Frýdecko-Místecko." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232648.

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This master thesis analyses the critical places on the road I/11 in the Frydek-Mistek region in the stretch Ropice-Bystrice. The aim of this master thesis is to suggest the organization and building arrangements, which raise the safety of the traffic in the chosen dangerous places. The suggested arrangemetns are chosen so that they could be used in pratice.
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Brtníková, Michaela. "Analýza kritických míst v silniční dopravě ve vybraném regionu - Vyškovsko." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232557.

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This master thesis analyzes the bottlenecks on the terrestrial communications in the area Vyškovsko. The aim is to suggest organizational and engineering measures which lead to increase traffic safety in selected road sections of terrestrial communications.
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Černý, Tomáš. "Analýza kritických míst v silniční dopravě ve vybraném regionu - Rokycansko." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232756.

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This master thesis analyzes the bottlenecks on the terrestrial communications in the area Rokycansko. The aim is to suggest organizational and engineering measures which lead to increase tradic safety in selected road sections of terrestrial communications.
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Ekström, Joakim. "Designing Urban Road Congestion Charging Systems : Models and Heuristic Solution Approaches." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15747.

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The question of how to design a congestion pricing scheme is difficult to answer and involves a number of complex decisions. This thesis is devoted to the quantitative parts of designing a congestion pricing scheme with link tolls in an urban car traffic network. The problem involves finding the number of tolled links, the link toll locations and their corresponding toll level. The road users are modeled in a static framework, with elastic travel demand.

Assuming the toll locations to be fixed, we recognize a level setting problem as to find toll levels which maximize the social surplus. A heuristic procedure based on sensitivity analysis is developed to solve this optimization problem. In the numerical examples the heuristic is shown to converge towards the optimum for cases when all links are tollable, and when only some links are tollable.

We formulate a combined toll location and level setting problem as to find both toll locations and toll levels which maximize the net social surplus, which is the social surplus minus the cost of collecting the tolls. The collection cost is assumed to be given for each possible toll location, and to be independent of toll level and traffic flow. We develop a new heuristic method which is based on repeated solutions of an approximation to the combined toll location and level setting problem. Also, a known heuristic method for locating a fixed number of toll facilities is extended, to find the optimal number of facilities to locate. Both heuristics are evaluated on two small networks, where our approximation procedure shows the best results.

Our approximation procedure is also employed on the Sioux Falls network. The result is compared with different judgmental closed cordon structures, and the solution suggested by our method clearly improves the net social surplus more than any of the judgmental cordons.

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Van, der Walt Nicolaas. "Description and critical analysis of the management of road and transportation research in the Republic of South Africa." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16286.

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The dissertation gives the background to the need for management of roads and transportation research in the Republic of South Africa. The close co-operation between researcher and end-user of research findings in the above-mentioned fields and its application into practice, is described. The advent of autonomy of research institutions in 1986, highlighted the need for a structured approach for the management of road and transportation research. Tasks, previously undertaken mainly by the Division for Road and Transport Research of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research on behalf of the South African road and transportation authorities, had to be taken over by the Department of Transport. A transition period of five years was given (from 1987 to 1992) to implement a suitable scientifically sound system. Details towards co-ordination and formalising of needs such as determination, prioritisation, allocation, funding and control of transportation research are given.
Public Administration and Management
M.A. (Public Administration)
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Joubert, Lionel. "A critical policy of some of the policy issues facing the Department of Transport, and some of the implementation challenges experienced. A study of three programmes/strategies initiated by the Department of Transport: the Arrive Alive campaign, the points demerit system and the Road to safety 2001-2005 strategy." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4652.

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This study is a critical policy analysis of some of the policy issues facing the Department of Transport, and some of the implementation challenges experienced. The policy analysis concludes that one cannot assess whether or not the Department of Transport's policies: and programmes are successfully implemented, because they have not considered or designed measures of evaluation or impact of any of their policies. Some of the policy issues and problems facing the Department of Transport still exist despite the various policy proposals, strategies or programs which they have designed and implemented.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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Books on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Retrieval platforms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0005.

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Knowing your environment is essential to a successful retrieval. An overview of key operational characteristics of road and air platforms is necessary to perform well in the retrieval environment. Understanding capacity, speed, loading, pressurization, and safety features of each platform facilitates retrieval planning. Knowledge of how a particular platform affects patient access, equipment, internal environment, monitoring, and communications is vital to the retrieval practitioner. Tips and tricks to mitigate against the environmental stresses of providing critical care in difficult environments are included. An approach to sudden patient deterioration during transport is given for each platform.
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Book chapters on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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Murray, Alan T., and Tony H. Grubesic. "Fortifying Large Scale, Geospatial Networks." In Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems, 301–23. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2659-1.ch013.

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Large scale, geospatial networks—such as the Internet, the interstate highway system, gas pipelines, and the electrical grid—are integral parts of modern society, facilitating the capability to communicate, transport goods and services between locations, and connect homes and businesses to basic necessities like water and electricity. The associated management and protection of this critical infrastructure is a challenging task because it is often compromised or damaged by natural disasters, human error, or sabotage. Further, the cascading effects associated with disruptions can impact related interdependent infrastructure, such as supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA). In this context, although the protection and/or hardening of network elements can reduce disruptive impacts, the cost to protect all equipment in the system is prohibitive. The purpose of this chapter is to detail an optimization approach for selecting elements on a network to be protected, under budget constraints, in order to maximize system performance if one or more components are damaged or destroyed. Applications results for a large scale, geospatial network are explored and presented, illustrating problem complexities as well as the potential for informed strategic investment decision making. The implications for SCADA systems relying on large scale geospatial networks, including the public Internet, are also discussed.
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Akaichi, Jalel. "Cloud Computing Location-Based Services for Quality Health Care Services Delivery." In Geospatial Research, 779–94. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9845-1.ch035.

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This chapter proposes a cloud computing location-based services system able to query points of interest, according to mobile users' preferences and contexts, under dynamic changes of locations. The contribution consists of providing software as a service based on Delaunay Triangulation on road (DTr) able to establish the Continuous k-Nearest Neighbors (CkNNs) on road, while taking into account the dynamic changes of locations from which queries, enhanced by users' preferences and contexts, are issued. The proposed software, implemented on a mobile cloud and exploited by mobile physicians for healthcare institutions localization and selection, considerably improves the quality of services provided for patients in critical situations by permitting real time localization of adequate resources that may contribute to save patients' lives.
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Akaichi, Jalel. "Cloud Computing Location-Based Services for Quality Health Care Services Delivery." In Cloud Computing Applications for Quality Health Care Delivery, 171–85. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6118-9.ch009.

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This chapter proposes a cloud computing location-based services system able to query points of interest, according to mobile users' preferences and contexts, under dynamic changes of locations. The contribution consists of providing software as a service based on Delaunay Triangulation on road (DTr) able to establish the Continuous k-Nearest Neighbors (CkNNs) on road, while taking into account the dynamic changes of locations from which queries, enhanced by users' preferences and contexts, are issued. The proposed software, implemented on a mobile cloud and exploited by mobile physicians for healthcare institutions localization and selection, considerably improves the quality of services provided for patients in critical situations by permitting real time localization of adequate resources that may contribute to save patients' lives.
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Imran, Muhammad, and Jane Pearce. "Institutions, Path Dependency and Public Transport." In Low Carbon Mobility Transitions. Goodfellow Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-910158-64-7-3298.

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Political institutions, their visions, and policies have influenced urban transport policies in New Zealand. The aim of this chapter is to provide a historical overview of urban transport policies in Auckland, New Zealand to investigate the nature of institutional barriers and opportunities for change. This chapter uses path dependence and development as a theoretical framework providing a structured approach with which to explain the nature of transport planning and policies in Auckland. The research finds that events such as replacement of trams with buses and policy directions such as selection of motorway projects over the rapid rail in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s locked Auckland’s transport policies into a road-based paradigm. However, this road-based transport policy paradigm has been challenged since the early 2000s, with subsequent events, policies and institutional restructuring all shaping a new critical juncture in favour of sustainable transport. In spite of this emerging critical juncture, transport policies to deliver greater sustainable transport outcomes have largely been placed on hold due to resistance from path-dependent transport policies that promote investment in motorways. The more convincing institutional change will occur if local political leadership generate constructive debate in resisting carbon-intensive policies, develop a clear plan for the low carbon mobility future, get public transport funding autonomy and national level policy guidelines to integrate land use and transport.
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McKinnon, Alan. "Improving the Sustainability of Road Freight Transport by Relaxing Truck Size and Weight Restrictions." In Supply Chain Innovation for Competing in Highly Dynamic Markets, 185–98. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-585-8.ch012.

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Increasing legal limits on the size and weight of trucks allows companies to achieve a higher degree of load consolidation. This reduces the total number of vehicle-kilometres required to distribute a given quantity of goods, saving money and reducing environmental impacts. Proposals to legalise longer and heavier vehicles, (LHVs) have, nevertheless, generated intense debate, particularly in Europe where they are strongly resisted by railway and environmental organisations. This chapter reviews recent studies on this subject, presents an analytical framework and focuses on three critical issues: the extent to which loads can be consolidated in LHVs, their effect on the freight modal split and the possibility that the resulting reduction in road freight costs will stimulate additional traffic growth. Most of the recent studies support the development of LHVs, particularly those based on actual experience of their use in countries such as Australia, Sweden and the United States.
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Gayeski, Diane M. "Mobile Learning Technologies." In Mobile Computing, 811–16. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-054-7.ch066.

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While educational and corporate training environments have made large investments in getting wired to high-speed Internet connections, our work and social environments are rapidly becoming more mobile and flexible. The Internet and organizationally based intranets are powerful learning and performance tools, as long as users have a high-speed connection and up-to-date computing equipment. Online learning and information is not nearly as convenient or reliable when learners need to access sites from their homes, hotel rooms, client locations, or while on the road. In corporate settings, large numbers of critical employees such as factory engineers, health care professionals, builders, and maintenance workers often do not even have offices in which to use a computer.
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Chaponda, Taz, and Duncan Lishman. "Africa’s prospects for infrastructure development and regional integration: transport sector." In Infrastructure in Africa. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447326632.003.0008.

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Transport infrastructure across all four sub-sectors – road, rail, ports, and airports – is critical for facilitating development in Africa as it provides an essential platform for accelerated economic growth. Transport services sustain economic activity and enable socioeconomic progress. If necessary infrastructure is not timely constructed, then Africa’s growth prospects will be hampered. Attention needs to be drawn to five broad policy reform themes common to the transport sub-sectors covered: enhancing the role of transport corridors and regional investment, adopting an integrated approach to transport standards and policies, developing financing strategies to leverage private sector participation, promoting regulatory and institutional reforms; and building institutional capacity to execute reforms. These proposed reforms are an intrinsically connected package. For them to be successful in improving infrastructure development outcomes, it is important that policy actions are coordinated. However, in certain reform areas, ‘quick wins’ should be prioritized, building confidence for tackling further, more challenging reforms.
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Janczewski, Lech. "Road Map to Information Security Management." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1249–56. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch169.

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Developments in multimedia technology and in networking offer to organizations new and more effective ways of conducting their businesses. That includes both internal as well as external contacts. Practically every business person owns a mobile phone, has PDA/laptop with wireless capabilities, and is able to communicate with colleagues/clients all over the world and from every place on the globe. As a result, well defined barriers between different organizations are becoming less and less visible. This technical progress intensifies the competing forces. In the past, an organization was directly exposed to competition located within their city or region. Now, due to easy communication, their competitor could be located on the opposite side of the globe. The advantage of using multimedia technology and networking could be accomplished only if data handled by a company are secure, that is, are available only to the authorised persons (confidentiality), represent true values (i.e., had not been changed during storage, processing, or transport), and are available on demand (availability). Thus, managing security of information becomes an obligatory part of running any modern IT system. There is not absolute IT system security. If a system is accessible by authorised people, by definition it is impossible to eliminate chances of unauthorised access. However, proper means exist to dramatically decrease the probability of occurrence of such unauthorised activities. This article illustrates the importance of proper managing in information security processes in an organization and presents a first level guidance on how to approach this problem. The most widely known document on information security is an annual Computer Crime and Security Survey (CCSS), conducted by San Francisco’s Computer Security Institute in cooperation with the FBI (CSI, 2006). It is based on responses from over 500 professionals representing all types and sizes of organizations from huge international corporations to small businesses from nationwide government agencies to small community centres. The message the survey is conveying is frightening: • Total losses for 2006 were $52,494,290 (USD) for the 313 respondents that were willing and able to estimate losses. • Losses due to virus contamination caused the most significant loss (over $15 million). • Unauthorised access to information was the second-most expensive computer crime among survey respondents. • As in previous years, virus incidents (65.2%) and insider abuse of network access (47%) were the most cited forms of attack or abuse. • The impact of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act on information security continues to be substantial. In fact, in open-ended comments, respondents noted that regulatory compliance related to information security is among the most critical security issues they face.
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Benarroch, Eduardo E. "Messenger RNA Metabolism." In Neuroscience for Clinicians, edited by Eduardo E. Benarroch, 62–84. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190948894.003.0005.

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Metabolism of messenger RNA (mRNA) is critical for control of cell phenotype and includes several steps: transcription of DNA into a pre-mRNA, mRNA maturation, nucleocytoplasmic export and transport to specific cellular locations, translation into proteins, and decay. All these steps are seamlessly integrated and controlled by a large number of RNA-binding proteins that interact with RNA, forming messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Several noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, also regulate mRNA metabolism. Activity-dependent control of mRNA transcription, splicing, and translation are critical for growth, plasticity, and repair in the nervous system. Disorders of RNA metabolism are a major disease pathway for a large number of neurologic disorders, many of them associated with accumulation of stress granules containing RNA and associated proteins. Elucidation of the pathophysiology of some of these disorders provides novel approaches for their treatment, including antisense oligonucleotide therapy.
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Luiijf, Eric. "Next Generation Information-Based Infrastructures." In Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and Resilience in the ICT Sector, 304–17. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2964-6.ch015.

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Advancements of information and communication technologies (ICT) cause infrastructure owners to augment current infrastructures with such ICT. The creation of more efficient and effective end-user services provides economical benefits and increases customer satisfaction. Concurrently, ICT advancements allow governmental and industrial sectors to develop complete new infrastructures and infrastructure services, the so called Next Generation Infrastructures (NGI). NGI will offer new services to society, end-users and the supply-chain of organisations and linked, dependent infrastructural services. For over fifty years, the introduction of new ICT-based services and infrastructures has been tightly coupled with failures in ICT-security. This chapter on NGI discusses the root causes of these security failures. Based on historical experiences, this chapter predicts threats and cyber security failures alike for the envisioned NGI such as smart (energy) grids, smart road transport infrastructure, smart cities, and e-health. This prediction will become reality unless fundamental changes in the approach to security of ICT-based and ICT-controlled infrastructures are taken.
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Conference papers on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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McDougall, Mark, and Ken Williamson. "Access and Logistics Challenges in Mountain Terrain Pipeline Projects." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33521.

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Oil and gas production in Canada’s west has led to the need for a significant increase in pipeline capacity to reach export markets. Current proposals from major oil and gas transportation companies include numerous large diameter pipelines across the Rocky Mountains to port locations on the coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The large scale of these projects and the rugged terrain they cross lead to numerous challenges not typically faced with conventional cross-country pipelines across the plains. The logistics and access challenges faced by these mountain pipeline projects require significant pre-planning and assessment, to determine the timing, cost, regulatory and environmental impacts. The logistics of pipeline construction projects mainly encompasses the transportation of pipe and pipeline materials, construction equipment and supplies, and personnel from point of manufacture or point of supply to the right-of-way (ROW) or construction area. These logistics movement revolve around the available types of access routes and seasonal constraints. Pipeline contractors and logistics companies have vast experience in moving this type of large equipment, however regulatory constraints and environmental restrictions in some locations will lead to significant pre-planning, permitting and additional time and cost for material movement. In addition, seasonal constraints limit available transportation windows. The types of access vary greatly in mountain pipeline projects. In BC, the majority of off-highway roads and bridges were originally constructed for the forestry industry, which transports logs downhill whereas the pipeline industry transports large equipment and pipeline materials in both directions and specifically hauls pipe uphill. The capacity, current state and location of these off-highway roads must be assessed very early in the process to determine viability and/or potential options for construction access. Regulatory requirements, environmental restrictions, season of use restrictions and road design must all be considered when examining the use of or upgrade of existing access roads and bridges. These same restrictions are even more critical to the construction of new access roads and bridges. The logistics and access challenges facing the construction of large diameter mountain pipelines in Western Canada can be managed with proper and timely planning. The cost of the logistics and access required for construction of these proposed pipeline projects will typically be greater than for traditional pipelines, but the key constraint is the considerable time requirement to construct the required new access and pre-position the appropriate material to meet the construction schedule. The entire project team, including design engineers, construction and logistics planners, and material suppliers must be involved in the planning stages to ensure a cohesive strategy and schedule. This paper will present the typical challenges faced in access and logistics for large diameter mountain pipelines, and a process for developing a comprehensive plan for their execution.
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May, A. D. "Optimal locations for road pricing cordons." In Eleventh International Conference on Road Transport Information and Control. IEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20020207.

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Salpeter, Nathaniel O., and Yassin A. Hassan. "Numerical Simulations of Jet Flow Mixing Within Rod Bundles." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58321.

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The goal of the work is to investigate the abilities of the realizable k-ε and the k-ω turbulence models to predict phenomena expected in the lower plenum of the prismatic gas cooled reactor by benchmarking them against one another as well as verifying them against available experimental data [6]. Simulations were performed with CD-Adapco’s Star-CCM+ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code utilizing the steady state approximation of the realizable k-ε turbulence model and the unsteady RANS approximations of the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The unsteady results were averaged over a period of time corresponding to one full fluctuation cycle of the phenomena present with the lowest frequency. A case with a single jet of Reynolds number 12,700 was simulated as well as a case with dual jets of Reynolds numbers 6,300 and 12,700. Impingement of the jets occurred on the lower plane of the setup as occurs in the lower plenum. A two-layer shear driven [8] y+ wall treatment was used to satisfy the boundary layer profile. A mesh of 8.6 million polyhedral cells was generated to capture critical flow characteristics within the domain. Polyhedral cells were chosen for this application because they provided a better quality mesh and reduced the total number of cells necessary to achieve accurate results [4]. The simulations carried out were defined as having reached a converged solution when all residuals reduced to less than 10−5. The simulations of the flow in the rod bundle were successful in providing insight into locations of some key recirculation zones and the dependence they have on inlet conditions. The comparison between numerical and experimental results showed similar key flow patterns as well as aided in possible points of focus for future investigation. The information obtained and conclusions drawn will be critical in future numerical benchmarks in this area of research.
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Shuai, Shuai, Zichen Du, Binjian Ma, Li Shan, Baris Dogruoz, and Damena Agonafer. "Numerical Investigation of Shape Effect on Microdroplet Evaporation." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8311.

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As electronic devices continue to shrink in size and increase in functionality, effective thermal management has become a critical bottleneck that hinders continued advancement. Two-phase cooling technologies are of growing interest for electronics cooling due to their high heat removal capacity and small thermal resistance (< 0.3 K-cm2/W) [1]. One typical example of a two-phase cooling method is droplet evaporation, which can provide a high heat transfer coefficient with low superheat. While droplet evaporation has been studied extensively and used in many practical cooling applications (e.g., spray cooling), the relevant work has been confined to spherical droplets with axisymmetric geometries. A rationally designed evaporation platform that yields asymmetric meniscus droplets can potentially achieve larger meniscus curvatures, which give rise to higher vapor concentration gradients along the contact line region and therefore yield higher evaporation rates. In this study, we develop a numerical model to investigate the evaporation behavior of asymmetrical microdroplets suspended on a porous micropillar structure. The equilibrium profiles and mass transport characteristics of droplets with circular, triangular, and square contact shapes are explored using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The evaporative mass transport at the liquid-vapor interface is modeled using a simplified Schrage model [2]. The results show highly non-uniform mass transport characteristics for asymmetrical microdroplets, where a higher local evaporation rate is observed near the locations where the meniscus has high curvature. This phenomenon is attributed to a higher local vapor concentration gradient that drives faster vapor diffusion at more curved regions, similar to a lightning rod exhibiting a strong electric field along a highly curved surface. By using contact line confinement to artificially tune the droplet into a more curved geometry, we find the total evaporation rate from a triangular-based droplet is enhanced by 13% compared to a spherical droplet with the same perimeter and liquid-vapor interfacial area. Such a finding can guide the design and optimization of geometric features to improve evaporation in high performance electronics cooling systems.
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Broadley, E. T. "Autonomous Power Supplies for Remote, Safety Critical Electronic Equipment." In Road Transport Information and Control Conference 2014 (RTIC 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0804.

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Simao, Jose Veiga, Francesca Cellina, and Roman Rudel. "Critical barriers precluding the electrification of road public transport in Southern Switzerland." In 2020 Fifteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ever48776.2020.9242949.

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Mrazek, Jan, Martin Hromada, and Lucia Mrazkova Duricova. "Reactivity to crisis situations in the transport sector." In THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL DEFENCE AND HOMELAND SECURITY SIMULATION WORKSHOP. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.dhss.008.

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The article deals with the response to crisis situations in road transport. Crisis situations are recorded in every critical infrastructure sector. Road transport is no exception. The material transported annually records the growth. The planning of the transport does not take into account the risk of the planned route or the categorization of the transport unit. When categorizing the transport unit the limited choice of suitable routes. The article is focused on real-time responsiveness to crisis situations. The purpose is to minimize next risks that could result in more and more serious events when one crisis situation arises.
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Burford, Daniel J., and Matthew M. Mench. "Heat Transport and Temperature Distribution in PEFCs." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59497.

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For detailed understanding of water and thermal management and degradation mechanisms, knowledge of the internal temperature distribution in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is critical. Internal electrolyte temperature measurements as a function of current density and cathode inlet humidity were obtained using a specialized, 50cm2 fuel cell with micro-thermocouples embedded in the thin-film electrolyte at various locations. A simplified model of heat transport in the fuel cell materials was used to estimate the thermal conductivity in the gas diffusion layer media and polymer electrolyte membrane. At the same current and location in the fuel cell, steady state electrolyte temperature generally decreased with increasing humidity, a result of decreased internal resistance and/or latent heat effects. The diffusion media used had an estimated thermal conductivity 0.13–0.19 W/mK. The polymer electrolyte used (Nafion®) was estimated to have a thermal conductivity of 0.025–0.25 W/mK. The thermal conductivity and thickness of the diffusion media limits heat transfer, and opportunity exists for tailoring temperature profile in the PEFC through the diffusion layers.
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Rojas-Figueroa, Antonio, and Yuri V. Fairuzov. "Numerical Simulation of Corrosion Inhibitor Transport in Pipelines Carrying Oil-Water Mixtures." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17112.

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Abstract The transport of corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline carrying crude oil-water mixture has been studied using a transient liquid-liquid two-phase flow model. The fluid flow model (the hydrodynamic model) is based on a two-fluid model of two-phase flow. The model allows simulating the transfer of inhibitor from one phase to another (inhibitor partitioning) under steady state and transient oil-water flow conditions. Both stratified and dispersed flow patterns can be modeled. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effects of topography of the line, locations of the inhibitor injection point, flow pattern, and partitioning of the inhibitor between the phases on the distribution of inhibitor concentration along the pipeline. The modeling can be used to predict the inhibitor volume needed to be injected (the dose rate) in order to provide the required inhibitor concentration in critical sections of crude-oil pipelines.
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Zhou, Jun, Amir Khalilollahi, and Hai-Lung Tsai. "Energy Transport and Thermal Stress Formation in Hybrid Laser-MIG Welding." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64503.

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This study is focusing on understanding the thermal stress formation in hybrid laser-MIG welding which has been gaining a lot of interests due to its many advantages over laser welding. Thermal stress formation is tightly associated with heat and mass transfer in hybrid laser welding, so accurate analysis of heat transfer process in the welding process is critical to correctly predict thermal stress information and residual stress in hybrid laser welds. In this study, a comprehensive heat and mass transfer model analyzing the energy, mass, and momentum transport processes in hybrid laser-MIG welding is successfully integrated with a mechanical model to study thermal stress formation in hybrid laser-MIG welding and residual stress in final welds as well. High compressive stress is found to exist on the top surface of the weld which might cause irregular welds topology and high tensile residual stresses were found in some locations in the final weld. This proposed study can be used as a foundation to further understand the thermal stress formation mechanisms in welding and to provide an efficient way to optimize the hybrid laser-arc welding process.
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Reports on the topic "Critical locations for road transport"

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Pritam, Banerjee, Chattopadhyay Soumya, Sinha Deepankar, and Sharma Prashant. Technology Framework for India's Road Freight Transport: Compliance and Enforcement Architecture Reform. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210271-2.

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In India, different agencies conduct inspections on road freight in transit, which can cause unscheduled stoppages that result in delays and add to operational costs. Compliance and enforcement architecture reform involving road freight transport in the country involves the application of data-based and integrated digital tools that can enable inspection facilities and units to immediately identify potential noncompliance and minimize multiple physical inspections that the current enforcement model entails. This paper presents an alternative model for enforcement agencies with regulatory mandates on the on-road movement and conveyance of cargo. The importance of road freight transport in India can benefit from a technology-based reform, which has become critical to improving the efficiency of domestic trade facilitation.
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Li, Howell, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Crowdsourced Vehicle Braking Data to Identify Roadway Hazards. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317272.

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Modern vehicles know more about the road conditions than transportation agencies. Enhanced vehicle data that provides information on “close calls” such as hard braking events or road conditions during winter such as wheel slips and traction control will be critical for improving safety and traffic operations. This research applied conflict analyses techniques to process approximately 1.5 million hard braking events that occurred in the state of Indiana over a period of one week in August 2019. The study looked at work zones, signalized intersections, interchanges and entry/exit ramps. Qualitative spatial frequency analysis of hard-braking events on the interstate demonstrated the ability to quickly identify temporary and long-term construction zones that warrant further investigation to improve geometry and advance warning signs. The study concludes by recommending the frequency of hard-braking events across different interstate routes to identify roadway locations that have abnormally high numbers of “close calls” for further engineering assessment.
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Berney, Ernest, Naveen Ganesh, Andrew Ward, J. Newman, and John Rushing. Methodology for remote assessment of pavement distresses from point cloud analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40401.

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The ability to remotely assess road and airfield pavement condition is critical to dynamic basing, contingency deployment, convoy entry and sustainment, and post-attack reconnaissance. Current Army processes to evaluate surface condition are time-consuming and require Soldier presence. Recent developments in the area of photogrammetry and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) enable rapid generation of three-dimensional point cloud models of the pavement surface. Point clouds were generated from data collected on a series of asphalt, concrete, and unsurfaced pavements using ground- and aerial-based sensors. ERDC-developed algorithms automatically discretize the pavement surface into cross- and grid-based sections to identify physical surface distresses such as depressions, ruts, and cracks. Depressions can be sized from the point-to-point distances bounding each depression, and surface roughness is determined based on the point heights along a given cross section. Noted distresses are exported to a distress map file containing only the distress points and their locations for later visualization and quality control along with classification and quantification. Further research and automation into point cloud analysis is ongoing with the goal of enabling Soldiers with limited training the capability to rapidly assess pavement surface condition from a remote platform.
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