Academic literature on the topic 'Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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Mendes, Maria, João Basso, João Sousa, Alberto Pais, and Carla Vitorino. "Designing Ultra-Small Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Critical Process Parameters." Proceedings 78, no. 1 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecp2020-08691.

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Nanoparticles (NPs) offer noteworthy advantages in the treatment of several diseases by prompting, among other benefits, the site-specific delivery of drugs. Ultra-small nanostructured lipid carriers (usNLCs) are no exception. These correspond to a class of NPs composed of a blend of solid and liquid lipids, the latter usually in a higher proportion, which promotes a less ordered solid lipid matrix, providing a higher drug loading capacity, drug release modulation, and improved stability in comparison with other lipid nanoparticles. Several manufacturing methods have been described for obtaining usNLCs. However, a comprehensive understanding of the process is imperative to warrant the final quality of the NPs. In the present work, the hot high pressure homogenization (HPH) method, which is characterized by easy scaling-up, simplicity and ease of use, was used for the development of highly concentrated small size NLCs. Critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) were evaluated to investigate the manufacturing process reproducibility, inter-batch consistency, long-term formulation stability, drug loading capacity and drug release. To gain a broader understanding of this method, multivariate analysis was applied to investigate how the physicochemical properties of the usNLC are affected by the variation in CPPs/CMAs. CPPs include HPH-time, and HPH-pressure, while CMAs, such as lipid content, are also taken into consideration. The results show that a high lipid content (15% w/w), an intermediate pressure and a short HPH time seem to be the crucial parameters to obtain both a small particle size (<100 nm) and a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index <0.2) in usNLC prepared by the hot-HPH method, without affecting zeta potential (>|30| mV).
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Khodade, Rajendra Kisanrao, and Kore Kakasaheb Jagannath. "Quality By Design (Qbd) Based Manufacturing Process Optimization For Robust Manufacturing Of Ibuprofen Tablets." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 24S (2025): 382–413. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i24s.5968.

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The pharmaceutical industry continues to face challenges in the seamless manufacturing of ibuprofen tablets, despite decades of commercial production. Key issues include the drug’s inherent properties—such as its low melting point (70°C), which causes sticking during compression—as well as solubility and in vitro release challenges due to its BCS Class II classification. Additionally, modifying API properties and approved formulations involves significant regulatory and cost constraints under SUPAC Level 2 changes. While Quality by Design (QbD) approaches have primarily focused on Critical Material Attributes (CMAs) and formulation-based Design of Experiments (DOE), understanding the impact of process variability on Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) remains crucial for ensuring consistent product quality. The integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AIML) in Pharma 4.0 offers transformative potential by enabling predictive analytics, real-time monitoring, and automated decision-making for CPP optimization. Key benefits include precise process control, predictive deviation management, and continuous improvement through data-driven insights. A structured approach involving statistical analysis, machine learning, and process rationalization is essential to minimize variability and align with quality attributes. By leveraging AIML, pharmaceutical manufacturers can enhance efficiency, reduce downtime, and ensure consistent production of high-quality ibuprofen tablets, paving the way for advanced, data-driven pharmaceutical manufacturing. Objective: Identify the optimal Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) for the manufacture of ibuprofen tablets (600mg). Determine the point of control within the specification and control limits to ensure process capability and reliability. Methods: PubMed and Embase databases have been searched, and related studies are compiled and summarized. Results: A designed experiment evaluated critical process parameters (CPPs)—granulation time (3–12 min), drying temperature (45–60°C), compaction force (6–18 kN), and compression speed (10–25 RPM) on tablet quality. Physical, disintegration, and dissolution tests were conducted. Statistical analysis (Jupiter Notebook) revealed correlations between CPPs and critical quality attributes (CQAs), particularly disintegration time (DT) and dissolution %. Conclusion: This study established key correlations between critical process parameters (CPPs) and quality attributes: compression speed/force and granulation/drying times significantly affect disintegration time (DT), while DT shows an inverse relationship with dissolution%. Regression analysis revealed limitations in predictive modeling, emphasizing the need for comprehensive CPP evaluation combined with physical testing. The identified CPP control ranges (9 min granulation, 50°C drying, 14 kN compaction, 16 RPM speed) enable targeted optimization of DT and dissolution%, ensuring therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide a science-based framework for quality-by-design in tablet manufacturing, though continued validation through physical testing remains essential for robust quality assurance.
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Metta, Nirupaplava, Michael Ghijs, Elisabeth Schäfer, et al. "Dynamic Flowsheet Model Development and Sensitivity Analysis of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process Using the Wet Granulation Route." Processes 7, no. 4 (2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040234.

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In view of growing interest and investment in continuous manufacturing, the development and utilization of mathematical model(s) of the manufacturing line is of prime importance. These models are essential for understanding the complex interplay between process-wide critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) beyond the individual process operations. In this work, a flowsheet model that is an approximate representation of the ConsiGma TM -25 line for continuous tablet manufacturing, including wet granulation, is developed. The manufacturing line involves various unit operations, i.e., feeders, blenders, a twin-screw wet granulator, a fluidized bed dryer, a mill, and a tablet press. The unit operations are simulated using various modeling approaches such as data-driven models, semi-empirical models, population balance models, and mechanistic models. Intermediate feeders, blenders, and transfer lines between the units are also simulated. The continuous process is simulated using the flowsheet model thus developed and case studies are provided to demonstrate its application for dynamic simulation. Finally, the flowsheet model is used to systematically identify critical process parameters (CPPs) that affect process responses of interest using global sensitivity analysis methods. Liquid feed rate to the granulator, and air temperature and drying time in the dryer are identified as CPPs affecting the tablet properties.
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Han, Jong Kwon, Beom Soo Shin, and Du Hyung Choi. "Comprehensive Study of Intermediate and Critical Quality Attributes for Process Control of High-Shear Wet Granulation Using Multivariate Analysis and the Quality by Design Approach." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060252.

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A robust manufacturing process and the relationship between intermediate quality attributes (IQAs), critical quality attributes (CQAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs) for high-shear wet granulation was determined in this study. Based on quality by the design (QbD) approach, IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs of a telmisartan tablet prepared by high-shear wet granulation were determined and then analyzed with multivariate analysis (MVA) to evaluate mutual interactions between IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs. The effects of the CPPs on the IQAs and CQAs were quantitatively predicted with empirical models of best fit. The models were used to define operating space, and an evaluation of the risk of uncertainty in model prediction was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. MVA showed that granule size and granule hardness were significantly related to % dissolution. In addition, granule FE (Flow Energy) and Carr’s index had effects on tablet tensile strength. Using the manufacture of a clinical batch and robustness testing, a scale-up from lab to pilot scale was performed using geometric similarity, agitator torque profile, and agitator tip speed. The absolute biases and relative bias percentages of the IQAs and CQAs generated by the lab and pilot scale process exhibited small differences. Therefore, the results suggest that a risk reduction in the manufacturing process can be obtained with integrated process parameters as a result of the QbD approach, and the relationship between IQAs, CQAs, and CPPs can be used to predict CQAs for a control strategy and SUPAC (Scale-Up and Post-Approval Guidance).
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Peltonen, Leena. "Design Space and QbD Approach for Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling Techniques." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 3 (2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030104.

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Drug nanocrystals are nanosized solid drug particles, the most important application of which is the improvement of solubility properties of poorly soluble drug materials. Drug nanocrystals can be produced by many different techniques, but the mostly used are different kinds of media milling techniques; in milling, particle size of bulk sized drug material is decreased, with the aid of milling beads, to nanometer scale. Utilization of Quality by Design, QbD, approach in nanomilling improves the process-understanding of the system, and recently, the number of studies using the QbD approach in nanomilling has increased. In the QbD approach, the quality is built into the products and processes throughout the whole production chain. Definition of Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs, determines the targeted final product properties. CQAs are confirmed by setting Critical Process Parameters, CPPs, which include both process parameters but also input variables, like stabilizer amount or the solid state form of the drug. Finally, Design Space determines the limits in which CPPs should be in order to reach CQAs. This review discusses the milling process and process variables, CPPs, their impact on product properties, CQAs and challenges of the QbD approach in nanomilling studies.
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Bak, Young Woo, Mi Ran Woo, Hyuk Jun Cho, et al. "Advanced QbD-Based Process Optimization of Clopidogrel Tablets with Insights into Industrial Manufacturing Design." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 5 (2025): 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17050659.

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Background/Objectives: Traditional Quality by Testing (QbT) strategies rely heavily on end-product testing and offer limited insight into how critical process parameters (CPPs) influence product quality. This increases the risk of variability and inconsistent outcomes. To overcome these limitations, this study aimed to implement a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to optimize the manufacturing process of clopidogrel tablets. Methods: A science- and risk-based QbD framework was applied to identify and prioritize key CPPs, intermediate critical quality attributes (iCQAs), and final product CQAs across key unit operations—pre-blending, dry granulation, post-blending, lubrication, and compression. Risk assessment tools and statistical design of experiments (DoE) were used to define proven acceptable ranges (PARs). Results: The study revealed strong correlations between CPPs and CQAs, allowing the definition of PARs and development of a robust control strategy. This led to improved manufacturing consistency, reduced variability, and enhanced process understanding. Conclusions: The QbD approach minimized reliance on end-product testing while ensuring high-quality outcomes. This study offers a novel QbD implementation tailored to the manufacturing challenges of clopidogrel tablets, providing a validated approach that integrates dry granulation CPPs with process-specific CQAs. These results demonstrate the value of QbD in achieving robust pharmaceutical manufacturing and meeting regulatory expectations.
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Zhang, Xuecan, Zhilong Tang, Bo Chen, and Xingchu Gong. "Parameter Optimization Considering the Variations Both from Materials and Process: A Case Study of Scutellaria baicalensis Extract." Separations 12, no. 6 (2025): 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12060165.

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The Quality by Design (QbD) concept has been widely applied to the optimization of traditional Chinese medicine production processes recently. This work focused on optimizing the critical purification process of Scutellaria baicalensis extract used in the preparation of Zhusheyong Shuanghuanglian. Considering the impact of noise parameters and changes in herbal properties, an experimental design method was employed for optimization. Multiple batches of Scutellaria baicalensis decoction were prepared in this research, and quantitative models of Scutellaria baicalensis herbal properties, critical process parameters (CPPs), and process evaluation indicators were established. The R2 of the quantitative models were all higher than 0.80. According to the model, the yield of baicalin was identified as a critical material property (CMA). The pH of first acid precipitation (X1), first temperature holding time (X2), pH of alkalization (X3), ethanol amount (X4), and end pH of ethanol washing (X5) were CPPs. Considering the difficulty in controlling the end pH of the ethanol washing, it was considered to be a noise parameter. The Monte Carlo probability-based method was used to calculate the design space, determining the range of controllable parameters, which was successfully validated through experiments. Normal operation ranges for controllable parameters are recommended as follows: X1 of 0.8–2.2, X2 of 25–35 min, X3 of 6.5–7.5, and X4 of 0.8–1.2 g/g.
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Namjoshi, Sarika, Maryam Dabbaghi, Michael S. Roberts, Jeffrey E. Grice, and Yousuf Mohammed. "Quality by Design: Development of the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) for Semisolid Topical Products." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030287.

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In recent years, the “quality by design” (QbD) approach has been used for developing pharmaceutical formulations. This is particularly important for complex dosage forms such as topical semisolid products. The first step for developing a product using this efficient approach is defining the quality target product profile (QTPP), a list of quality attributes (QAs) that are required to be present in the final product. These quality attributes are affected by the ingredients used as well as manufacturing procedure parameters. Hence, critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) need to be specified. Possible failure modes of a topical semisolid product can be determined based on the physiochemical properties of ingredients and manufacturing procedures. In this review, we have defined and specified QTPP, QAs, CMAs and CPPs that are required for developing a topical semisolid product based on the QbD approach.
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Rasheeda, Parveen* Amit Chaudhary. "Improvement in Designing, Formulation, and Development through QBD-Based SOPs: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 3799–809. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15489955.

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The landscape of pharmaceutical development has transitioned from conventional trial-and-error methods to more structured, science-driven, and risk-based approaches. Among these, Quality by Design (QbD) has established itself as a pivotal framework in optimizing formulation and manufacturing processes. Integrating QbD principles into Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) fosters a systematic and data-centric pathway for product development, ensuring enhanced reproducibility and regulatory compliance. By embedding quality at the earliest stages, QbD-based SOPs contribute to improved formulation strategies, reduced variability, and better alignment with global regulatory expectations. This review highlights the critical role of QbD-integrated SOPs in strengthening pharmaceutical design, advancing formulation robustness, and streamlining development activities. Key elements such as Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), and the application of risk management methodologies are explored. In addition, practical insights through case studies and specific applications within the Indian pharmaceutical sector are discussed to illustrate the real-world impact of QbD-based SOPs. It highlights key QbD elements—Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)—and explores their incorporation into SOPs to achieve regulatory compliance and product quality assurance. 
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Pal, Atul, P. K. Dubey, Nimita Manocha, and Archana Dubey. "Manufacturing Process Validation of API Drug Moxifloxacin to Evaluate the Critical Process Parameters and Quality Attribute." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine 8, no. 6 (2023): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2023.v08i06.005.

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Product quality is the dependence of medicinal diligence and is deduced from careful attention to a number of factors including selection of quality corridor and accoutrements, acceptable product and manufacturing process design, control of the process variables, in- process and end- product testing. Process confirmation is an integral part of quality assurance program in diligence. By validating each step of product process we can assure that the final product is of stylish quality. This review provides information on objects and benefits of process confirmation, types of process confirmation, major phases in confirmation and nonsupervisory aspects. Guidelines and strategy for process confirmation of solid lozenge form are also bandied. The main thing of this work was to produce a precious Risk Management Approach that enables a Process confirmation over products lifecycle. Quality threat operation (QTO) has been described in nonsupervisory guidance for several aspects of process confirmation, similar as product lifecycle, extent of confirmation, determination of critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs), process design space( DS), and slice plans and statistical confidence situations. Verification of the process in Moxifloxacin Hcl produced batch, over the product life time is now an anticipation from non-supervisory authorities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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Schmidtke, Robert [Verfasser]. "Dry granulation via roller compaction : investigation on scale up strategies integrating process parameters and critical material attributes / Robert Schmidtke." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/116146221X/34.

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Sabnis, Aniket D. "Impact of material attributes & process parameters on critical quality attributes of the amorphous solid dispersion products obtained using hot melt extrusion." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17458.

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The feasibility of hot melt extrusion (HME) was explored for development of amorphous solid dispersion systems. Controlled release formulations were developed using a cellulose based derivative, AffinisolTMHPMC 100cP and 4M grades. BCS class II drugs ibuprofen and posaconazole were selected due to their difference in glass transition temperature and lipophilicity. This study focused on investigation of the impact the material attributes and process parameters on the critical quality attributes in preparation of amorphous solid dispersions using hot melt extrusion. The critical quality attributes were sub divided into three main attributes of material, process and product. Rheology of ibuprofen-Affinisol 100cP from melt phase to extrudate phase was tracked. A partial factorial design was carried out to investigate the critical parameters affecting HME. For optimisation of 40%IBU-Affinisol 100cP blends, a feed rate of 0.6kg/hr, screw speed of 500rpm and screw configuration with two mixing elements were found to be optimum for single phase extrudates. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was found to be an indirect technique of choice in predicting the maximum ibuprofen drug load within extrudates. Prediction was based on the prepared extrudates without charging them to stability conditions. An alternative strategy of incorporation of di-carboxylic acids to increase the dissolution of posaconazole-Affinisol 4M blends was investigated. Succinic acid and L- malic acid incorporation was found to increase the dissolution of posaconazole. Although, the extrudates crystallised out quicker than the naïve posaconazole-Affinisol 4M, but free posaconazole formed eutectic and co-crystal with succinic and L-malic acid within extrudates. This lead to an increase in dissolution of the extrudates compared to day 0.
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Souihi, Nabil. "Multivariate Synergies in Pharmaceutical Roll Compaction : The quality influence of raw materials and process parameters by design of experiments." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96441.

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Roll compaction is a continuous process commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for dry granulation of moisture and heat sensitive powder blends. It is intended to increase bulk density and improve flowability. Roll compaction is a complex process that depends on many factors, such as feed powder properties, processing conditions and system layout. Some of the variability in the process remains unexplained. Accordingly, modeling tools are needed to understand the properties and the interrelations between raw materials, process parameters and the quality of the product. It is important to look at the whole manufacturing chain from raw materials to tablet properties. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the impact of raw materials, process parameters and system design variations on the quality of intermediate and final roll compaction products, as well as their interrelations. In order to do so, we have conducted a series of systematic experimental studies and utilized chemometric tools, such as design of experiments, latent variable models (i.e. PCA, OPLS and O2PLS) as well as mechanistic models based on the rolling theory of granular solids developed by Johanson (1965). More specifically, we have developed a modeling approach to elucidate the influence of different brittle filler qualities of mannitol and dicalcium phosphate and their physical properties (i.e. flowability, particle size and compactability) on intermediate and final product quality. This approach allows the possibility of introducing new fillers without additional experiments, provided that they are within the previously mapped design space. Additionally, this approach is generic and could be extended beyond fillers. Furthermore, in contrast to many other materials, the results revealed that some qualities of the investigated fillers demonstrated improved compactability following roll compaction. In one study, we identified the design space for a roll compaction process using a risk-based approach. The influence of process parameters (i.e. roll force, roll speed, roll gap and milling screen size) on different ribbon, granule and tablet properties was evaluated. In another study, we demonstrated the significant added value of the combination of near-infrared chemical imaging, texture analysis and multivariate methods in the quality assessment of the intermediate and final roll compaction products. Finally, we have also studied the roll compaction of an intermediate drug load formulation at different scales and using roll compactors with different feed screw mechanisms (i.e. horizontal and vertical). The horizontal feed screw roll compactor was also equipped with an instrumented roll technology allowing the measurement of normal stress on ribbon. Ribbon porosity was primarily found to be a function of normal stress, exhibiting a quadratic relationship. A similar quadratic relationship was also observed between roll force and ribbon porosity of the vertically fed roll compactor. A combination of design of experiments, latent variable and mechanistic models led to a better understanding of the critical process parameters and showed that scale up/transfer between equipment is feasible.
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C, Hsieh C., and 謝君政. "The Analysis of the Critical Value for the Mold Design Parameters of the Forward Extrusion Cold Forging Process." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29856502101638165470.

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碩士<br>建國科技大學<br>機械工程系暨製造科技研究所<br>101<br>The process of cold forging process is widely used in the industry. The process is fast and has high-precision and high strength. Cold forging process depends critically on the mold design. So how to predict the forming results of the workpieces correctly is the key point of die design of the cold forging process. Forward extrusion process is one of the classical cold forging processes. Whether the workpiece will rupture or overflow in the process is mainly depend on the tapered angle and the section reducing rate. The purpose of this study is to construct the criterion for mold design parameters of the forward extrusion process. We use Solidworks CAD software to generate the figures of molds and workpieces. The material of workpieces is S45C carbon steel. And the material of mold is SKD11. We use “Simufact” forging software to simulate the forging frocesses. Three kinds of tapered angle and five kinds of section reducing rate are chosen to be simulated. The simulation results are exported. And then we use neural network to simulate these results. According to the trained neural network, we can construct a limit curve of parameters for the forward extrusion process. The limit curve of parameters for the forward extrusion process can be checked by some other kind of tapered angle and section reducing rate. The simulation results for those parameters by “Simufact” is consistent with the limit curve. Keywords: cold forging, forward extrusion, artificial neural network.
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Lopes, Maria Sofia de Trigueiros Pinção Henriques. "Critical parameters in manufacturing process validation of different forms of pharmaceutical injectable products to assess products´ risk framework." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/25011.

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Tese de mestrado, Engenharia Farmacêutica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014<br>The main goal of this work was to create a valuable Risk Management Approach that enables a Process Validation over products lifecycle. Quality risk management (QRM) has been described in regulatory guidance for several aspects of process validation, such as product lifecycle, extent of validation, determination of critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs), process design space (DS), and sampling plans and statistical confidence levels. Verification of the process in every single produced batch, over the product life time is now an expectation from regulatory authorities. Based on this Hikma is required to implement a Process Validation as collection and evaluation of data, from the process design phase and continuing through commercial production phase, establishing scientific evidence that a process is in state of control and therefore capable of consistently and effectively assure product quality. Since pharmaceutical products and processes are complex and multivariate by nature, a scientific understanding of relevant multi-factorial relationships requires risk-based approach. In this context, a risk management approach to assess risk of injectable products manufacturing was created. The aim is to reduce or even eliminate potential failures and make more resourceful and efficient, qualitatively and quantitatively, processes over lifecycle. The goal was successfully achieved, and a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication and review of risks, targeting the highest quality of an injectable product is now available to be applied - Hikma Process Validation Program of Injectable Products Lifecycle.<br>O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi criar uma ferramenta valiosa para uma abordagem de Gestão de Risco que permita Validação de Processos em todo o ciclo de vida do produto. A Gestão da qualidade e do Risco tem sido descrita nos guias regulatórios por diversos aspetos da validação de processo, como o ciclo de vida do produto, a extensão da validação, a determinação dos atributos críticos de qualidade (CQAs) e dos parâmetros críticos do processo (CPPs), espaço de desenho do processo (DS), planos de amostragem e intervalos estatíscos de confiança. A verificação do processo em cada lote produzido ao longo do tempo de vida do produto é agora uma expectativa das autoridades reguladoras. Com base nisto é necessário que a Hikma implemente a Validação de Processo como uma coleção e avaliação de dados, desde a fase de desenho do processo e continuamente durante a fase de produção comercial, estabelecendo evidências científicas que o processo está em estado controlado e que por isso é capaz de consistentemente e eficientemente assegurar um produto de qualidade. Sendo que os produtos e processos farmacêuticos são complexos e multivariados por natureza, um entendimento científico das relações multi-factoriais relevantes pede uma abordagem baseada no risco. Neste contexto, foi criada uma abordagem de gestão de risco para avaliar o risco da produção de produtos injetáveis. A finalidade é reduzir ou até mesmo eliminar potenciais falhas e facultar ao processo mais recursos e tona-lo mais eficiente, qualitativamente e quantitativamente, durante o seu ciclo de vida. O objetivo foi alcançado com sucesso, e um processo sistemático de avaliação, controlo, comunicação e revisão dos riscos com o alvo da máxima qualidade do produto injetável está agora disponível para ser aplicado – Programa de Validação de Processo Hikma do Ciclo de Vida dos Produtos Injetáveis.
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Dias, Rute Sofia Fonseca Cordeiro. "A continuous manufacturing model for the production of granules by roller compaction." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27834.

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Tese de mestrado, Engenharia Farmacêutica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016<br>Continuous manufacturing is an encouraging and a sustaining innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing, build upon quality-by-design principles, with a huge potential to improve agility, flexibility and robustness to the manufacturing process. In this field, the Roller Compaction (RC) process plays an important role since it enables continuous dry granulation of powders. Here, the powder is densified by two counter-rotating rolls that produce a ribbon. Then, the ribbon is milled into granules, adequate for tableting or capsule filling. RC overcomes granulation problems with thermolabile moisture or solvents sensitive compounds. In this work, an experimental design was performed in order to identify the critical process parameters (CPP) and evaluate their impact on the critical quality attributes (QCA) of granules produced by RC. The roller compactor used was the Hosokawa Bepex Pharmapaktor® L200/30P, with a Flake Crusher FC 200. The RC process was monitored by a near infrared (NIR) system and a direct imaging analyzer for granules’s size (Eyecon). For the DoE the CPP’s proposed and their respective range were: compression force (15-35 kN), roller speed (3-8 rpm) and mill speed (50-250 rpm). The produced granules were characterized according to their particle size, as well as their bulk and tapped density – granules’ CQA’s. All process variables were kept constant 2 minutes after the process onset. The compression force fluctuated throughout the process run time. The compression force was the variable that most affected the granules’ CQA’s: the size and the density of the granules are directly proportional to the compression force. The Eyecon´s measurements exhibited significant deviations when compared with the gold standard method, thus it was not an accurate method for monitoring the granules’ size. Two approaches were followed for the prediction of granules’ physical properties. The first model, that used partial least squares to predict the granules’ size, was built upon near infrared data. It returned a high RMSEP (50.54 μm) and a poor coefficient of determination for the prediction set (0.19), so it was not acceptable for the prediction of the granules’ size. The second approach considered process parameters data to predict the bulk density, tapped density and size of the granules. One partial least squares model was built to predict each response. The coefficient of determination for the prediction set was high for the three models (0.93 for granules’ size, 0.95 for tapped density and 0.96 for bulk density) demonstrating a good prediction ability.<br>A produção contínua no contexto da indústria farmacêutica surge da contínua demanda pela produção de medicamentos de alta qualidade combinada com formas mais eficazes de avaliação da qualidade. Ao contrário da produção em “lote”, na produção contínua as matérias-primas entram e saem continuamente ao longo do ciclo de produção. Com efeito, as vantagens da adoção do processo em contínuo são diversas e podem resumir-se em três áreas fundamentais: controlo de qualidade e desenvolvimento do produto/processo, custos e área de produção. O projeto de produção em contínuo pode ser apoiado nos princípios definidos pelo “quality-by-design”, desde o início do desenvolvimento do produto até à sua entrada no mercado. Portanto, a qualidade é erigida por desenho e não apenas avaliada no produto final. Para isso, realizam-se delineamentos experimentais para perceber de que forma os parâmetros críticos do processo (CPP’s) influenciam as respostas do processo. As tecnologias analíticas de process são ferramentas fundamentais de monitorização que fornecem dados do produto e do processo em tempo real. Estes dados alimentam os modelos multivariados, os quais não só fornecem informações para a compreensão do processo como também estão na base da construção dos modelos de controlo. Os controlos estão aptos a detetar anomalias no processo e a ajustar os CPP’s de forma a garantir que os atributos críticos de qualidade (CQA’s) do produto cumprem as especificações. Por outro lado, no processo contínuo, os equipamentos são de menores dimensões, já que operam em contínuo. Por conseguinte, a área de produção requer igualmente menores dimensões, pelo reduzido tamanho dos equipamentos, pela ausência de salas de quarentena e de operações intermediárias. Deste modo se depreende uma significativa redução de custos pela redução de recursos humanos, pela redução de gastos com equipamentos de grande escala, pelo menor consumo energético, pela redução de desperdícios com produtos fora de especificação e pela redução no tempo de chegada de novos produtos ao mercado. A granulação é uma operação unitária com vista à obtenção de grânulos, aplicados tanto na sua forma intermediária para a produção de comprimidos, quanto na sua forma farmacêutica final. A granulação a seco operada num compactador de rolos é, em si, um processo contínuo que permite processar compostos termolábeis e passíveis de degradação pela humidade e por solventes. O processo de compactação por rolos inicia-se pela introdução da mistura de pó no granulador, através de uma tremonha de alimentação. As partículas de pó ao chegarem à zona de alimentação sofrem um rearranjo e densificam, devido à pressão exercida pelo parafuso rotativo no sentido descendente e ao afunilamento desta zona, a qual se prolonga na seguinte. A mistura de pós é então forçada a continuar pela zona de compressão, onde numa primeira fase, devido à pressão exercida sobre as partículas, ocorre deformação ou quebra das mesmas. À medida que as partículas avançam nesta zona, a força de compressão aumenta até que ao atingirem o termo da zona, a força de compressão exercida pelos dois rolos em contra-rotação provoca a fragmentação das partículas e, logo em seguida, a sua ligação até formarem fitas compactas. Por fim, as fitas são expelidas pelos rolos, cortadas e moídas, de modo a formarem grânulos. O NIR é uma ferramenta PAT que devido ao facto de a interação da radiação com a matéria ocorrer na região de 780-2500 nm, permite uma interação direta com a amostra sem causar a sua destruição. O NIR tem a capacidade de monitorizar o processo em tempo real, fornecendo dados para a construção de modelos multivariados. O modelo PCA ao desvendar as combinações de variáveis que descrevem a maior tendência nos dados, fornece informações sobre o “comportamento” de todo o processo. O modelo PLS é utilizado para prever as propriedades do produto final. Este trabalho pretendeu identificar os atributos críticos do processo responsáveis pelas alterações nos atributos críticos de qualidade dos grânulos. Além disso, procurou estimar as propriedades dos grânulos (tamanho e densidade) com base em dados espetrais e dados do processo. Este trabalho foi realizado utilizando a Linha de produção contínua de comprimidos do PROMIS Centre (University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy) em Kuopio, Finlândia. Neste trabalho, recorreu-se a alimentadores gravimétricos, um misturador contínuo e um compactador por rolos (Hosokawa Bepex Pharmapaktor® L200/30P, FC 200). A monitorização do processo foi seguida em linha por um sistema de infravermelho próximo (Specim RHNIR, Spectral Imaging Ltd, Oulu, Finland) e por um medidor do tamanho de partículas (EyeconTM, Innopharma Labs, Dublin, Ireland). A densidade dos grânulos foi medida por deslocamento do volume dentro de uma proveta e o tamanho dos grânulos foi medido num equipamento por dispersão de luz (método padrão). A relação entre os possíveis CPP’s e os CQA’s dos grânulos foi estabelecida através de um delineamento experimental, onde o a velocidade dos rolos variou de 3 rpm a 8 rpm, a força de compressão variou de 15 kN a 35 kN e a velocidade do moinho variou de 50 a 250 rpm. Considerou-se a densidade (areada e batida) e a dimensão dos grânulos como CQA’s. O processo foi monitorizado por infra-vermelho próximo tendo os espetros adquiridos sido processados para remoção de variabilidade de linha de base e escala. A identificação de espetros atípicos (ou outliers) e a trajetória do processo de acordo com a informação espetral foi avaliada através de modelos de análise de componentes principais, esta última através do primeiro componente principal. A velocidade do parafuso alimentador, a velocidade dos rolos e a velocidade do moinho estabilizaram cerca de 2 minutos após o início do processo. A força de compressão variou sempre ao longo de todo o processo, independentemente da força de compressão alvo. A densidade dos grânulos aumentou (ex. areada, 0,62 g/ml – 0,64 g/ml ) com o aumento da força de compressão (35 kN) e diminuiu (ex. areada, 0,54 g/ml – 0,55 g/ml) com a diminuição da força de compressão (15 kN). O valor intermédio de força de compressão (25 kN) originou grânulos com densidade intermédia (ex. areada, 0,58 g/ml – 0,60 g/ml). O tamanho dos grânulos foi influenciado sobretudo pela força de compressão. Assim, quanto maior a força de compressão aplicada, maior o tamanho dos grânulos (ex. 1009 μm); e quanto menor a força de compressão aplicada, menor o tamanho dos grânulos (700 μm). A aplicação de uma força de compressão intermédia produziu grânulos de dimensão intermédia entre as duas anteriores (881 μm). Na medição da dimensão das partículas, o método por análise de imagem revelou um desvio significativo em relação ao método por dispersão de luz (método padrão), não constituindo por isso um método preciso para a monitorização em linha do tamanho dos grânulos. Foram construídos dois modelos de regressão multivariada baseados em mínimos quadrados parciais para prever a densidade e a dimensão dos grânulos. O primeiro modelo, construído com os dados NIR, teve o intuito de prever a dimensão dos grânulos. Uma vez que o modelo apresentou um RMSEP elevado (50.5 μm) e um um coeficiente determinação de previsão muito baixo (0.19), considerou-se que este modelo não é aceitável para a previsão do tamanho dos grânulos. A segunda abordagem de regressão utilizou os parâmetros do processo para prever as respostas do processo. Foram modeladas a densidade areada (BD), a densidade batida (TD) e a dimensão dos grânulos (GS). Pela análise estatística dos modelos, os coeficentes de determinação de previsão foram: 0,89 para GS, 0,90 para TD e 0,91 para BD. Estes, indicam uma boa capacidade de previsão das respetivas respostas. Cada um dos modelos demonstrou, também, que a força de compressão foi a variável que mais influenciou, e de forma positiva, tanto a densidade como a dimensão dos grânulos.<br>The experimental work was performed in PROMIS continuous tablet manufacturing line (University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland). All the facilities, equipments, materials and support were gently provided by University of Eastern Finland.
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Books on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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Blokdyk, Gerardus. Critical Process Parameters a Complete Guide - 2020 Edition. Emereo Pty Limited, 2020.

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Department of Defense. F-15A Versus F/a-22 Fighter Aircraft Initial Operational Capability: A Case for Transformation - Test and Evaluation Process, Critical Issues, Key Performance Parameters, Langley Air Force Base. Independently Published, 2017.

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Martich, Daniel, and Jody Cervenak. Integration of information technology in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0007.

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As we look to the evolving health care industry with improved care quality, health outcomes, and cost parameters, the demands of the critical care environment require a transformation. Technology, process, and people are at the centre of this transformation. The power is in the knowledge that can be achieved and the process improvements that can be made through automation. Five major areas of technology evolution include workflow automation, information exchange, clinical decision support, and predictive modelling, remote monitoring, and data analytics. If designed properly, technology can result in doing things differently (better) and doing different things. Information exchange is required for quality and efficient critical care information delivery. Data analytics will use information for comparative effectiveness, registry reporting, population management, and research study recruiting.
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Book chapters on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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Gupta, Rishabh, Manish Dalakoti, and Andriya Narasimhulu. "A Critical Review of Process Parameters in Laminated Object Manufacturing Process." In Advances in Materials Engineering and Manufacturing Processes. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4331-9_3.

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Chaudhari, Amit, and Hari Vasudevan. "Investigating Critical Process Parameters Using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process in Casting Process Failure." In Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7971-2_19.

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Sosa-Martínez, Jazel, Nagamani Balagurusamy, Suresh Kumar Gadi, Julio Montañez, Juan Roberto Benavente-Valdés, and Lourdes Morales-Oyervides. "Critical Process Parameters and Their Optimization Strategies for Enhanced Bioremediation." In Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86169-8_4.

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Bhujang, Raghavi K., and V. Suma. "Risk Measurement with CTP2 Parameters in Software Development Process." In ICT and Critical Infrastructure: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Convention of Computer Society of India- Vol II. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03095-1_52.

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Huang, Minchao, Yuqiang Cheng, Jia Dai, and Jian Li. "Simulation Analysis of the Starting Process of the Pump-Fed Liquid Rocket Engine." In Performance Analysis of a Liquid/Gel Rocket Engine During Operation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6485-3_8.

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AbstractFor the operation of a large pump-fed liquid rocket engine, the most important and critical working process is the starting process of the liquid rocket engine system. The success of starting is directly related to the success or failure of the launch of a space vehicle. During the starting process of a liquid rocket engine, very complex chemical and physical changes occur in the propellant components, and the engine system parameters change rapidly within a large range. Therefore, it is obviously important to conduct an in-depth simulation study on the starting process of a liquid rocket engine to reveal the pattern.
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Tinhofer, Ingeborg, Ulrich Keilholz, and Damian Rieke. "How to Standardize Molecular Profiling Programs for Routine Patient Care." In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23175-9_4.

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AbstractManagement of patients with advanced cancer includes individualized treatment recommendations guided by molecular profiles. Refined complex molecular and immunological diagnostics are developed in parallel to the rapidly growing number of targeted therapies for defined genetic alterations and novel immunotherapies. For adequate counseling, patients are presented to Molecular Tumor Boards within the framework of precision oncology programs established at virtually all large cancer centers worldwide. The annotation and clinical interpretation of molecular pathology results are carried out by a multiprofessional team of experts formulating individualized treatment recommendations, taking also into account clinical characteristics. The process of annotation and clinical interpretation of molecular events in tumors also considers predictive factors defined in randomized studies as well as clinical judgement. All steps described above are not standardized, resulting in relevant heterogeneity in treatment recommendations among MTBs in different institutions.In this chapter, contemporary challenges will be discussed, including intratumoral heterogeneity, use of diverse molecular diagnostic systems with inherent differences in sensitivity and specificity of detecting genetic alterations; the yet insufficiently addressed need for harmonizing variant annotation and interpretation; and the currently rather intuitive inclusion of multiple further “soft” parameters; all of which may significantly contribute to the current heterogeneity of recommendations.
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Tamuly, Reeturaj, D. Ravi Kumar, and S. Aravindan. "Optimization of Process Variables in Warm Extrusion of a Mg–Al–Zn Alloy by Numerical Simulation." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58006-2_7.

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AbstractMagnesium alloys are extensively used in various fields such as automobile, defense, and aerospace due to their high specific strength and good damping properties. Extrusion is one of the important metal forming processes that is used to process the cast alloy into various useful shapes at high production rates. It is also known to improve the workability and strength of the material. Due to these advantages, interest on the extrusion of magnesium alloys has significantly increased in the recent past. But due to poor formability at room temperature, extrusion of Mg alloys in the warm forming temperature range is an important process in the fabrication of these alloys. Optimization of process variables is critical for the minimization of extrusion load and prevention of defects. In this work, numerical simulations of the extrusion process of a Mg–Al–Zn (AZ31) alloy are carried out to predict the optimum combination of process parameters, namely, extrusion ratio, extrusion speed, and extrusion temperature. Hansel Spittle model was used to define the flow stress curve in the simulation. The effect of the process parameters on extrusion load was studied, and the optimum die angle required to minimize the load required for extrusion was predicted.
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Kremslehner, Nikolaus, Maria Antonia Zahlbruckner, Julia Reisinger, and Sebastian Schlund. "Reinventing Multi-Floor Factories: Sustainability-Driven Integrated Planning Process to Mitigate Soil Sealing." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93891-7_87.

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Abstract In this paper, we introduce a planning process tailored to address the unique challenges of multi-floor factories, providing practitioners with valuable guidance for their design tasks. Recognizing the critical role of factories in sustainable development, this work addresses their potential to drive economic growth while advancing ecological and social sustainability. Traditional expansion strategies often result in increased soil sealing, adversely affecting agricultural productivity and food security. Our approach seeks to decouple economic growth from land use by incorporating specific considerations for multi-floor factory design into a structured planning process. We analyze the implications of multi-floor buildings on the planning parameters for factories, evaluating the suitability of existing planning methods. Based on our analysis, we propose necessary advancements to these methods and integrate them into a comprehensive new planning framework. The proposed process is a first attempt to encourage practitioners to adopt multi-floor factory designs and lays the groundwork for future research to further refine and validate these methods in real-world applications.
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Gong, Lanxin, Changhong Peng, and Zhenze Zhang. "Study on Coupling Effect and Dynamic Behavior of Double Bubbles Rising Process." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_82.

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AbstractGas-liquid two-phase flow widely exists in nuclear energy engineering, in which bubble movement and deformation are critical problems. Because the activity of bubbles in the fluid is a very complex physical process, and the movement process is a flow field-bubble coupling process, which has strong nonlinearity and unsteady, the relevant research is usually based on experiments and simulation.We built a medium-sized experimental device to generate double bubbles with different sizes and characteristic numbers and recorded the motion trajectory with a high-speed camera. We developed and improved the image processing method to obtain high-quality bubble motion information and realized a good capture of bubble shape and rotation.The experimental results show that in the two bubbles rising successively, the trailing bubble is affected by the trailing field of the leading bubble, and the bubble velocity, relative distance, deformation rate, and other parameters change accordingly. In addition, through simulation, we get the interaction mechanism of the bubbles under experimental conditions. The results show that the coupling leads to flow field velocity and pressure changes, which explains the experimental results. The research results are helpful for a thorough understanding of the law of bubble movement and provide empirical data support for developing a thermal-hydraulic model.
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Saeed, Muhammad, Sheharyar Faisal, Eiman Nadeem, Markus Wagner, Boris Eisenbart, and Matthias Kreimeyer. "Convergence Studies to Compare the Induced Forming Defects in FE Based Simulations, Point Clouds and in Actual Formed Parts." In ARENA2036. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88831-1_3.

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Abstract The automotive and aerospace industries have increasingly relied on Finite Element (FE) simulations to optimize their forming processes and reduce the costs and time associated with physical prototyping. However, ensuring the accuracy of these simulations in predicting actual forming defects remains a critical concern. To address this issue, a comprehensive convergence analysis, meticulously conducted, systematically compares the induced forming defects in FE-based simulations, point cloud representations, and actual formed parts. The study involves utilizing FE simulations to model various forming processes, capturing intricate details of formability, material-tool interactions, and varying key simulation parameters, such as material and process parameters. The study aimed to assess the sensitivity of the FE simulations to these parameters and to identify convergence criteria that lead to results closely resembling the actual formed parts and point cloud data. To achieve this, convergence studies were conducted to systematically vary these parameters and compare the simulated results against point cloud data obtained through advanced scanning technologies, providing a high-fidelity representation of the formed components. The study’s comparative analysis included a detailed examination of common forming defects such as wrinkles, bridging, and gaps, employing quantitative metrics to measure the deviation between the simulated, scanned, and actual formed parts.
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Conference papers on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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Yewale, Ashish, Xuming Yuan, and Brahim Benyahia. "Robust pharmaceutical tableting process through combined probabilistic design space and flexibility analysis." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.128065.

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This study investigates the development of a probabilistic design space (DS) for a tableting process, focusing on the uncertainty in critical model parameters. A an empirical model is used to assess the impact of critical process parameters (CPPs), including lubrication extent and porosity, on tablet tensile strength (CQA). By incorporating Monte Carlo and Bayesian techniques, the uncertainty of five model parameters is propagated, allowing the estimation of feasibility probabilities for achieving CQAs with a reliability greater than 0.95. The resulting probabilistic DS provides manufacturers with a tool to assess the likelihood of meeting CQAs under varying production conditions. The findings indicate that specific combinations of lubrication rate and porosity define a robust DS within the acceptable operating region, ensuring consistent tableting performance even in the presence of uncertainties. This approach emphasizes the importance of probabilistic DS in optimizing manufacturing processes and delivering built-in quality assurance.
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Shahab, Mohammad, Sunidhi Bachawala, Marcial Gonzalez, Gintaras Reklaitis, and Zoltan Nagy. "Design Space Identification of the Rotary Tablet Press." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.156711.

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The determination of the design space (DS) in a pharmaceutical process is a crucial aspect of the quality-by-design (QbD) initiative which promotes quality built into the desired product. This is achieved through a deep understanding of how the critical quality attributes (CQAs) and process parameters (CPPs) interact that have been demonstrated to provide quality assurance. For computational inexpensive models, the original process model can be directly deployed to identify the design space. One such crucial process is the Tablet Press (TP), which directly compresses the powder blend into individual units of the final product or adds dry or wet granulation to meet specific formulation needs. In this work, we identify the design space of input variables in a TP such that there is a (probabilistic) guarantee that the tablets meet the quality constraints under a set of operating conditions. A reduced-order model of TP is assigned for this purpose where the effects of lubricants and glidants are used to characterize the design space to achieve the desired tablet CQAs. The probabilistic design space, which takes into account interactions between crucial process parameters and important quality characteristics including model uncertainty, is also approximated because of the high cost associated with the comprehensive experiments.
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Gao, Shang, and Brahim Benyahia. "Robust Techno-economic Analysis, Life Cycle Assessment, and Quality and Sustainability by Digital Design of Three Alternative Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Processes." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.104102.

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This study presents a comprehensive comparison of the three alternative downstream manufacturing technologies for pharmaceuticals: i) Dry Granulation (DG) through roller compaction, ii) Direct Compaction (DC), and iii) Wet Granulation (WG) based on the economic, environmental and product quality performances. Firstly, the integrated dynamic mathematical models of the different downstream (drug product) processes were developed using gPROMS formulated products based on data from the literature or/and our recent experimental work. The process models were developed and simulated to reliably capture the impact of the different design options, process parameters, and material attributes. Uncertainty analysis was conducted using global sensitivity analysis to identify the set of critical process parameters (CPP) and critical material attributes (CMA) that mostly influence the quality and performance of the final pharmaceutical tablets in each case, captured by the critical quality attributes (CQAs). Based on the set of CPP and CMA, the combined design spaces, which guarantee the attainment of the targeted CQA, were identified and compared. Additionally, based on the process simulations results and inventory data, the techno-economic Analysis was performed alongside life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA provided an in-depth evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with each manufacturing method, considering aspects such as energy consumption, raw material usage, emissions, and waste generation based on a cradle-to-gate approach. By integrating the CQAs and critical emission categories within a Quality and and Sustainability by Digital Design (QSbDD) paradigm, this study offers a holistic analysis that captures both the environmental and product quality performance.
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Shoji, T., K. S. Raja, G. F. Li, Y. J. Lee, and Anna Brozova. "Critical Parameters of Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Nuclear Systems." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00190.

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Abstract Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) behavior is controlled by various parameters, which makes the experimental procedures very tedious for a overall understanding of the cracking process. In order to elucidate the effect of some of the most critical parameters on EAC, a theoretical formulation has been developed and based on the numerical analyses, some of the mechanical, material and environmental parameters, those affect the cracking process significantly have been outlined. The effects of yield strength, strain hardening exponent, loading mode, state of stress and repassivation kinetic behavior on the crack growth rate have been discussed based on the theoretical analyses. Experimental results of crack tip solution chemistry evaluation and passive film characterization have been discussed.
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Santana-Diaz, Ernesto, Lars Vendelbo Nielsen, and Andreas Junker-Holst. "A Critical Review of Parameters for Meaningful AC Corrosion Modelling." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10847.

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Abstract A range of parameters must be considered carefully when modelling AC corrosion. Prediction of induced AC voltage profiles along pipelines due to shared right-of-way with high-voltage power lines has been practiced for decades. Modelling of the cathodic protection level on a pipeline resulting from types, position, and current output from CP sources, pipeline dimensions, coating conditions, soil conditions, isolation, etc., has also been implemented during several years. Computer aided prediction of corrosion rates caused by induced AC as a function of AC and DC current densities, coating fault geometry and thickness, soil resistivity, etc. has been attempted only in recent years. The complexity of the AC corrosion process calls for careful and critical evaluation of the computed results, and their practical applicability. The present paper presents and discusses the various components contained in an electrical equivalent circuit describing the AC corrosion process from a computer modelling perspective. The effect of the coating defect size and geometry on spread resistance and resulting AC current density, the effect of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions relevant for the corrosion process, the effect of diffusion and diffusion coefficients for active chemical species, as well as the impact of the capacitive effect of the electrochemical double layer as a short circuit of the electrochemical processes, soil chemistry, texture and soil resistivity are all aspects that influences the AC corrosion process and therefore the reliability of a computer model. These aspects will be discussed together with the sensibility of a model and the risk of generating inaccurate results due to missing or erroneous inputs. In addition, different model approaches will be discussed and sustained through examples.
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Chandra, Ashwini, William Durnie, Jose Vera, and Richard Woollam. "Relationship between Inhibitor Adsorption and Surfactant Properties: Part II - Critical Parameters." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13245.

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Abstract The relationship between corrosion inhibitor adsorption and micellization processes of different types of inhibitor molecules has been evaluated using a recently developed experimental approach. The approach involved integrating the following experimental methodologies – Capacitance vs Potential measurements, Cyclic Voltammetry, Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Surface Tension and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Homologous series of quaternary amines and hydroxyethyl imidazolines were studied and compared to establish the effect of critical parameters such as pH, salinity, temperature and carbon chain length on the adsorption and micellization process. The two processes have been found to be closely related and depend not only on the surfactant properties (polar head group and carbon chain length), but also on environmental parameters such as temperature, pH and ionic strength. Adsorption isotherms and critical micelle concentrations were determined under different solution conditions and were used to calculate thermodynamic constants – Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) change associated with the two processes. The correlation of these constants, which are related to the active components of these inhibitor molecules and solution conditions, can help in developing and characterizing corrosion inhibitors required to be used under challenging conditions in the oil and gas industry.
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Boukharfane, Radouan, and Nabil El Mo�ayd. "Sensitivity Analysis of Key Parameters in LES-DEM Simulations of Fluidized Bed Systems Using Generalized Polynomial Chaos." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.116388.

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In applications involving fine powders and small particles, the accuracy of numerical simulations, particularly those employing the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to predict granular material behavior, can be significantly affected by uncertainties in critical parameters. These uncertainties include the coefficients of restitution for particle-particle and particle-wall collisions, viscous damping coefficients, and other related factors. In this study, we use stochastic expansions based on point-collocation non-intrusive polynomial chaos to perform a sensitivity analysis of a fluidized bed system. We treat four key parameters as random variables; each assigned a specific probability distribution over a designated range. This uncertainty is propagated through high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulation (LES)-DEM simulations to statistically quantify its impact on the results. To effectively explore the four-dimensional parameter space, we analyze a comprehensive database comprising over 1,200 simulations. Notably, our findings reveal that variations in the particle and wall Coulomb friction coefficients have a more pronounced influence on streamwise particle velocity than variations in the particle and wall normal restitution coefficients.
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Tebbal, Saadedine. "Critical Review of Naphthenic Acid Corrosion." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99380.

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Abstract Naphthenic acid corrosion continues to be a reliability issue in refinery distillation units. A review of the subject is presented herein with special focus on field and laboratory data and on areas where research is needed. The review shows that several parameters are known to affect the corrosion process and their individual effect on crude corrosivity are somewhat understood. However, their combined effect is still subject to much controversy. The determination of a critical factor - naphthenic acid content - is still not standardized. It is shown herein that, by arranging the literature findings into three groups (1) furnace tubes and transfer lines, (2) vacuum column and (3) side cut piping, a better agreement of the literature data is achieved.
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Dologlu, Pelin, and Ibrahim Bayar. "An Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Predicting HPNA Formation in Hydrocracking Units Using Forecasted Operational Parameters." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.126851.

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The accumulation of heavy polynuclear aromatics (HPNAs) in hydrocracking units (HCUs) poses significant challenges to catalyst performance and process efficiency. This study proposes an integrated machine learning framework that combines ridge regression, K-means, and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks to predict HPNA formation, enabling proactive process management. For the training phase, weighted average bed temperature (WABT), catalyst deactivation phase�clustered using unsupervised K-means clustering�and hydrocracker feed (HCU feed) parameters obtained from laboratory analyses are utilized to capture the complex nonlinear relationships influencing HPNA formation. In the simulation phase, forecasted WABT values are generated using a ridge regression model, and future HCU feed changes are derived from planned crude oil blend data provided by the planning department. These forecasted WABT values, predicted catalyst deactivation phases, and anticipated HCU feed parameters serve as inputs to the LSTM model for predicting future HPNA levels. This approach allows us to simulate various operational scenarios and assess their impact on HPNA accumulation before they manifest in the actual process. By identifying critical process parameters and their influence on HPNA formation, the model enhances process engineers' understanding of the hydrocracking operation. The ability to predict HPNA levels in advance empowers engineers to implement corrective actions proactively, such as adjusting feed compositions or operating conditions, thereby mitigating HPNA formation and extending catalyst life. The integrated framework demonstrates high predictive accuracy and robustness, underscoring its potential as a valuable tool for optimizing HCU operations through advanced predictive analytics and informed decision-making.
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Earnest, Ronald A. "The Process of Material Specification for Rubber Lining." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98494.

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Abstract Rubber is an engineered material with a long history of development, and application. The process of selecting the appropriate material for a given application is critical to the success of a lining project. A through knowledge of the process parameters for a rubber lined system will generate the information necessary to ensure maximum service life from the lining materials. Communication between the owner, applicator and manufacturer defines the process of material specification and selection. The goal of this process is to engineer the best fit for a rubber lining application.
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Reports on the topic "Critical Process Parameters (CPPs)"

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DeVelasco, R. I. Critical process parameters for UCO kernel production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/453983.

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Fenske, George, and Layo Ajayi. Identification of Critical Process Parameters for Knife Milling and Alternative Communication Strategies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1767136.

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Castillo Saldarriaga, Carlos, and Martha Gómez Álvarez. Selection of filtering agent and filter cloth to separate cells of probiotic yeast using a monophasic filter system. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2018.4.

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The efficiency of separation operations is a critical point to determinate the yield and economic viability of a production process. Because of this, the selection of adequate operation parameters has become an important part in the design of a new bioprocess. [1, 2]. Due to its low cost and easily transformation to industrial scale, the cross-flow filtration had been highly studied in terms of process performances of microorganism biomass separation without being concerned about their viability. In this work, two parameters of cross-flow filtration were evaluated to separate yeast cells from fermented broth. Meyerozyma guilliermondii was the reference biology system used in the experiments [3]. First, an evaluation of the compatibility of two filtering agents over yeast cells was conducted. After the filtering agent was selected, the efficiency of separation was determined over different filter cloth on a monophasic filter system.
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Kyriakides. L51559 Factors Affecting Pipe Collapse Phase II. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010129.

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Offshore pipelines installed in moderate to deep water depths (1,500 ft. and beyond) must, by necessity, be designed to withstand ambient external pressure. Improper design can lead to catastrophic collapse of large sections of the structure. During the installation process the line can experience significant bending and tension loads in addition to external pressure. These additional loads can significantly reduce the collapse pressure of the pipe. Special purpose combined loading test facilities were designed and built in which pressures equivalent to 10,000 ft. and beyond were simulated. The test facilities were used to establish load interaction collapse envelopes for the two types of combined loading mentioned. Bending/pressure collapse envelopes were generated for tubes with diameter to thickness ratios of 34.7, 24.5, 18.2 and 17.3. Tension/pressure collapse envelopes were generated for tubes with diameter to thickness ratios of 38.3, 24.5, 18.2 and 12.2. The geometric imperfections and material parameters were recorded for all test specimen's prior to collapse. Under bending/pressure loading the tube response, the critical collapse loads and the nature of the instabilities observed were found to depend on the loading path. Collapse was found to be relatively insensitive to the history for tension/pressure loading.
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Goldak, J. L51647 Welding on Fluid Filled and Pressurized Pipelines-Transient 3D Analysis. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011356.

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The objective of this project was to determine if research in Computational Weld Mechanics had matured to the stage where it could simulate the process of welding on a pressurized pipeline and provide useful estimates of the risk of burn-through. To achieve that objective we have compared the results of our FEM analyzes of several welds with the experimental data reported in "http://www.prci.com/publications/L51763.htm" PR-185-9515, Repair of Pipelines by Direct Deposition of Weld Metal: Further Studies. The temperature and deformation predicted by our FEM analysis agrees quite well with the experimental data. The critical input data in addition to the internal pressure in the pipe, the geometry of the pipe, the size and shape of the weld pool including weld reinforcement, are the convection coefficient on the internal pipe surface and the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the pipe metal. Our FEM analysis shows that creep under the weld pool can thin the pipe wall and form a groove. In welds that show significant groove formation and thus high risk of burn through, this groove is significantly deeper than in welds that are at low risk of burn-through. When the pipe wall is thinned by the groove, the internal pipe wall temperature increases under the weld pool. Also the groove could reduce the convection on the internal pipe wall. This would further increase the temperature on the internal pipe wall under the weld pool and further accelerate actual burn-through. In our FEM analysis, we found no significant groove formation in those welds for which no significant groove formation was reported in the PR-185-9515 experiments. We found significant groove formation exactly in those welds that burned-through or were at high risk of burn-through. In those welds, the FEM analyses predicted a somewhat deeper groove than experiment. This suggests the FEM analyses erred on the safe side. In this sense, we conclude that we have succeeded in computing useful estimates of the risk of burn-through using Computational Weld Mechanics. It is notable that almost no use is made of adjustable or tuning parameters. To simulate the actual burn-through we conjecture that we would need to include inertial forces in the stress analysis.
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Dinovitzer. L52303 Development of Techniques to Assess the Long-Term Integrity of Wrinkled Pipeline. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010332.

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The objective of the project was to develop a numerical model than may be used to predict the wrinkle formation and post formation behavior of a pipeline considering the effect of soil confinement and define the specifications for the development of a comprehensive wrinkle integrity assessment process. The result of this research is the development of wrinkle assessment techniques that could be used directly or could be used to codify maintenance guidelines. This project focused specifically on the pipe soil interaction modeling wrinkle formation as a result of the relative movement of the pipe and soil. The structural model developed and validated in this program and previous work could be applied to wrinkle bends, however, this issue is not specifically addressed in this report. In addition, the project development efforts focused on the monotonic soil interaction event of idealized (e.g., no secondary degradation like corrosion features) pipe segments. The project completed a critical review of existing structural and soil modelling techniques to identify the most suitable technologies for this application. The soil-pipe interaction under soil movement was found to be best represented using the LS-DYNA Multi-material Eulerian technique which permitted the application of a number of suitable soil constitutive models. This analysis tool permitted the consideration of a range of soil types and large soil displacements. Having defined the most suitable tool set, several pipe soil interaction models were developed. These models were used to illustrate the types of analyses that could be completed and the capabilities of the models to illustrate the sensitivity of the scenario loads, displacements to changes in soil, pipe and other parameters. The modeling results were discussed to demonstrate that their trends and results were in line with intuitive assumptions and engineering judgment. Additional models were developed to simulate large scale pipe-soil interaction laboratory test programs. The results of the simulated test programs were compared with the laboratory results as an initial validation of the modeling techniques and tools. The simulated soil displacement patterns, pipe strains and pipe displacement were shown to agree well with experimental results and as such illustrated the ability of the models to reproduce idealized pipe-soil interaction events. Full-scale soil displacement events were modeled to illustrate the application of the modeling tools to forecast or predict the effects of axial and transverse soil movements on buried pipeline segments. These results were used to illustrate the methods and assumptions inherent in the application of the modeling tools to predict soil loading on pipeline systems.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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MR MSK Cartilage for Joint Disease, Consensus Profile. Chair Thomas Link and Xiaojuan Li. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) / Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20210925.

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The goal of a QIBA Profile is to help achieve a useful level of performance for a given biomarker. The Claim (Section 2) describes the biomarker performance. The Activities (Section 3) contribute to generating the biomarker. Requirements are placed on the Actors that participate in those activities as necessary to achieve the Claim. Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed. This QIBA Profile (MR-based cartilage compositional biomarkers (T1ρ, T2) ) addresses the application of T1ρ and T2 for the quantification of cartilage composition, which can be used as an imaging biomarker to diagnose, predict and monitor early osteoarthritis. It places requirements on Acquisition Devices, Technologists, MRI Physicists, Radiologists, Reconstruction Software and Image Analysis Tools involved in Subject Handling, Image Data Acquisition, Image Data Reconstruction, Image Quality Assurance (QA) and Image Analysis. The requirements are focused on achieving sufficient reproducibility and accuracy for measuring cartilage composition. The clinical performance target is to achieve a reproducibility of 4-5% for measurements of global cartilage composition with T2 and T1ρ relaxation time measurements and a 95% confidence level for a true/critical change in cartilage composition (least significant change) with a precision of 11-14% and 9-12% if only an increase is expected (claim is one-sided). The target applies to 3T MR scanners of one manufacturer with identical scan parameters across different sites. It does not apply to scanners from different manufacturers. This document is intended to help clinicians basing decisions on this biomarker, imaging staff generating this biomarker, vendor staff developing related products, purchasers of such products and investigators designing trials with imaging endpoints. Note that this document only states requirements to achieve the claim, not “requirements on standard of care.” Conformance to this Profile is secondary to properly caring for the patient. Summary for Clinical Trial Use The MR-based cartilage compositional biomarkers profile defines the behavioral performance levels and quality control specifications for T1ρ, T2 scans used in single- and multi-center clinical trials of osteoarthritis and other trials assessing cartilage composition longitudinally with a focus on therapies to treat degenerative joint disease. While the emphasis is on clinical trials, this process is also intended to be applied for clinical practice. The specific claims for accuracy are detailed below in the Claims. The specifications that must be met to achieve conformance with this Profile correspond to acceptable levels specified in the T1ρ, T2 Protocols. The aim of the QIBA Profile specifications is to minimize intra- and inter-subject, intra- and inter-platform, and interinstitutional variability of quantitative scan data due to factors other than the intervention under investigation. T1ρ and T2 studies performed according to the technical specifications of this QIBA Profile in clinical trials can provide quantitative data for single timepoint assessments (e.g. disease burden, investigation of predictive and/or prognostic biomarker(s)) and/or for multi-time-point comparative assessments (e.g., response assessment, investigation of predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers of treatment efficacy). A motivation for the development of this Profile is that while a typical MR T1ρ and T2 measurement may be stable over days or weeks, this stability cannot be expected over the time that it takes to complete a clinical trial. In addition, there are well known differences between scanners and the operation of the same type of scanner at different imaging sites. The intended audiences of this document include: Biopharmaceutical companies, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons, and clinical trial scientists designing trials with imaging endpoints. Clinical research professionals. Radiologists, technologists, physicists and administrators at healthcare institutions considering specifications for procuring new MRI equipment for cartilage measurements. Radiologists, technologists, and physicists designing T1ρ and T2 acquisition protocols. Radiologists, and other physicians making quantitative measurements from T1ρ and T2 sequence protocols. Regulators, rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and others making decisions based on quantitative image measurements. Technical staff of software and device manufacturers who create products for this purpose. Note that specifications stated as 'requirements' in this document are only requirements to achieve the claim, not 'requirements on standard of care.' Specifically, meeting the goals of this Profile is secondary to properly caring for the patient.
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