Relevant bibliographies by topics / Critical state soil mechanics

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Critical state soil mechanics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Hettiaratchi, D. R. P. "A critical state soil mechanics model for agricultural soils." Soil Use and Management 3, no. 3 (September 1987): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00718.x.

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Sture, Stein. "Critical state soil mechanics via finite elements." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 68, no. 2 (May 1988): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(88)90119-3.

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BEDIN, J., F. SCHNAID, A. V. DA FONSECA, and L. DE M. COSTA FILHO. "Gold tailings liquefaction under critical state soil mechanics." Géotechnique 62, no. 3 (March 2012): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.p.037.

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Gaskin, Paul N. "An introduction to the mechanics of soils and foundations through critical state soil mechanics." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-038.

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Toll, D. "An introduction to the mechanics of soils and foundations: Through critical state soil mechanics." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00423341.

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Kirby, J. M., and P. D. Ayers. "Cohron sheargraph data: interpretation using critical state soil mechanics." Soil and Tillage Research 26, no. 3 (July 1993): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(93)90045-q.

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Liu, C. H., and J. Y. Wong. "Numerical simulations of tire-soil interaction based on critical state soil mechanics." Journal of Terramechanics 33, no. 5 (September 1996): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4898(97)00005-0.

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Einav, Itai. "Soil mechanics: breaking ground." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1861 (September 13, 2007): 2985–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.0009.

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In soil mechanics, student's models are classified as simple models that teach us unexplained elements of behaviour; an example is the Cam clay constitutive models of critical state soil mechanics (CSSM). ‘Engineer's models’ are models that elaborate the theory to fit more behavioural trends; this is usually done by adding fitting parameters to the student's models. Can currently unexplained behavioural trends of soil be explained without adding fitting parameters to CSSM models, by developing alternative student's models based on modern theories? Here I apply an alternative theory to CSSM, called ‘breakage mechanics’, and develop a simple student's model for sand. Its unique and distinctive feature is the use of an energy balance equation that connects grain size reduction to consumption of energy, which enables us to predict how grain size distribution (gsd) evolves—an unprecedented capability in constitutive modelling. With only four parameters, the model is physically clarifying what CSSM cannot for sand: the dependency of yielding and critical state on the initial gsd and void ratio.
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Iskander, Khalil. "New Pressuremeter Test Analysis Based on Critical State Mechanics." International Journal of Geomechanics 13, no. 5 (October 2013): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000257.

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Zhang, Jiajun, Sik-Cheung Robert Lo, Jun Yan, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "Is critical state soil mechanics framework applicable to pond ash?" Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 6 (2016): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.oth-09.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Yue, Peng. "A micro mechanical study of critical state soil mechanics using DEM." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38060/.

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One of the greatest breakthroughs in soil mechanics was the development of Critical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM) in the 1950s and 1960s and the derivation of a continuum elasto-plastic constitutive model, namely Cam clay, which was the foundation for other continuum models for clays, and much later for sands. However, as yet there has been no micro mechanical analysis which explains the existence of such continuum models; such a micro perspective must take into account the discontinuous nature of soil. Without such insight, the engineer cannot understand which micro parameters affect soil behaviour. This work uses the discrete element method (DEM) to model a silica sand as a sample of discrete particles, with properties which have been calibrated against experimental data in previous work, to build up a micro mechanical picture of the behaviour of sand under different loading conditions. The simplest of loading conditions is the one dimensional or oedometer test and has been modelled to check whether this agrees with previously published research. The simulated sample has then been subjected to isotropic compression to establish a normal compression line in log voids ratio – log stress space, and which turns out to be parallel to the one-dimensional normal compression line, in agreement with CSSM. The evolution of the isotropic normal compression line is due to local shear stresses within the sample, and the origin of the existence of both lines lies in the evolution of a fractal distribution of particles with a fractal dimension of 2.5. The effect of boundary particles has then been minimised by choosing an appropriate aspect ratio and a smaller number of particles in the sample to give a computational time which is acceptable for subsequent shearing to critical states. Isotropically normally compressed samples have been unloaded to different stress levels and sheared to critical states. A unique critical state line (CSL) exists at high stress levels, which is parallel to the normal compression lines, in agreement with CSSM. At low stress levels, the CSL is not linear and is non-unique; that is to say it is a function of preconsolidation pressure because the fractal distribution of sizes has not fully evolved. Samples sheared on the dense side of critical dilate and have a peak strength whilst loose samples exhibit ductile contraction, in agreement with CSSM. At a critical state, the work shows that crushing continues in the formation of ‘fines’, small particles with smaller than 0.1mm dimensions, which plays no part in the mechanical behaviour, which is reflected in the average mechanical co-ordination number and which means that plastic hardening can be assumed to have ceased at a critical state. For the isotropically overconsolidated samples sheared to critical states, a number of different definitions of yield have been used to establish a yield surface in stress space. The work shows that a previously published yield surface for sand (Yu, 1998; McDowell, 2002) gives a good representation of the behaviour, and it has therefore been shown that the sample of discrete particles has been shown to give rise to observed continuum behaviour. The work is, to the author’s knowledge, the first that has shown a DEM soil to show many of the desirable features of sand, in that the sample qualitatively gives normal compression lines and a CSL of the correct slope, which obeys CSSM and which gives a Cam Clay type yield surface in stress space. The work means that the established model can be used in the study of other micro mechanics problems such as particle shape and time effects and the application of DEM to boundary value problems directly.
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Huang, Xin, and 黃昕. "Exploring critical-state behaviour using DEM." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206742.

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The critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework originally proposed by Schofield & Wroth (1968) has been shown to capture the mechanical behaviour of soils effectively. The particulate implementation of the discrete element method (DEM) can replicate many of the complex mechanical characteristics associated with sand. This research firstly shows that the CSSM framework is useful to assess whether a DEM simulation gives a response that is representative of a real soil. The research then explores the capacity of DEM to extend understanding of soil behaviour within the CSSM framework. The influence of sample size on the critical-state response observed in DEM simulations that use rigid-wall boundaries was examined. The observed sensitivity was shown to be caused by higher void ratios and lower contact densities adjacent to the boundaries. When the void ratio (e) and mean stress (p’) of the homogeneous interior regions were considered, the influence of sample size on the position of the critical state line (CSL) in e-log(p’) space diminished. A parametric study on the influence of the interparticle friction (μ) on the load-deformation response was carried out. The macro-scale stress-deformation characteristics were nonlinearly related to μ and the particle-scale measures (fabric, contact force distribution, etc.) varied systematically with μ. The limited effect of increases in μ on the overall strength at high μ values (μ>0.5) is attributable to transition from sliding-dominant to rolling-dominant contact behaviour. A μ value higher than 0.5 leads to a CSL in e-log(p’) space that does not capture real soil response. True-triaxial simulations with different intermediate stress ratios (b) were performed. The dependency of strength on b agreed with empirical failure criteria for sands and was related to a change of buckling modes of the strong force chains as b increased. DEM simulations showed that the position of the CSL in e-log(p’) space depends on the intermediate stress ratio b. This sensitivity seems to be related to the dependency of the directional fabric anisotropy on b. The link between the state parameter and both soil strength and dilatancy proposed by Jefferies & Been (2006) was reproduced in DEM simulations. A new rotational resistance model was proposed and it was shown that the new model can qualitatively capture the influence of particle shape on the mechanical behaviour of sand. However, it was shown that the effect of rotational resistance is limited and to quantitatively compare the DEM simulation results with laboratory testing data, e.g., the critical-state loci, it is necessary to use non-spherical particles.
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Qadimi, Abbas. "The cyclic response of a carbonate sand through critical state soil mechanics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8774.

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Khong, Cuong Doan. "Development and numerical evaluation of unified critical state models." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10120/.

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With the increased availability of computers of various sizes, it is becoming more common to predict the responses of geotechnical structures using numerical analyses which incorporate more realistic models of soil behaviour. The main objective of this research is to develop and evaluate a series of unified critical state models. These models are then used to solve some typical boundary value problems in geotechnical engineering. The new models are based on a critical state model called CASM which was formulated based on both the state parameter concept and a non associated flow rule. The main feature of CASM is that a single set of yield and plastic potential functions is used to model the behaviour of clay and sand under both drained and undrained loading conditions. These models are developed by incorporating a new non-linear elasticity rule, the combined hardening concept and the bounding surface plasticity theory. A new non-linear elasticity rule for clay materials is introduced into CASM, this gives a better prediction on the behaviour of soil. The new combined volumetric-deviatoric hardening model is named CASM-d and provides a better prediction of the behaviour of lightly overconsolidated clays and loose sands. The new bounding surface model is named CASM-b and provides a more realistic prediction of soil behaviour inside the state boundary surface. The new cyclic bounding surface model is named CASM-c and provides a good prediction of soil behaviour under cyclic loading conditions. To evaluate their adequacy, CASM and its extensions are implemented into a finite element package called CRISP. This program was specifically developed to incorporate the critical state type of constitutive models. The analyses of a variety of typical geotechnical engineering problems are carried out to further check the validity of the new constitutive models. The models prove themselves to be very robust and useful tools for solving a wide range of practical geotechnical problems under different loading conditions.
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Smith, Philip Richard. "The behaviour of natural high compressibility clay with special reference to construction on soft ground." Thesis, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481683.

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Peña, Olarte Andrés Alfonso. "Influence of particle shape on the global mechanical response of granular packings : micromechanical investigation of the critical state in soil mechanics /." Stuttgart : IGS, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016794124&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Pickles, A. R. "The application of critical state soil mechanics to predict ground deformations below an embankment constructed on soft alluvium." Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7404/.

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An embankment has been constructed to a maximum height of approximately twelve metres at Beckton, east London. The embankment is underlain by up to eight metres of alluvium and made ground. The embankment was monitored during construction. Centreline settlements of the order of O.6m and horizontal movements at the embankment toe of up to O.1Sm were measured. The excess pore pressures generated during construction were found to dissipate rapidly. Soil samples recovered from the site have been tested at city University. The alluvial clay is shown to have extremely variable compression characteristics and it is not possible to determine a single set of critical state soil parameters from the "undisturbed" soil samples. The use in design of parameters derived from reconstituted soil samples is investigated. Laboratory test results indicate that a small quantity'of organic matter in the soil has a large effect on the engineering properties of the alluvial clay. The importance of not dry~ng soils which contain organic matter is highlighted. It is shown that, despite the effects of the organic matter, critical state concepts and in particular the modified Cam clay soil model can be used to predict the behaviour of the alluvial clay in a wide variety of laboratory tests. standard methods of determining the yield stress or preconsolidation pressure are shown to be inadequate when used to analyse the results of compression tests performed at a constant rate of loading. An alternative method, the Lambda construction, is proposed and this is shown to be both reliable and objective. Two distinct testing methods have been used to probe the state boundary surface of the reconstituted alluvial clay samples. The results of these tests appear to indicate the existence of a single state boundary surface for both Ko and isotropically compressed samples. This surface has a shape similar to that predicted by the modified Cam clay soil model. This result conflicts with the findings of many other investigators. Finite element modelling of the embankment construction has been carried out. A single set of soil parameters derived from tests on the reconstituted clay were used to represent the alluvial stratum. The construction of the embankment was modelled as a drained event. The results are shown to compare favourably with the actual field data.
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Adu-Gyamfi, Kwame. "Civil Engineering." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1141840448.

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Mohammadi, Amirabbas. "The Effects of Initial State on the Cyclic Response of Sydney Sand." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27356.

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The state of a soil illustrated in the spaces of voids ratio and shear stress versus mean effective stress is known to control the soil behaviour through reflecting the impacts of initial density, stress level, static and cyclic stress ratios, and stress reversal condition. The multiplicity of the variables has led to confusing observations in studies of failure modes and cyclic strength. This research develops a better understanding of the effects of the state variables on the undrained cyclic response through conducting cyclic and monotonic triaxial tests on iso and anisotropically consolidated samples of Sydney sand, and using relevant experimental data published in the literature. The results indicate the major role of the degree of cyclic stress reversal in determining the cyclic failure mode. A “reversal ratio” is introduced, to quantify the reversal level, and a hybrid failure mechanism, referred to here as “plastic strain accumulation followed by cyclic mobility”, is analysed in detail. It is shown that the reversal ratio captures the combined impacts of the static and cyclic stress ratios on the behaviour. “Threshold reversal ratio” which is associated with the boundaries between different modes of failure is discussed and estimated. A state parameter approach is employed to investigate the impacts of static and cyclic stress ratios on the cyclic strength. The number of cycles to failure, Nf, and the cyclic resistance ratios, CRR15, CRR100 and CRR500, were found to correlate with the state parameter. However, these correlations become more sensitive to the state parameter as the static stress ratio increases. The results suggest that the interconnection between Nf and CRRn is not largely influenced by the static stress ratio and can be an alternative to the state parameter approach. Furthermore, the states causing failure are depicted on a unified state diagram that combines the roles of density, stress level, static stress ratio and cyclic stress ratio.
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Rahemi, Negar [Verfasser], Achim [Gutachter] Hettler, and Torsten [Gutachter] Wichtmann. "Evaluation of liquefaction behavior of sandy soils using critical state soil mechanics and instability concept / Negar Rahemi ; Gutachter: Achim Hettler, Torsten Wichtmann ; Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169397255/34.

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Books on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Ken, Been, ed. Soil liquefaction: A critical state approach. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Britto, A. M. Critical state soil mechanics via finite elements. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1990.

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1951-, Gunn M. J., ed. Critical state soil mechanics via finite elements. Chichester, West Sussex: E. Horwood, 1987.

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An introduction to the mechanics of soils and foundations: Through critical state soil mechanics. London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1993.

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Soil mechanics in the light of critical state theories: An introduction. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 1995.

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Majlesi, Y. A study of critical state soil mechanics and the triaxial test. London: North East London Polytechnic, 1985.

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M, Reimbert André, ed. Pressures and settlements of surface foundations: Calculations of foundation footings, elasto-plastic state of media. New York, N.Y., USA: Lavoisier, 1990.

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International Workshop on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering Practice (2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering Practice: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 26 June 2003. Edited by Phoon Kok-Kwang, Honjo Yusuke, and Gilbert Robert B. 1965-. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003.

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Bruce, Donald A. Major dam rehabilitation by special geotechnical construction techniques: A state-of-pratice review. Zürich, Switzerland: RODIO, published in collaboration with the Institute for Engineering Research, Foundation Kollbrunner-RODIO, Zürich, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Dafalias, Yannis F., and Xiang-song Li. "Revisiting the Paradigm of Critical State Soil Mechanics: Fabric Effects." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 13–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32814-5_2.

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Hamidi, Amir, and Ehsan Ravanbakhsh. "Constitutive Modeling of Cemented Sands Using Critical State Soil Mechanics and Generalized Plasticity Concepts." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 553–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32814-5_75.

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Gudehus, Gerd. "Critical phenomena." In Physical Soil Mechanics, 789–802. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36354-5_16.

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Liu, Yang, Xiaoxiao Wang, and Shunchuan Wu. "Mechanical Behaviour of Meso-Scale Structure at Critical State for Granular Soils." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 195–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97112-4_44.

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Rosti, Firouz, and Murad Abu-Farsakh. "Development of a Constitutive Model for Clays Based on Disturbed State Concept and Its Application to Simulate Pile Installation and Setup." In Advancements in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics, 95–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34206-7_8.

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Collins, I. F. "On the Plane Strain Deformations of Critical State Models for Sands." In Advances in Continuum Mechanics, 159–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48890-0_12.

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Liu, Jiang-Xin, Zhen-Yu Yin, Wen-Xiong Huang, and Pierre-Yves Hicher. "A Micropolar Model for Sand Based on Critical State." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Fundamentals of Soil Behaviours, 25–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0125-4_3.

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Posch, M., and W. De Vries. "Derivation of Critical Loads by Steady-State and Dynamic Soil Models." In The Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on Natural and Semi-Natural Ecosystems, 213–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3356-4_7.

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Ambrosi, Davide, Renato Lancellotta, and Luigi Preziosi. "Mathematical Models for Soil Consolidation Problems: a State of the Art Report." In Modeling and Mechanics of Granular and Porous Materials, 159–80. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0079-6_6.

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Liu, Yang, Ziqiao Cheng, Jianyu Li, and Shuang Li. "Evolution of Meso-scale Structure at Critical State for Granular Media." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Fundamentals of Soil Behaviours, 784–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0125-4_87.

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Conference papers on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Peña, Andrés A., Ramon García-Rojo, Fernando Alonso-Marroquín, Hans J. Herrmann, Masami Nakagawa, and Stefan Luding. "Investigation of the Critical State in Soil Mechanics Using DEM." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2009: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROMECHANICS OF GRANULAR MEDIA. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3179884.

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David Airey AIREY and Guien Miao. "Why and how critical state soil mechanics should be included in introductory undergraduate courses in soil mechanics." In IV International Conference on Geo-Engineering Education. London, UK: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering - ISSMGE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/sfge-01-0004.

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Zhang, J., S. R. Lo, M. M. Rahman, and J. Yan. "Monotonic Behavior of Pond Ash under Critical State Soil Mechanics Framework." In Geo-Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.035.

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Mukabi, John Ngaya, and Sylvester Kotheki. "Mathematical Derivative of the Modified Critical State Theory and Its Application in Soil Mechanics." In 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccrd.2010.105.

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Yanqui, Calixtro. "Granular mechanics of the critical state of coarse soils." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4811901.

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Rahman, Md Mizanur, and S.-C. Robert Lo. "EFFECTS OF FINES AND FINES TYPE ON UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR OF SANDY SOILS UNDER CRITICAL STATE SOIL MECHANICS FRAMEWORK." In Proceedings of the 3rd and 5th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814365161_0050.

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Tom, Joe G., and David J. White. "Effect of Drainage on Upheaval Buckling Susceptibility of Buried Pipelines." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61046.

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This paper investigates the effect of soil drainage on the uplift resistance of buried pipelines, and their susceptibility to upheaval buckling. The uplift resistance of buried pipelines is considered through analytical and numerical predictions for both drained and undrained conditions. Combinations of soil strength parameters for typical soils are estimated based on common correlations. For certain ranges of typical normally consolidated soil conditions, particularly those with high critical state friction angles, the drained uplift resistance may be lower than the undrained resistance. This observation is important because in typical practice only drained or undrained behaviour is considered depending on the general type of soil backfill used. In this case, the critical or minimum uplift resistance may be overlooked. Further, the changing undrained uplift mechanism between shallow and deep conditions is investigated. It is found that the common approach of considering the minimum of either a local (flow around) or global (vertical slip plane) failure can overestimate the uplift resistance in normally consolidated soils.
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Motriuk, Roman W. "Consideration of Design Assessments for Pipeline/Facilities Dynamic Behavior." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97032.

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Information of PTQ (pressure, temperature, flow) in hydrocarbon transmission pipelines or facilities is critical because modeling of such systems, or their parts, involves fluid transport-properties that critically influence any fluid-pipe and soil-pipe interactions. These properties across soil varieties are integral to predicting pipeline systems’ behavior. The mechanical/fluid aspect of analysis is reviewed in this work, with emphasis on steady-state and transient system responses. In general terms, the necessary steps of dynamic analysis used at the design stage of pipelines and facilities are described. Comments on sources of excitation and the response of pipe/pipelines, which take into account transient and steady-state system behavior, as well as the importance of using accurate fluid transport properties are discussed.
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Bush, Erica, Puneet Agarwal, and Lance Manuel. "The Influence of Foundation Modeling Assumptions on Long-Term Load Prediction for Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57893.

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In evaluating ultimate limit states for design, time-domain aeroelastic response simulations are typically carried out to establish extreme loads on offshore wind turbines. Accurate load prediction depends on proper modeling of the wind turbulence and the wave stochastic processes as well as of the turbine, the support structure, and the foundation. One method for modeling the support structure is to rigidly connect it to the seabed; such a foundation model is appropriate only when the sea floor is firm (as is the case for rock). To obtain realistic turbine response dynamics for softer soils, it is important that a flexible foundation is modeled. While a single discrete spring for coupled lateral/rotational motion or several distributed springs along the length of the monopile may be employed, a tractable alternative is to employ a fictitious fixed-based pile modeled as an “equivalent” cantilever beam, where the length of this fictitious pile is determined using conventional pile lateral load analysis in combination with knowledge of the soil profile. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of modeling flexible pile foundations on offshore wind turbine loads such as the fore-aft tower bending moment at the mudline. We employ a utility-scale 5MW offshore wind turbine model with a 90-meter hub height in simulations; the turbine is assumed to be sited in 20 meters of water. For a critical wind-wave combination known to control long-term design loads, we study time histories, power spectra, response statistics, and probability distributions of extreme loads for fixed-base and flexible foundation models with the intention of assessing the importance of foundation model selection. Load distributions are found to be sensitive to foundation modeling assumptions. Extrapolation to rare return periods may be expected to lead to differences in derived nominal loads needed in ultimate limit state design; this justifies the use of flexible foundation models in simulation studies.
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Boukpeti, Nathalie, David White, Mark Randolph, and Han Eng Low. "Characterization of the Solid-Fluid Transition of Fine-Grained Sediments." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79738.

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Characterization of the strength of fine-grained sediments as they evolve from an intact seabed material to a remolded debris flow is essential to adequately model submarine landslides and their impact on pipelines and other seabed infrastructure. In the current literature, two distinct approaches for modelling this material behavior have been considered. In the soil mechanics approach, fine-grained soils are characterized by the undrained shear strength, su. The critical state framework proposes a relation between su and the water content, or void ratio of the soil. In addition, rate effects and strain softening effects are described by multiplying a reference value of su by a function of the shear strain rate or the accumulated shear strain respectively. In the fluid mechanics approach, slurries of fine-grained material are characterized by a yield strength and a viscosity parameter, which describes the change in shear stress with shear strain rate. Empirical relationships have been proposed, which relate the yield strength and the viscosity to the sediment concentration. This paper demonstrates that the two modelling approaches are essentially similar, with only some formal differences. It is proposed that the strength of fine-grained sediments can be modelled in a unified way over the solid and liquid ranges. To support this unified approach, an experimental campaign has been conducted to obtain strength measurements on various clays prepared at different water content. The testing program includes fall cone tests, vane shear tests, miniature penetrometers (T-bar and ball) and viscometer tests. Rate effects and remolding effects are investigated over a wide range of water contents spanning the domains of behavior that are usually defined separately as soil and fluid. The present paper focuses on analyzing the results of fall cone, vane shear and viscometer tests. Analysis of the results shows that the variation in shear strength over the solid and liquid ranges can be described by a unique function of water content — suitably normalized — for a given soil. Furthermore, the effect of strain rate and degree of remolding can be accounted for by multiplying the basic strength parameter by appropriate functions, which are independent of the current water content.
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Reports on the topic "Critical state soil mechanics"

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Rahman, Shahedur, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, and Peter J. Becker. Improvement of Stiffness and Strength of Backfill Soils Through Optimization of Compaction Procedures and Specifications. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317134.

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Vibration compaction is the most effective way of compacting coarse-grained materials. The effects of vibration frequency and amplitude on the compaction density of different backfill materials commonly used by INDOT (No. 4 natural sand, No. 24 stone sand, and No. 5, No. 8, No. 43 aggregates) were studied in this research. The test materials were characterized based on the particle sizes and morphology parameters using digital image analysis technique. Small-scale laboratory compaction tests were carried out with variable frequency and amplitude of vibrations using vibratory hammer and vibratory table. The results show an increase in density with the increase in amplitude and frequency of vibration. However, the increase in density with the increase in amplitude of vibration is more pronounced for the coarse aggregates than for the sands. A comparison of the maximum dry densities of different test materials shows that the dry densities obtained after compaction using the vibratory hammer are greater than those obtained after compaction using the vibratory table when both tools were used at the highest amplitude and frequency of vibration available. Large-scale vibratory roller compaction tests were performed in the field for No. 30 backfill soil to observe the effect of vibration frequency and number of passes on the compaction density. Accelerometer sensors were attached to the roller drum (Caterpillar, model CS56B) to measure the frequency of vibration for the two different vibration settings available to the roller. For this roller and soil tested, the results show that the higher vibration setting is more effective. Direct shear tests and direct interface shear tests were performed to study the impact of particle characteristics of the coarse-grained backfill materials on interface shear resistance. The more angular the particles, the greater the shear resistance measured in the direct shear tests. A unique relationship was found between the normalized surface roughness and the ratio of critical-state interface friction angle between sand-gravel mixture with steel to the internal critical-state friction angle of the sand-gravel mixture.
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Wyndham, Amber, Emile Elias, Joel Brown, Michael Wilson, and Albert Rango. Drought Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Grazing Practices on Rangelands of Southeastern Colorado’s Major Land Resource Area 69. USDA Southwest Climate Hub, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6947062.ch.

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Increased climate variability, including more frequent and intense drought, is projected for the southwestern region of the United States. Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation lower soil water availability, resulting in decreased plant productivity and altering species composition, which may affect forage quality and quantity. Reduced forage quality and increased heat stress attributable to warmer temperatures could lead to decreased livestock performance in this system, which is extensively used for livestock grazing. Mitigating the effects of increasing drought is critical to social and ecological stability in the region. Reduced stocking rates, change in livestock breeds and/or grazing practices are general recommendations that could be implemented to cope with increased climatic stress. Ecological Sites and their associated state–and-transition models (STMs) are tools to help land managers implement and evaluate responses to disturbances. The projected change in climate will vary depending upon geographic location. Vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies are needed at the local level to inform local management decisions and help ameliorate the effects of climate change on rangelands. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Southwest Climate Hub and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) worked together to produce this drought vulnerability assessment at the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) level, based on ecological sites and state-and-transition models that will help landowners and government agencies to identify and develop adaptation options for drought on rangelands. The assessment illustrates how site-specific information can be used to help minimize the effects of drought on rangelands and support informed decision-making for the selection of management adaptations within MLRA 69.
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Wyndham, Amber, Emile Elias, Joel R. Brown, Michael A. Wilson, and Albert Rango. Drought Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Grazing Practices on Rangelands in Southeast Arizona and Southwest New Mexico’s Major Land Resource Area 41. United States. Department of Agriculture. Southwest Climate Hub, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6818230.ch.

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Increased climate variability, including more frequent and intense drought, is projected for the southwestern region of the United States. Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation lower soil water availability, resulting in decreased plant productivity and altered species composition, which may affect forage quality and quantity. Reduced forage quality and increased heat stress attributable to warmer temperatures could lead to decreased livestock performance in this system, which is extensively used for livestock grazing. Mitigating the effects of increasing drought is critical to social and ecological stability in the region. Reduced stocking rates and/or a change in livestock breeds and/or grazing practices are general recommendations that could be implemented to cope with increased climatic stress. Ecological Sites (ESs) and their associated state-and-transition models (STMs) are tools to help land managers implement and evaluate responses to disturbances. The projected change in climate will vary depending upon geographic location. Vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies are necessary at the local level to inform local management decisions and help to ameliorate the effects of climate change on rangelands. The USDA Southwest Climate Hub and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) worked together to produce this drought vulnerability assessment at the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) level: it is based on ESs/STMs that will help landowners and government agencies to identify and develop adaptation options for drought on rangelands. The assessment illustrates how site-specific information can be used to help minimize the effects of drought on rangelands and to support informed decision-making for selecting management adaptations within MLRA 41.
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5

Wyndham, Amber, Emile Elias, Joel R. Brown, Michael A. Wilson, and Albert Rango. Drought Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Grazing Practices on Rangelands of Southeastern Colorado’s Major Land Resource Area 69. United States. Department of Agriculture. Southwest Climate Hub, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6876399.ch.

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Increased climate variability, including more frequent and intense drought, is projected for the southwestern region of the United States. Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation lower soil water availability resulting in decreased plant productivity and altering species composition which may affect forage quality and quantity. Reduced forage quality and increased heat stress attributable to warmer temperatures could lead to decreased livestock performance in this system, which is extensively used for livestock grazing. Mitigating the effects of increasing drought is critical to social and ecological stability in the region. Reduced stocking rates, change in livestock breeds and/or grazing practices are general recommendations that could be implemented to cope with increased climatic stress. Ecological Sites (ESs) and their associated state and transition models (STMs) are tools to help land managers implement and evaluate responses to disturbances. The projected change in climate will vary depending on geographic location. Vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies are needed at the local level to inform local management decisions and help ameliorate the effects of climate change on rangelands. The USDA Southwest Climate Hub and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) worked together to produce this drought vulnerability assessment at the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) level based on ESs/STMs that will help landowners and government agencies identify and develop adaptation options for drought on rangelands. The assessment illustrates how site-specific information can be used to help minimize the effects of drought on rangelands and support informed decision-making for selecting management adaptations within MLRA 69.
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6

Wyndham, Amber, Emile Elias, Joel Brown, Michael Wilson, and Albert Rango Rango. Drought Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Grazing Practices on Rangelands in Southeast Arizona and Southwest New Mexico’s Major Land Resource Area 41. USDA Southwest Climate Hub, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6947060.ch.

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Abstract:
Increased climate variability, including more frequent and intense drought, is projected for the southwestern region of the United States. Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation lower soil water availability, resulting in decreased plant productivity and altered species composition, which may affect forage quality and quantity. Reduced forage quality and increased heat stress attributable to warmer temperatures could lead to decreased livestock performance in this system, which is extensively used for livestock grazing. Mitigating the effects of increasing drought is critical to social and ecological stability in the region. Reduced stocking rates and/or a change in livestock breeds and/or grazing practices are general recommendations that could be implemented to cope with increased climatic stress. Ecological Sites (ESs) and their associated state-and-transition models (STMs) are tools to help land managers implement and evaluate responses to disturbances. The projected change in climate will vary depending upon geographic location. Vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies are necessary at the local level to inform local management decisions and help to ameliorate the effects of climate change on rangelands. The USDA Southwest Climate Hub and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) worked together to produce this drought vulnerability assessment at the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) level: it is based on ESs/STMs that will help landowners and government agencies to identify and develop adaptation options for drought on rangelands. The assessment illustrates how site-specific information can be used to help minimize the effects of drought on rangelands and to support informed decision-making for selecting management adaptations within MLRA 41.
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7

Wyndham, Amber, Emile Elias, Joel Brown, Michael Wilson, and Albert Rango. Drought Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Grazing Practices on Rangelands of Southeastern Colorado’s Major Land Resource Area 69. USDA Southwest Climate Hub, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6965584.ch.

Full text
Abstract:
Increased climate variability, including more frequent and intense drought, is projected for the southwestern region of the United States. Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation lower soil water availability resulting in decreased plant productivity and altering species composition which may affect forage quality and quantity. Reduced forage quality and increased heat stress attributable to warmer temperatures could lead to decreased livestock performance in this system, which is extensively used for livestock grazing. Mitigating the effects of increasing drought is critical to social and ecological stability in the region. Reduced stocking rates, change in livestock breeds and/or grazing practices are general recommendations that could be implemented to cope with increased climatic stress. Ecological Sites (ESs) and their associated state and transition models (STMs) are tools to help land managers implement and evaluate responses to disturbances. The projected change in climate will vary depending on geographic location. Vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies are needed at the local level to inform local management decisions and help ameliorate the effects of climate change on rangelands. The USDA Southwest Climate Hub and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) worked together to produce this drought vulnerability assessment at the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) level based on ESs/STMs that will help landowners and government agencies identify and develop adaptation options for drought on rangelands. The assessment illustrates how site-specific information can be used to help minimize the effects of drought on rangelands and support informed decision-making for selecting management adaptations within MLRA 69.
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