Academic literature on the topic 'Critical travelogue'
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Journal articles on the topic "Critical travelogue"
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Golahmar, Ehsan, and Manoochehr Tavangar. "Metaphors the East Is Othered by: A Critical-cognitive Study of Metaphor in Lady Sheil’s Travelogue Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0705.09.
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Regarding travel writing as the textual manifestation of the Self and the Other confrontation, travelogues provide interesting material for analyzing otherness discourse and various strategies of othering. Accordingly, this paper aims to study how metaphor functions as an othering device in travel writing. The travelogue which is the subject of this research is Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia written by Lady Sheil in the mid-nineteenth century. The framework employed for analyzing metaphor in this text is Critical Metaphor Analysis which is amongst various approaches of cognitive poetics. The critical-cognitive analysis of metaphors in this travelogue implies that Sheil metaphorized Persia mainly as an Oriental Other which has a denigrated inferior position relative to the Occidental Self. In so doing, she has vastly used different stereotypical images of the East abundantly present in the Orientalist discourse. It can be argued that Orientalism as a discourse has exerted great influence on Sheil’s metaphorization of Persia as an Eastern Other via a number of conceptual metaphors which characterize the East as a unified object which has no diversity and should be studied by European scholars.
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Bobrova, Olga B. "Nikos Kazantzakis’ and Kostas Ouranis’ Travel Writings within the Context of Modern Greek Travelogues." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 3 (2021): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-3-96-115.
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Nikos Kazantzakis is one of the most famous Greek authors of the 20th century known primarily for his novels. A significant part of Nikos Kazantzakis’s work is his travel writings. Whereas the novels of Kazantzakis are recognized as canonical Greek literature, it is difficult to pinpoint his travelogues, or Ταξιδεύοντας (Traveling) due to the ambiguity of their critical reception: assessments range from neutral or mildly negative to enthusiastic. Both critical and enthusiastic assessments usually lack in-depth analysis of poetic, thematic, compositional, and stylistic features of the Traveling cycle. This essay is an attempt at a more cogent and motivated assessment of Kazantzakis’s cycle of travel notes and his role in the development of this genre. In contrast to the general view in Greek criticism, I argue that the genre of travelogue had developed for an extended period before Traveling was published and that Kazantzakis’s predecessors and contemporaries had contributed to its development. Among them is Kazantzakis’s contemporary Kostas Ouranis whose work has aspects and features to be found in the later work of Kazantzakis as the comparative analysis of the travel notes by both authors demonstrates.
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Osei-Poku, Kwame. "Adapting to life in “Strange England”: Interrogating identity and ideology from S.A.T. Taylor’s 1937 Travelogue; “An African In An English School”." Legon Journal of the Humanities 31, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v31i1.3.
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This article is based on the premise that African authored travel writing about European socio-cultural spaces during the colonial period has the potential to interrogate notions about contemporary African identity while contributing to the collective ideological construction of the wider African society. Recent studies in African thought and ideology have provoked research into African-authored travel writing and the extent to which such travelogues have influenced discussions about the opinions and ideas, as well as a collective self-examination of African identities. These African-authored travelogues do not only represent a critical mass of source materials that highlight the racial discriminatory practices which many Africans encountered and still grapple with as sojourners and travellers to the British (Western) metropolises, but they also serve as a means of reimagining the diverse ways which Africans negotiate the identity quandaries they find themselves in within the context of a hegemonic milieu. The article focuses on the broader issues of identity and thematic ideological categories, using close reading strategies within a multidisciplinary context in analysing an African authored travelogue, “An African in an English School,” which was published in the December, 1937 edition of The West African Review magazine, and written by S.A.T. Taylor. Taylor writes about his impressions of the British educational system and difference, while simultaneously highlighting stereotypical perceptions about Africans by Europeans or the people of England.
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Osei-Poku, Kwame. "Adapting to life in “Strange England”: Interrogating identity and ideology from S.A.T. Taylor’s 1937 Travelogue; “An African In An English School”." Legon Journal of the Humanities 31, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v31i1.3.
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This article is based on the premise that African authored travel writing about European socio-cultural spaces during the colonial period has the potential to interrogate notions about contemporary African identity while contributing to the collective ideological construction of the wider African society. Recent studies in African thought and ideology have provoked research into African-authored travel writing and the extent to which such travelogues have influenced discussions about the opinions and ideas, as well as a collective self-examination of African identities. These African-authored travelogues do not only represent a critical mass of source materials that highlight the racial discriminatory practices which many Africans encountered and still grapple with as sojourners and travellers to the British (Western) metropolises, but they also serve as a means of reimagining the diverse ways which Africans negotiate the identity quandaries they find themselves in within the context of a hegemonic milieu. The article focuses on the broader issues of identity and thematic ideological categories, using close reading strategies within a multidisciplinary context in analysing an African authored travelogue, “An African in an English School,” which was published in the December, 1937 edition of The West African Review magazine, and written by S.A.T. Taylor. Taylor writes about his impressions of the British educational system and difference, while simultaneously highlighting stereotypical perceptions about Africans by Europeans or the people of England.
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Curry, Ramona. "Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part Two, Taking A Trip Thru China to America." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 2 (2011): 142–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x603681.
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AbstractPart One of this essay traced a biography for Benjamin Brodsky and revealed surprising facets of the production of his 1916 feature-length travelogue A Trip Thru China. Part Two addresses the film's genre inscription and cinematic qualities and relates its embedded values to its enthusiastic reception across America 1916-18. Although the ethnographic documentary pays admiring tribute to laboring men and women throughout China, it also valorizes the moribund Chinese empire, as embodied in Brodsky's ultimate patron in China, President Yuan Shikai. While fully eschewing the "Yellow Menace" U.S. discourse of its period, Trip humorously delineates the East and West as essentially different. The rare work's exceptional critical and popular success from California to New York City points to Brodsky's skilled showmanship and ability to engage the support of independent movie distributors and investors. Why, then, the essay considers in conclusion, did Brodsky's subsequent experiences after his shift in 1917 to making films in Japan, including the feature-length travelogue Beautiful Japan (1918), so diverge in its outcome from his early filmmaking career in China?
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Marandi, Seyed Mohammad, Zeinab Ghasemi Tari, and Ahmad Gholi. "Postcolonial Reading of Edmond O’Donovan’s The Merv Oasis." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 60, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v60i1.1285.
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In the context of the Great Game and in throes of Geok-Tepe War in Akhal region located in Turkomania, The Daily Mail sends off Edmond O’Donovan to make the reportage of the Russians’ colonial advancement and their clash with Turkmens, but the Russians’ ban on foreign reporters disrupts his initial plan. As a result, he redirects his way to Merv where the Turkmens capture him. His captors ironically receive him both as prisoner and a ruling member for five months. Meanwhile, he registers his observations and experiences there which later appears in his bestseller travelogue entitled, The Merv Oasis. Despite his involvement with British Imperialism, O’Donovan’s travel book has not received any critical attention from scholars of travel studies. In this regard, this article seeks to address their critical negligence by studying it in the spirit of postcolonial approach. This method is invaluable in two ways. Firstly, it discloses the travel writer’s hidden imperial assumptions through focusing on his surveillance and his description of his travelees’ diseases and their medical treatment. Secondly through clarifying the role of travel writer on Othering his travelees when he deals with their food culture and their supposedly exotic bazaar. On the whole, this reading challenges the innocent façade of O’Donovan’s travelogue and points to his imperial assumptions and cultural baggage which tarnish its impartiality and authenticity.
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Sesum, Uros. "The role of Jazzar Pasha in the destruction of the sacral monuments on Kosovo: An example of tradition entering historiography." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 168 (2018): 849–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1868851s.
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lore from Kosovo, regarding systematic destruction of Serbian medieval churches and monasteries, committed by the local and semi-independent Jashar pasha in the early 19th century, was introduced in Serbian historiography by way of Serbian travelogue literature during the second half of 19th and early 20th century. According to lore, Pasha destroyed monasteries Vojsilovica and Burinci, Samodreza church and several other village churches for the purpose of using building materials for his water mills. Allegedly, construction materials of destroyed church in Lipljan and several surrounding village churches were used for construction of the bridge on river Sitnica, while, also allegedly, he took the floor from Gracanica monastery for his hamam. Lead from the monastery roof was used to cover the mosque in Pristina. After a critical analysis of such lore, it can be stated that Pasha did not demolish a singe church or monastery, but in fact, for his projects, he used materials from the already destroyed temples. These writings of lore, combined with the local population?s perception of him as a cruel master, left a historic view of him as being the main destroyer of Serbian medieval churches and monasteries. Release of lore version of Serbian history, made by folklore writers, contributed to the rapid dissemination of inaccurate information. This had an encouraging affect which, as time went on, associated Pasha?s name with the large number of destroyed churches. In Serbian historiography such usage of travelogue literature from the 19th century and further developed oral tradition recorded by ethnologists as relevant historical sources, have led to the adoption of unverified data as historical fact.
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Pushaw, Bart. "Picturing the River’s Racial Ecologies in Colonial Panamá." Arts 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts10020022.
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This article explores the local histories and ecological knowledge embedded within a Spanish print of enslaved, Afro-descendant boatmen charting a wooden vessel up the Chagres River across the Isthmus of Panamá. Produced for a 1748 travelogue by the Spanish scientists Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan, the image reflects a preoccupation with tropical ecologies, where enslaved persons are incidental. Drawing from recent scholarship by Marixa Lasso, Tiffany Lethabo King, Katherine McKittrick, and Kevin Dawson, I argue that the image makes visible how enslaved and free Afro-descendants developed a distinct cosmopolitan culture connected to intimate ecological knowledge of the river. By focusing critical attention away from the print’s Spanish manufacture to the racial ecologies of the Chagres, I aim to restore art historical visibility to eighteenth-century Panamá and Central America, a region routinely excised from studies of colonial Latin American art.
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Stead, Naomi. "Architecture and memory in W. G. Sebald’s Austerlitz." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 1 (March 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000263.
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Austerlitz was the German expatriate author W. G. Sebald’s last book before his untimely death in 2001. Greeted with great critical acclaim, the novel is a profound meditation on history, memory, and loss. Sebald’s larger attempt to represent and memorialise the lasting trauma of the Holocaust, in an oblique and understated rather than a literal way, led him to a new kind of literary expression described by Eric Homberger as ‘part hybrid novel, part memoir and part travelogue’. What is most interesting about Austerlitz, for the purposes of this article, is that it makes so much use of architecture. In this, it joins a tradition of literary works that treat architecture as a metaphor for human endeavour and artifice, social structures, and attempts to order and construct the world. But, there is more to the buildings in Austerlitz. The book offers insights into the larger meaning – often, but not always, melancholy – of architecture in culture and society, past and present. This is elucidated at a personal level, in the way that surroundings and spatial atmospheres can affect the emotional life of an individual, and also at a collective level, in the way that buildings bear witness to, and last beyond, the trials and duration of a single human life.
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Myers, Shaundra. "Black Anaesthetics: The New Yorker and Andrea Lee’s Russian Journal." American Literary History 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajy050.
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Abstract This essay demonstrates the oft-dismissed centrality of critical race thought to posthumanist studies by excavating the neglected writings of the New Yorker magazine’s earliest black staff writers. Within this early post–Civil Rights archive of “The Talk of the Town” columns and a Russian travelogue, this essay uncovers conditions of possibility for the emergence of racially anomalous strains of contemporary black narrative that have long discomfited canon-makers. Analyzing how the implicitly white persona of “The Talk of the Town” functioned as an avatar of the liberal humanist subject, I show how Andrea Lee, Charlayne Hunter, and Jamaica Kincaid undermined or appropriated this figure of Man. Their experiments with racial legibility in their unsigned columns would give rise to what I term black anaesthetics: narrative practices that disable the reader’s capacity to make meaning of race even as they disclose traces of racialized blackness. Working thus both in and out of touch with racial reality, black anaesthetic texts such as Lee’s Russian Journal (1981), Toni Morrison’s “Recitatif” (1983), and Octavia Butler’s “Bloodchild” (1984) suspend processes of racialization vital to the production of Man’s human Others. In doing so, they invite us to rethink the descent of what has come to be called posthumanism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Critical travelogue"
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Österholm, Johan. "Civiliserade nordbor och primitiva främlingar : En kritisk diskursanalys av journal- och förfilm i folkhemmets Sverige." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Humanities, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1131.
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This essay examines a small selection of Swedish newsreel and documentary short films, primarily travelogues, produced shortly before and after the second world war. The general aim is to expose differences in the representation of “The Other” and the “ethnic Swede” by applying a critical discourse analysis. The purpose is to illuminate how the material positions the latter as the norm and then contextualize this with xenophobic currents that had developed up until the middle of the twentieth century. Theoretical and methodological framework is drawn from the field of cultural studies as well as the nonfiction film. The analysis shows that the Swedish newsreel and travelogue indeed, to a high degree, possessed these currents even though part of them, mainly the anti-Semitic ideas, seems to relapse after the Holocaust.
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LJiljana, Vico. "Књижевно стваралаштво Милана Савића." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=97368&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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У раду је описана укупна књижевна заоставштина Милана Савића; извршена класификација и жанровска систематизација појединих дела; дат је поглед на стваралаштво с акцентом на вредновању његовог доприноса српској књижевној историографији; ширини и дубини његовог рада на уређивању Летописа Матице српске; извршено вредновање његових оригиналних књижевних радова, приповедака, путописа, драма и другог.U radu je opisana ukupna književna zaostavština Milana Savića; izvršena klasifikacija i žanrovska sistematizacija pojedinih dela; dat je pogled na stvaralaštvo s akcentom na vrednovanju njegovog doprinosa srpskoj književnoj istoriografiji; širini i dubini njegovog rada na uređivanju Letopisa Matice srpske; izvršeno vrednovanje njegovih originalnih književnih radova, pripovedaka, putopisa, drama i drugog.
This document describes whole Literary legacy of Milan Savić with classification and systematization according to the genre for several of his works. Further, the document gives overview of his work and its contribution to the Historiography of Serbian Literature, the scope of his editorial work of magazine Letopis Matice srpske, evaluation of his original literary works, short stories, travelogues, dramas and other works.
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Colarusso, Dana Mafalda. "Teaching English in the Global Age: Cultural Conversations." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18334.
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Globalization and English-language predominance situate English teachers as increasingly influential mediators of both language and culture. In the iconic multicultural hub of Ontario, Canada, teachers work within a causal nexus of social theories of language, the information and communication technologies revolution, and unprecedented global interdependency. Changes in English curriculum reflect these trends, from references to “global citizenship,” to stress on “intercultural communication,” “cultural sensitivity,” and Information and Communication Technology (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2007). Delegated gatekeepers of both linguistic and critical literacies, and facing new questions about the purposes and priorities of their discipline, Ontario English teachers must negotiate the divide between an inherited curriculum and the impacts of sociocultural transformation on changing literacy needs. To contribute to a professional dialogue about teaching English in a multicultural society and global age, this thesis presents findings from interviews with fifteen Ontario secondary English teachers. The focal question, “How is English changing?” introduces a range of pressing issues, such as: displacing the canon, practicing intercultural communication, balancing a democratic discourse, or “common culture,” with respect for diverse values, and managing opposing views and resistance to English curriculum change. The data reveal how English teachers across levels of experience occupy contrasting positions on the curriculum change debate. In part, this can be explained in terms of epistemological orientations. The participants represent three categories: Adaptation, Applied Research / Collaborative Inquiry, and Activism, each by turn more geared toward reconceptualizing English for social diversity and global consciousness. Beyond these classifications, the teachers reflect dissonant perceptions, sometimes personal ambivalence, on the changing role of text choice, and written and oral dialogue in the English classroom. From passionate defenses of Shakespeare, to radical measures to revamp book lists for cultural relevance, to remarkable illustrations of curriculum linked with global consciousness and civic action, the responses of the English teachers delineate zones of difficulty, change, and possibility. They help, too, to catch sight of a new horizon: the English classroom as a space for “cultural conversation” (Applebee, 1994) where canon- and teacher-centred dialogue give way to intertextual (Bakhtin, 1981; Kristeva, 1980) and intercultural (R. Young, 1996) transactions.
Books on the topic "Critical travelogue"
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Weisenfeld, Judith. Race, Religion, and Documentary Film. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.2.
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This chapter uses Ingagi and The Silent Enemy, both independent films released in 1930, to examine the intersections of race and religion in the context of American documentary film conventions. The filmmakers claimed documentary status for their films, despite the fact that both were largely scripted and contained staged representations. Many audience members and critics nevertheless took their representations of the religious practices of Africans and Native Americans to be truthful and invested in the films’ authenticity because their visual codes, narratives, and advertising confirmed accepted stereotypes about race, religion, and capacity for civilization. Examining these two films in the context of the broader history of documentary representations of race and religion—from travelogues, adventure, ethnographic, and expeditionary films through more recent productions—this chapter explores how the genre has helped to shape and communicate ideas about race and religion.
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Holland, Patrick, and Graham Huggan. Tourists with Typewriters: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Travel Writing. University of Michigan Press, 1999.
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Murmu, Maroona. Words of Her Own. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498000.001.0001.
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Drawing on a spectrum of genres, such as autobiographies, diaries, didactic tracts, novels and travelogues, this book examines the sociocultural incentives that enabled the emergence of middle-class Hindu and Brahmo women authors as an ever-growing distinct category in nineteenth-century Bengal and the factors facilitating production and circulation of their creations. By exploring the intersections of class, caste, gender, language, religion, and culture in women-authored texts and by reading these within a specific milieu, the study opens up the possibility of re-configuring mainstream history-writing that often ignores women. Questioning essentialist conceptions of women’s writings, it contends that there exists no monolithic body of ‘women’s writings’ with a firmly gendered language, form, style, and content. It shows that there was nothing in the women’s writings that was based on a fundamentally feminine perspective of experiences with an inherent feminine voice. While describing the specifically female life world of domestic experiences, women authors might have made conscious divergences from male-projected stereotypes, but it is equally true that there are a number of issues on which men and women authors spoke in unison. The book argues for distinctions within each genre and across genres in language, content, and style amongst women authors. Even after women authors emerged as a writing community, the bhadralok critics often censured them for fear of their autonomous selfhood in print and praised them for imparting ‘feminine’ ideals alone. Nevertheless, there were women authors who flouted the norms of literary aesthetics and tutored tastes, thus creating a literary tradition of their own in Bangla and becoming agents of history at the turn of the century.
Book chapters on the topic "Critical travelogue"
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Karageorgou-Bastea, Christina. "Luis Cernuda’s “Historial de un libro”: A Travelogue." In Transatlantic Studies, 167–77. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620252.003.0015.
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The essay offers a reading of Luis Cernuda's intellectual biography, "Historial de un libro" (Chronicle of a Book), a travelogue where the author traces the routes through which his poetry was generated. In the chronicle life and poetry unfold in tandem and refract under mutual illumination. Cernuda's response to the voices with which he meets on his way from Spain to the New World forges a poetics of crossings, while it extends bridges between physical, metaphorical, and discursive territories. From a temporal and spatial point of view beyond the end of the journey, life and art form a horizon towards which the traveler is headed and on which, at the end, the poet inscribes his diaspora across countries and continents as translation and interpretation of a poetic continuum made of lived experience, literary depiction, and critical reading.
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Pauwels, Heidi R. M. "The Pursuit of Pilgrimage, Pleasure, and Military Alliances." In Text and Tradition in Early Modern North India, 310–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199478866.003.0016.
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Nagaridas’s Tīrthānand (1753) is the memoir of a two-year pilgrimage to Braj composed by Nagaridas, also known as Savant Singh, the deposed king of Kishangarh in Rajasthan. Pauwels delineates how the ‘culturally mediated category’ of pilgrimage structures Nagaridas’s experience and its narratological reconstruction in the versified memoir. Just as pilgrimage itself is a polysemous experience that satisfies multiple goals and needs, so the Tīrthānand too works at multiple levels. As Nagaridas narrates events in the mundane world—visits to temples, devotional singing, religious plays, and the like—he frequently elevates these happenings onto the mythological plane of Radha and Krishna’s eternal Braj. Yet contemporary political circumstances and errands of royal necessity intrude at critical junctures of the narrative. The Tīrthānand is thus a tribute to mythical Braj, a travelogue, and a chronicle of contemporary political and social developments.
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Camilotti, Silvia. "«Tutto ciò risponde alle mie irrequiete aspirazioni»." In La detection della critica. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-455-4/016.
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Alba Felter Sartori travelled alone through different Italian colonies in Africa in the 1930s and her travelogue was informed by the fascist ideology. In this paper I argue that the travel becomes for her an occasion of empowerment, since it allows her to perform in ways that in her motherland were not permitted. The colony becomes, in her experience, an occasion to challenge gender rules and her identity. Of equal importance is the fact that writing turns into an opportunity for public acknowledgment.
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Murmu, Maroona. "Travel Writings." In Words of Her Own, 245–308. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498000.003.0006.
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Travelling women had to negotiate with liberating paradigms of travel and codes regulating the ‘masculinist’ discourse of travel writing. This chapter explicates how this double-bind situation forces ambiguity in the heart of the travelogues of women. The account of the inland travels of Prasannamayee Debi, Aryavarta: Janaika Banga-Mahilar Bhraman Brittanta, is balanced by the narrative of international travels of Krishnabhabhini Das in Englande Banga Mahila. They wrote against the grain and turned travelogues into scripts of dissent by overturning the masculinist genre into one that expressed their ‘selves’ and their agendas. Pictures of domesticity, grandeur of landscape, and romance in architecture are bypassed for fashioning critiques of colonized men and India. If Kailashbashini tries to understand what made the Britons a ruling race, her counterpart Prasannamayee tries to understand what led to the downfall of India from the glorious Aryan past. While Kailashbashini’s narrative was based on critical rationality, Prasannamayee’s account, at times, obliquely touches upon her emotions and sentiments. Together they situate the ‘condition of woman’ as an index of civilizational zenith and assert that the liberation of the Indian woman was imperative for the emancipation of India.
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Ke, Zhang. "Through the ‘Indian Lens’." In Beyond Pan-Asianism, 131–54. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190129118.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the Chinese views on India in late Qing Chinese travel writings. There were two distinct modes of observation and critical reflection. On the one hand, by observing and analyzing India, the Chinese authors tried to gain knowledge of the British rule in India and the Western culture. On the other hand, seeing a reflection of China in India, they pondered China’s own international crisis. Huang Maocai, the first official sent by Qing government to British India, utterly praised British governance in India, but the observers after Huang were more eager to find out the reasons why India became colonized by the British Empire. By studying these travelogues, this chapter reveals a key transition of Chinese intellectuals’ views towards Western colonial power in the nineteenth century, from ‘positive confrontationism’ to ‘resistant nationalism’.