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Books on the topic 'Criticism, Reduction'
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1
Simson bei Delila: Computerlinguistische Interpretation des Textes Ri 13-16. Francke, 1991.
2
Jacques Derrida and the question of interpretation: The phenomenological reduction, the intention of the author, and Kafka's law. Lang, 2008.
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Kaarto, Tomi. Jacques Derrida and the question of interpretation: The phenomenological reduction, the intention of the author, and Kafka's law. Lang, 2008.
4
Blair, Michael. Redaction criticism and contemporary preaching: A methodological inquiry based on the transfiguration narratives. 1985.
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Tenorio, Anna Cecilia, and Akhila Reddy. Opioid Rotation for Toxicity Reduction (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the de Stoutz et al. retrospective review of patients with cancer pain who developed dose-limiting toxicities and underwent opioid rotation that resulted in improvement of symptoms related to opioid induced neurotoxicity, uncontrolled pain, and reduction in morphine equivalent daily dose. This study is the first to establish that opioid rotation, which is substituting one opioid with another using established equianalgesic conversion ratios, is a valuable tool in cancer pain management. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
6
Adriaenssen, Han Thomas. Peter Auriol on the Intuitive Cognition of Nonexistents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806035.003.0005.
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This paper looks at the critical reception of two central claims of Peter Auriol’s theory of cognition: the claim that the objects of cognition have an apparent or objective being that resists reduction to the real being of objects, and the claim that there may be natural intuitive cognitions of nonexistent objects. These claims earned Auriol the criticism of his fellow Franciscans, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham. According to them, the theory of apparent being was what had led Auriol to allow for intuitive cognitions of nonexistents, but the intuitive cognition of nonexistents, at its turn, led to skepticism. Modern commentators have offered similar readings of Auriol, but this paper argues, first, that the apparent being provides no special reason to think there could be intuitions of nonexistent objects, and second, that despite his idiosyncratic account of intuition, Auriol was no more vulnerable to skepticism than his critics.
7
Roling, Bernd. Critics of the Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806837.003.0018.
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Roling describes how vehemently religious orthodoxy in Germany and elsewhere resisted Spinoza’s denial of biblical miracles. Though scholars like Charles Blount, Thomas Pyle, and Jean Le Clerc adopted Spinoza’s explanation of the standstill of the sun at Gabaon (Joshua 10:12–14) as a natural phenomenon, viz. a ‘mock sun’, a parhelion, they did not break through the ramparts erected by academic theology. Quite the opposite: science was exploited to make miracles plausible again. An influential advocate of a literal interpretation was Johann Scheuchzer, in his Physica sacra (1731–1735). Many translations, commentaries, and summaries document the success of his defence. Deriving their arguments from the sciences, these theologians fought the reduction of the biblical text to a historical document. Scheuchzer offered a ready summary of all those exegetes who embraced the view that science was the handmaid of the scriptural text, not an instrument for re-evaluating its literal meaning.
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Patel, Chirag A. Reduction of Cancer-Related Fatigue with Dexamethasone (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0019.
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“Reduction of Cancer-Related Fatigue with Dexamethasone: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients with Advanced Cancer” reviews the study of the same name and outlines a clinical scenario in which the study may be applied. It begins by describing the study’s background, including location and participants. It then describes the study design and outcomes measured. The chapter reviews key study results, criticisms and limitations identified within the study, and other related literature on cancer-related fatigue (CRF). It then discusses the implications of the findings on the management of CRF in advanced cancer patients. The chapter concludes with a patient scenario that describes the use of dexamethasone in an outpatient palliative care clinic to reduce CRF.
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Parfit, Derek. Schroeder’s Conservative Reductive Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0009.
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This chapter establishes criticisms of the triviality objection. It clears up some misinterpretations regarding the objection and considers how this argument might apply to a reductive thesis about normative reasons. These arguments do not imply that we cannot have true irreducibly normative beliefs. The chapter also offers a defence of the view that some things matter, in the sense that we have reasons to care about some things. This view, however, would be hard to defend if, as is sometimes claimed, all of our reasons were given by facts that are in part about our present desires. The fact that we have certain desires could not give us reasons to have them. Finally, this chapter clarifies another misconception regarding the triviality of conceptual truths.
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Radchenko, Sergey. 1956. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.008.
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This article explores the impact of de-Stalinization on the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. Writers, artists, and intellectuals welcomed the curtailment of repression—the so- called ‘thaw’—but their calls for openness and tolerance unnerved the Soviet party authorities. In 1956 Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin but he did not question the fundamentals of socialism. Still, his criticism of Stalin led to turmoil in the socialist camp, most notably unrest in Poland and the anti-Soviet insurrection in Hungary. While Khrushchev agreed to a reduction of Soviet influence in Poland, he ordered military intervention in Hungary. This intervention undermined the legitimacy of communism, as it made clear that communism in Eastern Europe was a Soviet imposition. Meanwhile, de-Stalinization untied Mao Zedong’s hands. He felt free to pursue China’s socialist transformation the way he thought best. Mao took advantage of Khrushchev’s predicament to assert China’s claim to leadership in the communist world.
11
Ramsay, Stephen. The Turing Text. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036415.003.0004.
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This chapter delves deeper into the terms of programming as variety of textual activity, in an attempt to unite the reductive calculus of computation to the broader act of critical narrative. Programming, which algorithmic criticism reframes as the enactment of a critical reading strategy, undergirds all of the meditations presented in the previous chapter. Thus, using the Turing test as a guide, this chapter attempts to locate the theoretical components that would allow computer-assisted criticism to be situated within the broader context of literary study. It demonstrates how at the heart of the Turing test lies a brilliant, if unsuccessful, attempt to move attention away from the “how” of imperative process toward the results of rhetorical persuasion.
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Reductive Reading: A Syntax of Victorian Moralizing. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.
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Humphreys, Paul. Introduction. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.44.
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This introduction provides an overview of the current state of philosophy of science and some predictions about its future direction. The contents of the handbook are described using a framework based on the unity of science and approaches to reduction, with the successes and failures of each described. New areas in the discipline, such as the philosophy of astronomy, data, neuroscience, and post-empiricism are discussed, as well as traditional areas such as causation, explanation, and theory structure. A defense of contemporary philosophy of science against external criticisms is given, including examples of progress within the field and technical relevance to particular sciences. The reasons for internal disagreements are provided and compared to disagreements within science.
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Lee, Christoph I. Breast Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Women. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0038.
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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key meta-analysis regarding the efficacy of mammography for breast cancer screening among younger and older average-risk women. This summary outlines study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Meta-analysis of available trial data demonstrates a 15% mortality reduction among women aged 39 to 49 years with routine screening mammography. This age group has the highest rates of additional imaging but lowest rates of benign biopsy. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the analysis, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
15
Bazargan, Saba. Noncombatant Immunity and War-Profiteering. Edited by Seth Lazar and Helen Frowe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199943418.013.12.
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The principle of noncombatant immunity prohibits warring parties from intentionally targeting noncombatants. I explicate the moral version of this view and its criticisms by reductive individualists; they argue that certain civilians on the unjust side are morally liable to be lethally targeted to forestall substantial contributions to that war. I then argue that reductivists are mistaken in thinking that causally contributing to an unjust war is a necessary condition for moral liability. Certain noncontributing civilians—notably, war-profiteers—can be morally liable to be lethally targeted. Thus, the principle of noncombatant immunity is mistaken as a moral (though not necessarily as a legal) doctrine, not just because some civilians contribute substantially, but because some unjustly enriched civilians culpably fail to discharge their restitutionary duties to those whose victimization made the unjust enrichment possible. Consequently, the moral criterion for lethal liability in war is even broader than reductive individualists have argued.
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Rabaté, Jean-Michel. Coetzee and Psychoanalysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805281.003.0011.
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In this chapter, Jean-Michel Rabaté complicates the opposition between literature and philosophy by exploring Coetzee’s transactions with psychoanalysis, particularly through Lacanian or Derridian ways of thinking about Freudian theories. In his wide-ranging exploration of the literature of psychoanalysis in relation to Coetzee’s oeuvre, and the traditions and backgrounds which resonate with his work, Rabaté emphasizes the porous boundaries between the literary and the psychoanalytical. And yet, in exploring the approach taken by other critics working with psychoanalysis, like the reduction of the Lacanian ‘Other’ to the concept of ‘allegory’, Rabaté questions the way in which psychoanalysis has been ‘applied’ to Coetzee’s fiction, arguing for a more complex relationship between the literary and the psychoanalytical.
17
Plantinga, Carl. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867133.003.0014.
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The conclusion briefly summarizes the argument of Screen Stories: Emotion and the Ethics of Engagement. Stories on screens are rhetorically powerful in large part due to the emotions they elicit. The conclusion goes on to list ten tenets or features of an ethics of engagement that constitute an ethical response to that power. In addition to the claims about emotion, these tenets include an insistence on the consideration of mainstream stories on an individual basis, an affirmation of celebration and praise as well as critique, the avoidance of reductive “lumping” criticism, the claim that the immersive experience may also elicit critical thinking, an affirmation of possible ethical values other than critical thinking, the claim that attention to characters as moral agents is sometimes compatible with sociopolitical analysis, and an affirmation of the importance of form in the determination of ethical significance.
18
Milbank, Alison. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824466.003.0001.
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Where Gothic criticism has attended to religious themes at all, it has been reductive, and not paid attention to creative theological work being performed through the texts. This book theologizes the Gothic by attending to its narration of the rupture of the Reformation both as Protestant escape but also as something to be mourned, especially the loss of mediating spiritual practices. The politics of the Glorious Revolution replays this double gesture in Whig and Tory modes. The Introduction lays out briefly the argument and structure of the book, from the Whig Providentialism of Part I, through the examination of Scottish Calvinist duality in Part II, the attention to ideas of blood and sacrifice in Irish Gothic in Part III, to the confrontation of the materialism that ensues from this hollowed out cultural imaginary in Part IV, where Gothic becomes increasingly theological throughout the nineteenth century, re-enchanting the material.
19
Vout, Caroline. The Error of Roman Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803034.003.0002.
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Today, discussions of ancient art criticism privilege technical terms (akribeia [“accuracy”], aletheia [“truth”], decor [“fittingness”], symmetria [“symmetry”]). Discussions of Rome’s reception of Greek art, as revealed, for example, in Pliny the Elder, stress the need for elites to perform their artistic expertise, with Petronius’ Satyrica providing an elegant caricature. Yet this emphasis represents but one way of telling the story of Greek art’s naturalism and appropriation. In light of ancient accounts of famous artists, Gombrich’s language of “making and matching” can be rethought as “trial and error,” a formula that casts the problems of producing art that is similis veritati (“like to the truth”) in a new light. Indeed Rome’s entire appreciation of Greek art could be described as “one big error” and the Roman reception of Greek art taken as the paradigm for how art must be received. Seen like this, recent scholarship is radically reductive. Why privilege reason?
20
Vision, Gerald. The Provenance of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758600.003.0009.
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Unlike brute ‘entities’, if conscious states (c-states) are brute, it will be a consequence of their primitive—viz., not admitting further elaboration—connection to their material base, what is commonly known as emergence. One might suppose the chief challenge to emergence comes from various materialist counter-proposals. However, given the distinctive character of c-states, a class of critics describe even materialist reductions as objectionable forms of emergentism. Instead, their fallback position is a reinvigorated panpsychism: consciousness is the intrinsic nature of the most fundamental particles. In this chapter the author examines that form of panpsychism, tracing its roots to a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and to suggestions aired in Bertrand Russell’s struggles with the issue. He concludes that this panpsychism fails, leaving the field to materialism and emergentist dualism.
21
Arase, David. Foreign Aid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.181.
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As a policy tool, aid has not been confined to the roles that foreign and economic policy theorists have prescribed for it. Foreign aid attracts controversy because it structures how global poverty will be addressed. Aid’s proponents believe that it can eradicate absolute poverty and close the income gap between rich and poor countries, but its critics believe it holds out only false hope and obscures the real nature of the problem. The unrequited transfer of wealth from a weak nation to a stronger one is an ancient tradition, but the notion that it would be powerful nations transferring wealth to advance the economic development of weaker ones was virtually unheard of until the post-World War II era, particularly during the highly polarized Cold War climate. During this time, aid was used as a means of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence over Third World countries. Aid also became a tool for opening up the markets of the developing world and integrating them into the global economy. The fact that foreign aid has come to mean development assistance since has raised a series of questions debated in the scholarly literature. Moreover, it is universally acknowledged that donors use aid to achieve objectives other than development and poverty reduction.
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Brazil, Kevin. Art, History, and Postwar Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824459.001.0001.
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Art, History, and Postwar Fiction explores the ways in which novelists responded to the visual arts from the aftermath of the Second World War up to the present day. If art had long served as a foil to enable novelists to reflect on their craft, this book argues that in the postwar period, novelists turned to the visual arts to develop new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between literature and history. The sense that the novel was becalmed in the end of history was pervasive in the postwar decades. In seeming to bring modernism to a climax whilst repeating its foundational gestures, visual art also raised questions about the relationship between continuity and change in the development of art. In chapters on Samuel Beckett, William Gaddis, John Berger, and W. G. Sebald, and shorter discussions of writers like Doris Lessing, Kathy Acker, and Teju Cole, this book shows that writing about art was often a means of commenting on historical developments of the period: the Cold War, the New Left, the legacy of the Holocaust. Furthermore, it argues that forms of postwar visual art, from abstraction to the readymade, offered novelists ways of thinking about the relationship between form and history that went beyond models of reflection or determination. By doing so, this book also argues that attention to interactions between literature and art can provide critics with new ways to think about the relationship between literature and history beyond reductive oppositions between formalism and historicism, autonomy and context.