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1

International, Amnesty. United Kingdom: UN report criticizes emergency law practices in Northern Ireland. Amnesty International, 1998.

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2

al-ʻAdālah awwalan: Min waʻy al-taghyīr ilá taghyīr al-waʻy. Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyah bi-al-Rabāṭ, 2014.

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3

Muk̲h̲tār Masʻūd kā aslūb. Mis̲āl Pablīsharz, 2013.

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4

Henry, Pleasants, ed. Hanslick's music criticisms. Dover Publications, 1988.

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5

Victoriana: Histories, fictions, criticisms. Edinburgh University Press, 2007.

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6

de Jonge, Casper C. Dionysius of Halicarnassus on Thucydides. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.17.

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Thucydides was very popular among Roman rhetoricians and historians of the first century bce. The Greek critic Dionysius of Halicarnassus, however, criticizes Thucydides for his unnatural style and his inappropriate treatment of subject matter. This chapter explains Dionysius’ criticisms by taking into account the later writer’s rhetorical perspective on the writing of history, as well as the character of his Roman audience, which included the addressee of the treatise, the historian Quintus Aelius Tubero. Dionysius’ criticisms of Thucydides’ anti-Athenian attitude ( Letter to Pompeius 3.15),
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7

Rhodes, R. A. W. Analysing Networks as Narratives of Beliefs and Practices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0007.

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This chapter decentres policy networks; that is, it focuses on the way in which a network is created, sustained, or modified through the beliefs and actions of individuals. The first section outlines an anti-foundational approach to interpretation and the analysis of meaning based around the concepts of beliefs, practices, traditions, and dilemmas. The second section criticizes modernist-empiricist studies of networks. The third section uses the example of the ‘Everyday Maker’ to illustrate a decentred approach and show how it overcomes some of the perennial criticisms of policy networks such
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8

Simons, Margaret A. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0022.

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In her 2011 introduction to Beauvoir’s foreword to the 1977 American edition of Elsa Morante’s History: A Novel reprinted in our 2011 volume of Beauvoir’s literary writings, Eleanore Holveck criticizes Beauvoir for failing to appreciate Morante’s achievement in “one of the finest novels to come out of World War II.”...
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9

Littlejohn, Clayton. The Right in the Good. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.003.0002.

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Littlejohn considers and criticizes the value theory that underlies epistemic consequentialism. He first casts doubt on veritism, the view according to which accuracy and only accuracy is the final epistemic good. One might think that the consequentialist is unscathed by this: simply put in something else as the epistemic good. But Littlejohn argues that this fails, too. For whatever it is that the consequentialist says is the epistemic good, she cannot make sense of why such a good should be promoted.
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10

Clarke, Timothy. Aristotle and the Eleatic One. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719700.001.0001.

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This book examines Aristotle’s response to Eleatic monism, the theory of Parmenides of Elea and his followers that reality is ‘one’. The book argues that Aristotle interprets the Eleatics as thoroughgoing monists, for whom the pluralistic, changing world of the senses is a mere illusion. Understood in this way, the Eleatic theory constitutes a radical challenge to the possibility of natural philosophy. Aristotle discusses the Eleatics in several works, including De Caelo, De Generatione et Corruptione, and the Metaphysics. But his most extensive treatment of their monism comes at the beginning
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11

Stone, Martin Jay. There’s No Such Thing as Interpreting a Text. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0005.

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Positively, this chapter sets out various structural differences between literary and legal interpretation. Negatively, it criticizes views of legal and literary interpretation that attempt to derive their features from an account of interpretation-in-general. The thesis that a successful interpretation always recovers an author’s intention is specifically rejected. A “naïve” view of interpretation is defended—the one that appears when we are sunk in practical activity—as opposed to theories of interpretation (e.g., “postmodern” ones) that tend to picture it as ubiquitous and endless.
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12

Weyland, Kurt. Populism. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.2.

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This article criticizes economic, discursive, and ideological definitions of populism and advocates and further develops a political-strategic conceptualization. The resulting definition emphasizes personalistic leadership that rests on direct, unmediated, uninstitutionalized support from large masses of mostly unorganized followers. This definition captures the flexibility and opportunism of populism and accounts for the striking volatility of populists’ political fate. The article offers a clear distinction between populism and fascism and introduces a gradated conceptualization of populism
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13

Mulhall, Stephen. The Ascetic Ideal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896889.001.0001.

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This book develops a reading of Nietzsche’s concept of ‘the ascetic ideal’, through which he tracks the evolution, mutation, and expansion of the system of slave moral values that he associates primarily with Judaeo-Christian religious belief through diverse fields of Western European culture—not just religion and morality, but aesthetics, science, and philosophy. The work of Stanley Cavell and Michael Fried, and its impact in the philosophy of film and literature, is central here, as is J. M.Coetzee’s on the philosophy of autobiography; Martin Heidegger’s critique of science and technology is
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14

Braidotti, Rosi. Posthuman Feminist Theory. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.35.

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This chapter maps the emergence of a posthuman turn in feminist theory, based on the convergence of posthumanism with postanthropocentrism. The former critiques the universalist posture of the idea of “Man” as the alleged “measure of all things.” The latter criticizes species hierarchy and the assumption of human exceptionalism. Although feminist posthuman theory benefits from multiple genealogical sources and cannot be reduced to a single or linear event, it can be analyzed in terms of its conceptual premises, the methodology and its implications for feminist political subjectivity and for se
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15

Payne, Andrew. Justice, Function, and Partnerships in Republic 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799023.003.0003.

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This chapter traces the concepts fundamental to Plato’s functional teleology of action, as this will appear in the later books of the Republic. A close analysis is given of the refutation of Polemarchus and the concepts of craft and partnership. Socrates compares justice to a craft and criticizes Polemarchus’ suggestion that engaging in partnerships is the action in which the just person is beneficial. This section of the Republic begins the investigation of the function or characteristic activity which is the context for being just and which justice by its operation makes good. This is the ac
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16

Valls, Andrew. Justice and Residential Segregation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860554.003.0006.

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The built environment in cities and the distribution of individuals within it have profound implications for the prospect of justice. Racial residential segregation raises issues of justice because of both how it came about and how it limits the quality of life for many African Americans. Some scholars argue that the solution to the disadvantages of concentrated black poverty is to “deconcentrate” the urban poor through housing vouchers. This chapter criticizes this approach as both impractical and as entailing significant costs to African Americans that are too often ignored or down-played. A
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17

Christensen, James. The Gains from Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810353.003.0006.

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This chapter continues our discussion of the benefits of trade. It focuses on the income gains made possible by trade and asks how these should be distributed. It argues that these gains should be distributed in a globally egalitarian fashion, and contends that this conclusion is supported by a wide range of diverse views. The majority of the chapter criticizes the ‘statist’ claim that principles of distributive equality apply only within states and not among them. It argues that statists cannot draw a sharp normative distinction between states and the trade regime because the normatively rele
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18

Pippin, Robert B. Hegel on Logic as Metaphysics. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.10.

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In the last twenty years, the question of Hegel’s view of metaphysics has become a contested question. Especially important is the issue: what does Hegel mean when he says, not that metaphysics requires an unusual, speculative logic for its exposition, but that “metaphysics coincides with logic” (Die Logik fällt daher mit der Metaphysik zusammen.“EL §24). The aim of this chapter is to offer an interpretation of this claim, with special attention to Hegel’s understanding of Kant’s transcendental logic, which Hegel both highly praises and sharply criticizes, and to his equally important attentio
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19

Arneson, Richard J. Dworkin and Luck Egalitarianism. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.4.

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Ronald Dworkin is a founding father of what has come to be called “luck egalitarianism,” a family of distributive justice doctrines that hold that the inequalities in people’s condition that are brought about by sheer brute luck falling on them in ways that are beyond their power to control should be reduced or eliminated, but that inequalities that arise through people’s own fault or choice, such that they can reasonably be deemed responsible for their condition, need not be reduced or eliminated. Dworkin himself has come to embrace an alternative view, “justice as fair insurance.” This chapt
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20

Stoljar, Daniel. Two Arguments from Disagreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0007.

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This chapter criticizes two disagreement arguments for pessimism. The first, due to David Chalmers, asserts on empirical grounds that there is no large collective convergence to, or agreement on, the truth on the big questions of philosophy. The second, inspired by Peter van Inwagen, asserts that disagreement in philosophy is of a certain special epistemological kind, viz., it rationally requires suspension of judgement, at least in many cases; hence progress is impossible. The existence of ‘epistemic peers’ as a condition of suspension of judgement is discussed. It is suggested that neither a
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21

Yona, Sergio. Epicurean Economic and Social Undertones of Satires 1.1–3. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786559.003.0003.

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In this chapter, the philosophical observations of Philodemus concerning the nature of imparting ethical advice are connected more fully to Horace’s three introductory satires, in which he explores and criticizes Roman society for its many foibles, including its obsession with wealth acquisition, unhealthy sexual affairs, and lack of mutual forbearance in friendships. It attempts to show how some of Philodemus’ works, especially treatises like On Property Management, On Wealth, On Choices and Avoidances, and On Anger, as well as his poetic treatment of sex in the Epigrams, contribute to the ph
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22

Singer, Abraham A. From Market to Firm to Market Again: A Recap. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews the theories covered in Part I and then reflects on certain features of the Chicago school. In particular, we see that the Chicago school is characterized by its assumption that agents have exogenous preferences. This distinguishes the Chicago school from other traditions of social analysis that consider or focus upon the ways in which contexts and institutions alter agents’ preferences. While the rest of the book criticizes this approach, this chapter concludes by noting that we need to take seriously a key Chicago school idea: that the results of a particular market migh
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23

Byrne, Alex. Some Recent Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821618.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 argued that the failings of the inner-sense theory are often more apparent than real. In any event, recent approaches to self-knowledge are usually advertised as taking a radically different route. This chapter surveys and criticizes three prominent examples, due to Davidson, Moran, and Bar-On. They illustrate how radically different accounts of self-knowledge can be, despite having some overlapping themes. All three philosophers emphasize the linguistic expression of self-knowledge. Moran and Bar-On both think the main problems are in important respects not epistemological. Davidson
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24

Recanati, François. From Meaning to Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0004.

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According to a widespread picture due to Kaplan, there are two levels of semantic value: character and content. Character is determined by the grammar, and it determines content with respect to context. In this chapter Recanati criticizes that picture on several grounds. He shows that we need more than two levels, and rejects the determination thesis: that linguistic meaning as determined by grammar determines content. Grammatical meaning does not determine assertoric content, he argues, but merely constrains it—speaker’s meaning necessarily comes into play. On the alternative picture he offer
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25

McGinnis, Jon, та Asad Q. Ahmed. Faḍl-i Ḥaqq Khayrābādī’s (d. 1861),. Редактори Khaled El-Rouayheb та Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.28.

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This chapter surveys the physics of Faḍl-i Ḥaqq Khayrābādī (d. 1861) as it is found in his al-Hadiyya al-saʿīdiyya fī l-ḥikma al-ṭabīʿiyya, which is arguably the last independent work written within the tradition of post-Avicennan natural philosophy. The study particularly emphasizes Khayrābādī’s discussion of natural bodies with an eye to how he both criticizes earlier atomic theories while also trying to incorporate elements from them into his own continuous analysis of natural bodies. Additional subjects of discussion include Khayrābādī’s account of motion and time and their continuity, his
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26

Landau, Iddo. Suffering. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657666.003.0012.

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Some people feel that life is meaningless because there is so much suffering in the world. The chapter criticizes three arguments by Schopenhauer for the painfulness of life: the argument from the analysis of pleasure (pleasure is always the satisfaction of a need, but the displeasure in experiencing the need is always greater than the pleasure felt when the need is satisfied); the argument from the subjective passage of time (time passes more slowly when we are suffering than when we are enjoying ourselves); and the argument from our enhanced sensitivity to suffering. The chapter claims that
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27

Waldron, William S. Reflections on Indian Buddhist Thought and the Scientific Study of Meditation, or. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495794.003.0005.

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One of the fundamental distinctions in the modern academy is the difference between studying human life as people experience it and studying it in terms of impersonal causal processes—the so-called first- and third-person approaches. This dichotomy is reflected in the study of meditation, in which neuroscientists attempt to correlate their “objective” findings with the “subjective” reports of meditators. This very distinction, though, invites two extremes: either these discourses are ultimately incommensurable or one discourse—the subjective—should be reduced to the “true,” objective discourse
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28

Deligiorgi, Katerina. Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778165.003.0010.

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Interpretations of Hegel’s social and political thought tend to present Hegel as critic of modern individualism and defender of institutionalism or proto-communitarianism. Yet Hegel has praise for the historically emancipatory role of individualism and gives a positive role to individuals in his discussion of ethics and the state. Drawing on Hegel’s analysis of the category of ‘individual’ in his Logic, this chapter shows that Hegel criticizes the conception of ‘individual’ as a simple and argues instead that it is a term in need of specification or completion. Hegel’s revisionary logic of the
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29

Gillespie, Caitlin C. We Learned These Things from the Romans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609078.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 analyzes Dio’s representation of Boudica as an emblem of barbarian strength and fortitude who criticizes the misplaced values of the Romans. Boudica’s fearsome visage opens the conversation. Her appearance has parallels in Diodorus Siculus’s description of the Gauls, and material evidence of East Anglia provides support for her wearing a gold torc (a type of metal band worn around the neck). Images of the personified Britannia and other non-Romans suggest the models Dio is working against in his depiction of Boudica. Boudica’s speech in Dio responds to other female speeches, from Her
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Barrère, Christian. Cultural Heritage. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.3.

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This article criticizes the reduction of Cultural Heritages to Cultural Capital or Cultural Commons. Whereas economists usually reduce heritages to their capital aspects (standard capital for equipment, human and social capital, natural capital, and cultural capital) or to their commons aspects (stock of resources managed by a community), we consider the components of Cultural Heritages (CH) to carry different (and generally intertwined) dimensions that prevent abstraction of the non-economic dimensions of heritages when analyzing their economic dimension. Rather than dodging the question of t
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31

Fountain, Nigel. Biting criticisms. 1993.

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32

Clinard, Helen Hall. When You Are Criticized. Cherry Street Publishers, 1999.

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33

Towne, Elizabeth. Critic And Criticized - Pamphlet. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.

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34

Otto, Jennifer. “One of our Predecessors”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820727.003.0004.

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Origen mentions Philo by name only three times in his surviving works. More often, he refers to Philo obliquely as “one of our predecessors” or, more literally, “one of those who came before us.” An analysis of Origen’s references to Philo in light of his usage of the terms Jew, Hebrew, Israel, and Ebionite in Contra Celsum and the Commentary on Matthew reveals Origen’s approval of Philo’s allegorical interpretations of biblical narratives. Yet on one occasion, Origen criticizes Philo for failing to interpret the commandments of the Jewish law “according to the spirit” rather than “according t
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35

Stokke, Andreas. Bullshitting and Indifference Toward Truth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the phenomenon of bullshitting, traditionally understood as utterances made by speakers who are indifferent toward the truth or falsity of what they say. It argues that indifference toward truth is a more differentiated phenomenon than originally proposed by such accounts. A way of understanding indifference toward truth in terms of indifference toward inquiry and questions under discussion is introduced. The chapter criticizes attempts to characterize bullshitting in terms of Gricean Quality maxims. It shows that speakers may be indifferent toward truth in the sense of
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36

Vasconcelos, José. Gabino Barreda and Contemporary Ideas (September 12, 1910). Translated by Robert Eli Sanchez and Cecilia Beristáin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.003.0001.

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José Vasconcelos criticizes the view that knowledge is based only on what can be observed and that the world appears to us as a series of phenomena that move from the simple to the complex and from the particular to the general. In general, Vasconcelos is opposed to reducing psychology to biology, as well as reducing ethics to solidarity, altruism, and legacy (the three fundamental ideas of ethics that Barreda borrowed from Comte). Instead, and leaning heavily on the philosophy of Henri Bergson, Arthur Schopenhauer, and artists such as Richard Wagner, Vasconcelos faults the Mexican positivist
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37

Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.31.

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The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach became widely known through the collective volume by Peter Hall and David Soskice that investigates the cross-national institutional variations of advanced economies. They distinguish two ideal types of capitalism: the Liberal Market Economy (LME) model following neoclassical economics and the Coordinated Market Economy (CME) with a consensus-enhancing institutional infrastructure between firms as well as employers and unions. This chapter introduces the approach, summarizes the main contributions along key institutional spheres, and discusses applica
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Cohen, Richard I., ed. Irith Cherniavsky, Be’or shineihem: ’al ’aliyatam shel yehudei polin lifnei hashoah (In the Last Moment: Jewish Immigration from Poland in the 1930s). Tel Aviv: Resling, 2015. 277 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0039.

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This chapter reviews the book Be’or shineihem: ’al ’aliyatam shel yehudei polin lifnei hashoah (In the Last Moment: Jewish Immigration from Poland in the 1930s) (2015), by Irith Cherniavsky. In the Last Moment provides an overview of a mass migration that was critical to Polish Jewry and the Yishuv. More specifically, it explores Polish Jews’ immigration to Palestine during the Fifth Aliyah (1930–1939). During the 1930s, strict immigration quotas in the United States made Mandatory Palestine the main destination for Polish Jewish immigrants. Cherniavsky criticizes scholars who have tended to f
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Elledge, C. D. Studying Resurrection Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0001.

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This chapter defines the parameters of the concept of resurrection in early Judaism and charts its reception within various literary genres. Within a diverse conceptual environment of attitudes toward death and human existence, resurrection made bold and selective claims about divine agency, the characteristics of embodied life, and the location of human existence within the larger spatial arena of the cosmos. The representation of resurrection in early Jewish literature is increasingly strong across a variety of literary genres and works of regionally diverse origins. The chapter criticizes t
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Brown, Jessica. Infallibilism and Evidential Support. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801771.003.0003.

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This chapter examines and criticizes the infallibilist’s commitment to the Sufficiency of Knowledge for Self-Support: if one knows that p then p is part of one’s evidence for p. This claim about evidential support faces the important challenge of explaining why it is generally infelicitous to cite a known proposition as evidence for itself. For instance, even if one knows, say, that Arctic sea ice is retreating, it’s infelicitous to reply to a request for evidence that Arctic sea ice is retreating by simply saying, ‘Arctic sea ice is retreating’. Intuitively, this reply constitutes a refusal t
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41

Sainsbury, Mark. Nonspecificity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0005.

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This chapter criticizes Quine’s classic discussion (from the 1950s) of “John wants a sloop”, which he claims is ambiguous between a specific and a nonspecific reading. By contrast, the negation test shows that attributions like this are not ambiguous, but simply nonspecific. Nonspecificity is extended from indefinite noun phrases to other expressions, including plurals. It is also extended from language to psychology, from the sentence “John wants a sloop” to what state John is in when wanting a sloop. There are no nonspecific houses or trees, or ordinary things more generally. But there are n
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42

Halliday, Daniel. Inheritance and Luck. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803355.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews and criticizes varieties of the luck egalitarian conception of justice. It begins with the ‘naïve’ distinction between choice and circumstance, on which inequalities are permissible insofar as they depend on the former rather than the latter. The bulk of the chapter discusses more sophisticated versions of luck egalitarianism, which either supplement the naïve view with some countervailing principle (e.g. by appeal to personal prerogatives) or by constraining its scope (e.g. by focusing on the mediating effects of institutions). Later parts of the chapter evaluate other co
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43

Shadle, Matthew A. Globalization and Benedict XVI’s Caritas in Veritate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660130.003.0015.

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In recent years the economy has become globalized. Globalization is the increased flow of goods, services, capital, people, and culture facilitated by innovations in transportation and communication technologies. This chapter examines the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on Catholic social teaching. It looks, in particular, at Pope Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate. Pope Benedict criticizes how the current global economy exploits and excludes vulnerable populations around the world. Caritas in Veritate further develops the communio framework initiated by John Paul II and
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Boland, Lawrence A. Recognizing knowledge and learning in equilibrium models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0007.

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This chapter introduces Part II, discussing the limits of equilibrium models. This chapter discusses how the recognition of time and information within models results in the need to deal with expectations explicitly. This leads to the problem of explaining nature of a decision maker’s knowledge – is it quantity-based or quality based. That is, is knowledge like wealth or like health. The chapter also provides a discussion of the main property that every neoclassical equilibrium must provide. Specifically, an equilibrium model’s explanation of economic events must not violate methodological ind
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45

Löwe, Can Laurens. Aristotle and John Buridan on the Individuation of Causal Powers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827030.003.0007.

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This paper examines Aristotle’s account of the individuation of causal powers, which dominated much of scholastic thought about powers, and argues that John Buridan rejected it. It contends that Buridan criticizes Aristotle’s account on two counts. First, he attacks Aristotle’s view that we ought to individuate powers by appeal to their respective activities. Second, Buridan objects to Aristotle’s “single-track” account, which correlates one type of power with only one type of activity. Against this, it is argued, Buridan adopts a multi-track approach, according to which a single power type ma
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Carty, Anthony, and Anna Irene Baka. Sources in the Meta-History of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0012.

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This chapter criticizes the aversion to metaphysics, which essentially governs the whole history of the sources of international law. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s logical positivism and anti-metaphysics had paved the way to legal positivism, which took a new pathological turn with Hans Kelsen’s and Carl Schmitt’s fixation on ideological purity. Moreover, international legal positivism means acquiescence in coercive international relations. And the history of international law is one of continuing coercion, rooted in the racial shadow of liberalism. The chapter thus offers a critical discussion of the
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47

Kyritsis, Dimitrios. A Little Less Conversation, a Little More Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0005.

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This chapter criticizes constitutional dialogue theories, which treat constitutional review as an iteration in a dialogic process. Such theories are often invoked to explain the moral appeal of so-called weak constitutional review, which reserves the ‘last word’ on constitutional matters for the legislature. It is argued that constitutional dialogue theories stress the discursive element of judicial decisions at the expense of their authoritative impact and thus cannot adequately account for the limits we tend to impose on the courts’ reviewing power. More fundamentally, they overlook that pol
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48

Stoljar, Daniel. Six Further Arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0008.

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This chapter criticizes six arguments for pessimism: the womb of disciplines argument, which suggests that philosophy is by definition the subject that does not make progress; the methodology argument, which suggests that philosophers are using the wrong tools for the problems that confront them; the pseudo-problems argument, which suggests that philosophical problems are not the sort for which progress should be expected; the speculation argument, which suggests that philosophy involves an illegitimate and irresponsible form of speculation; the history argument, which suggests that philosophy
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49

Berger, Harry. Resisting Allegory. Edited by David Lee Miller. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823285631.001.0001.

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Resisting Allegory gathers essays from the final two decades of Harry Berger, Jr.’s lifelong engagement with Spenser’s great poem The Faerie Queene, making clear the scope and coherence of the critical vision elaborated in a series of seminal and still-challenging critical arguments. Spenser’s great poem provides the occasion for a searching and comprehensive interdisciplinary exploration of reading practices—those the author advocates as well as those he adapts or criticizes in entertaining a wide range of critical arguments with his celebrated combination of intellectual generosity and rigor
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50

Gert, Joshua. Representationalism and the Transparency of Experience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses the twin theses of representationalism and the transparency of experience. In place of standard representationalism, the chapter argues for “modest representationalism”: the thesis that two people who are visually representing the same scene will have experiences that are, phenomenally, pretty similar. While this might sound like an untenable compromise position, neo-pragmatism provides it with a solid theoretical foundation. This chapter also criticizes an argument of Ned Block’s, which attempts to move from the relatively uncontroversial claim that we can imagine someo
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