Academic literature on the topic 'Critisism'

Vertimas: Kramer, Loyd S. 1989. Literature, Critisism, and Historical Imagination: The Literary Challenge of Hayden White and Dominick LaCapra. In: The New Cultural History, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press; 97-128.

The I’raban translation book in Madhurah Atoro’ Lil-Jalalain description (TIKMAL) is a translation book in Madura language. TIKMAL book was made as one of the critisism from Madura Islamic scholars on another Maduranese translation book that was released before. Some Madura scholars found some gaffes on the previous translation, so a team of some scholars in Madura was made to translate al-qur’an in Madura language, that’s why TIKMAL kitab was made. The question to this study is “what are the background, methodology and implementation of the formation of TIKMAL book in Madura?” To answer this question, approach used was philology theory. The process of analyzing the data was done in three stages: analyzing the physical script, analyzing the text, analyzing using language science. The result was, this study showed that TIKMAL book is a translation book in Madura language and included as a literal translation (harfiah). TIKMAL book was made as one of the critisism from Madura Islamic scholars on another Maduranese translation book that was released before, which is “al-qur’an tarjamah Bahasa Madura”. TIKMAL bool was spread out in Madura, both in islamic boarding school and place to recite alquran in village called langgar. In islamic boarding school, TIKMAL becomes a learning reference source for students.

<p>Dagadu Djokja is one of the icons Yogyakarta which provides various souvenirs typical of Yogyakarta such as t-shirts, batik, handicrafts and others. One product that is in demand by tourists is the shirt, because the shirt Dagadu has unique characteristics that are of cultural value delivered. In this study will analyze Dagadu products in terms of verbal and visual elements as well as explore the culture found on the shirt Dagadu.The approach of this study is descriptive qualitative. The type of this study is document research. The data of this research takes from <a href="http://www.Dagadu.co.id">www.Dagadu.co.id</a>. In this study, the researcher uses the Systemic Functional Grammar to analyse the verbal elements, the Generic Structure Potential to analyse the visual elements and the Iceberg Model to analyse the culture reflected in dagadu product.</p>

Pornographical in the way of lex spesialis was regulated in The Law No. 44/2008 and lex generalis loaded on The Criminal Code. The Judge interpreting pornography refer to textual definition of pornography according to the Law No. 44/2008 according the data founded that dominantly on juridical positivist paradigm. Juridical positivist paradigm is not the only one paradigm that used by the judge, moreover related about pornographical, need the change of appropriate paradigm concerning the judge mindset in interpreting pornography recorded to the judge considerations. The aim of this writing is to criticize the judge mindset and social sensitivity in interpreting and handling pornography. This study used qualitative and socio legal research to reveal the judicial considerations textual-contextually. With exposing the textual-contextual meaning of judge’s considerations, it can be traced to the legal paradigm used by judges and need to use appropriate legal paradigm related to the use of social theories that support it. The judge needs to have a non-doctrinal legal science perspective on the correct legal paradigm reform in giving judges consideration to pornographic cases. Judges are more likely shackled to the institutional structure and establishment of the juridical positivism paradigm.

Consideration of the welfare of the weaner pig requires knowledge of the needs of the animal and determining how these needs may be accommodated in commercial housing. Piglets raised in extensive conditions spend much of their day engaged in exploratory behaviours, including rooting, nosing, shaking and chewing objects. Research indicates that exploratory activity is important for the animal's well-being. Flatdeck accommodation with slatted flooring is coming under increasing critisism on welfare grounds in that it offers little outlet for such behaviours. As a consequence, piglets tend to redirect these behaviours towards penmates which is undesirable. Supplementing the pen with objects which enable normal exploratory behaviours may create an environment more suited to the needs of the piglet. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour, welfare and performance of early-weaned piglets.

From time to time Indonesia tourism image has been evolving and influnced by many factors. However since the colonial era, Indonesia tourism image has been designed in terms of Mooi Indie, and although the image it self already evolving, the terms of Mooi Indie stays in debate. This article tries to argue despite the pro and contra about the bad impact of tourism in terms of Mooi Indie, there are some differences between Mooi Indie in past and present time. Under the current development of tourism paradigm in the world as well in Indonesia, there are new hopes for overcoming bad impacts brought by tourism activities. In the end, Indonesia tourism image will always remain in tension between what is beautiful and the what’s in the reality. Thus, Mooi Indie can not be allowed an understood as the only image and tools to produce tourism reality, but rather as a critisism and motivation to achive the ultime goal of tourism in Indonesia.

Wahdah al-wujūd is one of the doctrines that has been discussed and debated by sufis in tasawwuf teachings. Nowadays, several fatwas from certain Islamic State Councils in Malaysia have issued to ban this doctrine from being spread due to ittihād and hulūl issues (pantheisme). This article highlights wahdah al-wujūd in Kashf al-Asrār Syeikh Muhammad Saleh Abdullah Minangkabawi according to the tasawwuf perspectives. This article aims to examine the textual in Kashf al-Asrār in dealing with fatwa and critisism. This article uses qualitative research method through documentary contents to identify wahdah al-wujūd doctrines and analysis method for analyzing the textuals in Kashf al-Asrār Syeikh Muhammad Saleh Abdullah Minangkabawi. The study eventually finds that Syeikh Muhammad Saleh Abdullah Minangkabawi refused the idea of ittihād and hulūl in his doctrine of tauhid, by using metaphore in discussing his ideas of tauhid, and the fatwa needs to be improved to address positive perspectives on Kashf al-Asrār’s teachings of tauhid.

Bhabani Bhattacharya’s ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is yet another novel of man’s epic struggle against the unjust social equations which are as old as the ancient vedic civilization. It is the story of a blacksmith, Kalo, living in a small town, Jharana, in Bengal, and his daughter, Chandra Lekha. It is set against the backdrop of a widespread famine of Bengal of 1943. Though ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ and ‘So Many Hungers’ treat the theme of hunger, exploitation and debasement of man, ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is no rehash of the latter novel. It launches a scathing critisism on the evil of caste system which has been the bane of Indian society. Arguably the writer’s best novel, it touches the pulse of the irony of Indian social life. The Indian social realities are presented with increasing bitterness within the perspective of the freedom movement. Its greatness as a piece of literature lies in its assertion of tremendous potentialities of the spiritual growth of man, and a thorough exposure of an imperfect social system.

National interest, also as a critisism against the pradigm of New Public Management (NPM), is very much emphasised nowadays in public policies, even in sector ones. This article is about a removal from the classical meaning of general (public) interest to that new approach represented by certain EU Member States and the reasons behind. Our analysis focuses on contextual motives and impacts of these changes illustrated by the Hungarian case. The result shows that the market of public utility services has already been influenced by direct political considerations. Our findings indicate that these understandings for legitimate influence on EU market rules can also be derived from the legal framework itself. Measures examined in the paper run completely counter to the spirit of the original intention of the founders of the integration, and recent changes in EU law do not seem to raise unavoidable obstacles to such cases. Lessons of this case may be relevant for other EU Member States as well, at least for those from the Central-European region.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2015.
This research ‘Nxopaxopo wa switlhokovetselo hi ku kongomisa eka tsalwa ra Swilo swa humelela’ hi KJ Ngobeni na SJ Malungana highlights what happens in schools nowadays in the era of democracy. There is lack of discipline in schools. Educators are not respected by learners. Circuit managers no longer pay visits to schools for inspection. Black people fought to dismantle separate development, racial segregation and in particular to overthrow the white minority regime commonly known as Apartheid. This research also gives the historical background of protest poetry, its characteristics and its causes. Lastly, we analyse twenty selected poems from Swilo swa humelela by K.J Ngobeni and S.J Malungana. This research consists of five chapters. Chapter one outlines the background to the research, its aim and definition of important terms used in the study. These are terms about poetry such as protest poetry, enjambment and rhetorical questions. This chapter will also present the literature review. Chapter two examines the research methodology used in the study. Explication of two types of research methods, namely qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. Chapter three deals with protest poetry in details, its characteristics, origin, causes and its functions. Chapter four gives a critical analysis of twenty selected poems from the book Swilo swa humelela by K.J Ngobeni na S.J Malungana. Chapter five looks at the general conclusion, which indicates the research findings and recommendations of the study.

Posthumanistischer Feminismus ist ein transdisziplinäres Wissenschaftsgebiet, das dem kritischen Posthumanismus zugeordnet werden kann. In diesem rückt die Frage nach der vergeschlechtlichten Dimension des Humanismus-Diskurses in den Fokus, der u. a. auf der androzentrischen Gleichsetzung von Mensch und Mann sowie der rassistischen Gleichsetzung von Mensch und Weiß-Sein beruht. Für eine feministisch-posthumanistische Forschungsprogrammatik gelten folgende Perspektiven als zentral: Der feministische Posthumanismus gesteht allen Lebewesen, Artefakten, Hybridwesen und weiteren belebten und unbelebten Konfigurationen Handlungsfähigkeit (agency) und Aktivität zu und kritisiert die Differenzierung zwischen Natur und Kultur und daran anknüpfende Grenzziehungen zwischen männlich/weiblich sowie Weiß-Sein/Schwarz-Sein. Zudem wird die Frage nach Körperfigurationen und -grenzen sowie nach deren sozialem Konstruktionscharakter und ihrer Kontextabhängigkeit aufgeworfen.

This study utilises a variety of research methods in order to investigate aspects often overlooked within Scottish film criticism, and indeed film studies more generally, namely: pre-production, production experiences, marketing and distribution, and reception. To date, Scottish film criticism has exhibited a preoccupation with questions of nation, national identity and national cinema, and overwhelmingly scholars have privileged almost exclusive analysis of the film text. Spurred by Jonathan Murray’s (2007, 2011, 2012) questioning of the continued relevance of the national framework, this thesis goes beyond the frame of the film text in order to consider new ways in which a national framework might be of relevance when analysing Scotland’s cinematic output. Concurrently, the chosen case study is also used as a means of critiquing existing literature on collective identity and national cinema. As the title of this thesis suggests, analysis centres on the Dogma-inspired Advance Party initiative and its resulting films, Red Road (Arnold, 2006) and Donkeys (McKinnon, 2010). Devised by Glasgow-based Sigma Films and Denmark’s Zentropa, the cross border collaborative dimension of the Advance Party framework initially appears to challenge the appropriateness of the national framework. As this thesis demonstrates however, such a simplistic conclusion is reductive and overlooks the complexities of the film industry. Throughout this thesis, questions as to the intended and eventual function of the Advance Party framework arise, and these are revisited by means of the thesis Conclusion.

I takt med att organisationers omgivande miljö beskrivs som alltmer dynamisk, ökar kritiken mot den budgeteringen, då budget anses var ett statiskt ekonomistyrningsverktyg. Trots medhållet som kritiken får visar empiriska studier att få företag faktiskt överger budget som huvudsakligt planerings- och kontrollverktyg (Sandalgaard 2012; Ekholm & Wallin 2000; Dokulil, Zlámalová & Popesko 2017). Till följd av Covid-19-pandemin under år 2020 förlorande många marknader sin förutsägbarhet vilket resulterade i osäkra omgivningar för många organisationer och branscher. Bilförsäljningen visade en hög variation under pandemiåret. Först tappade marknaden 40% av försäljningen och några månader senare fick den uppgång som täckte upp för de föregående förlorade intäkterna. Marknaden upplevde därmed en berg-och-dal-bana som ger insikt i hur budgetens praktiska användning sammanfaller med kritiserade svagheter. Genom att använda fem av de främsta argumenten i kritiken mot budgetering undersöker studien hur budgeten påverkas hos svenska bilåterförsäljare. Detta illustrerar behovet som bilåterförsäljarna har i en bransch vars omgivning påverkats av en oväntad osäkerhet. Sju bilåterförsäljare kontaktades och intervjuades i syfte att tillhandahålla den empiriska datan som i efterhand kompletterades genom de utvalda återförsäljarnas årsredovisningar. Genom detta urvalet utforskar studien en variation i behovet av budgeten. Studien kommer bland annat fram till att budgeten och dess komplement samspelar för att tillgodose de observerade bilåterförsäljarnas individuella behov av planering och kontroll.
The critique of budgeting has been growing louder during recent years as the influencing factors in the organizational environment is increasingly described as dynamic, while budgeting itself is seen as a static appliance in organizational management. However, despite the support this critique receives, empirical evidence shows that few companies actually abandon budgeting as one of their main tools for planning and control in financial management (Sandalgaard 2012; Ekholm & Wallin 2000; Dokulil, Zlámalová & Popesko 2017). Due to the Covid-19 pandemic year 2020, the wide consumer market lost its predictability, thus making it an uncertain environment for a majority of companies to act in. Sales of cars showed a wide variety during the pandemic year. First a decline of 40% in sales in the overall market and then an upswing which made up for previous loss. The car market had therefore experienced an interchangeable environment which contribute to giving insight to how the praxis of the budget coincide with the criticism. Using five of the main points in the critique against budgeting, the research area of this study, car retailers, were chosen to illuminate the need for the budget of retailers in an industry unexpectedly affected by uncertainty in the environment. Seven car retailer companies were contacted and interviewed to provide the empirical data which were later supplemented by the chosen companies’ annual reports. Through this selection this study explores a variety in the need for the budget. The results include that there is an interaction between the budget and the budget complement to satisfy the observed car retailers' individual needs of planning and control. This study is written in Swedish.

La traduction pragmatique n’est pas le domaine réservé des traducteurs travaillant dans les secteurs économiques en dehors de l’édition. De nombreux traducteurs d’édition sont aussi des traducteurs pragmatiques. Dans ce domaine, leur spécialisation ne se confond pas avec le domaine dans lequel ils travaillent. Leur métier est méconnu et il n’existe aucune formation pour préparer les aspirants traducteurs à cette spécialisation. Cette recherche s’efforce de combler cette lacune. Elle commence par décrire les ouvrages pragmatiques afin de montrer que dans ce secteur, la réflexion traductive porte sur le texte dans sa mise en page. L’unité de traduction s’hybride, puisqu’elle est composée de rubriques textuelles aux fonctions communicatives précises et d’éléments visuels. Il s’ensuit que la réflexion traductive demande une approche multisémiotique qui s’appuie sur une connaissance approfondie du livre pris comme un espace signifiant dont le texte n’est qu’une composante parmi d’autres. La connaissance du livre est au cœur de la spécialisation des traducteurs pragmatiques actifs dans l’édition. Le milieu de l’édition attend des auteurs et traducteurs un travail de rédacteurs. Les tapuscrits fournis sont relus et corrigés, voire partiellement réécrits pour les améliorer, par les correcteurs. Il n’y a plus un auteur mais une fonction auteur qui réunit les différents intervenants de la chaîne du livre. L’apprentissage du métier doit donc comporter une part de socialisation seconde, intégrée aux exercices de traduction proposés, pour préparer les aspirants traducteurs à s’insérer dans cette équipe. Tout en se perfectionnant en traduction, les jeunes traducteurs doivent se muer en collaborateurs fiables capables de prendre part au processus de fabrication du livre en agissant en tant que médiateur culturel. Leur action s’exprime principalement par l‘écriture de la traduction mais aussi par leurs commentaires sur la fabrication du livre
Pragmatic translation is thought as the area of specialized translators working for clients outside of the publishing industry, which is deemed to contract literary translators. This is true to some extend. However a large sector of the publishing industry is not concerned with literature but with pragmatic books dealing with all sorts of topics. Many pragmatic translators working for the publishing industry are in fact specialized in translating pragmatic books, not texts. They have to understand the way pragmatic books, made of visual and linguistic messages, convey information to their readers to translate them. This aspect of translation is little known and, outside the study of translation for advertising, research investigating the interaction of texts and iconography is scarce. There is even less on translator training. This thesis endeavours to contribute the observations of a professional translator turned translator trainer. It begins by describing the layout of pragmatic books and showing how the translator must take in the text and the iconography to make sense of the message. The double page is a visual unit splitting the information between text and images. As a result, a translation unit is a mix of texts and images. It follows that translators have to approach the translation of books as a multisemiotic activity. Therefore, when translating pragmatic books, translators have to consider them as signifying space in which textual units are no longer the only source of information. The core of the specialisation of pragmatic translators working in the publishing industry is a profound understanding of how books communicate meaning. Publishers expect both authors and translators to be able to write following style specifications for a given book series. Tapuscrits are proofread and sometimes partially rewritten to be put in agreement with the social communicative norms. At the end of the process leading to the publication of a book, the published text is a collective product and no longer the text originally provided by its “author”. To translate in this context, trainees must learn how to work in a team, albeit working from home. Translation training, at this point, aims at turning students into independent professional able to rewrite and adapt texts, taking into account the visual around, to accommodate readers’ expectations as defined by publishers. As they strive to improve their translation techniques, soon to be translators also need to learn to become cultural mediator and to criticize the books they are translating so as to improve them if need be. Invisible to readers, their contribution to the making of a book, appears in the writing of the translation and in comments on the book itself; and it is very visible to publishers they work for

Translation Studies encompass various more specific fields which imply tackling the phenomenon of translating from different angles: translation process analysis (synchronic approach), history of translation (diachronic approach), (inter)cultural translation studies, intersemiotic translation (multimediality, intermediality), etc. One of these subclasses is translation criticism, which is one of the most neglected areas due to the lack of interrelationship of theory, criticism and practice. By adopting a descriptive and empirical (functional) approach, contemporary translation criticism features these specific aspects: it is not aimed at “finding mistakes” and it shuns generic, impressionistic and scientifically unmotivated commentaries by identifying categories to classify translations shifts, i.e. differences between source text and target text. Translation criticism is not exclusively metatext-oriented as it was before the introduction of descriptive Translation Studies; it has a reconstructing approach aimed at tracking the translation strategy underlying the process from the prototext to the metatext; it seeks strategic consistence and pinpoints strategic inconsistencies. As for translation shifts, research is still in its infancy: by following the empirical practice, it is necessary to produce a hypothetical model, test it against practice, modify it and eventually re-test it. In this sense, the most conspicuous contributions in the field of translation criticism were given by van Leuven-Zwart (1989) and House (1997), whose models will be illustrated in Chapters 2 and 4. Due to the lack of communication between the translation industry and academic research, on the one hand the notions heralded by Translation Studies are regarded as “parochial,” “too technical” and “academic” by professionals (a category that includes editors, proof-readers, translation agencies and all the other figures working in the translation industry) who oftentimes prefer relying exclusively on their own experience, on the other hand scholars sometimes fail to make their findings accessible to whole community of practitioners. The goal of this dissertation is to bridge this gap and develop a model that synthesises various contributions so that it provides those interested in translation criticism with a source of (exhaustive, if possible) translational metalanguage. The model will be tested against a case study, i.e. a text in English having different translations: the selected text is Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Sharer, which has twelve Italian versions published from 1940s to 2007. The thesis is structured as follows. Chapter 2 reviews and critically examines approaches to translation criticism and translation quality assessment, as well as other contributions which do not specifically deal with the subject matter but are crucial for theoretical or methodological purposes. Chapter 3 is a brief text analysis of the prototext that pinpoints the linguistic and translatological aspects identified in the theoretical section; the analysis also entails extratextual elements such as the historical background, the author’s cultural background, the creation process underlying the novella and intertexts. The model for translation criticism is illustrated in Chapter 4 and is applied to the selected target texts in Chapter 5, which also synthesises the main tendencies found during the metatext analysis. A final chapter summarises the results – also in a diachronic perspective – and attempts to assess the model itself and make some suggestions for its usage.

S'estudia l'obra filològica d' Antoni de Bastero i Lledó (1675-1737), des d'una perspectiva de conjunt, per tal de concretar I'activitat d'aquest estudiós en els camps de la lingüística, la filologia o la crítica literària, i fer-ne una valoració adequada als coneixements actuals sobre I'exercici d'aquestes disciplines durant la primera meitat del segle XVIII. La tesi inclou un estudi biogràfic, absolutament necessari per establir moltes de les circumstancies vitals del canonge Bastero, que ens resultaven obscures i que són decisives per explicar el propi interès per la filologia, les relacions amb determinats cercles acadèmics, la datació aproximada dels diversos projectes iniciats, la interpretació correcta de la seva activitat. S'inclou, així mateix, un catàleg exhaustiu de tots els manuscrits conservats d'Antoni de Bastero i que tenen alguna relació amb el seu treball filològic. En total es tenen en compte 69 volums manuscrits, actualment escampats per diversos arxius i biblioteques de Barcelona i Girona, alguns dels quals eren fins ara desconeguts. D'aquests 69 volums, 48 contenen pròpiament obres de Bastero o altres materials publicables, i la resta són materials de treball. En conseqüència, l' obra filològica del canonge es pot concretar en: la producció d'una gramàtica italiana i d'una gramàtica francesa, en català, que va deixar inacabades; la realització de La Crusca provenzale, un magne diccionari etimològic i d'autoritats que recull una gran quantitat d'hipotètics provençalismes italians -només es va publicar el primer volum d'aquesta obra a Roma, l'any 1724, però n'he localitzat pràcticament tot el contingut; l'elaboració d'una extensa antologia de poesies trobadoresques, copiades amb gran rigor d'alguns còdexs de la Biblioteca Vaticana; el plantejament d'una Història de llengua catalana, que havia de ser una gran compilació dels mèrits i les excel·lències d'aquesta llengua -que l'autor identifica amb la provençal- i la seva literatura, i que es va poder desenvolupar nomes de forma parcial.
Precisament, la part central de la tesi l'ocupa l'estudi particular i l'edició crítica de les parts redactades d'aquesta obra, que suposa la concreció de la particular percepció lingüística i literària que Bastero havia anat perfilant al llarg dels seus anys d'estudi. Es tracta d'una edició molt complexa, perquè l'obra ens ha arribat només en un esborrany, que presenta múltiples correccions i esmenes i evidencia diferents estadis redaccionals; els manuscrits inclouen, així mateix, nombrosos papers amb anotacions o fragments que, o no pertanyen al cos de l'obra, o bé s'han hagut de resituar en el lloc que els correspon. EI resultat és, tanmateix, un text prou coherent que comprèn quasi la totalitat del Llibre primer -sobre l'origen, el naixement i els diversos noms de la llengua, i sobre el nom de Catalunya- i un capítol del Llibre tercer -sobre la primitiva extensió del català per tot Espanya. EI més rellevant d'aquesta obra és el fet que s'hi basteix una original teoria sobre la formació de les diverses llengües romàniques que té el català com a eix central -proposa la identificació del català provençal amb la lingua romana dels documents alt medievals, en una operació que s'avança quasi cent anys a François Raynouard, que propugnava això mateix, referint-se nomes al provençal, amb un àmplia aprovació de la comunitat científica del seu temps. Destaquen també un excepcional rigor històric i documental, i una notable sensibilitat vers l'oralitat lingüística, que és objecte d'algunes anotacions ben interessants.
Tanquen la tesi un seguit d'annexos documentals on es transcriuen diversos documents relacionats amb els aspectes tractats anteriorment.
The philological works of Antoni de Bastero i Lledó (1675-1737) are studied from the perspective of the whole, in order to specify this scholar's studies in the fields of linguistics, philology and literary criticism, and to make an evaluation based on the knowledge of the day in regards to the exercise of these disciplines during the first half of 17th century. The thesis includes a biographical study, absolutely necessary in order to establish the many vital circumstances surrounding Bastero, which were unclear yet decisive in the explanation of his own interest in philology, in his relationships with specific academic circles, in the approximate dating of his varied initial projects and in the correct interpretation of his activities. Included, also, is an exhaustive catalogue of all of Antoni de Bastero's conserved manuscripts which bear any relevance to his philological work. In total there are sixty-nine series of manuscripts scattered in different archives and libraries in Barcelona and Girona, some of which were unknown until now. Of these sixty-nine volumes, forty-eight contain works attributed to Bastero or other publishable material. The rest are working drafts. Consequently, the Canon's philological works can be specified as: the production of both an Italian and French grammar, in Catalan, which were left unfinished; the completion of La Crusca provenzale, a grand etymological and authoritative dictionary which brings together a large number of hypothetical Italian Provençalisms -only the first volume of this work was published in Rome in I724 although we have located almost the entire contents; the elaboration of an extended anthology of troubadour poetry, copied with great rigor from codices found in the Vatican library; the consideration of a Historia de la llengua catana, which was to be a great compilation of the merits and excellencies of this language -which the author identifies with Provençal- and its literature, and which was only partially completed.
It is precisely the specific study and critical edition of these completed parts, which presumes the concretization of the particular linguistic and literary perceptions that Bastero was outlining throughout the many years of his studies, witch occupy the central theme of this thesis. The edition in question is quite complex, keeping in mind that this particular work was available only in its draft form, complete with multiple corrections, rectifications and evidence of differing sages of writing; the manuscripts include, in this manner, numerous annotated or fragmented papers which, either do not belong to the body of the text, or have been restored to their corresponding places in the text. The result is, nevertheless, a quite coherent text which comprises almost the entire First Book -regarding the origin, the birth and various names of the language, and regarding the name Catatonia- and a chapter of Book Three -regarding the early diffusion of Catalan throughout Spain. The most noteworthy aspect of this work is that it offers an original theory of the formation of the various Romance languages with Catalan as the centre axis - proposing the identification of Catalan-Provençal with the Iingua romana of late medieval documents, in an operation that precedes, by almost a hundred years, Francoise Raynouard, who proposes the same idea, but with reference only to Provençal, and was highly supported by the scientific community of his day. His exceptional documentational and historical rigor and a notable sensitivity to linguistic orality are also noteworthy and make for some very interesting annotations.
The thesis ends with a series of annexed documentation with the transcriptions of various documents related to previously discussed aspects.