Journal articles on the topic 'Croatia (Kotar)'

In this work, the author’s starting point is a maximum quality and functional territorial organisation of Croatia, especially its littoral area. Adriatic Croatia, as well as Eastern (Pannonian) and Northwestern Croatia, is one of the three defined (future) Euroregions NUTS II in Croatia. It was suggested in its current territorial coverage by the Republic of Croatia, and accepted by Eurostat in 2007. It includes all littoral counties (7) of Croatia, covering 24.7 thousand km2 with 1.4 million inhabitants (2011). The paper discusses a possible differentiation of this strategic littoral Adriatic area on three functional (gravitational) regions of the third level (NUTS III) according to the criteria of the Croatian Government on efficient decentralisation and new regionalisation of Croatia. Namely, some littoral counties do not meet the European demographic criterion for statistical NUTS III region (150-800 thousand inhabitants) although, in general, Croatian counties meet this criterion. That is why the author, applying demographic, geographic, economic, administrative and other criteria, stresses the need for defining the demographically maximally coordinated three nodal-functional, i.e., gravitational regions with their centres in Rijeka, Zadar and Split. So, the Rijeka region would potentially cover Istria, Kvarner and Gorski Kotar areas with 505,000 inhabitants (2011), Zadar region would cover North Dalmatian and Lika areas with 330,000 inhabitants, and Split region would include Middle Dalmatian and Dubrovnik (South Dalmatian) areas with 578,000 inhabitants. The area of Lika is functionally and economically most optimally oriented towards Zadar, with regard to new processes of highway linking and the recent fast development of Zadar.

In the second half of the 20th century, the town of Bakar (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia), where a coking plant was operational 1978–1994, experienced intensive industrialisation. The town of Mali Lošinj (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia) in this period based its economy on non-industrial sectors. The study goal was comparing mortality characteristics of these populations in the northern Mediterranean for 1960–2012. An ecological study design was used. Data were analysed for 1960–2012 for the deceased with recorded place of residence in the study area. Data on the deceased for 1960–1993 were taken from death reports, for 1994–2012 from digital archives of the Teaching Institute of Public Health, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Data on causes of death for 1960–1994 were recoded to the three-digit code of underlying cause of death according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–10). Among studied populations significant difference was found among the causes of deaths coded within ICD–10 chapters: neoplasms (particularly stomach carcinoma), mental and behavioural disorders and diseases of the respiratory system (particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (COPD)). Increase in mortality from neoplasms, increase in respiratory diseases for the area exposed to industrial pollution, also stomach carcinoma and COPD particularly in the town Bakar require further research.

Tourism is an important means of income transfer from wealthy countries to less affluent ones, which diminishes differences in development levels between the two regions. By satisfying the various needs and boosting socio­economic development, tourism directly and indirectly influences the levels of GDP. In Croatia, tourism contributes a significant 15.7% of the country’s GDP. Croatia has rather a wide range of accommodation with a total capacity of approx. 950.000 beds in hotels (12%), holiday homes (6%), campsites (23%) and private accommodation (44%). The latter, typical for Croatia, is linked to the common practice of owning weekend houses. The largest numbers of international tourists stay in Istria (nearly 25%) and Primorje­Gorski Kotar (20%). Relatively high percentages of visitors from abroad are also present in the counties of Split­Dalmatia (15.5 %), Zadar (9.8%), Dubrovnik­Neretva (8.8%) and Sibenik­Knin (7.5%). Thanks to its natural and cultural attractions, Croatia has become an important tourist region in Europe. In 2008 it was visited by 11.26 mln tourists, mostly from Germany, Italy and Slovenia.

1. The contribution considers the possibility and need for the standard regional structure of the Republic of Croatia divided into Pannonian, central (mountainous) and maritime part, to be supplemented and modifiedin the way that the central part i.e. Mountainous Croatia is defined in the dual way: The Gorski Kotar region as specially mountainous, and Lika as a special mountain depression (or mountain-encircled valley) space, thus making the undivided Mountainous Croatia.2. Instead of the expression regional division of Croatia the better expression is regional structure, because the concept of division has in itself political and geopolitical burdens. Countries normally consist of particular regions, whereas the division is something else: structure is a geographical aspect, and division has in itself political/geopolitical tension. Thus Croatia consists of regions and counties, and it is not divided in that way; Switzerland in the same way is not divided into ethnic groups, but it consists of them. However, there are those who consciously or unconsciously acknowledge ''division'' of Croatia in the way that: Istria and ''Croatia'' instead of Istria and the rest of Croatia. Unlike the mentioned, Belgium is divided (the Wallons and the Flemish), Ukraine is divided (Uniates and Eastern Orthodox).3. To understand a certain space it is necessary to have knowledge in geographical and historical sense, i.e. to perceive geography in a historical manner, and vice versa, which implies that it is the matter of historical geography, and at the same time about geographized history and historized geography.4. The major part of the work is devoted to the problem of geographical and functional location. Thus the region is specially located in the central part of Croatia, but has not taken over its central function due to many geographical, historical and geopolitical reasons.5. The position of the region can be, partly, equalled with the position in the space of "Croatian threshold", which is conquered only in the 21st century. Although centrally located in Croatia – after the Croatian space between the rivers Una and Vrbas (later Turkish Croatia) had been definitely lost in the 15th c. – the region did not also take over the role of functional central position. Consequently, the constant contrast between central location and absence of central functions remains. In historical and geographical meaning, the region, as a result, had a divisional meaning also because of relief and historical and geopolitical reasons (height relief, divisional role of the Croatian Military Border). In that way essential characteristic of the Croatian development of sovereignty is observed – it started in the maritime region, in the triangle Nin – Knin – Cetina, in this way the Zagreb region became the new region of the nucleus from the 15th and the 16th c.

The first record of the terrestrial green alga Trentepohlia aurea for Croatia was made in 1890 in the area of the Krka River, and has remained until this day the only record of this globally widespread species in the country. During studies related to aquatic vegetation, the species was finally rediscovered from the area of Plitvice Lakes, in the Gorski kotar region and near Vukova Gorica village, after 130 years during which no records were made. All recorded populations formed round, woolly, orange-red patches on the surface of rocks and concrete walls, partly forming a community with bryophytes and lichens. In some cases in these mixed communities, Trentepohlia thalli overgrew bryophytes blocking their access to nutrients, water and light. This long period of lack of records of T. aurea in Croatia is mostly a consequence of the discontinuity in research on certain algal groups in Croatia.

Croatia is one of the major Mediterranean destinations for nautical tourism owing to its countless attractions, indented coastline, numerous islands, climatic and other advantages. An important factor for achieving a full development potential is the availability of infra- and supra-structure, which is reflected through investments in new marinas, anchorages and other facilities. The article analyses accommodation capacities of ports for nautical tourism in Croatia. The authors give an overview of the current situation with an emphasis on the County of Primorje-Gorski Kotar. The purpose of this article is to analyse the growing need for accommodation capacities in nautical tourism ports and to point to the importance of building new marinas and berths, especially for boats long between 12 and 15 meters.

The Roms are the most numerous minority group in Europe, a people without a parent state, and potentially an important factor in determining cultural policies and in the implementation of the educational process in the context of national states. On the territory of today‘s Republic of Croatia, they have been present for more than seven centuries. For the time being, the Roms in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County are not encompassed by systematic research and there is indeed a need for a well-established scholarly knowledge about this segment of the population.

Invasive alien species Ludwigia peploides, Reynoutria sachalinensis and Nicotiana glauca, currently registered in Croatia with small number of records, were found during fieldwork undertaken mostly through the national monitoring of waters from 2018 to 2020. Ludwigia peploides was previously recorded only once in the River Ilova, the existing data for R. sachalinensis indicate only three confirmed findings, in Čabar, Karlovac and Donja Stubica, while the previous data for N. glauca include several localities in Central and Southern Dalmatia. The new records are as follows: two findings of L. peploides refer to the River Česma (Obedišće and Sišćani); three records of R. sachalinensis refer to Gorski Kotar (Gerovo and Čabar), while N. glauca is newly recorded in the Neretva River Valley (Krvavac) and the island of Krk. Despite their potential invasiveness, all three are still locally naturalized and currently their spread is very slow and limited in Croatia.

In this paper, aspects of the human resource management: motivation, career management and management of learning have been analyzed on the sample of the largest companies in Primorje-Gorski kotar (PGK) county. In this research, career management has been explored through the prism of employee motivation, while a special emphasis was given to learning, which could enable long term employability and career development of employees in their current or organizations of their future employment. The questionnaire was designed on the basis of the presented literature review and sent to a total of 20 largest companies in PGK county based on the report by the Croatian economic chamber, County chamber Rijeka. Even though the sample was small, which is its main limitation, this research pointed to several deficiencies in human resource management. Despite different expectations, the results have shown that large companies in this county dedicate only average attention to all three examined human resource management aspects. The most striking finding is the fact that managers of the surveyed companies do not frequently resort to non-material rewards that are easily available and show appreciation to employees. This fact contributes to below average satisfaction of employees with motivation programs, as expressed by managers. It is promising that the surveyed companies invest above average efforts in the introduction of new learning programs due to significant changes in business conditions. Weak and negative correlation among the surveyed constructs and business results points to possible deepening of current problems and gloomy forecasts regarding further development of this county. These results could further exacerbate the already devastating emigration and brain drain problem in Croatia.

Introduction. Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite the increasing prevalence of CD, many patients remain undiagnosed. Standard serology tests are expensive and invasive, so several point-of-care tests (POC) for CD have been developed. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in first-grade pupils in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia, using a POC test. Methods. A Biocard celiac test that detects IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase in whole blood was used to screen for celiac disease in healthy first-grade children born in 2011 and 2012 who consumed gluten without restrictions. Results. 1478 children were tested, and none of them were tested positive with a rapid test. In 10 children (0,6%), IgA deficiency has been suspected; only 4 of them agreed to be tested further for total IgA, anti-tTG, and anti-DGP antibodies. IgA deficiency was confirmed in 3 patients, and in all 4 children, CD has been excluded. Conclusion. Our results have not confirmed the usefulness of the POC test in screening the general population of first-grade schoolchildren. Further research is needed to establish the true epidemiology of CD in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and to confirm the value of the rapid test in comparison with standard antibody CD testing.

The hoard from Moravička Sela in Gorski Kotar (Croatia), discovered thirty years ago, is a medium-sized hoard with a mixed composition, containing typologically different and differently preserved objects. With its defined, most likely reduced inventory, we have acquired a smaller number of tools and weapons, half products and items of symbolic importance. Its place of discovery could be included in the distribution of the hoards of the II Late Bronze Age horizon on the broader territory of Caput Adriae and its hinterland in the 13th and early 12th century BC. Its composition reflects, in particular, the cultural connections ranging from the south-eastern Alpine region to the wider Pannonian and Carpathian area. Therefore, the hoard from Moravička Sela can be interpreted as a materialized act of precisely determined cultural knowledge from a broader but contemporary cultural network of meaning.

Blue development and blue economy are relatively new terms, although blue economy has been developing for centuries. Its potential on European, Croatian or regional level is huge. New researches point out that the Blue Economy impact will double in next ten years. Although present in theory since 1990ties, blue economy in last few years as a part of the answer on the global challenges, has been followed by the aspects of Green Development, Green Economy Green Growth as synonyms for desirable and necessary transition towards sustainability. The definition of Green Economy in perspective of long-term sustainability, environment protection and reduced use of natural resources is defined as well. Recognizing the importance of blue-green economy for the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (PGKC) development, the authors describe the potentials and possibilities for development of the region, as well as analyse natural and other preconditions and point out the reached level of blue-green economy innovative sectors. The purpose of this research is to explain the importance of coastal area as a basic determinant for the blue-green economy as well as to analyze the development level of the blue-green economy in European Union, Croatia and PGKC. This paper determined the spatial, geographical, technical-technological and economical potential of PGKC, defined the regional advantages, peculiarities and limits of the blue-green economy implementation in PGKC and set the recommendations for the balanced development and maximal use of extensive regional potential.

The county of Primorje and Gorski kotar is one of the most developed tourist regions in Croatia. The majority of tourists come from the neighbouring countries because of the geographical position of this region and because of good relations that Republic of Croatia has with its neighbours. The objective of our research was to examine health care and morbidity of Austrian, German and Italian tourists who stayed in the Rijeka area from 1987 to 1990 and who asked-for medical help on the basis of insurance certificate-convention. Our research is based on the health and other documentation used by Croatian Institute of Health Insurance for the compensation of the expense of medical treatment. In the examined period the total of 3884 tourists were treated, out of which 400 from Austria (10%), 2796 from Germany (72%) and 688 from Italy (18%). There was 9% of children under the age of 9 and 19% of people over 60. In 519 cases (13%) hospital treatment was needed with the total of 5734 days spent in hospital. The majority of patients needed ambulatory treatment, 3365 (87%). As to morbidity of patients injuries were most represented 868 (22%). To patients who needed help because of chronic diseases of cardiovascular system, of nervous system,of locomotor system and respiratory system belongs 6- 11 %. During the period from 1990 to 1995, 4509 tourists were cured. The results of the research will be shown when the analysis is completed. The results will also be compared with the results of other similar researches. The performed analysis shows that among tourists in our region there is a considerable number of persons who suffer from chronic diseases, and who should be offered a highly professional medical treatment as a part of health - tourism programme, aimed at the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of a disease.

Tree dieback is a complex process involving negative impact of various abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. Climate change, comprising all those effects, is generally considered as the largest threat to forest ecosystems in Europe. Although the scale of climate change impacts on forests is not yet fully understood, especially on the regional or species level, significant damage seems to be caused by weather extremes, such as drought and strong winds. With the expected increase in the number, length, and/or intensity of extreme weather events in Croatia, research into the causes of tree mortality is both important and timely. Silver fir is the most damaged and endangered conifer tree species in Croatia. The dieback of silver fir can be attributed to various factors, therefore the goals of this research were to determine the mortality of silver fir trees (by number and volume) for various causes of mortality, among which the climatic and structural parameters were of most interest. The twenty-year data for tree mortality in pure silver fir stands in the area of Fužine (Gorski kotar, Croatia) were collected and analysed. The largest number and volume of dead trees was caused by complex (multiple causes) dieback in the overstorey (0,75 N/ha, 2,35 m³/ha), and the smallest (0,17 N/ha, 0,02 m³/ha) by dieback of supressed trees. No significant differences were determined regarding the timing of tree death for different causes of mortality. Climatic parameters (drought, air temperature, PET) and structural parameters of the stands (tree DBH, social position, crown diameter, shading, physiological maturity) as well as plot inclination were found to be the factors of a significant influence on the mortality of silver fir trees.

The article presents various ways of transformation of infrastructural spaces in the region of Gorski Kotar (Croatia) into a symbolic place, through affects of the local population. The research is conducted within the context of the Lujzijana road, dating from the beginning of the 19th century, connecting the cities of Rijeka and Karlovac, and a dam with its vast artificial lake, built in the 1950s in the village of Lokve. Certain events, scenes, situations, narratives, practices and reactions as generators and consequences of affects are used as a base for the analysis. The study shows that people experience different kinds of affects in relation to both physical features of infrastructure and its influences, which are then expressed through literature, in plain conversations, through individual practice and organized activities. While the Lujzijana road, as an instance of cultural heritage, provokes feelings of love and respect, the dam and the lake create a hybrid place composed of joyous memories related to the time of the construction of the dam, as well as sad memories of the lost villages, flooded by the lake.

During the last years, the report of the occurrence of waterborne disease symptoms related to non-enteric pathogens has increased, without any record of higher levels of indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci). Therefore, the use of current indicators is not always adequate when assessing the overall potential health risk and the inclusion of additional parameters needs to be examined. This paper reports on the incidence and levels of Staphylococcus aureus at 258 locations in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (Croatia) recorded by official bathing water quality monitoring, as well as supplemental monitoring carried out at the two most frequented beaches in the City of Rijeka. The number of bathers was found to be the main factor affecting S. aureus levels (r = 0.321, p < 0.05). The share of S. aureus positive samples from the official monitoring was significantly lower, when compared to the share of samples from supplemental monitoring (2.2% and 36.3%, respectively; p < 0.01). Besides the number of bathers, one of the main reasons is likely the higher sampling frequency. No correlation was found between S. aureus levels and the indicator bacteria. The results indicate that the determination of S. aureus and increased sampling frequency is recommended for overcrowded beaches.

The careful monitoring of the trigger factors of headache could be an important step in treatment, because their avoidance may lessen the frequency and severity of attacks. Furthermore, they may provide a clue to the aetiology of headache. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of tension-type headache (TTH) and to establish the frequency of precipitating factors in subjects with migraine and TTH in the adult population of Bakar, County of the Coast and Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Another important purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of the precipitating factors with migraine and TTH, and with migraine subtypes: migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). We performed a population-based survey using a ‘face-to-face door-to-door’ interview method. The surveyed population consisted of 5173 residents aged between 15 and 65 years. The 3794 participants (73.3%) were screened for headache history according to the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria. Headache screen-positive responders, 2475 (65.2%), were interviewed by trained medical students with a structured detailed interview focused on the precipitating factors. The following precipitating factors in lifetime migraineurs and tension-type headachers have been assessed: stress, sleep disturbances, eating habits, menstrual cycle, oral contraceptives, food items, afferent stimulation, changes in weather conditions and temperature, frequent travelling and physical activity. A total of 720 lifetime migraineurs and 1319 tension-type headachers have been identified. The most common precipitants for both migraine and TTH were stress and frequent travelling. Stress (odds ratio (OR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 1.69) was associated with migraine, whereas physical activity (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59, 0.87) was related to TTH. Considering MA and MO, frequent travelling (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.59, 2.99), food items (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.35, 3.51) and changes in weather conditions and temperature (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.27, 2.41) exhibited a significant positive association with MA. The present study demonstrated that precipitant-dependent attacks are frequent among both migraineurs and tensiontype headachers. Lifetime migraineurs experienced headache attacks preceded by triggering factors more frequently than tension-type headachers. MA was more frequently associated with precipitating factors than MO. We suggest that some triggering factors may contribute to the higher occurrence of precipitant-dependent headache attacks in susceptible individuals.

This work deals with the status and changes of Croatian National Minority (Burgenland Croats or Gradiscan Croats) in the Güssing County of Burgenland Federal State in Austria from 1923 to 1991. About five centuries of continuos existence of Croats in this area is now endangered with the remarkable decrease of their absolute number as a consequence of assimilation and emigration. Therefore many Croatian settlements which have existed there for many years thanks to relative isolation, are easily loosing its Croatian identity.

The article examines the Ravni Kotari area (Littoral Croatia) from the viewpoint of regional geography. Introductory part consist of a theoretical debate on region and regionalization, their characteristics and meaning in contemporary geographic research. Using the results of existing regionalization and applying adittional criteria, a physiognomic regionalization of Ravni Kotari has been performed and presented in the central part of the article. Four smaller regional units comprising Ravni Kotari were detected: Ravni Kotari Littoral, Middle Ravni Kotari, (Ražanac-Karin) North Kotari Littoral and Southeast Kotari Littoral. All mentined units were identified with the parts of theoretical region – core, pheripery and transitional zone. Finally, in disccusion, peculiarities of such research are explained.

Very little is known about the Great County of Poljica, the autonomous Croatian community in twelve counties on the Adriatic Sea situated mostly in modern Southern Croatia in eastern Dalmatia which had been long and voluntarily under the rule of the Republic of Venice at the border with Ottoman Bosnia. Now Venetian years could be reconstructed in the light of original documents in the State Archives of Zadar and Venice. The author inquires into the proper manner of signing one's name to documents and maps as a pathway into higher research degrees. Focusing on representations of maritime Dalmatia by the hand of one of the twelve Poljica's counts – Lorenzo as 'Licini' of Venetian nationality in the State of Dalmatia and as 'Licini Rubcich' by Croatian affiliation to Rupčići village for the Poljicans living in Poljica, Kotor and Zadar – the analysis demonstrates that maps made for the Grimani Cadastre collection in Zadar can be virtually investigated to reveal the broader organizational devices and patterns through which Venice actually structured and controlled this pivotal land in such a way as to support the economy of a rapidly modernizing State.

King Agron, the unifier of the Illyrian lands, died in the year 231 B.C. and was inherited by his wife Teuta. Through time people have woven tales about queen Teuta that are told even nowadays. Teuta is said to be the most beautiful queen and daughter of a medicine woman from Narona. According to tales, Teuta resided on Šolta, in Dol on Hvar, on Svetac near Vis (once called the island of St. Andrew), in Jezero near Jajce, Borak near Široki Brijeg and in Risan in the Bay of Kotor. She soon came in conflict with the Romans and was defeated. Illyrian military commander Demetrius of Pharos disobeyed Teuta and sided with the Romans. According to the tales from Vis, Teuta, not being able to stand watching the Romans pillage her kingdom, ended her life on Svetac by jumping out of her fort. In the Bay of Kotor and other parts of Montenegro it is told that Teuta jumped from a cliff above Risan. The paper cites and interprets about forty historical and etiological tales which were recorded from 2001 to 2017. The tales were originally recorded in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.

AbstractLadinian deposits at Mt. Svilaja in Dalmatia (Outer Dinarides, Croatia) yielded an abundant brachiopod fauna of low diversity interpreted as a parautochthonous assemblage representing an ecosystem of dasycladacean submarine meadow. The fauna consists of four named species and one left in open nomenclature. The most common is the spiriferinideFlabellocyrtia flabellulumChorowicz and Termier, 1975 (Spiriferinida) accounting for more than 70% of the material. The athyridideCassianospira humboldtii(von Klipstein, 1845) is the only species known from elsewhere (Anisian of Southern Alps). The new species of SpiriferinidaThecocyrtella dagysiiHalamski, Bitner, Kaim, Kolar-Jurkovšek, and Jurkovšek n. sp. differs from other representatives of the genus in having a deep ventral sulcus.Albasphe albertimagniHalamski, Bitner, Kaim, Kolar-Jurkovšek, and Jurkovšek n. gen. n. sp. is a new brachiopod that possesses a dorsal septum with an intra-septal cavity and dorsal submarginal ridges, both features in common with AalenianZellaniaMoore, 1855 from which it differs in lack of the ventral septum and of ventral submarginal ridges. They are interpreted as members of a sparsely recorded paedomorphic evolutionary line of terebratulides with secondarily lost loop, described formally herein as Gwyniidina Halamski and Bitner n. subordo and subdivided into newly emended Dispheniidae Grant, 1988 (Dispheniinae Grant, 1988 with the only genusDispheniaand Albasphinae Halamski and Bitner n. subfam. withAlbaspheandZellania) and Gwyniidae MacKinnon, 2006 (including RecentGwyniaandSimpliciforma). In contrast to previous interpretations, the trocholophe lophophore ofGwyniais interpreted herein as secondarily simplified.

Reconstruction of the Cultural Center in the Old Town of Kotor designed by Zdravko Moslavac represents an artful urban-architectural synthesis of ”the new inside the old”. The analysis of this accomplishment contributes to the overall research and understanding of the creative body of work of the architect Moslavac and of works of Croatian architects in Montenegro, as well as of the ever popular phenomenon of architectural interpolation.

The author discusses a marble pluteus discovered in 1906 in the Kotor cathedral, where it was incorporated in the main altar as a spolium. Apparently, it originally belonged to the chancel screen in the sanctuary of St Tryphon, constructed in the early 9th century, of which only remnants of the foundation layer have been preserved. The pluteus has been analysed on several occasions, with the results published in scholarly literature, and most experts have justly dated it to the early period of pre-Romanesque sculpture in Dalmatia. Its front features a relief with geometric and vegetal ornaments. To the left, there is a panel with knotted triangles along the edge and rhombuses in the central section. The panel to the right contains two arcades with crosses underneath. Special attention has been paid to the relatively numerous ornaments on similar plutei in areas of Adrio-Byzantine tradition, in Roman cities of the Istrian and Dalmatian coastlines. Thereit combines with influences from Lombard and Carolingian centres, and in this combination it is also present in the area of the ancient Croatian state and other Sclavinias. The pluteus of Kotor is a telling element in the discussion on numerous similar relief arrangements and ornaments in the sacral art of the Adriatic cultural circle during the early medieval period.

Chaetomargoreicheia Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005 is a recently established genus of scaritine ground beetles (Bulirsch & Guéorguiev, 2008) (treated by certain authors as a subgenus of the genus Reicheadella Reitter, 1913) (Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005; Balkenohl, 2017) which currently contains two endogean species inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula: Chaetomargoreicheia zoufali (Reitter, 1913) and C. lakotai (Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005) (Balkenohl, 2003, 2017; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005; Bulirsch & Guéorguiev, 2008). The aforementioned species are montane and inhabit confined geographic areas (Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). C. zoufali was found only in the surroundings of the village of Ravno (collected beneath a deep layer of leaf-litter), Mt. Bjelasnica, near Trebinje, E Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), while C. lakotai was found at the entrance of a cave nearby a road (collected under a huge stone), in Mt. Lovćen, near Kotor, S Montenegro (Reitter, 1913; Holdhaus, 1924; Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). Chaetomargoreicheia species represent quite rare, stenoendemic taxa, for each of the up-to-now known species only one specimen has been collected by hand so far (Reitter, 1913; Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). The fourth author of the current study investigated numerous underground and endogean high-altitude habitats in Dalmatia (Croatia) in the last few years. As a result of the exploration, he has recently collected a small sample of scaritine ground beetles from a cave in S Croatia. After thorough analysis of the sample, we have identified a new Chaetomargoreicheia species.

AbstractThis cross-sectional study was performed in nine Montenegrin hospitals to estimate the burden of occupational exposure to blood among hospital workers in Montenegro in 2010 using a modified Croatian self-reporting questionnaire on exposure to blood-borne infections. Of the 1043 respondents, 517 (49.6 %) reported exposure to blood. Variations between the hospitals were not significant, except for the hospital in Kotor, which stands out with the high percentage of exposed hospital workers (p<0.05). More than 77 % of exposures were not reported through standard hospital protocols at the time of the incident. The most exposed group to blood were nurses (357 of 517; 69.1 %), but the percentage of exposed nurses within the group did not stand out compared to other occupations and was close to that reported by physicians (50.57 % vs. 57.49 %, respectively). The number of hospital workers with appropriate HBV vaccination was surprisingly low (35.7 %) and significantly below the recommended best practice (at least two consecutive doses of HBV vaccine documented for 100 % of employees) (p<0.001). Even with its limitations, our study fills a gap in knowledge about the actual number of sharps incidents and other occupational exposure to blood among hospital workers in Montenegro as well as about the issue of underreporting, which is very common. It also confirms the urgent need for active implementation of special, comprehensive measures to prevent needle-stick and other sharps injuries. Constant staff training, life-long learning, and standardising post-exposure procedures are also recommended.

Background:It has been demonstrated that bioavailability of oral (P.O.) MTX reaches plateau at doses ≥15 mg QW, and that subcutaneous (S.C.) form has a better efficacy. Alongside with less side-effects this might translate into improvement in quality of life (QoL) and better adherence.Objectives:An academic-induced observational longitudinal study of patients with RA and peripheral form of PsA on csDMARDs who were switched from oral (P.O.) to subcutaneous (S.C.) MTX was conducted. Previously we reported on the better efficacy of S.C. compared to P.O. MTX. The objective of this part of the study we are presenting was to evaluate the 6-month changes in quality of life (QoL), adverse events and adherence in these patients.Methods:Forty-eight consecutive patients (79.2% women) with established diagnosis of RA (77.1%) and peripheral PsA were enrolled from the outpatient clinics in six centres in Croatia. Median age was 61 (39-79) years, and the median of disease duration was 120 (3-528) months. Data were collected at baseline (T0) (on P.O. MTX), at day 90 (±10 days) (T1) and at day 180 (±10 days) (T2), during S.C. MTX treatment. Median dose of MTX remained stable during the study (15mg QW). At each visit QoL was measured using EuroQuol-5D (EQ-5D), adverse events related to MTX use were recorded, and adherence by the number of missed dose.Results:EQ-5D global health assessment showed significant improvement in quality of life of patients on S.C. MTX during the 6 month follow-up (change from T0 to T2 8.6; 95%CI 4.00, 13.3), and the same trend was observed in each of its five component. Number of patients who experienced adverse events related to MTX use has decrease after switching from P.O. to S.C.MTX – from 52.1% during the last 3 months on P.O. MTX to 33.3% during the first 3 months and 18.2% during the last 3 months of S.C. MTX use. During the follow-up adherence to MTX therapy improved, with 25% of patients who missed dose during the last 3 months on P.O. MTX use, to 6,3% and 2.3% with missed dose in the first and the last 3 months on S.C. MTX, respectively.Conclusion:In our group of patients with RA and peripheral PsA who switched from P.O. to S.C. MTX there was a consistent improvement in QoL, less adverse-events and better adherence.Disclosure of Interests:Simeon Grazio Speakers bureau: Abbvie., Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Mylan, Amgen, Fresenius Kabi, Stada, Berlin-Chemie, Dijana Perković Speakers bureau: Abbvie., Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Mylan, Amgen, Fresenius Kabi, Nadica Laktašić Žerjavić Speakers bureau: Abbvie., Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Mylan, Amgen, Fresenius Kabi, Frane Grubisic Speakers bureau: Abbvie., Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Mylan, Amgen, Marija Glasnović Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Roche, Pfizer, Ana Gudelj Gračanin Speakers bureau: Abbvie. Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Željka Kolak: None declared, Helena Kolar Mitrović: None declared, Jadranka Morovic-Vergles Speakers bureau: Abbvie., Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Mylan, Amgen, Fresenius Kabi, Porin Perić: None declared, Petra Šimac: None declared, Iva Žagar Speakers bureau: Abbvie. Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Ines Doko Speakers bureau: Abbvie. Roche, Vladimir Trkulja: None declared

PRIKAZI – REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. IZVJEŠĆA SA ZNANSTVENIH SKUPOVA - CONFERENCE REPORTS 3rd International Conference CLIMATE CHANGES: THE KARST RECORDS III, 11.-15. svibnja 2003., Montpellier, Francuska Od 11. do 15. svibnja 2003. u Montpellieru (Francuska) održana je treća međunarodna konferencija Climate Changes: The Karst Records III. Prvi ovakav skup održan je 1996. u Bergenu (Norveška), sljedeći 2000. u Krakowu (Poljska), nakon čega je zbog pojačanog interesa za ovu tematiku, a time i veće znanstvene produkcije, dogovoreno da se konferencija održava svaku treću godinu. Nakon Franuske (2003.), za domaćina konferencije 2006. godine predložena je Rumunjska. Ovaj skup okupio je znanstvenike iz 27 država sa 6 kontinenata koji su kroz 62 usmena izlaganja i 37 postera prezentirali svoja recentna znanstvena dostignuća iz područja paleoklimatologije temeljena na istraživanju krša, točnije speleoloških objekata i njihovih akumulacijskih oblika – siga. Sige, prepoznate kao medij koji zbog zaštićenosti i stabilnih mikroklimatskih uvjeta vrlo dobro "pamti" klimatska stanja šireg okoliša za vrijeme taloženja (a osim toga su i puno dostupnije od jezgri dubokomorskih bušotina i polarnih ledenih pokrova), zadnjih su desetljeća u središtu znanstvenog interesa različitih znanstvenih disciplina. Stoga su i teme radova bile doista raznolike; najveći je dio radova obuhvaćao paleoklimatske varijacije utvrđene na temelju omjera stabilnih izotopa siga iz gotovo svih klimatskih područja, te njihovo datiranje različitim metodama. Sige kao objekt istraživanja bile su obrađene i vezano uz petrografska svojstva, fluidne inkluzije, luminiscenciju, sezonske varijacije intenziteta taloženja itd., dok se kod speleoloških objekata proučavao stupanj okršavanja, utjecaj tektonike, špiljski sedimenti kao i paleontološki i arheološki nalazi. Dio radova obuhvaćao je rezultate monitoringa trenutnog stanja špilja, hidrologije, geokemije, atmosferskih uvjeta itd., a bilo je riječi i o promjenama morske razine kao posljedici klimatskih fluktuacija tijekom geološke prošlosti.Osim već tiskane knjige izvadaka u pripremi je i zbornik, dok se u međuvremenu kvalitetniji radovi recenzirani tiskaju u respektabilnom časopisu Francuskoga geološkog društva Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France.A gdje je Hrvatska, zemlja "klasičnog krša", u svemu tome? Država s 46% nacionalnog teritorija prekrivenog kršem (26000 km2) i još mnogo više pod morem, bila je zastupljena samo s jednim (1) radom – zapaženim, ali gotovo "pionirskim" u odnosu na radove sofisticiranih laboratorija i instituta zapadnih zemalja. Rad Isotope records in submarine speleothems from the Adriatic Coast, Croatia, autora Maše Surić, Nade Horvatinčić, Axela Suckowa, Mladena Juračića i Jadranke Barešić, analizira paleoklimatske promjene na istočnoj obali Jadrana koje su kroz omjere stabilnih izotopa kisika i ugljika ostale zabilježene u danas potopljenim sigama. Terenski dio konferencije obuhvatio je posjet mjestu Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (tradicionalnoj postaji hodočasnika na putu prema svetištu Santiago de Compostella), te špiljskom sustavu Grotte de Clamouse, ukupne dužine oko 4 km od čega je 1965. gotovo 1 km uređen za turističke posjete. Osim impozantnih primjeraka špiljskog nakita, čija je raznolikost posljedica izmjena kalcitnih, aragonitnih i dolomitnih karakteristika nadsloja, ovaj objekt može biti i primjer kako se prekrasan špiljski prostor može upropastiti prilagođivanjem turističkim posjetima brojnim metalnim, staklenim i električnim instalacijama. Na trenutke posjetitelj može dobiti dojam da se kreće kroz muzej ili zbirku, a ne kroz više od stotinu metara dubok speleološki objekt. Dojam dodatno pojačava i ambiciozno zamišljen, ali kičasto izveden sound & light show. Obične turiste može fascinirati, ali istinske prirodnjake, zaljubljenike u krš – jedino ogorčiti. U svakom slučaju, terenski dio skupa i ovaj put bio je iskorišten za stvaranje novih i obnavljanje starih poznanstava koja će rezultirati međunarodnom znanstvenom suradnjom, posebno kad su u kombinaciji oprema i financije bogatijih zemalja i neistražena područja "onih drugih" zemalja. Ostaje nada da će takvim oblikom suradnje, na sljedećoj konferenciji Climate Changes: The Karst Records IV, Hrvatska biti malo bolje predstavljena svojim prirodnim i ljudskim potencijalima. Maša Surić 161 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. PRIKAZI Atlas svijeta za 21. stoljeća, urednik: M. Lapaine i suradnici, Naklada Fran, Zagreb, 2003., 751 str. Nakladnik Fran iz Zagreba objavio je hrvatsko izdanje atlasa The 21 st Century World Atlas, koji je izvorno publicirao izdavač Trident Press International. Hrvatsko izdanje uredio je M. Lapaine sa suradnicima. Atlas nije tek hrvatski prijevod izvornika jer su pojedini stručnjaci dopunili i izmijenili neke sadržaje, a osim toga, S. Frangeš preveo je velik broj toponima na hrvatski jezik. Prijevodi su ispisani uz gornji rub karte kako se ne bi mijenjao izvorni jezik karata (engleski). Atlas je podijeljen u deset glavnih cjelina: Geopolitički okvir, Klimatologija, geologija i biogeografija, Demografija i socijalni pokazatelji , Osnovne ekonomske djelatnosti, Industrija, trgovina i promet, Afrika, Amerika, Azija, Europa i Oceanija. Na kraju je dodan rječnik osnovnih geografskih pojmova s odgovarajućim prijevodima (npr. perz. Kavir = solna pustinja) i kazalo s preko 60 000 geografskih imena. U općegeografskom dijelu atlasa na brojnim tematskim kartama zorno je prikazana prostorna raspodjela različitih prirodnih i socio-ekonomskih pojava i procesa. Iscrpnost kartografskih prikaza može se uočiti na primjeru poglavlja Socijalni i ekonomski pokazatelji, u kojemu su objavljene sljedeć i tematski zemljovidi: Potrošnja kalorija, Donacije hrane, Proizvodnja hrane, Smrtnost dojenčadi, Zdravstvena zaštita, Bolnička infrastruktura, Telefoni, Potrošnja energije, Pismenost, Izdavanje knjiga, Tiskanje novina, Broj upisa u školu, Omjer đaka i nastavnika u osnovnim školama, Znanstvenici i tehničari, Ekonomski aktivno stanovništvo, Dječja radna snaga, Struktura ekonomski aktivnog stanovništva, Ekonomska aktivnost, Ekonomska aktivnost žena, Ekonomska aktivnost muškaraca, Nezaposlenost, Bruto nacionalni dohodak, Bruto nacionalni dohodak po osobi, Struktura bruto nacionalnog dohotka, Inflacija, Ekonomski rast, Inozemni dug, Sredstva potrošena na obrazovanje, Sredstva potrošena na zdravstvenu zaštitu, Vojni izdaci, Izvoz i uvoz oružja, Trgovinska razmjena oružja i Logistika nuklearnog oružja. Kartogrami i kartodijagrami su jasni, pregledni i informativni.Kartografsko -geografski pregled po kontinentima ima jedinstvenu shemu. Ponajprije se nižu satelitske snimke, a potom digitalni modeli reljefa kopna i podmorja, geografske karte i kratki, ali sadržajni prikazi pojedinih zemalja. Na geografskim kartama kontinenata sitnim su slovima ispisani brojni toponimi. Njihova je čitljivost, na žalost, mala na prikazima planinskih predjela, koji su označeni nijansama sme đe i plavo-ljubičaste boje. Korisnik može doznati osnovne geografske informacije o svakoj državi putem kratkog geografskog uvodnika, zemljovida i različitih dijagrama.U hrvatskom izdanju atlasa svijeta mogao bi se očekivati iscrpniji prikaz Hrvatske. Priređivači nisu htjeli odstupati od izvornika, ali u reprintu zemljovida mogla se obratiti pozornost na pogrešno ispisane toponime (npr. naselje Sali na Dugom otoku ucrtano je u uvali Telašćica, Golfo di Venezia neobično se proteže duž zapadne obale Istre, naveden je stari naziv Požege – Slavonska Požega i sl.) . Međutim, navedene pogrješke ne umanjuju vrijednost atlasa, koji doista čini izvrstan kompendij najnovijih znanstvenih spoznaja o državama svijeta i Zemlji u cjelini, pa ga zbog toga rado preporučujem. Josip Faričić Nikola STRAŽIČIĆ: Svi hrvatski otoci, Descriptio Croatiae, Hrvatska revija, časopis Matice hrvatske, godište 1/2001., broj 3-4, Zagreb, 77-103. Hrvatska obala je najrazvedenija na Jadranskom moru, jer obuhvaća 97,2% jadranskog arhipelaga. S ponosom se ističe da je Hrvatska "zemlja tisuću otoka". Stvarni broj je i ve ći. Na pitanje koliko ih je unutar granica suvremene Hrvatske najmjerodavniji odgovor dao je prof. dr. sc. Nikola Stražičić. 162 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. U uvodu se razmatraju podatci o ukupnom broju hrvatskih otoka kritički prema pojedinim autorima. U nastavku izložene su teškoće oko kategorizacije osnovnih pojmova "otok" - "otočić" - "greben" i "hrid". Posebno je zanimljiv dio članka u kojem su opisani i predočeni "zaboravljeni" - "novi" i nekadašnji otoci. U timskom radu autora iz Hidrografskog instituta Republike Hrvatske u Splitu (2000.) navodi se, na temelju topografskih karata u razmjeru 1:25000, da unutar granica Hrvatske postoje 79 otoka, 526 otočića i 641 grebena i hridi; ukupno 1246 otoka.Prof. Stražičić upozorio je kritič ki i dokumentirano na manjkavost dosadašnjih rezultata i naglasio da je ukupan broj hrvatskih otoka i dalje otvoren. U zaklju čnim razmišljanjima dao je niz svrhovitih prijedloga. Ponajprije predlaže, uz potporu državnih službi, imenovanje interdisciplinarne ekipe (od geografa, hidrogeologa, oceanografa, kartografa, lingvista i drugih specijalnosti) koja bi odredila kriterije za kategorizaciju pojedinih otoka, prema veličini i nazivu, te za određivanje kategorija naseljenosti. Nadalje, kako nazvati najmanji oblik stalno nad razinom mora "greben" ili "hrid", o tome posavjetovati se s lingvistima, ali i sa stanovništvom dotičnog otoka. Problem se javlja i kod napučenosti otoka, primjerice "stalno naseljen", da li prema domaćem (autohtonom) ili doseljenom stanovništvu, kako razlikovati pojmove "sezonski naseljen" i "povremeno naseljen"...Na kraju, uz pomoć lučkih kapetanija njihovim plovilima potrebno je obići i snimiti sve otoke unutar granica Hrvatske, istodobno provjeriti stanje na topografskim i posebice pomorskim kartama i planovima. Prof. Stražičić je otočanin, rođen na Mljetu, a čitav radni vijek proveo je u Rijeci. Najveći dio svoga života posvetio je istraživanju mora u najširem smislu, posebice Jadrana i nadasve naših hrvatskih otoka. Godine 1968. izradio je magistarsku tezu Otok Mljet – primjer izoliranog otoka. Deset godina kasnije (1978.) obranio je disertaciju Otok Cres – prilog poznavanju geografije naših otoka. Za sveukupan životni opus godine 1998. Senat Sveuč ilišta u Rijeci dodijelio mu je počasno zvanje "profesor emeritus". prof. Stražičić prvi je geograf u Hrvatskoj koji je dobio to visoko priznanje. U reprezentativnoj Hrvatskoj reviji s novim glavnim urednikom, ambicioznim magistrom Mladenom Klemenčić em, izašao mu je i najnoviji rad Svi hrvatski otoci ilustriran s 27 jedinstvenih panoramskih snimaka u boji. Članak Svi hrvatski otoci sinteza je dugogodišnjih minucioznih istraživanja u kojima je prof. Stražičić, na sebi svojstven na čin, prenio jezgrovito, veliko i bogato iskustvo, istodobno i poruka, kako bi trebalo nastaviti s interdisciplinarnim istraživanjima tih dragulja na pročelju Hrvatske i u trećem mileniju.Josip Riđanović Tihomir KOVAČEVIĆ Tihi: Baraćeve špilje, Turistička zajednica općine Rakovica, Rakovica, 2003., 48 str. Baraćevim špiljama pripada počasno mjesto u povijesti istraživanja hrvatskog krša i speleologiji. Davne godine 1892. u Rakovici je osnovan "Odbor za istraživanje i uređenje Baraćevih špilja", prva takva udruga na tlu Hrvatske i u ovom dijelu svijeta. Od prvih podataka objavljenih u literaturi 1874. do danas špilje su više puta bile predmetom speleoloških, hidrogeoloških, paleonotoloških, arheoloških i biospeleoloških istraživanja. Na temelju njihovih rezultata i rezultata najnovijih istraživanja nastala je i ova knjiga u kojoj nam autor otkriva njezine ljepote i tajne.Knjigu čini 8 poglavlja. Zanimljiv tekst bogato je ilustriran sa 65 fotografija, crteža i nacrta špilja. Opisan je položaj špilja, osnovni podatci o geološkim značajkama terena, nazivlje i podatci o dimenzijama različitih istraživača. Slijedi poglavlje o povijesti istraživanja s nizom zanimljivih podataka – od prvih opisa do suvremenih istraživanja. Opći dio zaokružen je poglavljem o paleontološkim i arheološkim istraživanjima. Dosad su nađeni ostatci pleistocenske faune i tragovi boravka ljudi iz srednjeg vijeka i razdoblja turskih ratova. 163 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. U drugom dijelu knjige detaljno su opisane značajke Donje, Gornje i Nove Baraćeve špilje. Opisan im je položaj, a u iznošenju značajki autor se poslužio citatima Dragutina Hirca i Ivana Krajača s početka 20. stoljeć a. Navedeni su i najnoviji rezultati istraživanja prema kojima je Donja Baraćeva špilja dugačka 565 metara, Gornja 520 metara, a Nova 94,5 metara. Poglavlje o biospeleologiji napisao je dipl. ing. Roman Ozimec. Objavio je dosad poznate podatke o povijesti biospeleoloških istraživanja, podatke o ekološkim uvjetima, pregled i analizu špiljske faune te istaknuo važnost nastavka istraživanja i zaštite. Poglavlje je opremljeno odličnim fotografijama te tablicama s kronologijom biospeleoloških istraživanja, preliminarnim taksonomskim popisom kavernikolnih vrsta i biospeleološkom bibliografijom špilja. Završno poglavlje posvećeno je rezultatima Međunarodne speleološke ekspedicije "Rakovica 2002.". Na samom početku ekspedicije otvoren je Prvi speleološki dom Republike Hrvatske u Novoj Kršlji. Tijekom ekspedicije istraživani su sustav Panjkov ponor - Varićakova špilja, vrelo Sinjac i Kusa i dr. Na kraju knjige objavljena je speleološka bibliografija koja dodatno pridonosi vrijednosti ove knjige. Nenad Buzjak Milenko M. PASINOVIĆ: Područ je Kotora na listi svjetske i prirodne baštine UNESCO. "Cicero" – Cetinje, kompjutorska priprema "Tricen", Kotor, 2001., 110 str. Autor je rođeni Bokelj, redoviti sveučilišni profesor na Fakultetu za turizam i hoteljerstvo u Kotoru. Knjižica je praktičnog formata (23x15 cm), otisnuta je na kvalitetnom papiru. Opremljena je s 14 reprezentativnih fotosa u boji i 7 crno-bijelih slika i crteža. Upotrijebljeno je 20 bibliografskih jedinica literature i 4 izvora podataka uključujući i vlastita istraživanja. Kratak izvadak dat je na engleskom, talijanskom, francuskom i njemačkom jeziku.Poslije predgovora slijede u tekstu: Boka kotorska (prikaz granica, prostorni pojam i pregled glavnih dijelova, Morfogenetske i morfološke karakteristike, Kotorsko-Risanski zaliv – embrion Boke kotorske, Područje Kotora na listi svjetske prirodne baštine UNESCO, Simbioza prirode i čovjeka stara pet milenijuma i Dvije decenije nakon zemljotresa.Bokokotorski zaljevi duboko su oko 30 km (29,6) uvučeni na sjeveru između Orjena (1893 m), najviše obalne planine u istočnoj regiji Jadrana, Katunskog krša (1308 m, 1228 m i 1212 m) na istoku i Lovćenu (Štirovnik, 1749 m) na jugu. Impozantan okvir krševitih planina s izrazitim strmcima zatvara plitko more (površine 87,3 km2 i dubine do 60 m), u stvarnosti čudesan i jedinstven sklop Bokokotorskih zaljeva. Boka kotorska je horizontalno najrazvedeniji kraj (105,7 km duljina obale) i vertikalno najraščlanjeniji dio u najvišoj reljefnoj strukturi Jadranskog primorja. Geografski položaj Boke je specifičan. Na njezinu prostoru dodiruje se prirodno visoki i najljući krš izravno s najdubljim dijelom morske pučine Jadrana. Društveno, povijesno i gospodarski u Boki se isprepliću utjecaji milenijskog stvaralaštva Mediterana, posebice u gradskoj arhitekturi, s tradicionalnim i suvremenim kulturama Istoka. Boka kotorska je izraziti primjer jedinstva suprotnosti. Pri određ ivanju prostornog pojma Boke logič ki je kriterij "slijevno područ je" tj. prostor odakle voda teče prema zaljevima odnosno prema moru. "Slijevno područje" odre đuje se razvodnicom. U vododrživim stijenama to je površinska ili topografska razvodnica, koja se povlači najvišim vrhovima na terenu. U karbonatnim stijenama na kojima je razvijen krški reljef, što se pretežno odnosi na prostor Boke kotorske, mjerodavna je dubinska ili hidrogeološka razvodnica. Preuzeti brojčani podatci o veličini slijevnog područja na osnovi površinske (topografske) razvodnice za Boku kotorsku ne odgovaraju stvarnosti. O postanku Boke kotorske Pasinović iznosi kritički i potanko gledanja ranijih autora. Znakovito, me đutim, ističe sadašnji izgled zaljeva, koji je relativno mlad i posljedica je izdizanja razine mora u holocensko doba. Navodi činjenice da je prije 25 tisuća godina razina Jadrana bila niža za 96,4 m od sadašnjeg. Boka je tada bila kopno. Na Orjenu i Lovčenu snježna granica spuštala 164 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. se do visine 600 m odnosno 900 m. Dno Boke kotorske u to vrijeme karakterizirala su izolirana udubljenja prekrivena rastresitim materijalom. Dokazano je da je prije 10 tisuća godina razina Jadranskog mora bila niža za 31 m od današnjega. Tada se već počeo nazirati složeni izgled današnjih zaljeva Boke kotorske. Batimetrijska istraživanja u najnovijem razdoblju potvrđuju postojanje izdvojenih krških udubljenja na morskom dnu, posebice na lokalitetu Verige, gdje je maksimalna dubina od 45 m veća za 4 m i u kumburskom suženju od 50 m veća, najveća dubina 5 m od okolnog dna mora.U najvećem dijelu zaljeva žalo je ograničeno na uski pojas ili ga uopć e nema (Risan – Perast i Orahovac). Na tom potezu obalni strmci spuštaju se izravno ispod mora do njegova dna. Prosje čna dubina mora u Boki je 27,6 m. Srednje dubine u pojedinim zaljevima iznose u Kotorskom 27 m, Risanskom 25,7 m, Tivatskom 25,5 m i Toplanskom 31 m. Opća značajka batometrije svih zaljeva Boke kotorske je da su male dubine. Posebna je zanimljivost horizontalne razvedenosti Boke kotorske 7 otoka. To su u Kotorskom zaljevu ispred Perasta Sveti Đorđe (Juraj) i umjetni otok Gospa od Škrpjela. U Tivatskom zaljevu: Stradioti (Sveti Marko), otok Gospe od Milosrđa i Prevlaka (otok cvijeća). U Toplanskom zaljevu su otok Lastvica (Mamula) i otok Mala Gospa (Gospa od Žanjice).Boka sa svojim zaleđem prima najveć e količ ine padalina u Europi. Crkvice, mjerna stanica u Malovom dolu na 1050 m nadmorske visine u Krivošijama na Orjenu, zabilježila je količinu od 5317 mm i to tijekom mokrog dijela godine! Boka je najvećim dijelom u stijenama karbonatnog sastava, koje dosežu dubinu i do 5 km! Na toj podlozi razvijen je najizrazitiji krški reljef, kako na površini, tako još više u podzemlju, odnosno u podmorju. Tu je najveće izvorište vode istodobno i najsušniji kraj u istočnoj regiji Jadrana. Prema podatcima skupa stručnjaka za opskrbu vodom 1986. godine u Risnu s navedenog prostora u sušnim mjesecima godine svake sekunde dotječe u more oko 1000 litara vode od koje se tek 220 litara (22%) iskoristi za pitku vodu! Zaključeno je, da Boka spada u "najžednije" krajeve u Europi! Hidrografske karakteristike Boke kotorske u skladu su s prevladavajućim litološkim značajkama karbonatnih stijena, geološkom građom i hidrogeološkom funkcijom terena. Od hidro-pojava najviše su rašireni izvori, vrulje, povremene tekućice i jedna katavotra (Gurdić). Katavotra je specifični izvor, zapravo otvor kroz koji poslije dugotrajnih kiša izbija na površinu slatka voda, a u doba hidrološkog minimuma tim istim otvorom voda ponire u dublje dijelove podmorja. Ukratko su opisani i predočeni izvori Ljute u Dobroti, Sopota i Spile kod Risna, Morinjske rijeke, koja odvodnjava zapadne i jugozapadne strane Orjena, te Gurdić i Škurda kod Kotora. Škurda je svojevrsna hidrografska specifičnost Boke kotorske. To je krška rječica. Izvori su joj na Lovćenu, a odvodnjava Njeguško polje. Škurda je usjekla korito kanjonskog tipa u masivnim i dobro uslojenim vapnencima lovćenskog strmca. Vodostaj Škurde ovisan je od količine i duljine trajanja kiše. Bez obzira na godišnje doba, poslije izdašnijih kiša teče Škurda čitavom duljinom toka kao bujica. Na ušću je nataložila obilje šljunčanih nanosa u obliku manje delte zvane Benovo. U blizini mora Škurda se račva u dva rukava. Jednim rukavom otječe sjevernom stranom gradskih zidina. To je kotorska Škurda, obično stalan tok, jer ga napajaju izvori iz vlastitog korita. Drugim rukavom teče dobrotska Škurda jedino poslije dužih kiša. S izvora Škurde opskrbljuje se ponajprije i ponajviše gradski vodovod u Kotoru. Poslije potresa 1979. pokušalo se ugradnjom betonske zavjese izolirati utjecaj mora. U ljetnim mjesecima ponovno je zaslanila voda. Škurda je tipična krška tekućica podložna naglim i znatnim promjenama. U zadnje vrijeme znalo se dogoditi da na njezinom izvorištu potpuno nestane vode čak u trajanju jednoga dana! Boka kotorska svojim smještajem je u geotektonski vrlo labilnom kraju, štoviše, u pojasu razornih potresa. Značajniji potresi u južnom Jadranu jezgrovito su opisani. O katastrofalnom potresu 15. travnja 1979. dat je iscrpan prikaz. U općini Kotor na spomenicima kulture procijenjena je golema šteta u visini od 18.658,930 USA dolara!Područje Kotora na listi prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO najopsežniji i najzanimljiviji je dio sveukupnog teksta. Autor nas potanko i dokumentirano upoznaje s brojnim postupcima koji su prethodili upisu Kotora na listu svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO. 165 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. Odluka je usvojena na Skupštini op ćine Kotor, 14. lipnja 1979. i glasi: "Ovom odlukom kao prirodno, kulturno i istorijsko dobro od posebnog zna čenja, proglašava se Kotor s područjem: Dobrote, Orahovca, Perasta, Risna, Morinja, Kostanjice, Stoliva, Prčanja, Mula, Škaljara i morskog bazena ovog područja, koje obuhvaća 12000 ha kopna i 2600 ha mora." Katastrofalni potres 15. travnja 1979. pospješio je prijam Kotora za upis u svjetsku prirodnu i kulturnu baštinu UNESCO, štoviše i za kulturnu baštinu u opasnosti. Prijedlog je prihvaćen na sjednici Međunarodnog komiteta od 22. do 26. listopada 1979. u Kairu i Luksoru. Također, u Berlinu 10. ožujka 1997. Boka kotorska uvrštena je među 28 najljepših zaljeva na svijetu. Prema podatcima Regionalnog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture u općini Kotor izvršena je kategorizacija od prvog do trećeg stupnja za 104 spomenika kulture. Zanimljivo je da je 12 spomenika uvršteno u prvu, najvišu kategoriju spomeničkog blaga. Simbioza prirode i čovjeka u Boki kotorskoj stara je pet milenija. Prvi tragovi ljudskog postojanja, oko 3000 godina prije Krista, iz mlađeg kamenog doba, otkriveni su na lokalitetu Spila, 300 m nad morem, sjeveroistočno od Perasta.Na obali Risanskog zaljeva, točnije u mjestu Lipci, pronađeni su na svodu otisci između kojih se posebno ističe brod na jedra. To potvrđuje rani početak pomorstva u Boki kotorskoj. Najstariji ostatci likovnog izražavanja tadašnjih stanovnika datirani su u rano brončano doba.Prof. Pasinović je geograf društveno-gospodarskog usmjerenja s posebnim interesom za pomorstvo i turizam. Poslije obranjene disertacije "Pomorstvo i turizam s posebnim osvrtom na crnogorsko primorje" (1977.) i nakon objavljivanja reprezentativnog vodiča: Kotor – vjekovi sačuvani za budućnost" (1988.) poklonio je javnosti i najnovije djelo "Područje Kotora na listi svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO". Prof. Pasinović je jedan od osnivača Fakulteta za turizam i hotelijerstvo u Kotoru i najzaslužniji je što je ta visokoškolska, sveučilišna institucija ostala u Kotoru. Svojim je radom i organizacijskim sposobnostima znač ajno pridonio da se Kotor upiše u listu svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO. Sada se zalaže da se to priznanje mjerodavnih stručnjaka zapamti i blago sačuva za mlađi naraštaj. Čestitamo profesoru Pasinoviću i želimo mu puno daljnjih uspjeha. Josip Riđanović 166

The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of veterinary students in Croatia based on their home region towards the level of cognitive abilities and welfare in farm and companion animals. The survey encompassed 505 (91%) students of all six years of the integrated undergraduate and graduate study programme at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Student attitudes were examined through 17 statements using fivepoint Likert scale. The survey was focused on cattle, pigs, poultry, dogs and cats. The results obtained revealed that students from Zagreb and central Croatia expressed significantly higher attitudes (P&lt;0.05) towards the level of thought process in cattle, pigs, dogs and cats, and the level of welfare in pigs than students from eastern Croatia and Dalmatia. Foreign students expressed the highest level of concern about the welfare of laying hens, and the lowest about the welfare of dogs and cats. Students from Lika and Gorski Kotar expressed the highest level of concern about the welfare of dogs and cats. No regional differences were determined in student attitudes towards the level of emotions in the observed species. The study results confirmed the existence of regional differences in the attitudes of Croatian veterinary students towards the welfare of farm and companion animals. The findings suggest that these differences may not only be the result of cultural differences among Croatian regions, but veterinary students may also increasingly encounter welfare issues in certain regions, especially in the case of companion animals.

AbstractThe research on incidence of mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis) on silver fir (Abies alba) was carried out in natural fir stands in Croatia. In the area of Gorski Kotar 32.8 % of the examined dominant fir trees were infected with mistletoe. The mistletoe incidence was presented according to the damage degrees of silver fir from 0 (healthy trees) to 4 (dead trees), rated by the crown defoliation and needle discoloration. With the increase of incidence, mistletoe spreads more onto more vital, i.e. less damaged trees. In the Dinaric Alps 28.6% of the examined fir trees were infected, this percentage amounting to 27.1% for the mountainous regions between the Sava and Drava rivers.The site and stand parameters (exposure, elevation, site quality, forest community and crown closure) were analysed in order to establish whether there was a correlation between these parameters and mistletoe incidence. There was a negative correlation between the elevation and mistletoe incidence. Among the compartments with a closed stands there were considerably less compartments with higher mistletoe incidence than among compartments with a sparsely closed and understocked stands. The other analysed site and stand parameters individually had no significant influence on mistletoe incidence.The correlation of silver fir mortality in 2004 and mistletoe incidence in 2002/03 was analysed, and their strong correlation was established. Mistletoe could be considered as a bioindicator of silver fir decline, and probably a significant contributor to that decline. In the areas where mistletoe incidence is great it can be presumed that silver fir is significantly damaged.