Academic literature on the topic 'Crocodile oil'

Herbal oils have been used for centuries as a traditional medicine. In this study, herbal massage oil was prepared by using crocodile oil (CO) or virgin coconut oil (VCO) as carrier oil. This experiment was conducted to find out the suitable method for preparation of herbal massage oils from CO or VCO. The satisfactory appearance and viscosity of herbal massage oil was received when using 44.9% by weight of crocodile oil as carrier oil. Searching appropriate for herbal massage oil, that exhibited the good characteristic, viscosity, fragrance and hot, was done with various systems. The carrier oils heated with Zingiber montanum (Plai, ZM) (22.45 % w/w) and Curcuma sp. (Wan ma leung, CS) (22.45 % w/w) and then the mixture was mixed with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), menthol, methyl salicylate and camphor were likely to be the appropriate method. The surface tension of the mixture between different herbal oils and carrier oil in the ratio of 1:1 was no significantly difference. The highest viscosity was obtained from the mixture of carrier oil and Curcuma aromatic (Wan nang kum, CA). Oil extracted from herbal with heat treatment could mask the unpleasant odor of CO and VCO but not significantly affected the surface tension and viscosity of carrier oils.

Studies were carried out on the recent oil spill in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh to findout the immediate impacts on the ecosystem of the Sundarbans after oil spilling. Morethan 500 km2 areas out of the total study area have been affected seriously by the oil spillcontamination on 9 December 2014. Recorded data of the physico-chemical conditions,oil content, productivity, diversity and abundance of phyto-zooplankton and benthos ofwater, and oil content in soil indicate that the water and soil of the Eastern part of theSundarbans were polluted by the oil contamination. Results also indicate that seedlings,mangrove algae, eggs and hatchlings of commercially valuable fishes, mudskippers, mudcrabs, snails, monitor lizards were affected due to oil spill. Regeneration of the Sundritrees; intertidal zone bird - ‘Masked finfoot’, common birds, fishing cat, otter, dolphins,crocodile would be affected due to the oil spill. Long term monitoring, in depth researchand proper implementation of all rules and regulations are necessary to save the fragileecosystem of the Sundarbans-the UNESCO declared world heritage site. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(1): 75-94, June 2015

The low percentage fruit set will impact on the percentage of fruit to bunch and weight of Bunch. Fruit set is low causing the formation of partenokarpi fruit/coat so that the harvest process is involved in loading, carrying and processing. To solve the problem, the management of post-harvest Bunis is necessary. Comparing the "V" (conventional) stem cutting, which is often referred to as the “Cangkem Kodok” (CK) as it is usually applied in the plantation and the treatment of bunches (stalk) and base of bunches/stalks that have no fruit/ brondolan called a “Cangkem Buaya" (CB). This research was conducted on oil palm plantation year 2015 planting in the Plantation of Bah Birung Ulu PTP. Nusantara IV. Five Month research time, namely in February-June year 2019. This research uses a descriptive analysis method that is the primary data retrieval analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and then conducted advanced test using the smallest real difference (BNT) at 5% as well as correlation of several parameters Observation. The results showed that the weight of the stem garbage waste with a higher CB treatment compared with CK treatment and with the treatment of CB can save the garbage that does not fit, transport and sports per bunch in Afdeling 1 by 5.59%, Afdeling 2 8.02% and Afdeling 3 7.63%. With the treatment of stem cutting and base of the fruit bunching (Brondolan) or called the treatment of crocodile hoe can increase the percentage of Fruit to a bunch average of 6%. The oil extraction were 27%.

Avian ketocarotenoid pigments occur in both the red retinal oil droplets that contribute to colour vision and bright red coloration used in signalling. Turtles are the only other tetrapods with red retinal oil droplets, and some also display red carotenoid-based coloration. Recently, the CYP2J19 gene was strongly implicated in ketocarotenoid synthesis in birds. Here, we investigate CYP2J19 evolution in relation to colour vision and red coloration in reptiles using genomic and expression data. We show that turtles, but not crocodiles or lepidosaurs, possess a CYP2J19 orthologue, which arose via gene duplication before turtles and archosaurs split, and which is strongly and specifically expressed in the ketocarotenoid-containing retina and red integument. We infer that CYP2J19 initially functioned in colour vision in archelosaurs and conclude that red ketocarotenoid-based coloration evolved independently in birds and turtles via gene regulatory changes of CYP2J19 . Our results suggest that red oil droplets contributed to colour vision in dinosaurs and pterosaurs.

The morphological characteristics of the eyes and the retinae of lanternfish larvae ofLampanyctus crocodilus,Benthosema glaciale, andMyctophum punctatumwere analyzed in pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion stages. Pre-flexion larvae ofL. crocodilus, the species with the shallowest depth distribution, had spherical eyes located antero-laterally on a strongly laterally-compressed head, suggesting a forward binocular visual field.B. glacialeandM. punctatumlarvae live deeper in the water column and had eyes elongated in the dorsal-ventral plane. The eyes ofB. glacialewere prominent, projecting slightly outward from a laterally-compressed head, suggesting a strongly laterally-directed visual field.M. punctaumhad stalked elongated eyes projecting from a dorso-ventrally flattened head. The eyes can be freely rotated allowing lateral, anterior and dorsally-directed vision. A prominent choroidal gland was situated beneath the ventral portion of the eye inM. punctatumandB. glaciale, while a smaller gland was present in the dorsal and ventral portions of the eye ofL. crocodilus. In pre-flexion stage larvae, the retina of all three species was differentiated with numerous rod photoreceptors in the peripheral retinal areas and fewer cone photoreceptors mainly distributed in the central retina. This distribution suggests concomitant enhancement of scotopic sensitivity in the vertical visual plane and improved photopic acuity in the lateral and forward visual directions. The concurrent development of cones and rods, as observed in the pre-flexion stage of myctophid larvae, is consistent with meeting the special demands of visual planktivory in sub-surface waters. During larval development a gradual increase of ROS length was also accompanied by a progressive loss of cones that were almost totally absent in post-flexion larvae. This can be interpreted as an adaptive response to an impending deep mesopelagic adult life.

Natural oils are regularly used in cosmetics and as treatment for numeral skin conditions (Nielsen, 2006:575). The natural products industry is a multibillion dollar industry and has grown tremendously over the past few years. Natural oils used in cosmetics contain a range of fatty acids which contribute to several valuable properties in cosmetic- and personal care products. Fatty acids are divided into saturated acids and unsaturated acids (Vermaak et al., 2011:920,922). Because of the popularity and wide diversity of skin care products, it is necessary to create products that will distinguish themselves from the rest of the commercial products. To include natural oils in skin care products is a new way to prevent skin ageing, as well as other dermatological conditions. In this study, a natural oil, namely crocodile oil was used. Crocodile oil is obtained from the fat of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Crocodile oil has the same composition as human skin oil. It only differs with regard to the percentages of the ingredients present. Crocodile oil contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Because of the similar composition as human skin oil, crocodile oil will rarely be allergenic when applied to human skin and therefore will be a very accepted and harmless product to use (Croc city, 2012). There are many claims of positive results when crocodile oil containing products have been used. It includes fading of freckles, treatment of acne and pimple marks, dark lines, wrinkles and laugh lines. It also includes vanishing of dark shadows, sun spots and other discolorations. It helps prevent discolorations from forming and makes the skin softer, brighter and more attractive. It also controls rashness and dryness (Croc city, 2012). Because of crocodile oil’s anti-ageing, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects claimed by crocodile oil suppliers, and due to the fact that little scientific data is available on crocodile oil, it was decided to investigate the claims. In this study, the aims and objectives were to use natural oil, namely crocodile oil, and investigate the fatty acid profile, anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity, anti-oxidant activity, toxicity studies, stability determination of crocodile oil lotion and clinical efficacy testing of the anti-ageing effects. To determine the fatty acid profile of crocodile oil, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis with gas chromatography were used. Identification of FAME peaks in the samples was made by comparing the relative retention times of FAME peaks from samples to those of reference standards. The composition of fatty acids in crocodile oil compared well to fatty acids found in human skin oil. Anti-microbial and anti-fungal tests were done by Envirocare Laboratories, North-West University, Potchefstroom. Staphylococcus aureus, Esterichia coli, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Brasiliensis, Propionibacterium acnes and Trichophyton rubrum cultures were used to determine the anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity of crocodile oil. Unfortunately no activity was observed. The anti-oxidant properties of crocodile oil and crocodile oil lotion were determined by using the most commonly used method for measuring Malondialdehyde (MDA) in biological samples, namely the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. This method is based on spectrophotometric quantification of the pink complex formed after reaction of MDA with two molecules of TBA. No anti-oxidant activity was observed in the oil or the lotion. Toxicity studies were performed by Dr. D. Goosen (BVSc Hons. Pret.) from Tswane University of Technology (Pretoria, South Africa). The studies showed that the lotion had no toxicity in the skin sensitisation, acute dermal toxicity and acute dermal irritation studies. To determine the stability of the crocodile oil lotion, the formulated products were store at 25 °C / 60% RH (relative humidity), 30 °C / 60% RH and 40 °C / 75% RH for 6 months in the original packaging as well as a glass container. The stability tests included pH, viscosity, visual appearance assessment, zeta-potential, droplet size and mass loss. The crocodile cream lotion was stable over the 6 months period in both containers. Clinical efficacy testing was performed at the CEL (Clinical Efficacy Laboratory) of the North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. A short-term study over a period of 3 h was performed to investigate the hydrating effects of crocodile oil lotion. A long-term study over a period of 12 weeks was performed to examine the anti-ageing effects of crocodile oil lotion. An erythema study was also conducted to test the anti-erythema properties of crocodile oil lotion. Although the crocodile oil lotion as well as the placebo lotion showed an increase in skin hydration, there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Crocodile oil lotion also showed no anti-erythema properties.
Thesis (PhD (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.