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Journal articles on the topic 'Crocodile'
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Inchuai, Rawikan, Peerapol Sukon, and Sompoth Weerakhun. "Molecular detection of Chlamydia spp. and risk factors in farmed siamese crocodile in the mid-northeastern provincial cluster of Thailand." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.018.
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This study surveyed the prevalence of chlamydial infection among farms in the mid-northeastern provincial cluster of Thailand by PCR and phylogenetic analyses of the sequences. Samples from 94 crocodiles were collected from 17 farms in five provinces together with farm management data. Chlamydiaceae was found in 48.94% of the samples (46/94). Of the 17 pooled samples analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing, four samples exhibited 99.3 to 99.5% nucleotide identity with Chlamydia psittaci, three samples exhibited 99.1 to 99.3% nucleotide identity with C. crocodili, and one sample exhibited similarity to both species. The risk factors related to chlamydial infection included the source of young crocodiles and the frequency of water changes. Chlamydial infection was higher in nonclinical crocodiles than in clinical or dead crocodiles (P=0.003). Pharyngitis, fibrinous pharyngitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, and hydropericardium were commonly found in chlamydial-positive cases of ill or dead crocodiles. C. psittaci and C. crocodili were found in both clinical and nonclinical crocodiles. C. psittaci is a well-known zoonotic pathogen. C. crocodili is a new species found in Siamese crocodiles in Thailand. In conclusion, the source of young crocodiles and frequency of water changes were identified as risk factors for chlamydial infection in crocodile farms. C. crocodili should be further investigated to better understand its implications for crocodile heath.
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Eniang, Edem. "People’s perceptions of crocodiles in Nigeria." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 2 (April 1, 2020): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.2.112116.
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Throughout Africa, feelings towards crocodiles vary according to the danger or fear experienced by communities living alongside them. Crocodile conservation programmes must therefore be based on reliable assessments of cultural attitudes towards these reptiles. In this study, we interviewed a random sample of 300 persons in six states in southern Nigeria to determine their perception of crocodiles. Our results revealed that most respondents were very familiar with crocodiles, with animals being regularly sighted but only in small numbers. Most interviewees were aware of just two crocodile types, consistently describing the dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) and the West African Nile crocodile (Crocodylus [niloticus] suchus); only a minority of respondents reporting they were aware of the West African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus).
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L. Stuart, Bryan, Benjamin Hayes, Bui Huu Manh, and Steven G. Platt. "Status of crocodiles in the U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020062.
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Both species of native crocodile, Siamese Crocodile Crocodylus siamensis and Estuarine Crocodile C. porosus, are seriously threatened in the wild in Vietnam. The swamp forest of the U Minh region in southern Vietnam was recently suggested to harbor the last remaining wild Estuarine Crocodiles in the country. We investigated the status of crocodiles in the U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve by conducting field surveys and interviewing local people. Field surveys found no signs of living wild crocodiles, and interview results strongly suggested that wild crocodiles have not occurred at U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve for perhaps as long as 30 years.
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Manurung, Ramdani, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Lilik Budi Prasetyo. "MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus) AND RISKS OF HUMAN-CROCODILE CONFLICTS IN SETTLEMENTS AROUND KUTAI NATIONAL PARK, EAST KALIMANTAN." Media Konservasi 26, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.1.52-62.
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Human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) are problems affecting crocodile conservation. Scientific publications on crocodile attack cases in Indonesia are few with low validation which hinder optimal conflict mitigation efforts. The estuarine river of Kutai National Park is a natural habitat for saltwater crocodiles and mostly nearby dense settlements. This study aims to map the distribution of saltwater crocodiles and potential conflicts in the Kutai National Park area. To predict the distribution of saltwater crocodiles, we used Maximum Entropy MAXENT with its environmental predictors i.e. slope, altitude, distance from shore, distance from river, temperature, and habitat types (mangrove forest, freshwater swamp, and shrubs). MAXENT prediction showed that elevation was the most influential variable with AUC (Average Under Curve) value of 0.952. Settlements with activities occurring within one kilometer from the river and those adjacent to coastal areas proved to be the highest in human conflicts with crocodiles.
Key words: conflict, crocodile, human, MAXENT
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Gani, Mohd Izwan Zulaini Abdul, Ruhana Hassan, Oswald Braken Tisen, and Rambli Ahmad. "Human-Crocodile Conflicts in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: An analysis of crocodile attacks from 2000 until 2020." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 16 (January 27, 2022): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2022.16.25.
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Crocodiles have caused a relatively high number of fatalities towards local people in Sarawak, a Malaysian state in Borneo. However, they have important cultural values and are well respected by the riverine communities in the state. The objective of this study is to determine the patterns of human-crocodile conflict in Sarawak which could help in managing the problems between crocodile and human. Information on crocodile attacks were collected from multiple sources including records kept by local authority, media or CrocBITE database. Over a 21 years period (year 2000-2020), the record attacks (n=164) showed a balance between fatal and non-fatal cases. Most common victims in Sarawak were male (86.6%) and adults from the age of 31 to 40 years old (20.7%). The attacks occurred more during the daylight (59.4%), with the peak time for crocodile attacks was approximately between 1800 to 2359 hours (33.3%). Crocodile attacks occur slightly more during the wet season, from October to March (54.0%), with the highest one recorded in March (16.8%). Fishing (26.2%) and bathing (22.0%) in the rivers possess the highest risk of crocodile attack, suggesting that crocodiles are more likely to attack when the victim is in the water. The findings imply that crocodiles' attack pattern in Sarawak is associated with the people’s activities pattern. There is a need to update the database on crocodile attacks in Sarawak on -real time basis as this will facilitate the relevant agencies in formulating the strategies to reduce the number of crocodile attacks and ensuring the safety of the riverine communities.
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Hénaut, Yann, and Pierre Charruau. "Nest attendance and hatchling care in wild American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Quintana Roo, Mexico." Animal Biology 62, no. 1 (2012): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x597629.
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AbstractCrocodilians show universal parental care, but few studies concentrate on this behavior in wild crocodiles. We studied nest and hatchling care in genetically pure wild American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) on two Caribbean islands of Mexico. From 2006 to 2009 we made direct observations of crocodile behavior upon discovery of nests and groups of hatchlings in Banco Chinchorro. In 2009, we installed camera traps at 4 nests from the time of their discovery to the hatching of each nest, in Banco Chinchorro and Cozumel Island. Twenty-one other species were observed to visit crocodile nests. No nest predation was observed but nine species represented some danger to nests and/or hatchlings. Females seemed to remain in the nest vicinity during incubation. There was variability in nest visit frequencies and no nest defense toward human intrusion was observed. Visit frequency by other species at nests decreased with increased crocodile visitation. Crocodiles mainly visited nests on darker nights, corresponding to the visits of species representing greater danger for nests. Repair of the nest by females after disturbance was observed for the first time in wild American crocodiles. Crocodile visits were more frequent at the beginning and the end of incubation, which could represent different antipredation strategies. Although adult crocodiles helped during hatching for the emergence of neonates, hatchling care seemed reduced compared to other crocodile species. We provide the first data on nesting behavior of genetically pure American crocodiles in the Yucatan peninsula, which provides a base for future comparisons with Morelet's crocodiles and their hybrids.
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Simbotwe, Malumo Philip. "The Role of Crocodilians in Game Utilization Schemes in the Sadcc Region of Africa." A Current Bibliography on African Affairs 21, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001132558902100202.
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Farming and ranching crocodiles has of late attracted much entrepreneural attention in Africa especially in the SADCC region of Southern Africa where crocodiles still occur in abundance. There are two main reasons for this sudden interest. 1) Crocodile farming and ranching is rewarding in both economic and commercial terms; and 2) the economic value of crocodiles provides a good argument in support of sustainable conservation of the crocodile.
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Platt, Steven G., and Ngo Van Tri. "Status of the Siamese crocodile in Vietnam." Oryx 34, no. 3 (July 2000): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00121.x.
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AbstractThe Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, now regarded as one of the world's most endangered crocodilians, was formerly common in the wetlands of southern Vietnam. Populations are thought to have declined in recent years, although quantitative status assessments are unavailable. We surveyed five areas previously believed to harbour the only remaining Siamese crocodile populations in Vietnam, and our results strongly suggest that viable populations are no longer extant. Crocodiles were not observed during spotlight counts of Crocodile Swamp (Nam Cat Tien National Park) or Lac Lake. Crocodiles do not occur in Upper or Lower Krong Pach Reservoirs, and these degraded sites no longer constitute suitable habitat. Remnant populations may exist in the Sere Pok River and Tay Son Lake, but these crocodiles remain subject to persecution. Population declines are attributed to a combination of hunting, habitat destruction, incidental capture in fishing nets and collecting for crocodile farms. Reintroduction to Nam Cat Tien National Park is recommended.
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Brien, M. L., C. M. Gienger, C. A. Browne, M. A. Read, M. J. Joyce, and S. Sullivan. "Patterns of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland: a review of historical estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) management." Wildlife Research 44, no. 4 (2017): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17011.
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Context In Queensland, the management of estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) by the government is important for ensuring public safety, especially along the populated east coast, where there is a large human population. Aims The present study aimed to determine historical, temporal and spatial patterns of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland. Methods The study used Queensland Government records of estuarine crocodile attacks (1971–2015), sightings by the general public (2003–2015), and removals and relocations for management purposes (1985–2015) to develop General Linear Models describing historical, temporal and spatial patterns. Key results The highest number of attacks, sightings, removals and relocations occurred along the populated east coast between Townsville and the Daintree during wet season months (November–February). There have been 35 crocodile attacks in Queensland since 1971 (total 0.8 per year; fatal 0.3 per year), mostly involving local people or regular visitors (77.1%), specifically adult males (71.4%; mean age 44). There has been an increase in the rate of crocodile attacks over time, with an average of 1.3 per year since 1996, most of which were non-fatal (84%). The number of crocodile sightings has been increasing annually (with a mean of 348 per year since 2011), while the number of crocodiles removed or relocated for management purposes (n = 608) has fluctuating widely each year (range 1–57). Conclusions The level of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland is increasing, and this is likely to be a consequence of increasing human and crocodile populations. While conflict is highest during the wet season, estuarine crocodiles pose a threat to public safety year round. Implications With the increase in conflict, the ongoing management of estuarine crocodiles, through targeted removals in and around areas of higher human habitation and through education, is essential for ensuring public safety into the future.
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Dwinarendra, Antonius, Parino Rahardjo, and Priyendiswara Agustina Bela. "STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN JUMLAH PENGUNJUNG WISATA TAMAN BUAYA TANJUNG PASIR." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i2.8875.
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Crocodile Tourism Park has a land area of 5 hectares. This crocodile park is located in Tanjung Pasir tourist area, as a tourist destination in and around Kabupaten Tangerang. This crocodile park has been operating since 2005 owned by Lukman Arifin. This crocodile park is the only theme park of fauna and breeding, especially crocodile in Tangerang. This crocodile park is expected to be one of the new icons in Tanjung Pasir tourism area and become an educative amusement park. At the moment there are more than 400 crocodiles of new age hatch up to 70 years and in this crocodile park has a rare collection of albino crocodiles. In addition to seeing crocodiles in this crocodile park can also feed crocodiles. Once this crocodile park has various performances of crocodile, selling the knacks, but now stopped because of the visitors. This research aims to determine the potential and problems of the Tanjung Pasir Crocodile Park, which has an impact on visitors. Data collection is done by field survey, questionnaire scatter, interview, documentation and literature study. From analysis results conducted such as site and site analysis, benchmark analysis, visitor perception analysis and policy, resulted in strategy proposals such as from the start of physical repair, improvement of management, and proposed promotion of tourist parks. So visitors feel interested to visit. Keywords: crocodile park; strategy; visitors AbstrakTaman Wisata Buaya Tanjung Pasir memiliki luas lahan 5 hektare. Taman buaya ini berada di Kawasan Wisata Tanjung Pasir, sebagai destinasi wisata di Kabupaten Tangerang dan sekitarnya. Taman Buaya ini telah beroperasi sejak 2005 yang dimiliki oleh Lukman Arifin. Taman buaya ini merupakan satu – satunya taman hiburan fauna dan penangkaran khususnya buaya yang ada di Tangerang. Taman buaya ini diharapkan menjadi salah satu ikon baru di Kawasan Wisata Tanjung Pasir dan menjadi taman hiburan yang edukatif. Pada saat ini terdapat lebih dari 400 ekor buaya dari usia baru menetas sampai 70 tahun dan di taman buaya ini memiliki koleksi buaya albino yang terbilang langka. Selain melihat buaya di taman buaya ini juga dapat memberi makan buaya. Dahulu taman buaya ini memiliki berbagai pertunjukan pawang buaya, menjual pernak – pernik buaya, namun kini sudah berhenti karena sepinya pengunjung. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui potensi dan masalah yang ada di Taman Buaya Tanjung Pasir yang berdampak pada sepinya pengunjung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara survey lapangan, sebar kuisioner, wawancara, dokumentasi dan studi literature. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan seperti analisis lokasi dan tapak, analisis benchmark, analisis persepsi pengunjung dan kebijakan, dihasilkan usulan strategi seperti dari mulai perbaikan fisik, perbaikan menejemen, dan usulan promosi taman wisata. Sehingga pengunjung merasa tertarik untuk berkunjung.
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Somjit, Metawee Thongdee, Songtham Anuntakarun, Sunchai Payungporn, Nlin Arya, Apichart Punchukrang, Pongrama Ramasoota, Sombat Singhakaew, Thassanant Atithep, and Ladawan Sariya. "A new species of Chlamydia isolated from Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252081.
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Chlamydia is a known pathogen in both saltwater and freshwater crocodiles. However, the exact species/strain has not been clearly identified. In this study, we successfully cultivated Siamese crocodile Chlamydia in McCoy cells at a temperature of 30°C. Electron microscopy; phylogeny based on nine conserved taxonomically informative markers, on ompA, or on seven housekeeping genes; and whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the isolate confirmed the identity of the isolate as a new member of the genus Chlamydia, a new species that we name Chlamydia crocodili.
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Subramaniam, Kunasilan, Grace Wong Yi-Li, Vomanasri Krishnan, Iyvonne Chuah Sock Yi, and Muhammad Aniq bin Mohd Amran. "Crocodile Attack Injuries: A Failed Attempt to Conceal Homicide." Academic Forensic Pathology 11, no. 3 (August 8, 2021): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19253621211033472.
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Crocodile attacks are not uncommon in this region. There have been 92 cases reported since 2015 and 50 cases alone reported in Sarawak. Every year death has been attributed to a crocodile attack. An estimate of 71% of the total cases of crocodile attack ended up dead. However, there are instances where a crocodile attack happened after the death of a person. This is a case of an adult male who was reported missing. His body was found by two local anglers, being mauled by crocodiles. Only partial trunk and lower limbs were found, and the major organs were absent. The postmortem features of the crocodile attacks have been described.
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Wermuth, Heinz. "Praktische Erfahrungen beim Identifizieren von Krokodil-Lederwaren für die Belange des Artenschutzes." Amphibia-Reptilia 7, no. 1 (1986): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853886x00244.
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AbstractExperiences gained during nearly a decade of practice of identifying crocodile leather goods are reported, to counsel other herpetologists, who are dealing with the same problems, and to help them to avoid sources of error. Artificial crocodile-like leather is manufactured mostly of calf hides on which the typical crocodile pattern is coined and can be identified by reason of the abnormal regularity of the arrangement of the scutes and scales, the presence of mammalian hair pores, not to be mistaken for the pore-like sense organs of the true crocodiles and the gharial, and the softness of those structures which are deluding to be ossified. So-called Diamond Croco is consisting of a basic layer of poorest crocodile skiver coated with a layer of varnish on which the "crocodile pattern" is coined. The coating layer can be removed by means of acetone. Finally, the arrangement of the dermis (cutis) fibres of microscopical slices may give an indication whether or not a leather is made of a crocodile or a mammal. In most cases, true caiman goods mostly offered as brown coloured and water-proof Wild Croco are easy to identify by reason of the typical hard and double-pieced ossifications of the ventral scutes. However, the Italian industry has found a method to remove the ossification by means of simple shivers of glass, so that the goods can be manufactured as black and shiny High Polish Croco. In spite of the softness of the formerly ossified parts, the identification as true caiman leather is possible, as the surface of the belly scutes still retained remnants of the wrinkles caused by the former ossifications beneath them. On the contracy to all alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the leather of the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) and of the true gharial (family Gavialidae) may be identified by reason of one or more pore-like sense organs at the rears of the belly scutes. However, this feature is not clear in all cases. Some typical features of true crocodilian leather goods may concentrate the efforts to some few species only or may exclude a large number of other species a priori. Such "key features" may be an unusual large or low number of belly scutes within the middlemost transversal or longitudinal series, certain peculiarities in the number and in the arrangement of the flank scales, or the squarish or rectangular shape of the scutes. An identification, at least of the racial relationship, is impossible if the external longitudinal series of the flank scales are cut off. Such mutilations may be a trick to prevent an identification of Rio Apaporis crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis) hides, belonging to the most endangered crocodilians (CITES Appendix I). This subspecies can be separated from the northern crocodile caiman (C. c. fuscus, Appendix II) only by reason of the details of the flank scales, especially of those of the external series. Occasionally, only one face of a bag my consist of C. c. apaporiensis leather while the opposite face is manufactured of the leather of another subspecies, like C. c. fuscus or C. c. crocodilus. Combinations of parts of different species are not uncommon.
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Britton, Adam R. C., Erin K. Britton, and Clive R. McMahon. "Impact of a toxic invasive species on freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) populations in upstream escarpments." Wildlife Research 40, no. 4 (2013): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12215.
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Context Spread of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) across northern Australia is of concern. Predator species, including the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), are susceptible to cane toad toxins when ingested. Upstream populations of freshwater crocodiles are smaller than downstream counterparts because of limited resources. We measured the impact of cane toad arrival on densities of these upstream populations. Aims Our aim was to determine whether the influx of cane toads had a negative impact on populations of upstream ‘stunted’ freshwater crocodiles. Methods Population surveys for crocodiles were conducted in three upstream creek systems, using day- and night-based survey methods, before the arrival of cane toads in the area. These surveys were repeated under similar conditions following the arrival of cane toads, to compare the distribution and densities of freshwater crocodiles and, hence, measure the impact of cane toads. Key results There were significant declines in crocodile density at two survey sites following the arrival of cane toads, and we found dead crocodiles and cane toad carcasses with crocodile bite marks. The third site showed no change in density. There was a decline in mean density across all sites from 3.0 crocodiles km–1 to 1.1 crocodiles km–1 following the arrival of cane toads. Conclusions There was an overall decrease in crocodile densities and a reduction in distribution following the arrival of cane toads into the survey area. Dead crocodiles and evidence of their having eaten cane toads strongly suggest that these declines were caused directly by the arrival of cane toads into the area. One site showed no apparent change other than an increase in wariness, which may reflect the distribution of available feeding and shelter resources among the three sites. Implications These results suggest that upstream freshwater crocodile populations are highly susceptible to cane toad toxins, and that impacts on their population can include local extirpation. Considering their morphological and possibly genetic distinctiveness, the loss of these unique populations is of conservation concern.
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Briggs-Gonzalez, Venetia S., Mathieu Basille, Michael S. Cherkiss, and Frank J. Mazzotti. "American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) as restoration bioindicators in the Florida Everglades." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0250510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250510.
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The federally threatened American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a flagship species and ecological indicator of hydrologic restoration in the Florida Everglades. We conducted a long-term capture-recapture study on the South Florida population of American crocodiles from 1978 to 2015 to evaluate the effects of restoration efforts to more historic hydrologic conditions. The study produced 10,040 crocodile capture events of 9,865 individuals and more than 90% of captures were of hatchlings. Body condition and growth rates of crocodiles were highly age-structured with younger crocodiles presenting with the poorest body condition and highest growth rates. Mean crocodile body condition in this study was 2.14±0.35 SD across the South Florida population. Crocodiles exposed to hypersaline conditions (> 40 psu) during the dry season maintained lower body condition scores and reduced growth rate by 13% after one year, by 24% after five years, and by 29% after ten years. Estimated hatchling survival for the South Florida population was 25% increasing with ontogeny and reaching near 90% survival at year six. Hatchling survival was 34% in NE Florida Bay relative to a 69% hatchling survival at Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge and 53% in Flamingo area of Everglades National Park. Hypersaline conditions negatively affected survival, growth and body condition and was most pronounced in NE Florida Bay, where the hydrologic conditions have been most disturbed. The American crocodile, a long-lived animal, with relatively slow growth rate provides an excellent model system to measure the effects of altered hydropatterns in the Everglades landscape. These results illustrate the need for continued long-term monitoring to assess system-wide restoration outcomes and inform resource managers.
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Behangana, Mathias, Wilber Lukwago, Daniele Dendi, Luca Luiselli, and David Ochanda. "Population surveys of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Murchison Falls National Park, Victoria Nile, Uganda." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0015.
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Abstract1. A 12-month-long survey (April 2013 to March 2014) for Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) was conducted along a section of the Victoria Nile/Ramsar site of Murchison Falls National Park, in order to update the historic information on crocodile populations in the area, locating nesting areas, determining seasonality patterns and habitat use, and assess the current abundance and the population size trends since the 1960s. The methods employed included visual encounter surveys, transect counts and opportunistic methods, by using boats. 2. In general, there were diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in the number of crocodile sightings. The crocodile sightings peaked between the months of June and August, with the highest mean number of sightings encountered on any single day being 67 (in July 2013), and the second peak was between January and March with the highest mean of 118 recorded in January 2014. The second peak also coincided with the crocodile breeding season. This clearly shows that the distribution of the sub-population sampled followed a climatic regime. 3. Crocodiles were observed most frequently in water (37%). Grassy banks, islands, river mouths and sandy banks constituted about 47% of the habitats utilised by the crocodile population. Although basking was the most frequent type of activity performed by crocodiles (50%) over the entire survey period, their key activities varied significantly from month to month. Nesting was very visible during the last quarter of the year and the first quarter of the New Year. 4. There was a clear decline of the abundance of crocodiles in this population between 1960s and nowadays. This declining trend was obvious also taking into account the various survey methodologies employed over the decades.
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Aziz, Md Abdul, and Md Anwarul Islam. "Population status and spatial distribution of saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v46i1.37624.
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The Saltwater Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus is endangered in Bangladesh, and currently surviving in rivers and channels of the Sundarbans mangrove forest of the country. Very little information is available on this apex predator in the Sundarbans aquatic ecosystem, therefore a survey was carried out to assess population status and their spatial distribution. By surveying approximately 351 km of rivers of the Bangladesh Sundarbans during daytime between 2014 and 2015, a total of 42 individual crocodiles were recorded, with an overall encounter rate of 0.12 crocodiles (SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.18) per km of rivers. Based on this estimate, it is inferred that a population of approximately 140 crocodiles (95% CI = 90 - 190) could occur in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. The generalised linear model revealed statistically insignificant negative relationship of relative crocodile abundance with the salinity level (β = –0.067, SE = 0.057, p = 0.242) and protection status (β = –0.208, SE = 0.855, p = 0.808), and statistically insignificant positive relationship with the distance to human habitations (β = 0.004, SE = 0.039, p = 0.914). Disturbance by resource collectors, cargo vessels, and water pollution are the major threats to crocodile populations of the Sundarbans. The results of this study will be useful in future population monitoring to guide conservation management of saltwater crocodile in this important habitat.
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Thorbjarnarson, John, Steven G. Platt, and U. Saw Tun Khaing. "A population survey of the estuarine crocodile in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar." Oryx 34, no. 4 (October 2000): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00135.x.
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AbstractThe estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus was formerly abundant in coastal regions of Myanmar, but is now known principally from the lower Ayeyarwady Delta. We conducted a survey during January 1999 to assess quantitatively the status of crocodile populations in protected areas of the lower delta. Spotlight counts were conducted along 275.4 km of waterways. Sixty-one crocodiles (50 juveniles, 4 subadults, 2 adults and 5 eyeshines) were observed in the Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary (MKWS), and the total population was estimated to be less than 100. The Kadônkani and Pyindaye Reserved Forests (RF) apparently no longer support viable populations. Although crocodiles remain critically endangered in the region, a comparison with survey data from 1980 suggests localized recovery is occurring in MKWS. Population declines are attributed to a combination of commercial skin hunting, habitat loss, drowning in fishing nets and over-collection of living animals to supply crocodile farms. A programme of law enforcement, habitat protection and head-starting juveniles is necessary to ensure the continued survival of estuarine crocodiles in the Ayeyarwady Delta.
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Wallace, Kevin M., Alison J. Leslie, and Tim Coulson. "Living with predators: a focus on the issues of human - crocodile conflict within the lower Zambezi valley." Wildlife Research 38, no. 8 (2011): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11083.
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Context Human–wildlife conflict is a global problem and increasing worldwide as people and wildlife compete for limited resources. Conflict between people and crocodiles, especially in Africa, is recognised as a serious problem. The people of the Chiawa Game Management Area are heavily dependent on the Zambezi River for several resources from potable water and irrigating fields to a source of food (subsistence and small-scale commercial fishing). Aims To assess the spatial and temporal scale of human–crocodile conflict (HCC) and identify associated factors, with a view to recommending mitigation measures. Methods A questionnaire survey and Zambia Wildlife Authority data were utilised to estimate the scale of HCC. Key results Between 2000 and 2009, there were 98 crocodile attacks on people, 62.2% were fatal. Most of the attacks occurred while canoe fishing (57.1%) and collecting water (29.6%). Crocodiles were disliked and seen as a ‘problem’ by the majority of the populace. Even though crocodiles are a charismatic mega-fauna species, being employed within the tourism industry had only a minor positive effect on people’s attitudes. The area is an important location for crocodile egg and adult harvesting, although the local population gains no financial benefit. An increase in the number of boreholes in the villages was suggested by the local people as the primary mitigation measure, as well as the removal of crocodiles by various means. Conclusions Although people displayed an understanding of the risks of crocodile attack, very few actually employed mitigation techniques or utilised protective barriers when at the river. Increased water-access points (and their maintenance) in the villages would reduce people’s dependency on the river. The negative attitude towards crocodiles is an issue that has to be addressed to allow successful implementation of long-term conservation strategies. Implications Understanding local people’s attitudes towards wildlife is an important aspect within any conservation management plan.Competition for limited resources by people and wildlife is guaranteed to cause confrontations. The existing mitigation for human crocodile conflict in Zambia is ineffective. The negative attitude towards wildlife needs to be addressed and a suitable response formulated. The most favoured type of mitigation suggested by local people was more boreholes and the removal of crocodiles. Photograph by Kevin Wallace.
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Pratiwi, Rina Hidayati, Yosy Ezha Ramadhanty, and Dwi Aprillia Setia Asih. "Analisis Pola Perilaku Buaya Muara (Crocodylus porosus) Di Taman Buaya Indonesia Jaya Bekasi." Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v14i1.4796.
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Tiap perilaku buaya dipengaruhi oleh faktor kenyamanan habitat yang merupakan tempat buaya berinteraksi dengan lingkunnganya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pola perilaku buaya muara (Crocodylus porosus) yang terdapat di Taman Buaya Indonesia Jaya Bekasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menganalisis pola perilaku adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasilobservasi dan wawancara dapat disimpulkan bahwa persentase frekuensi yang terjadi selama penelitian dari keempat individu buaya muara adalah pola perilaku bergerak (30,94%), pola perilaku berjemur/istirahat (28,68%), pola perilaku sosial (24,59%), pola perilaku makan (15,77%) dan pola perilaku terendah adalah pola perilaku kawin (0%). Crocodile’s behavior was influenced by the convenience factor of the habitat where the crocodile interacts with it environment. The purpose of this study was analyze the behavior patterns of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) found in the Indonesian Crocodile Park Jaya Bekasi. The research method used to analyze behavioral patterns is a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the results of observations and interviews, it can be concluded that the percentage of frequencies that occurred during the study of four estuarine crocodiles was movement behavior pattern (30.94%), pattern of sunbathing/resting behavior (28.68%), patterns of social behavior (24.59%), eating behavior pattern (15.77%) and the lowest behavior pattern is mating behavior pattern (0%).
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Kurucz, Nina, Jamie Lee McMahon, Allan Warchot, Glen Hewitson, Jean Barcelon, Frederick Moore, Jasmin Moran, et al. "Nucleic Acid Preservation Card Surveillance Is Effective for Monitoring Arbovirus Transmission on Crocodile Farms and Provides a One Health Benefit to Northern Australia." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061342.
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The Kunjin strain of West Nile virus (WNVKUN) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can infect farmed saltwater crocodiles in Australia and cause skin lesions that devalue the hides of harvested animals. We implemented a surveillance system using honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards to monitor WNVKUN and another endemic flavivirus pathogen, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), on crocodile farms in northern Australia. The traps were set between February 2018 and July 2020 on three crocodile farms in Darwin (Northern Territory) and one in Cairns (North Queensland) at fortnightly intervals with reduced trapping during the winter months. WNVKUN RNA was detected on all three crocodile farms near Darwin, predominantly between March and May of each year. Two of the NT crocodile farms also yielded the detection of MVE viral RNA sporadically spread between April and November in 2018 and 2020. In contrast, no viral RNA was detected on crocodile farms in Cairns during the entire trapping period. The detection of WNVKUN and MVEV transmission by FTATM cards on farms in the Northern Territory generally correlated with the detection of their transmission to sentinel chicken flocks in nearby localities around Darwin as part of a separate public health surveillance program. While no isolates of WNVKUN or MVEV were obtained from mosquitoes collected on Darwin crocodile farms immediately following the FTATM card detections, we did isolate another flavivirus, Kokobera virus (KOKV), from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Our studies support the use of the FTATM card system as a sensitive and accurate method to monitor the transmission of WNVKUN and other arboviruses on crocodile farms to enable the timely implementation of mosquito control measures. Our detection of MVEV transmission and isolation of KOKV from mosquitoes also warrants further investigation of their potential role in causing diseases in crocodiles and highlights a “One Health” issue concerning arbovirus transmission to crocodile farm workers. In this context, the introduction of FTATM cards onto crocodile farms appears to provide an additional surveillance tool to detect arbovirus transmission in the Darwin region, allowing for a more timely intervention of vector control by relevant authorities.
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TABORA, JOHN ARIES G., MA RHEYDA P. HINLO, CAROLYN A. BAILEY, RUNHUA LEI, CAYETANO C. POMARES, GLENN REBONG, MERLIJN VAN WEERD, SHANNON E. ENGBERG, RICK A. BRENNEMAN, and EDWARD E. LOUIS, JR. "Detection of Crocodylus mindorensis x Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylidae) hybrids in a Philippine crocodile systematics analysis." Zootaxa 3560, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3560.1.1.
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The Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) is considered one of the most endangered of the crocodilian species.Rumors or anecdotal concerns have existed for some time as to the possibility of hybrid individuals existing in a captivecollection under consideration for providing reintroduction candidates; however, visual observations failed to identify sus-pected hybrids. Samples were collected from 619 Philippine crocodiles from several captive facilities and two free-rang-ing populations. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop (601 bp) fragments were sequenced for each crocodile and compared to 28individuals representing ten crocodile species. Among Philippine crocodiles, 48 variable sites (47 parsimony informativesites) were identified, which defined six C. mindorensis haplotypes and one C. porosus-derived haplotype. Data were alsogenerated for a 965 bp fragment of the ND4 subunit gene fragment for two samples of each D-loop haplotype. Amongthem, 91 variable sites (90 parsimony informative site) were identified, which defined three C. mindorensis haplotypesand one C. porosus-derived haplotype. From the nuclear genome, the C-mos gene was successfully amplified for the 388bp partial fragment for all Philippine crocodile samples. Only two variable sites were identified. These sequences werecompared to GenBank sequences for C. porosus. Of the 619 Philippine crocodile samples, 57 samples were found to har-bor D-loop haplotypes identified as C. porosus and 31 of those harbored C-mos mutational sites diagnostic for C. porosusintrogression. All individuals indicating C. mindorensis x C. porosus hybridization were sampled from the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center.
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Ouedraogo, Ilassa, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Noëllie W. Kpoda, Adama Oueda, Victor Bance, Justine Kabore, and Gustve B. Kabre. "Impact of road construction on the distribution of Crocodylus suchus (Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1807) in urban park Bangr-Weoogo (Burkina Faso)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i2.7.
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In contrast to other anthropogenic activities, little is known about impact of road construction on reptile’s distribution in urban areas. Therefore, the present study aimed at quantifying impact of road construction on C. suchus distribution. It was conducted from February 2016 to May 2018, in the urban Park Bangr-weoogo. C. suchus populations were counted day by used binoculars pairs and night by spotlight. The different observations were carried on foot. Every time, we observed crocodile, we visually estimate its size class. When we couldn’t appreciate the size of an individual, it was just noted as eyes only. About road works, direct observations have been done and noted. To have mapping of the dynamics of crocodile habitats in the park, aerial shots were taken during road construction. We used QGIS version 2.18.2 to establish map distribution of crocodiles. A total of 145 crocodiles including 10.34% of hatchlings, 17.93% of juveniles, 31.03% of subadults and 24.14 of adults were counted before road works. While during road work, 202 crocodiles were counted, whose 5.45% of hatchlings, 19.8% of juveniles, 30.69% of subadults and 37.62% of adults. Road work has led to a loss of crocodile habitat.Keywords: Protected area, habitat, abundance.
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Merchant, Mark, Kate Juneau, Jared Gemillion, Rodolfo Falconi, Aaron Doucet, and Matthew H. Shirley. "Characterization of Serum Phospholipase A2Activity in Three Diverse Species of West African Crocodiles." Biochemistry Research International 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/925012.
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Secretory phospholipase A2, an enzyme that exhibits substantial immunological activity, was measured in the serum of three species of diverse West African crocodiles. Incubation of different volumes of crocodile serum with bacteria labeled with a fluorescent fatty acid in thesn-2 position of membrane lipids resulted in a volume-dependent liberation of fluorescent probe. Serum from the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) exhibited slightly higher activity than that of the slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) and the African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Product formation was inhibited by BPB, a specific PLA2inhibitor, confirming that the activity was a direct result of the presence of serum PLA2. Kinetic analysis showed thatC. niloticusserum produced product more rapidly thanM. cataphractusorO. tetraspis. Serum from all three species exhibited temperature-dependent PLA2activities but with slightly different thermal profiles. All three crocodilian species showed high levels of activity against eight different species of bacteria.
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Luiselli, L., G. C. Akani, N. Ebere, F. M. Angelici, G. Amori, and E. Politano. "Macro-habitat preferences by the African manatee and crocodiles – ecological and conservation implications." Web Ecology 12, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-12-39-2012.
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Abstract. African manatees (Trichechus senegalensis) and crocodiles are threatened species in parts of their range. In West Africa, crocodiles may constitute the main predators for manatees apart from humans. Here, we explore the macro-habitat selection of manatees and two species of crocodiles (West African crocodiles Crocodylus suchus and dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis) in the Niger Delta (Nigeria), testing the hypotheses that (i) manatees may avoid crocodiles in order to minimize risks of predation, and (ii) the two crocodile species do compete. The study was carried out between 1994 and 2010 with a suite of different field techniques. We observed that the main macro-habitat types were freshwater rivers and coastal lagoons for manatees, mangroves for West African crocodiles, and rivers and creeks for dwarf crocodiles, with (i) the three species differing significantly in terms of their macro-habitat type selection, and (ii) significant seasonal influence on habitat selection of each species. Null models for niche overlap showed a significantly lower overlap in macro-habitat type use between manatee and crocodiles, whereas the two crocodiles were relatively similar. Null model analyses did not indicate any competitive interactions between crocodiles. On the other hand, manatees avoided macro-habitats where crocodiles, and especially West African crocodiles, are abundant.
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Sideleau, Brandon M., Karen S. Edyvane, and Adam R. C. Britton. "An analysis of recent saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks in Timor-Leste and consequences for management and conservation." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 5 (2017): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15354.
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Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) are potentially dangerous to humans, yet they have major cultural value to many people in Timor-Leste. Recent increases in attack risk are influencing traditional attitudes, threatening culls of remaining wild crocodile populations. To understand patterns that may assist mitigation, we compiled attack records for the period of April 2007 to April 2014, using the CrocBITE online database. Recorded attacks (n=45) showed a high fatality rate (82.2%), the majority (77.8%) being recorded since 2010. The highest proportion of attacks (46.7%) occurred in southern coastal wetlands suited to crocodiles, areas representing major sources of food, livelihoods and ecosystem services (i.e. fisheries, timber, coastal protection) for locals. Subsistence fishing posed the highest attack risk, particularly from September to February when food security is low. Attacks matched gender roles (most victims were males, the primary fishers) and demographic patterns (teenagers, the fastest growth group, comprised the highest proportion). Predicted increases in food insecurity, fishing activities, coastal impacts and rising human and crocodile populations pose worrying implications for human–crocodile conflict. We recommend essential baseline surveys enabling meaningful management decisions, and suggest that tailored management and educational awareness based on proven existing models could substantially mitigate attack risk while remaining compatible with traditional Timorese attitudes towards crocodiles.
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Gray, J. E. "On Crocodilus madagascariensis, the Madagascar Crocodile." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 42, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02464.x.
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Weinreich, Spencer J. "Thinking with Crocodiles: An Iconic Animal at the Intersection of Early-Modern Religion and Natural Philosophy." Early Science and Medicine 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2015): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00203p01.
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This paper seeks to explore how culturally and religiously significant animals could shape discourses in which they were deployed, taking the crocodile as its case study. Beginning with the textual and visual traditions linking the crocodile with Africa and the Middle East, I read sixteenth- and seventeenth-century travel narratives categorizing American reptiles as “crocodiles” rather than “alligators,” as attempts to mitigate the disruptive strangeness of the Americas. The second section draws on Ann Blair’s study of “Mosaic Philosophy” to examine scholarly debates over the taxonomic identity of the biblical Leviathan. I argue that the language and analytical tools of natural philosophy progressively permeated religious discourse. Finally, a survey of more than 25 extant examples of the premodern practice of displaying crocodiles in churches, as well as other crocodilian elements in Christian iconography, provides an explanation for the ubiquity of crocodiles in Wunderkammern, as natural philosophy appropriated ecclesial visual vocabularies.
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Das, Chandan Surabhi, and Rabindranath Jana. "Human–crocodile conflict in the Indian Sundarban: an analysis of spatio-temporal incidences in relation to people's livelihood." Oryx 52, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001502.
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AbstractThe incidence of human–crocodile conflict is increasing, and fear of injury and loss of life is affecting public and political support for crocodile conservation. We studied conflicts between people and estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus across socio-economic dimensions, using a spatio-temporal database. We collected data on 127 crocodile attacks that occurred during 2000–2013, through questionnaires including open- and close-ended questions, administered in 30 villages of five blocks of the Indian Sundarban. Most of the attacks (42%) occurred during winter (December–February), followed by the early monsoon (May–July; 27%). Almost 80% of victims were prawn seed collectors and were 11–50 years old, and 61.16% of victims died as a result of the attacks. Female victims accounted for a higher percentage of deaths (55.12%) than male victims (44.88%). Crocodile attacks were more common in the daytime than at night, with 76.35% of the killings occurring during 08.00–17.00. Most of the cases were recorded from Gosaba (34%), followed by Patharpratima (25.24%) and Namkhana (18.45%) blocks. The mean number of incidents per year was 9.07, with vulnerability and mortality rates of 0.07 and 0.04, respectively, per 10,000 persons. Existing management practices are insufficient to eliminate the risk of crocodile attacks and ensure the conservation of the Sundarban ecosystem. A comprehensive management plan for reducing dependency on forest resources is needed to minimize human–crocodile conflict.
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La Grange, L. J., D. Govender, and S. Mukaratirwa. "The occurrence ofTrichinella zimbabwensisin naturally infected wild crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Journal of Helminthology 87, no. 1 (February 16, 2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000089.
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AbstractTrichinella zimbabwensishas been found naturally infecting crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia and South Africa, as well as monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) in Zimbabwe. The reports on natural infections were mostly accidental rather than structured surveys and involved very few animals. Previous surveillance studies in South Africa reported a 38.5% prevalence ofT. zimbabwensisamong wild crocodiles tested from the Mpumalanga province and Kruger National Park (KNP). No studies have been conducted to date on the geographical distribution and occurrence ofT. zimbabwensisin wild crocodiles and varans in countries in southern Africa. Recent outbreaks of pansteatitis in crocodile populations of the KNP, South Africa, provided an opportunity to conduct a more structured survey aimed at elucidating the occurrence and distribution ofT. zimbabwensisin culled wild crocodile populations within the KNP. Results from this study showed thatT. zimbabwensisoccurred in 10 out of 12 culled crocodiles form the KNP. The results also showed that the natural distribution ofT. zimbabwensisin crocodiles includes all the major river systems in the KNP. The predilection sites of larvae in muscles followed a different pattern in naturally infected crocodiles compared to observations in experimentally infected mammalian hosts.
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Velasco Barbieri, Alvaro. "Individual identification of Crocodylus intermedius (Orinoco crocodile) using tail spot patterns." UNED Research Journal 12, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): e3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v12i2.3140.
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Introduction: The Conservation Action Plan of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) includes in its activities the release of captive-bred specimens back into the wild. By monitoring these specimens in their natural habitat their adaptability is assessed. However, an accurate identification system is necessary to recognize the individuals when they are recaptured. Objetive: Determinate if Swanepoel or Boucher et al. for crocodile identification for the Orinoco crocodile is useful. Methods: A total of 543 Orinoco crocodiles were photographed and each photo was vectorized by drawing dark spots greater than 25% for each scute, in the first 10 lines of double caudal scales of the tail on the right side. Two system codes were evaluated, one is a numeric code described by Swanepoel and the other is an additive code described by Boucher et al. Results: A total of 464 Swanepoel codes and 537 Boucher et al. codes based on the dark spot pattern of the scales on the right side of the tails were generated for the 543 specimens. Both methods yielded high code values, however, the one developed by Boucher et al., with a 98.90% differentiation of the analyzed specimens, worked better. Conclusion: The study confirms that using the method of spots in the tail of crocodiles is an effective tool for identifying individual crocodiles.
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Tsuji, Takashi. "Crocodiles in Philippine Folklore." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.122.
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This study investigates Philippine folklore of saltwater crocodiles to understand the relationships that people have with them from an anthropological perspective. The collected folklore was classified into eight types: 1) ancestor, 2) monkey heart, 3) red hen, 4) execution, 5) incarnation, 6) deception, 7) monster, and 8) Lusmore. The analysis shows that the crocodile folklore of the Philippines is strongly connected to that of the indigenous people in Borneo. Filipino people tend to recognize crocodiles as both fierce and foolish because they are harmful to their society. In their history, they have rigorously hunted crocodiles for their skin, causing their relationship with them to significantly diminish over time. However, crocodiles are also seen as having the supernatural power to cure sick people, so eating them is prohibited among the Pala’wan on Palawan Island, for instance. This paper concludes that the Filipino people and the crocodile were able to build a harmonious relationship of coexistence in the past, and the current corrupted relationship must change for its future wellbeing.
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Muhammad, Farhan, Aliffiati ., and A. A. Ayu Murniasih. "Eksistensi Roti Buaya Dalam Masyarakat Setu Babakan." Sunari Penjor : Journal of Anthropology 5, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/sp.2021.v5.i02.p04.
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Indonesia has a variety of ethnicities and cultures with their own characteristics as self-identity. The characteristics of each tribe are inseparable from the culture and customs of the generations of their ancestors who believe until today. One of them is a symbol of marriage that is believed to have its own meaning and beliefs of each of these customs and cultures. In this case, betawi people use crocodile bread as a symbol of marriage which is considered as a symbol of loyalty and stability. Setu Babakan village is one of betawi village in South Jakarta that still maintains this crocodile bread tradition even though wedding celebrations have been done in a modern way. In this study explained the reason why crocodile bread is still maintained by the people of Setu Babakan Village and how the existence of crocodile bread in the community using ethnographic research methods that are classified in qualitative research. Purposive and snowballtechniques are used in the selection of informants for interviews as well as observation techniques directly at the research site. In this study, crocodile understanding was found as a symbol of loyalty still held by betawi people because it has become local knowledge that has been done for generations. The understanding of crocodiles as a symbol of loyalty is also supported by the Betawi community so that the use of crocodile bread in betawi community wedding ceremonies persists.
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Setyowati, Evi, Sri Ngabekti, and Bambang Priyono. "Konservasi Buaya Muara di Taman Margasatwa Semarang." Life Science 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lifesci.v8i1.29988.
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Stuary crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is one of the fauna that is protected by Indonesian law because of its high economic value. Publications regarding the success of estuarine crocodile conservation are still small. Efforts can be made to prevent the extinction of estuarine crocodiles through conservation. Semarang Wildlife Park is an ex-situ conservation institution that has succeeded in breeding estuarine crocodiles. This study aims to examine the methods of estuarine crocodile conservation, factors in conservation methods, and the success rate of estuarine crocodile conservation in Semarang Wildlife Park. The research methods used were observation, interviews, and documentation. The research data were analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the method of estuarine crocodile conservation in Semarang Wildlife Park took the form of breeding activities consisting of management of housing, feed, health, and breeding. The factors that influence conservation success are cage, feed, and weather. The level of success of estuarine crocodile conservation in Semarang Wildlife Park seen from the aspect of DTT 55.4% and MR 29% with criteria quite successful. Suggestions that can be conveyed are Need to do further research on measuring the temperature and humidity of the soil used as nest of estuarine crocodile eggs in the aspect of egg hatching that affect the success of conservation and more intensive management of estuarine crocodile breeding activities in Semarang Wildlife Park for successful conservation.
Buaya muara (Crocodylus porosus) merupakan salah satu fauna yang dilindungi perundang-undangan Indonesia karena bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Publikasi mengenai keberhasilan konservasi buaya muara masih sedikit. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah kepunahan buaya muara adalah melalui konservasi. Taman Margasatwa Semarang merupakan lembaga konservasi secara ex-situ yang telah berhasil mengembangbiakkan buaya muara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji metode konservasi buaya muara, faktor-faktor dalam metode konservasi, serta tingkat keberhasilan konservasi buaya muara di Taman Margasatwa Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode konservasi buaya muara di Taman Margasatwa Semarang berupa kegiatan penangkaran yang terdiri dari pengelolaan perkandangan, pakan, kesehatan, dan perkembangbiakan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan konservasi adalah kandang, pakan, dan cuaca. Tingkat keberhasilan konservasi buaya muara di Taman Margasatwa Semarang dilihat dari aspek DTT 55,4% dan MR 29% dengan kriteria cukup berhasil. Saran yang dapat disampaikan adalah Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pengukuran suhu dan kelembapan tanah yang digunakan sebagai sarang telur buaya muara dalam aspek penetasan telur yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan konservasi dan Perlu dilakukan pengelolaan lebih intensif mengenai kegiatan penangkaran buaya muara di Taman Margasatwa Semarang agar keberhasilan konservasinya meningkat.
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Walsh, B., and PJ Whitehead. "Problem crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus, at Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory: an assessment of relocation as a mangaement strategy." Wildlife Research 20, no. 1 (1993): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930127.
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Since 1986 the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory has operated a programme to remove 'problem' saltwater crocodiles from waters in and adjoining the township of Nhulunbuy. Over a period of five years, 52 different saltwater crocodiles (44 male) were captured. Most (48) were released at remote sites designated by the traditional Aboriginal owners of the surrounding lands. Release distances from the township varied from 17 to 282 km (by coastline). Many crocodiles (47.9%), including those released at the most distant sites, returned to, and were subsequently recaptured at, the township. Total capture rates (initial captures and recaptures pooled) varied seasonally, with fewer crocodiles being caught in the cooler dry season. During the wet season capture rates remained high, but relatively fewer 'new' crocodiles were caught. Probability of recapture could not be related to distance and direction of release from the township, nor size and sex of the released crocodile. Frequency of capture of individual crocodiles (1-8 times) was also unrelated to these variables. The high rates of return indicate that relocation is unlikely to be an effective strategy for managing humancrocodile interactions, at least in areas where potential release sites already support saltwater crocodile populations near carrying capacity.
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Harvey, Rebecca G., Michiko Squires, Jeff Beauchamp, Frank J. Mazzotti, and Laura A. Brandt. "American Crocodile: An Indicator Species for Everglades Restoration." EDIS 2016, no. 8 (October 6, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-uw422-2016.
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The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a top predator that lives along the southern tip of peninsular Florida, inhabiting saltwater, brackish water, or freshwater near coastal areas in mangrove-lined ponds, creeks, coves, man-made ponds, and canals. This 3-page fact sheet explains how monitoring populations of threatened crocodiles can help scientists chart the success of projects to restore the Everglades. Written by Rebecca G. Harvey, Michiko Squires, Jeff Beauchamp, Frank J. Mazzotti, and Laura A. Brandt, and published by the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, September 2016. WEC377/UW422: The American Crocodile: An Indicator Species for Everglades Restoration (ufl.edu)
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WU, Zhenfeng, Yanzhong HUO, Wangcai DING, and Zihao XIE. "Bionic shape design of electric locomotive and aerodynamic drag reduction." Archives of Transport 4, no. 48 (December 31, 2018): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8369.
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Bionics has been widely used in many fields. Previous studies on the application of bionics in locomotives and vehicles mainly focused on shape optimisation of high-speed trains, but the research on bionic shape design in the electric locomotive field is rare. This study investigated a design method for streamlined electric locomotives according to the principles of bionics. The crocodiles were chosen as the bionic object because of their powerful and streamlined head shape. Firstly, geometric characteristic lines were extracted from the head of a crocodile by analysing the head features. Secondly, according to the actual size requirements of the electric locomotive head, a free-hand sketch of the bionic electric locomotive head was completed by adjusting the position and scale of the geometric characteristic lines. Finally, the non-uniform rational B-splines method was used to establish a 3D digital model of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, and the main and auxiliary control lines were created. To verify the drag reduction effect of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive, numerical simulations of aerodynamic drag were performed for the crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives at different speeds in open air by using the CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT16.0. The geometric models of crocodile bionic and bluff body electric locomotives were both marshalled with three cars, namely, locomotive + middle car + locomotive, and the size of the two geometric models was uniform. Dimensions and grids of the flow field were defined. And then, according to the principle of motion relativity, boundary conditions of flow field were defined. The results indicated that the crocodile bionic electric locomotive demonstrated a good aerodynamic performance. At the six sampling speeds in the range of 40–240 km/h, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the crocodile bionic electric locomotive decreased by 7.7% on the average compared with that of the bluff body electric locomotive.
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González-Desales, Giovany Arturo, Luis Sigler, Jesús García-Grajales, Pierre Charruau, Martha Mariela Zarco-González, Ángel Balbuena-Serrano, and Octavio Monroy-Vilchis. "Factors influencing the occurrence of negative interactions between people and crocodilians in Mexico." Oryx 55, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000668.
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AbstractNegative interactions between people and crocodilians have increased worldwide, but in Mexico there have been few systematic reports and no rigorous evaluation of this problem. We compiled information on negative interactions between people and the spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus and American crocodile Crocodylus acutus from the Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database for 1993–2018, and we investigated interactions in greater depth, through interviews with people in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve. We examined the relationship between the occurrence of negative interactions between people and C. acutus and the species' nesting season and abundance, and presence records. In Mexico, the frequency of negative interactions increases when anthropogenic activities occur close to nesting sites (< 30 km) and during the nesting season (February–September). In La Encrucijada, following negative interactions with crocodiles, the local inhabitants killed 30 crocodiles measuring > 2.5 m long in 2011–2012. The frequency of negative human–crocodilian interactions was not correlated with the abundance of crocodilians but was correlated with the number of presence records of crocodiles. Strategies to minimize these interactions include warnings at nesting sites, increased monitoring of anthropogenic activities during the nesting season, and management of nests to prevent them being destroyed by people.
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Ibrahim, Ibrahim, and Imron Muttaqin. "Tradisi Ulak Manah dan Komunikasi Transendental: Studi Masyarakat Muslim Pedalaman Ulu Kapuas." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2019.9.1.105-127.
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This article discusses the transcendental communication of the Ulu Kapuas Muslim community, which is represented in the oral tradition of Ulak Manah. Through a descriptive qualitative method that focuses on analyzing the story of the Umung Putri Raja and the Shaman Agreement with the crocodile king, this study found that the Ulu Kapuas Muslim community believed that there was a familial relationship between humans and descendants of crocodiles. This tradition is manifested in the tradition of buang-buang, maintaining relationships and descent, as well as reminding of promises owed. Preservation of these traditions forms transcendental communication between human descendants and crocodile offspring in Ulak Manah.
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Keith-Lucas, Lisa. "Crocodile Chemistry (Crocodile Clips, Ltd.)." Journal of Chemical Education 77, no. 10 (October 2000): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed077p1284.
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Hossain, Md Sakhawat, M. Firoj Jaman, Mushtaq Ahmed, Md Mokhlesur Rahman, and Mayen Uddin. "Food consumption of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus Porosus) in a reptile farm of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 41, no. 2 (May 13, 2015): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v41i2.23319.
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An extensive study was conducted on food consumption and feeding behavior of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in the Reptiles Farm Ltd. (RFL) located at Hatiber village, Bhaluka, Mymensingh. The study was mainly based on direct observation and previous data collected by the technicians of the RFL. Average temperature (0C) in the farm area was significantly correlated with average food consumption (g) of the hatchlings (r = 0.714, p<0.05, n = 12). The average temperature and the average food consumption were highest in August and it was 30.5 ±5.5 0C and 45.02 ±13.05 g, respectively. Monthly feeding of hatchlings was different in three individual tubs. The highest food consumption was in August although; hatcherys temperature was constant (320C). Crocodilians can increase their level of consumption during warmer months of the year while decreasing it in the cooler months. The highest quantity of food was given in October, probably for accumulation of fat in their body which would provide energy in the whole winter season. A total of 93.1 kg provisioned food was supplied to an adult crocodiles per year. Food consumption of crocodile is temperature dependent and the potentiality of crocodile farming is embedded in it, by considering this factor it may gain prosperity of crocodile farming in our country.Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(2): 173-179, 2013
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Stirrat, S. C., D. Lawson, W. J. Freeland, and R. Morton. "Monitoring Crocodylus porosus populations in the Northern Territory of Australia: a retrospective power analysis." Wildlife Research 28, no. 6 (2001): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00079.
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In the Northern Territory of Australia, populations of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) have been subject to an annual egg harvest since the early 1980s. Since 1997, adult and juvenile crocodiles have also been harvested in some catchments. Annual surveys of crocodile populations are conducted in order to ensure that the harvest is sustainable. Boat surveys commenced in 1975 and helicopter surveys commenced in 1989. Retrospective power analysis was used to determine whether the sampling program meets the objectives of the Crocodile Management Program for the Northern Territory. Data collected during boat surveys vary in quality between river systems. The analysis of pooled data from 7 river systems with a residual standard deviation of 0.11 indicates that the power of the current spotlight survey method to detect a decline of 10% per annum in around 4 years is about 0.9. In this time the population would decline by around 33% and would fully recover in 8 years following the removal of the factor causing the decline. This allows detection of a decline within one-third, and recovery within two-thirds, of the estimated generation time of the saltwater crocodile and will allow management actions to be implemented before the impacts on populations are serious. The data from helicopter and boat surveys from a 10-year period were compared. Helicopter surveys did not provide useful management information.
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Untari, Dewi, Hardjanto Hardjanto, Bramasto Nugroho, and Rinekso Soekmadi. "Patterns and Trends of Crocodile Trade from Tanah Papua, Indonesia." Forest and Society 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.9058.
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Crocodylus porosus and C. novaeguineae are two protected and tradable crocodile species in Indonesia. Therefore, precautionary principles are needed in their utilization to ensure sustainability. Although the commodity from these species is traded domestically and internationally, the broader picture of its use in Indonesia is less known. The objectives of the study were to: (1) analyze the domestic trade of crocodiles, and (2) analyze the international trade of crocodiles. The analysis was conducted using data of direct utilization sourced from the wild in the form of skin and hatchlings, data on domestic transport permits, CITES export permits, and the CITES trade database. The study suggested that the harvest of crocodile hatchlings and skin do not represent the actual condition since the skin recorded were only those sent outside of the province. Determining zero harvest quotas of C. porosus did not stop species harvest for domestic trade. The dominant source of C. porosus skin export was captive breeding, while C. novaeguineaewas sourced from the wild. Ranch-sourced skin of both species for export were very low.
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Welman, J. B., and E. B. Worthington. "The Food of the Crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus L.)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London A113, no. 3-4 (August 21, 2009): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1944.tb00072.x.
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Sandoval-Hernández, Iván, Alejandro Duran-Apuy, and Jacqueline Quirós-Valerio. "Activities That May Influence the Risk of Crocodile (Crocodylus Acutus: Reptilia: Crocodilidae) Attack to Humans in the Tempisque River Area, Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Uniciencia 31, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.31-1.2.
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One of the largest populations of crocodiles in Costa Rica is located at the Tempisque River. The species is threatened by habitat loss and poaching; but its populations have grown due to the protection given by law. The research was conducted in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We made a characterization of popular knowledge, activities and perceptions of 374 residents of the study area. It was found that 55% believe that the crocodiles are abundant, 70% believe that populations have increased. The most dangerous activities done are recreation, swimming and fishing. There are significant differences between the proportions of response (X2: 71, n = 10, p <0.0001 X2). These activities are done daily (25%), weekly (30%), monthly (18%) and annually (10%). The risk of attack and the crocodile’s density in the river are not recognized. Also, a lack of knowledge about the natural history and ecology of the species is shown. The reasons for attacks are: the aggressiveness of the animals and their density. There are differences in the responses on the reasons of the attacks (X2: 35, n 8 p <0.0001). Generally, the crocodile perception is unfavorable.
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Dunham, Kevin M., Andrea Ghiurghi, Rezia Cumbi, and Ferdinando Urbano. "Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans." Oryx 44, no. 2 (April 2010): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530999086x.
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AbstractHuman–wildlife conflicts are common across Africa. In Mozambique, official records show that wildlife killed 265 people during 27 months (July 2006 to September 2008). Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus, lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius caused most deaths but crocodiles were responsible for 66%. Crocodile attacks occurred across Mozambique but 53% of deaths occurred in districts bordering Lake Cabora Bassa and the Zambezi River. Hippopotamus attacks were also concentrated here. Lion attacks occurred mainly in northern Mozambique and, while people were attacked by elephants across the country, 67% of deaths occurred in northern Mozambique. Attacks by lions, elephants or hippopotamuses were relatively rare but additional data will probably show that attacks by these species are more widespread than the preliminary records suggest. Buffalo Syncerus caffer, hyaena Crocuta crocuta and leopard Panthera pardus were minor conflict species. Good land-use planning, a long-term solution to many conflicts, is particularly relevant in Mozambique, where the crocodile and hippopotamus populations of protected areas are often in rivers that border these areas, and cause conflicts outside them, and where people commonly live within protected areas. Poverty may prompt fishermen to risk crocodile attack by entering rivers or lakes. The high incidence of conflicts near Limpopo and South Africa’s Kruger National Parks (both within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area) highlights the problems created for people by facilitating the unrestricted movement of wildlife between protected areas across their land.
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Cunningham, Seth W., Matthew H. Shirley, and Evon R. Hekkala. "Fine scale patterns of genetic partitioning in the rediscovered African crocodile,Crocodylus suchus(Saint-Hilaire 1807)." PeerJ 4 (April 12, 2016): e1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1901.
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Landscape heterogeneity, phylogenetic history, and stochasticity all influence patterns of geneflow and connectivity in wild vertebrates. Fine-scale patterns of genetic partitioning may be particularly important for the sustainable management of widespread species in trade, such as crocodiles. We examined genetic variation within the rediscovered African crocodile,Crocodylus suchus, across its distribution in West and Central Africa. We genotyped 109 individuals at nine microsatellite loci from 16 sampling localities and used three Bayesian clustering techniques and an analysis of contemporary gene flow to identify population structure across the landscape. We identified up to eight genetic clusters that largely correspond to populations isolated in coastal wetland systems and across large distances. Crocodile population clusters from the interior were readily distinguished from coastal areas, which were further subdivided by distance and drainage basin. Migration analyses indicated contemporary migration only between closely positioned coastal populations. These findings indicate high levels of population structure throughout the range ofC. suchusand we use our results to suggest a role for molecular tools in identifying crocodile conservation units for this species. Further research, including additional sampling throughout the Congo and Niger drainages, would clarify both the landscape connectivity and management of this species.
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Debata, Subrat, Swetashree Purohit, Anirban Mahata, Sudheer Kumar Jena, and Sharat Kumar Palita. "Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) in river Saberi of Godavari system in southern Odisha, India: conservation implications." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2018): 11770. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3974.10.6.11770-11774.
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A biodiversity survey was conducted in Koraput District of southern Odisha between August 2014 and July 2017. During the survey, occurrence of Mugger or Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris was ascertained from five localities in a stretch of 23km of river Saberi, a tributary of the Godavari River system. The area is in the Gupteswar proposed reserve forest of Odisha, and forms a boundary with Kanger Ghat National Park of Chhattisgarh State. The geographic region offers possible scope for long term ecological monitoring jointly by wildlife organizations of Odisha and Chhattisgarh in collaboration with Central University of Orissa. For long-term conservation of the species, activities may be initiated with annual monitoring of crocodile populations involving local people, and creating awareness about the Schedule-I status of crocodiles under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
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Clarke, Gregory S., Cameron M. Hudson, and Richard Shine. "Encounters between freshwater crocodiles and invasive cane toads in north-western Australia: does context determine impact?" Australian Zoologist 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.015.
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ABSTRACT The potent defensive chemicals of cane toads (Rhinella marina) protect them against predators that lack coevolved physiological tolerance to those toxins. That relative invulnerability may explain why major injuries (such as limb loss) appear to be rare in cane toads from most of their global range; however, we noted frequent predator-induced injuries (>4% of adults) in samples from within the toad’s native range (in French Guiana) and from a site (Lake Argyle) in north-western Australia. Toads at Lake Argyle enter the edge of the lake at night to rehydrate, exposing them to foraging freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). Crocodiles rarely consume toads, but the attacks often result in loss of a limb. Because limbs contain relatively little toxin, attacks to the limbs expose a crocodile to nauseating but non-lethal amounts of toxin; and hence, facilitate taste aversion learning by the predator. The context of the encounters, such as differences in geography, may help to explain why the invasion of cane toads has not significantly impacted on crocodile populations at this site, in contrast to heavy impacts reported from nearby riverine systems.
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Kasai, Fumio, Patricia C. M. O'Brien, and Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith. "Reassessment of genome size in turtle and crocodile based on chromosome measurement by flow karyotyping: close similarity to chicken." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2012): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0141.
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The genome size in turtles and crocodiles is thought to be much larger than the 1.2 Gb of the chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus , GGA), according to the animal genome size database. However, GGA macrochromosomes show extensive homology in the karyotypes of the red eared slider ( Trachemys scripta elegans , TSC) and the Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus , CNI), and bird and reptile genomes have been highly conserved during evolution. In this study, size and GC content of all chromosomes are measured from the flow karyotypes of GGA, TSC and CNI. Genome sizes estimated from the total chromosome size demonstrate that TSC and CNI are 1.21 Gb and 1.29 Gb, respectively. This refines previous overestimations and reveals similar genome sizes in chicken, turtle and crocodile. Analysis of chromosome GC content in each of these three species shows a higher GC content in smaller chromosomes than in larger chromosomes. This contrasts with mammals and squamates in which GC content does not correlate with chromosome size. These data suggest that a common ancestor of birds, turtles and crocodiles had a small genome size and a chromosomal size-dependent GC bias, distinct from the squamate lineage.