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Journal articles on the topic 'Crocodiles'
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1
Inchuai, Rawikan, Peerapol Sukon, and Sompoth Weerakhun. "Molecular detection of Chlamydia spp. and risk factors in farmed siamese crocodile in the mid-northeastern provincial cluster of Thailand." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.018.
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This study surveyed the prevalence of chlamydial infection among farms in the mid-northeastern provincial cluster of Thailand by PCR and phylogenetic analyses of the sequences. Samples from 94 crocodiles were collected from 17 farms in five provinces together with farm management data. Chlamydiaceae was found in 48.94% of the samples (46/94). Of the 17 pooled samples analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing, four samples exhibited 99.3 to 99.5% nucleotide identity with Chlamydia psittaci, three samples exhibited 99.1 to 99.3% nucleotide identity with C. crocodili, and one sample exhibited similarity to both species. The risk factors related to chlamydial infection included the source of young crocodiles and the frequency of water changes. Chlamydial infection was higher in nonclinical crocodiles than in clinical or dead crocodiles (P=0.003). Pharyngitis, fibrinous pharyngitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, and hydropericardium were commonly found in chlamydial-positive cases of ill or dead crocodiles. C. psittaci and C. crocodili were found in both clinical and nonclinical crocodiles. C. psittaci is a well-known zoonotic pathogen. C. crocodili is a new species found in Siamese crocodiles in Thailand. In conclusion, the source of young crocodiles and frequency of water changes were identified as risk factors for chlamydial infection in crocodile farms. C. crocodili should be further investigated to better understand its implications for crocodile heath.
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L. Stuart, Bryan, Benjamin Hayes, Bui Huu Manh, and Steven G. Platt. "Status of crocodiles in the U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020062.
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Both species of native crocodile, Siamese Crocodile Crocodylus siamensis and Estuarine Crocodile C. porosus, are seriously threatened in the wild in Vietnam. The swamp forest of the U Minh region in southern Vietnam was recently suggested to harbor the last remaining wild Estuarine Crocodiles in the country. We investigated the status of crocodiles in the U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve by conducting field surveys and interviewing local people. Field surveys found no signs of living wild crocodiles, and interview results strongly suggested that wild crocodiles have not occurred at U Minh Thuong Nature Reserve for perhaps as long as 30 years.
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Luiselli, L., G. C. Akani, N. Ebere, F. M. Angelici, G. Amori, and E. Politano. "Macro-habitat preferences by the African manatee and crocodiles – ecological and conservation implications." Web Ecology 12, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-12-39-2012.
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Abstract. African manatees (Trichechus senegalensis) and crocodiles are threatened species in parts of their range. In West Africa, crocodiles may constitute the main predators for manatees apart from humans. Here, we explore the macro-habitat selection of manatees and two species of crocodiles (West African crocodiles Crocodylus suchus and dwarf crocodile Osteolaemus tetraspis) in the Niger Delta (Nigeria), testing the hypotheses that (i) manatees may avoid crocodiles in order to minimize risks of predation, and (ii) the two crocodile species do compete. The study was carried out between 1994 and 2010 with a suite of different field techniques. We observed that the main macro-habitat types were freshwater rivers and coastal lagoons for manatees, mangroves for West African crocodiles, and rivers and creeks for dwarf crocodiles, with (i) the three species differing significantly in terms of their macro-habitat type selection, and (ii) significant seasonal influence on habitat selection of each species. Null models for niche overlap showed a significantly lower overlap in macro-habitat type use between manatee and crocodiles, whereas the two crocodiles were relatively similar. Null model analyses did not indicate any competitive interactions between crocodiles. On the other hand, manatees avoided macro-habitats where crocodiles, and especially West African crocodiles, are abundant.
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Wynne, Jut, Marisa Tellez, Kayla Hartwell, Stevan Reneau, Gilroy Welch, Kyle Voyles, Michael Cal, Reynold Cal, Denoy Castillo, and Jane Champion. "Cave-dwelling crocodiles of Central Belize." International Journal of Speleology 52, no. 1 (June 2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.52.1.2470.
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We provide the results on the first systematic effort to study cave-dwelling crocodiles in central Belize. For nearly three decades, managers at Runaway Creek Nature Reserve have frequently observed crocodile tracks and trackways in caves, while subterranean observations of crocodiles were less frequent. We surveyed five caves previously identified as crocodile habitat by wading (up to waist deep) and kayaking; we also deployed trail cameras in five of six flooded caves. Crocodiles were directly observed in two caves and trail camera footage was captured of a crocodile exiting a third cave. Given that introgression between Morelet’s Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii (A.H.A. Duméril & Bibron, 1851)) and the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807) is high throughout their sympatric range and none of the crocodiles were captured, all individuals were identified as Crocodylus acutus x C. moreletii?. Additionally, in the five caves previously identified as crocodile habitat, we identified at least 16 potential prey species including two invertebrate, four fish, one turtle, one bird, several bat, and eight non-bat mammal species via direct observation and trail cameras. Capture, examination, and stomach flushes of cave-dwelling crocodiles, as well as continued monitoring of vertebrates via trail cameras, additional prey species surveys, monitoring of cave temperatures, and developing detailed cave maps of crocodile caves are highly recommended to obtain the information to both characterize crocodile cave use and optimally manage cave resources.
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Benansio, John Sebit, Gift Simon Damaya, Stephan M. Funk, Julia E. Fa, Massimiliano Di Vittorio, Daniele Dendi, and Luca Luiselli. "Attitudes and Perceptions of Local Communities towards Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Sudd Wetlands, South Sudan." Animals 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2024): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14121819.
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Conflicts between human populations and Nile crocodiles are widespread with crocodiles posing significant threats to fisherfolk and riverine communities across r-Saharan Africa. Hundreds of deadly attacks take place annually, and mortality rates may range from 50% to 100%. Attitudes and perceptions towards crocodiles were studied using structured questionnaires among fisherfolk along the River Nile and the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan. Local communities used crocodiles for their meat and skin/leather trades. The meat is regarded to enhance longevity, sexual potency, and protection against witchcraft. Crocodiles are perceived as a main threat to lives and livelihoods as they restrict people’s freedom of movement along water bodies, attack livestock and humans, and devastate fishing equipment. To assess whether responses were influenced by the intensity of crocodile threats, published data on fatal crocodile attacks on humans and livestock were analysed using Generalised Linear Models (GLMs). This analysis indicated a direct link between the number of crocodile attacks and human attitudes. Crocodiles were generally feared and hated, and there was the agreement of the need to destroy breeding habitats. However, some attitudes were complex and nuanced as highlighted by the agreement of local communities on the need to destroy Nile Crocodile breeding habitats on the one hand and the need to establish crocodile sanctuaries as the the preferred strategy to mitigate risks and conflict on the other hand. There is a need for the creation of a crocodile sanctuary in the Sudd wetlands to minimise the risks of illegal hunting and to buffer the increasing pressure on crocodiles due to human population growth and economic upturn after the civil war.
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Hénaut, Yann, and Pierre Charruau. "Nest attendance and hatchling care in wild American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Quintana Roo, Mexico." Animal Biology 62, no. 1 (2012): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x597629.
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AbstractCrocodilians show universal parental care, but few studies concentrate on this behavior in wild crocodiles. We studied nest and hatchling care in genetically pure wild American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) on two Caribbean islands of Mexico. From 2006 to 2009 we made direct observations of crocodile behavior upon discovery of nests and groups of hatchlings in Banco Chinchorro. In 2009, we installed camera traps at 4 nests from the time of their discovery to the hatching of each nest, in Banco Chinchorro and Cozumel Island. Twenty-one other species were observed to visit crocodile nests. No nest predation was observed but nine species represented some danger to nests and/or hatchlings. Females seemed to remain in the nest vicinity during incubation. There was variability in nest visit frequencies and no nest defense toward human intrusion was observed. Visit frequency by other species at nests decreased with increased crocodile visitation. Crocodiles mainly visited nests on darker nights, corresponding to the visits of species representing greater danger for nests. Repair of the nest by females after disturbance was observed for the first time in wild American crocodiles. Crocodile visits were more frequent at the beginning and the end of incubation, which could represent different antipredation strategies. Although adult crocodiles helped during hatching for the emergence of neonates, hatchling care seemed reduced compared to other crocodile species. We provide the first data on nesting behavior of genetically pure American crocodiles in the Yucatan peninsula, which provides a base for future comparisons with Morelet's crocodiles and their hybrids.
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Simbotwe, Malumo Philip. "The Role of Crocodilians in Game Utilization Schemes in the Sadcc Region of Africa." A Current Bibliography on African Affairs 21, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001132558902100202.
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Farming and ranching crocodiles has of late attracted much entrepreneural attention in Africa especially in the SADCC region of Southern Africa where crocodiles still occur in abundance. There are two main reasons for this sudden interest. 1) Crocodile farming and ranching is rewarding in both economic and commercial terms; and 2) the economic value of crocodiles provides a good argument in support of sustainable conservation of the crocodile.
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Ariyaraphong, Nattakan, Wongsathit Wongloet, Pish Wattanadilokchatkun, Thitipong Panthum, Worapong Singchat, Thanyapat Thong, Artem Lisachov, et al. "Should the Identification Guidelines for Siamese Crocodiles Be Revised? Differing Post-Occipital Scute Scale Numbers Show Phenotypic Variation Does Not Result from Hybridization with Saltwater Crocodiles." Biology 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12040535.
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Populations of Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) have severely declined because of hunting and habitat fragmentation, necessitating a reintroduction plan involving commercial captive-bred populations. However, hybridization between Siamese and saltwater crocodiles (C. porosus) has occurred in captivity. Siamese crocodiles commonly have post-occipital scutes (P.O.) with 4–6 scales, but 2–6 P.O. scales were found in captives on Thai farms. Here, the genetic diversity and population structure of Siamese crocodiles with large P.O. variations and saltwater crocodiles were analyzed using mitochondrial DNA D-loop and microsatellite genotyping. Possible crocodile hybrids or phenotypic variations were ascertained by comparison with our previous library from the Siam Crocodile Bioresource Project. Siamese crocodiles with <4 P.O. scales in a row exhibit normal species-level phenotypic variation. This evidence encourages the revised description of Siamese crocodiles. Moreover, the STRUCTURE plot revealed large distinct gene pools, suggesting crocodiles in each farm were derived from distinct lineages. However, combining both genetic approaches provides evidence of introgression for several individual crocodiles, suggesting possible hybridization between Siamese and saltwater crocodiles. We proposed a schematic protocol with patterns observed in phenotypic and molecular data to screen hybrids. Identifying non-hybrid and hybrid individuals is important for long-term in situ/ex situ conservation.
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Eniang, Edem. "People’s perceptions of crocodiles in Nigeria." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 2 (April 1, 2020): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.2.112116.
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Throughout Africa, feelings towards crocodiles vary according to the danger or fear experienced by communities living alongside them. Crocodile conservation programmes must therefore be based on reliable assessments of cultural attitudes towards these reptiles. In this study, we interviewed a random sample of 300 persons in six states in southern Nigeria to determine their perception of crocodiles. Our results revealed that most respondents were very familiar with crocodiles, with animals being regularly sighted but only in small numbers. Most interviewees were aware of just two crocodile types, consistently describing the dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) and the West African Nile crocodile (Crocodylus [niloticus] suchus); only a minority of respondents reporting they were aware of the West African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus).
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Manurung, Ramdani, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Lilik Budi Prasetyo. "MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus) AND RISKS OF HUMAN-CROCODILE CONFLICTS IN SETTLEMENTS AROUND KUTAI NATIONAL PARK, EAST KALIMANTAN." Media Konservasi 26, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.1.52-62.
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Human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) are problems affecting crocodile conservation. Scientific publications on crocodile attack cases in Indonesia are few with low validation which hinder optimal conflict mitigation efforts. The estuarine river of Kutai National Park is a natural habitat for saltwater crocodiles and mostly nearby dense settlements. This study aims to map the distribution of saltwater crocodiles and potential conflicts in the Kutai National Park area. To predict the distribution of saltwater crocodiles, we used Maximum Entropy MAXENT with its environmental predictors i.e. slope, altitude, distance from shore, distance from river, temperature, and habitat types (mangrove forest, freshwater swamp, and shrubs). MAXENT prediction showed that elevation was the most influential variable with AUC (Average Under Curve) value of 0.952. Settlements with activities occurring within one kilometer from the river and those adjacent to coastal areas proved to be the highest in human conflicts with crocodiles.
Key words: conflict, crocodile, human, MAXENT
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Britton, Adam R. C., Erin K. Britton, and Clive R. McMahon. "Impact of a toxic invasive species on freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) populations in upstream escarpments." Wildlife Research 40, no. 4 (2013): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12215.
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Context Spread of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) across northern Australia is of concern. Predator species, including the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), are susceptible to cane toad toxins when ingested. Upstream populations of freshwater crocodiles are smaller than downstream counterparts because of limited resources. We measured the impact of cane toad arrival on densities of these upstream populations. Aims Our aim was to determine whether the influx of cane toads had a negative impact on populations of upstream ‘stunted’ freshwater crocodiles. Methods Population surveys for crocodiles were conducted in three upstream creek systems, using day- and night-based survey methods, before the arrival of cane toads in the area. These surveys were repeated under similar conditions following the arrival of cane toads, to compare the distribution and densities of freshwater crocodiles and, hence, measure the impact of cane toads. Key results There were significant declines in crocodile density at two survey sites following the arrival of cane toads, and we found dead crocodiles and cane toad carcasses with crocodile bite marks. The third site showed no change in density. There was a decline in mean density across all sites from 3.0 crocodiles km–1 to 1.1 crocodiles km–1 following the arrival of cane toads. Conclusions There was an overall decrease in crocodile densities and a reduction in distribution following the arrival of cane toads into the survey area. Dead crocodiles and evidence of their having eaten cane toads strongly suggest that these declines were caused directly by the arrival of cane toads into the area. One site showed no apparent change other than an increase in wariness, which may reflect the distribution of available feeding and shelter resources among the three sites. Implications These results suggest that upstream freshwater crocodile populations are highly susceptible to cane toad toxins, and that impacts on their population can include local extirpation. Considering their morphological and possibly genetic distinctiveness, the loss of these unique populations is of conservation concern.
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González-Desales, Giovany Arturo, Luis Sigler, Jesús García-Grajales, Pierre Charruau, Martha Mariela Zarco-González, Ángel Balbuena-Serrano, and Octavio Monroy-Vilchis. "Factors influencing the occurrence of negative interactions between people and crocodilians in Mexico." Oryx 55, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000668.
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AbstractNegative interactions between people and crocodilians have increased worldwide, but in Mexico there have been few systematic reports and no rigorous evaluation of this problem. We compiled information on negative interactions between people and the spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus and American crocodile Crocodylus acutus from the Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database for 1993–2018, and we investigated interactions in greater depth, through interviews with people in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve. We examined the relationship between the occurrence of negative interactions between people and C. acutus and the species' nesting season and abundance, and presence records. In Mexico, the frequency of negative interactions increases when anthropogenic activities occur close to nesting sites (< 30 km) and during the nesting season (February–September). In La Encrucijada, following negative interactions with crocodiles, the local inhabitants killed 30 crocodiles measuring > 2.5 m long in 2011–2012. The frequency of negative human–crocodilian interactions was not correlated with the abundance of crocodilians but was correlated with the number of presence records of crocodiles. Strategies to minimize these interactions include warnings at nesting sites, increased monitoring of anthropogenic activities during the nesting season, and management of nests to prevent them being destroyed by people.
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La Grange, L. J., D. Govender, and S. Mukaratirwa. "The occurrence ofTrichinella zimbabwensisin naturally infected wild crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Journal of Helminthology 87, no. 1 (February 16, 2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000089.
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AbstractTrichinella zimbabwensishas been found naturally infecting crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia and South Africa, as well as monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) in Zimbabwe. The reports on natural infections were mostly accidental rather than structured surveys and involved very few animals. Previous surveillance studies in South Africa reported a 38.5% prevalence ofT. zimbabwensisamong wild crocodiles tested from the Mpumalanga province and Kruger National Park (KNP). No studies have been conducted to date on the geographical distribution and occurrence ofT. zimbabwensisin wild crocodiles and varans in countries in southern Africa. Recent outbreaks of pansteatitis in crocodile populations of the KNP, South Africa, provided an opportunity to conduct a more structured survey aimed at elucidating the occurrence and distribution ofT. zimbabwensisin culled wild crocodile populations within the KNP. Results from this study showed thatT. zimbabwensisoccurred in 10 out of 12 culled crocodiles form the KNP. The results also showed that the natural distribution ofT. zimbabwensisin crocodiles includes all the major river systems in the KNP. The predilection sites of larvae in muscles followed a different pattern in naturally infected crocodiles compared to observations in experimentally infected mammalian hosts.
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Kofron, Christopher P. "Status and habitats of the three African crocodiles in Liberia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006490.
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ABSTRACTA representative sample of waterways in Liberia was surveyed for crocodiles, and all three species of African crocodiles were observed. Contrary to previous reports, only Nile crocodiles inhabit the Monrovia mangrove swamps and brackish-water mouths of rivers; there are no slendersnouted or dwarf crocodiles in these habitats. There is partitioning of habitats among the three species in Liberia: Nile crocodiles in mangrove swamps and river mouths (brackish water); slendersnouted crocodiles in rivers through rain forest (freshwater); and dwarf crocodiles in small streams through rain forest (freshwater), some entering the adjacent river. Dwarf crocodiles utilize burrows in the stream banks.Nowhere are crocodiles abundant, and there is an apparent absence of adults. Although 40% of Liberia is forested, deforestation is occurring rapidly by foreign timber companies and slash-and-burn agriculture practised by the largely rural population. Hunting with firearms, although illegal, is widespread, both for subsistence and commercially, without concern for depletion. Mangrove ecosystems near human population centres are being destroyed. The combination of the above factors has apparently depleted the crocodile populations in Liberia.
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Walsh, B., and PJ Whitehead. "Problem crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus, at Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory: an assessment of relocation as a mangaement strategy." Wildlife Research 20, no. 1 (1993): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930127.
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Since 1986 the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory has operated a programme to remove 'problem' saltwater crocodiles from waters in and adjoining the township of Nhulunbuy. Over a period of five years, 52 different saltwater crocodiles (44 male) were captured. Most (48) were released at remote sites designated by the traditional Aboriginal owners of the surrounding lands. Release distances from the township varied from 17 to 282 km (by coastline). Many crocodiles (47.9%), including those released at the most distant sites, returned to, and were subsequently recaptured at, the township. Total capture rates (initial captures and recaptures pooled) varied seasonally, with fewer crocodiles being caught in the cooler dry season. During the wet season capture rates remained high, but relatively fewer 'new' crocodiles were caught. Probability of recapture could not be related to distance and direction of release from the township, nor size and sex of the released crocodile. Frequency of capture of individual crocodiles (1-8 times) was also unrelated to these variables. The high rates of return indicate that relocation is unlikely to be an effective strategy for managing humancrocodile interactions, at least in areas where potential release sites already support saltwater crocodile populations near carrying capacity.
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Platt, Steven G., and Ngo Van Tri. "Status of the Siamese crocodile in Vietnam." Oryx 34, no. 3 (July 2000): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00121.x.
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AbstractThe Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, now regarded as one of the world's most endangered crocodilians, was formerly common in the wetlands of southern Vietnam. Populations are thought to have declined in recent years, although quantitative status assessments are unavailable. We surveyed five areas previously believed to harbour the only remaining Siamese crocodile populations in Vietnam, and our results strongly suggest that viable populations are no longer extant. Crocodiles were not observed during spotlight counts of Crocodile Swamp (Nam Cat Tien National Park) or Lac Lake. Crocodiles do not occur in Upper or Lower Krong Pach Reservoirs, and these degraded sites no longer constitute suitable habitat. Remnant populations may exist in the Sere Pok River and Tay Son Lake, but these crocodiles remain subject to persecution. Population declines are attributed to a combination of hunting, habitat destruction, incidental capture in fishing nets and collecting for crocodile farms. Reintroduction to Nam Cat Tien National Park is recommended.
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Somjit, Metawee Thongdee, Songtham Anuntakarun, Sunchai Payungporn, Nlin Arya, Apichart Punchukrang, Pongrama Ramasoota, Sombat Singhakaew, Thassanant Atithep, and Ladawan Sariya. "A new species of Chlamydia isolated from Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252081.
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Chlamydia is a known pathogen in both saltwater and freshwater crocodiles. However, the exact species/strain has not been clearly identified. In this study, we successfully cultivated Siamese crocodile Chlamydia in McCoy cells at a temperature of 30°C. Electron microscopy; phylogeny based on nine conserved taxonomically informative markers, on ompA, or on seven housekeeping genes; and whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the isolate confirmed the identity of the isolate as a new member of the genus Chlamydia, a new species that we name Chlamydia crocodili.
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Tsuji, Takashi. "Crocodiles in Philippine Folklore." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.122.
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This study investigates Philippine folklore of saltwater crocodiles to understand the relationships that people have with them from an anthropological perspective. The collected folklore was classified into eight types: 1) ancestor, 2) monkey heart, 3) red hen, 4) execution, 5) incarnation, 6) deception, 7) monster, and 8) Lusmore. The analysis shows that the crocodile folklore of the Philippines is strongly connected to that of the indigenous people in Borneo. Filipino people tend to recognize crocodiles as both fierce and foolish because they are harmful to their society. In their history, they have rigorously hunted crocodiles for their skin, causing their relationship with them to significantly diminish over time. However, crocodiles are also seen as having the supernatural power to cure sick people, so eating them is prohibited among the Pala’wan on Palawan Island, for instance. This paper concludes that the Filipino people and the crocodile were able to build a harmonious relationship of coexistence in the past, and the current corrupted relationship must change for its future wellbeing.
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Wallace, Kevin M., Alison J. Leslie, and Tim Coulson. "Living with predators: a focus on the issues of human - crocodile conflict within the lower Zambezi valley." Wildlife Research 38, no. 8 (2011): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11083.
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Context Human–wildlife conflict is a global problem and increasing worldwide as people and wildlife compete for limited resources. Conflict between people and crocodiles, especially in Africa, is recognised as a serious problem. The people of the Chiawa Game Management Area are heavily dependent on the Zambezi River for several resources from potable water and irrigating fields to a source of food (subsistence and small-scale commercial fishing). Aims To assess the spatial and temporal scale of human–crocodile conflict (HCC) and identify associated factors, with a view to recommending mitigation measures. Methods A questionnaire survey and Zambia Wildlife Authority data were utilised to estimate the scale of HCC. Key results Between 2000 and 2009, there were 98 crocodile attacks on people, 62.2% were fatal. Most of the attacks occurred while canoe fishing (57.1%) and collecting water (29.6%). Crocodiles were disliked and seen as a ‘problem’ by the majority of the populace. Even though crocodiles are a charismatic mega-fauna species, being employed within the tourism industry had only a minor positive effect on people’s attitudes. The area is an important location for crocodile egg and adult harvesting, although the local population gains no financial benefit. An increase in the number of boreholes in the villages was suggested by the local people as the primary mitigation measure, as well as the removal of crocodiles by various means. Conclusions Although people displayed an understanding of the risks of crocodile attack, very few actually employed mitigation techniques or utilised protective barriers when at the river. Increased water-access points (and their maintenance) in the villages would reduce people’s dependency on the river. The negative attitude towards crocodiles is an issue that has to be addressed to allow successful implementation of long-term conservation strategies. Implications Understanding local people’s attitudes towards wildlife is an important aspect within any conservation management plan.Competition for limited resources by people and wildlife is guaranteed to cause confrontations. The existing mitigation for human crocodile conflict in Zambia is ineffective. The negative attitude towards wildlife needs to be addressed and a suitable response formulated. The most favoured type of mitigation suggested by local people was more boreholes and the removal of crocodiles. Photograph by Kevin Wallace.
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Brien, M. L., C. M. Gienger, C. A. Browne, M. A. Read, M. J. Joyce, and S. Sullivan. "Patterns of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland: a review of historical estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) management." Wildlife Research 44, no. 4 (2017): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17011.
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Context In Queensland, the management of estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) by the government is important for ensuring public safety, especially along the populated east coast, where there is a large human population. Aims The present study aimed to determine historical, temporal and spatial patterns of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland. Methods The study used Queensland Government records of estuarine crocodile attacks (1971–2015), sightings by the general public (2003–2015), and removals and relocations for management purposes (1985–2015) to develop General Linear Models describing historical, temporal and spatial patterns. Key results The highest number of attacks, sightings, removals and relocations occurred along the populated east coast between Townsville and the Daintree during wet season months (November–February). There have been 35 crocodile attacks in Queensland since 1971 (total 0.8 per year; fatal 0.3 per year), mostly involving local people or regular visitors (77.1%), specifically adult males (71.4%; mean age 44). There has been an increase in the rate of crocodile attacks over time, with an average of 1.3 per year since 1996, most of which were non-fatal (84%). The number of crocodile sightings has been increasing annually (with a mean of 348 per year since 2011), while the number of crocodiles removed or relocated for management purposes (n = 608) has fluctuating widely each year (range 1–57). Conclusions The level of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland is increasing, and this is likely to be a consequence of increasing human and crocodile populations. While conflict is highest during the wet season, estuarine crocodiles pose a threat to public safety year round. Implications With the increase in conflict, the ongoing management of estuarine crocodiles, through targeted removals in and around areas of higher human habitation and through education, is essential for ensuring public safety into the future.
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Briggs-Gonzalez, Venetia S., Mathieu Basille, Michael S. Cherkiss, and Frank J. Mazzotti. "American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) as restoration bioindicators in the Florida Everglades." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0250510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250510.
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The federally threatened American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a flagship species and ecological indicator of hydrologic restoration in the Florida Everglades. We conducted a long-term capture-recapture study on the South Florida population of American crocodiles from 1978 to 2015 to evaluate the effects of restoration efforts to more historic hydrologic conditions. The study produced 10,040 crocodile capture events of 9,865 individuals and more than 90% of captures were of hatchlings. Body condition and growth rates of crocodiles were highly age-structured with younger crocodiles presenting with the poorest body condition and highest growth rates. Mean crocodile body condition in this study was 2.14±0.35 SD across the South Florida population. Crocodiles exposed to hypersaline conditions (> 40 psu) during the dry season maintained lower body condition scores and reduced growth rate by 13% after one year, by 24% after five years, and by 29% after ten years. Estimated hatchling survival for the South Florida population was 25% increasing with ontogeny and reaching near 90% survival at year six. Hatchling survival was 34% in NE Florida Bay relative to a 69% hatchling survival at Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge and 53% in Flamingo area of Everglades National Park. Hypersaline conditions negatively affected survival, growth and body condition and was most pronounced in NE Florida Bay, where the hydrologic conditions have been most disturbed. The American crocodile, a long-lived animal, with relatively slow growth rate provides an excellent model system to measure the effects of altered hydropatterns in the Everglades landscape. These results illustrate the need for continued long-term monitoring to assess system-wide restoration outcomes and inform resource managers.
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Behangana, Mathias, Wilber Lukwago, Daniele Dendi, Luca Luiselli, and David Ochanda. "Population surveys of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Murchison Falls National Park, Victoria Nile, Uganda." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0015.
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Abstract1. A 12-month-long survey (April 2013 to March 2014) for Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) was conducted along a section of the Victoria Nile/Ramsar site of Murchison Falls National Park, in order to update the historic information on crocodile populations in the area, locating nesting areas, determining seasonality patterns and habitat use, and assess the current abundance and the population size trends since the 1960s. The methods employed included visual encounter surveys, transect counts and opportunistic methods, by using boats. 2. In general, there were diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in the number of crocodile sightings. The crocodile sightings peaked between the months of June and August, with the highest mean number of sightings encountered on any single day being 67 (in July 2013), and the second peak was between January and March with the highest mean of 118 recorded in January 2014. The second peak also coincided with the crocodile breeding season. This clearly shows that the distribution of the sub-population sampled followed a climatic regime. 3. Crocodiles were observed most frequently in water (37%). Grassy banks, islands, river mouths and sandy banks constituted about 47% of the habitats utilised by the crocodile population. Although basking was the most frequent type of activity performed by crocodiles (50%) over the entire survey period, their key activities varied significantly from month to month. Nesting was very visible during the last quarter of the year and the first quarter of the New Year. 4. There was a clear decline of the abundance of crocodiles in this population between 1960s and nowadays. This declining trend was obvious also taking into account the various survey methodologies employed over the decades.
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Thorbjarnarson, John, Steven G. Platt, and U. Saw Tun Khaing. "A population survey of the estuarine crocodile in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar." Oryx 34, no. 4 (October 2000): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00135.x.
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AbstractThe estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus was formerly abundant in coastal regions of Myanmar, but is now known principally from the lower Ayeyarwady Delta. We conducted a survey during January 1999 to assess quantitatively the status of crocodile populations in protected areas of the lower delta. Spotlight counts were conducted along 275.4 km of waterways. Sixty-one crocodiles (50 juveniles, 4 subadults, 2 adults and 5 eyeshines) were observed in the Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary (MKWS), and the total population was estimated to be less than 100. The Kadônkani and Pyindaye Reserved Forests (RF) apparently no longer support viable populations. Although crocodiles remain critically endangered in the region, a comparison with survey data from 1980 suggests localized recovery is occurring in MKWS. Population declines are attributed to a combination of commercial skin hunting, habitat loss, drowning in fishing nets and over-collection of living animals to supply crocodile farms. A programme of law enforcement, habitat protection and head-starting juveniles is necessary to ensure the continued survival of estuarine crocodiles in the Ayeyarwady Delta.
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Weinreich, Spencer J. "Thinking with Crocodiles: An Iconic Animal at the Intersection of Early-Modern Religion and Natural Philosophy." Early Science and Medicine 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2015): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00203p01.
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This paper seeks to explore how culturally and religiously significant animals could shape discourses in which they were deployed, taking the crocodile as its case study. Beginning with the textual and visual traditions linking the crocodile with Africa and the Middle East, I read sixteenth- and seventeenth-century travel narratives categorizing American reptiles as “crocodiles” rather than “alligators,” as attempts to mitigate the disruptive strangeness of the Americas. The second section draws on Ann Blair’s study of “Mosaic Philosophy” to examine scholarly debates over the taxonomic identity of the biblical Leviathan. I argue that the language and analytical tools of natural philosophy progressively permeated religious discourse. Finally, a survey of more than 25 extant examples of the premodern practice of displaying crocodiles in churches, as well as other crocodilian elements in Christian iconography, provides an explanation for the ubiquity of crocodiles in Wunderkammern, as natural philosophy appropriated ecclesial visual vocabularies.
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Gani, Mohd Izwan Zulaini Abdul, Ruhana Hassan, Oswald Braken Tisen, and Rambli Ahmad. "Human-Crocodile Conflicts in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: An analysis of crocodile attacks from 2000 until 2020." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 16 (January 27, 2022): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2022.16.25.
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Crocodiles have caused a relatively high number of fatalities towards local people in Sarawak, a Malaysian state in Borneo. However, they have important cultural values and are well respected by the riverine communities in the state. The objective of this study is to determine the patterns of human-crocodile conflict in Sarawak which could help in managing the problems between crocodile and human. Information on crocodile attacks were collected from multiple sources including records kept by local authority, media or CrocBITE database. Over a 21 years period (year 2000-2020), the record attacks (n=164) showed a balance between fatal and non-fatal cases. Most common victims in Sarawak were male (86.6%) and adults from the age of 31 to 40 years old (20.7%). The attacks occurred more during the daylight (59.4%), with the peak time for crocodile attacks was approximately between 1800 to 2359 hours (33.3%). Crocodile attacks occur slightly more during the wet season, from October to March (54.0%), with the highest one recorded in March (16.8%). Fishing (26.2%) and bathing (22.0%) in the rivers possess the highest risk of crocodile attack, suggesting that crocodiles are more likely to attack when the victim is in the water. The findings imply that crocodiles' attack pattern in Sarawak is associated with the people’s activities pattern. There is a need to update the database on crocodile attacks in Sarawak on -real time basis as this will facilitate the relevant agencies in formulating the strategies to reduce the number of crocodile attacks and ensuring the safety of the riverine communities.
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Aziz, Md Abdul, and Md Anwarul Islam. "Population status and spatial distribution of saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v46i1.37624.
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The Saltwater Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus is endangered in Bangladesh, and currently surviving in rivers and channels of the Sundarbans mangrove forest of the country. Very little information is available on this apex predator in the Sundarbans aquatic ecosystem, therefore a survey was carried out to assess population status and their spatial distribution. By surveying approximately 351 km of rivers of the Bangladesh Sundarbans during daytime between 2014 and 2015, a total of 42 individual crocodiles were recorded, with an overall encounter rate of 0.12 crocodiles (SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.18) per km of rivers. Based on this estimate, it is inferred that a population of approximately 140 crocodiles (95% CI = 90 - 190) could occur in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. The generalised linear model revealed statistically insignificant negative relationship of relative crocodile abundance with the salinity level (β = –0.067, SE = 0.057, p = 0.242) and protection status (β = –0.208, SE = 0.855, p = 0.808), and statistically insignificant positive relationship with the distance to human habitations (β = 0.004, SE = 0.039, p = 0.914). Disturbance by resource collectors, cargo vessels, and water pollution are the major threats to crocodile populations of the Sundarbans. The results of this study will be useful in future population monitoring to guide conservation management of saltwater crocodile in this important habitat.
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Sandoval-Hernández, Iván, Alejandro Duran-Apuy, and Jacqueline Quirós-Valerio. "Activities That May Influence the Risk of Crocodile (Crocodylus Acutus: Reptilia: Crocodilidae) Attack to Humans in the Tempisque River Area, Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Uniciencia 31, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.31-1.2.
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One of the largest populations of crocodiles in Costa Rica is located at the Tempisque River. The species is threatened by habitat loss and poaching; but its populations have grown due to the protection given by law. The research was conducted in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We made a characterization of popular knowledge, activities and perceptions of 374 residents of the study area. It was found that 55% believe that the crocodiles are abundant, 70% believe that populations have increased. The most dangerous activities done are recreation, swimming and fishing. There are significant differences between the proportions of response (X2: 71, n = 10, p <0.0001 X2). These activities are done daily (25%), weekly (30%), monthly (18%) and annually (10%). The risk of attack and the crocodile’s density in the river are not recognized. Also, a lack of knowledge about the natural history and ecology of the species is shown. The reasons for attacks are: the aggressiveness of the animals and their density. There are differences in the responses on the reasons of the attacks (X2: 35, n 8 p <0.0001). Generally, the crocodile perception is unfavorable.
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Ouedraogo, Ilassa, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Noëllie W. Kpoda, Adama Oueda, Victor Bance, Justine Kabore, and Gustve B. Kabre. "Impact of road construction on the distribution of Crocodylus suchus (Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1807) in urban park Bangr-Weoogo (Burkina Faso)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i2.7.
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In contrast to other anthropogenic activities, little is known about impact of road construction on reptile’s distribution in urban areas. Therefore, the present study aimed at quantifying impact of road construction on C. suchus distribution. It was conducted from February 2016 to May 2018, in the urban Park Bangr-weoogo. C. suchus populations were counted day by used binoculars pairs and night by spotlight. The different observations were carried on foot. Every time, we observed crocodile, we visually estimate its size class. When we couldn’t appreciate the size of an individual, it was just noted as eyes only. About road works, direct observations have been done and noted. To have mapping of the dynamics of crocodile habitats in the park, aerial shots were taken during road construction. We used QGIS version 2.18.2 to establish map distribution of crocodiles. A total of 145 crocodiles including 10.34% of hatchlings, 17.93% of juveniles, 31.03% of subadults and 24.14 of adults were counted before road works. While during road work, 202 crocodiles were counted, whose 5.45% of hatchlings, 19.8% of juveniles, 30.69% of subadults and 37.62% of adults. Road work has led to a loss of crocodile habitat.Keywords: Protected area, habitat, abundance.
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Sideleau, Brandon M., Karen S. Edyvane, and Adam R. C. Britton. "An analysis of recent saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks in Timor-Leste and consequences for management and conservation." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 5 (2017): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15354.
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Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) are potentially dangerous to humans, yet they have major cultural value to many people in Timor-Leste. Recent increases in attack risk are influencing traditional attitudes, threatening culls of remaining wild crocodile populations. To understand patterns that may assist mitigation, we compiled attack records for the period of April 2007 to April 2014, using the CrocBITE online database. Recorded attacks (n=45) showed a high fatality rate (82.2%), the majority (77.8%) being recorded since 2010. The highest proportion of attacks (46.7%) occurred in southern coastal wetlands suited to crocodiles, areas representing major sources of food, livelihoods and ecosystem services (i.e. fisheries, timber, coastal protection) for locals. Subsistence fishing posed the highest attack risk, particularly from September to February when food security is low. Attacks matched gender roles (most victims were males, the primary fishers) and demographic patterns (teenagers, the fastest growth group, comprised the highest proportion). Predicted increases in food insecurity, fishing activities, coastal impacts and rising human and crocodile populations pose worrying implications for human–crocodile conflict. We recommend essential baseline surveys enabling meaningful management decisions, and suggest that tailored management and educational awareness based on proven existing models could substantially mitigate attack risk while remaining compatible with traditional Timorese attitudes towards crocodiles.
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Rice, Prudence M. "CROCODILES, SHARKS, AND SOME SPECULATIONS ON CENTRAL PETEN PRECLASSIC HISTORY." Ancient Mesoamerica 31, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536119000099.
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AbstractThe first part of this two-part essay discusses the important roles crocodiles and sharks played in Preclassic (and later) political geography and myths of cosmogenesis in Mesoamerica. They are associated with sacrifices resulting in creation of the world and births of some major gods. Crocodiles are also associated with fertility, rebirth, and renewal of seasonal and temporal/calendrical cycles. Recent investigations at Nixtun-Ch'ich’ show that its gridded urban landscape, established in the Middle Preclassic period (ca. 800–400 b.c.), was likely modeled on a crocodile's back. The second part of the essay presents some speculations on the early role of this site and crocodiles in central Peten. At Tikal, archaeology and retrospective texts indicate that crocodiles appeared in early versions of the site's emblem glyph and in the name of an early ruler. Nixtun-Ch'ich’ might be the legendary chi place, important in the dynastic foundations of several lowland Maya centers.
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Prado, R. O. F., D. M. I. Carrillo, R. J. A. Hernández, R. J. A. Ruíz, and C. A. C. García. "Biochemical reference intervals for captive bred Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus in the Alcuzahue Lagoon, Colima, Mexico." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 74, no. 6 (December 2022): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12692.
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ABSTRACT Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus are two endangered crocodile species endemic to Mexico. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 58 crocodiles (30 females and 28 males) were examined to determine and evaluate 24 blood biochemical indicators associated with energy, lipid, protein, mineral and enzymatic metabolic processes. Most of the serum biochemistry parameters were similar among sexes by species. However, male crocodiles showed higher triacylglycerol concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity, and lower globulin concentration than females. There were some significant differences between species. Total bilirubin, triacylglycerol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen carbonate were higher in Crocodylus moreletii, and urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in Crocodylus acutus. These reference values are very important for the protection of crocodiles. The calculated confidence intervals could be used to detect alert situations when at least 5% of the sampled crocodiles would fall outside of the calculated reference interval for a given parameter.
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Coleman, Tyler Steven, Wray Gabel, Michael Easter, Maggie McGreal, Mahmood Sasa Marin, Davinia Beneyto Garrigos, and Christopher M. Murray. "The Spatial Ecology of Nuisance Crocodiles: Movement Patterns of Relocated American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Animals 14, no. 2 (January 22, 2024): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020339.
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Anthropogenic alterations of the environment have increased, highlighting the need for human–wildlife coexistence and conflict mitigation. Spatial ecology, and the use of passive satellite movement technology in particular, has been used to identify patterns in human–wildlife conflict as a function of shared resources that present potential for dangerous situations. Here, we aim to remotely identify patterns indicative of human–crocodile conflict in Guanacaste, Costa Rica by exploring site fidelity and diverse modes of movement (i.e., land and water) across space between nuisance (relocated) and non-nuisance (wild) crocodiles. Advanced satellite remote sensing technology provided near-constant movement data on individuals at the regional scale. Telonics Iridium SeaTrkr-4370-4 transmitters were used with modified crocodilian fitting. Results indicate that relocated crocodiles exhibited large-scale movements relative to wild crocodiles. Nuisance relocated crocodiles either returned to the area of nuisance or potentially attempted to in short time frames. The results presented here highlight the need for alternative management strategies that facilitate relocation efficacy.
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Dwinarendra, Antonius, Parino Rahardjo, and Priyendiswara Agustina Bela. "STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN JUMLAH PENGUNJUNG WISATA TAMAN BUAYA TANJUNG PASIR." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i2.8875.
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Crocodile Tourism Park has a land area of 5 hectares. This crocodile park is located in Tanjung Pasir tourist area, as a tourist destination in and around Kabupaten Tangerang. This crocodile park has been operating since 2005 owned by Lukman Arifin. This crocodile park is the only theme park of fauna and breeding, especially crocodile in Tangerang. This crocodile park is expected to be one of the new icons in Tanjung Pasir tourism area and become an educative amusement park. At the moment there are more than 400 crocodiles of new age hatch up to 70 years and in this crocodile park has a rare collection of albino crocodiles. In addition to seeing crocodiles in this crocodile park can also feed crocodiles. Once this crocodile park has various performances of crocodile, selling the knacks, but now stopped because of the visitors. This research aims to determine the potential and problems of the Tanjung Pasir Crocodile Park, which has an impact on visitors. Data collection is done by field survey, questionnaire scatter, interview, documentation and literature study. From analysis results conducted such as site and site analysis, benchmark analysis, visitor perception analysis and policy, resulted in strategy proposals such as from the start of physical repair, improvement of management, and proposed promotion of tourist parks. So visitors feel interested to visit. Keywords: crocodile park; strategy; visitors AbstrakTaman Wisata Buaya Tanjung Pasir memiliki luas lahan 5 hektare. Taman buaya ini berada di Kawasan Wisata Tanjung Pasir, sebagai destinasi wisata di Kabupaten Tangerang dan sekitarnya. Taman Buaya ini telah beroperasi sejak 2005 yang dimiliki oleh Lukman Arifin. Taman buaya ini merupakan satu – satunya taman hiburan fauna dan penangkaran khususnya buaya yang ada di Tangerang. Taman buaya ini diharapkan menjadi salah satu ikon baru di Kawasan Wisata Tanjung Pasir dan menjadi taman hiburan yang edukatif. Pada saat ini terdapat lebih dari 400 ekor buaya dari usia baru menetas sampai 70 tahun dan di taman buaya ini memiliki koleksi buaya albino yang terbilang langka. Selain melihat buaya di taman buaya ini juga dapat memberi makan buaya. Dahulu taman buaya ini memiliki berbagai pertunjukan pawang buaya, menjual pernak – pernik buaya, namun kini sudah berhenti karena sepinya pengunjung. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui potensi dan masalah yang ada di Taman Buaya Tanjung Pasir yang berdampak pada sepinya pengunjung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara survey lapangan, sebar kuisioner, wawancara, dokumentasi dan studi literature. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan seperti analisis lokasi dan tapak, analisis benchmark, analisis persepsi pengunjung dan kebijakan, dihasilkan usulan strategi seperti dari mulai perbaikan fisik, perbaikan menejemen, dan usulan promosi taman wisata. Sehingga pengunjung merasa tertarik untuk berkunjung.
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Thongkamkoon, Pacharee, Nopporn Tohmee, Erin K. Morris, Laksanee Inamnuay, and Eric D. Lombardini. "Combined Fatal Systemic Chlamydia sp. and Aeromonas sobria Infection in Juvenile Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 5 (April 16, 2018): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818768382.
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Chlamydial infections in crocodiles have been described in several countries and in several different species. These are typically associated with severe pharyngitis and conjunctivitis, with death occurring secondary to compromise of the upper respiratory tract due to obstruction of the trachea. A population of ranched Siamese crocodiles in central Thailand experienced an epizootic of sudden death in juvenile animals. The affected animals had fulminant systemic disease primarily involving the liver and spleen but also affecting the kidneys, heart, and the whole of the respiratory tract. Chlamydia sp. were noted in liver and spleen during histopathological examination and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence of the PCR product suggested a novel Chlamydia sp. of Siamese crocodiles. Crocodile farming represents an important economy in several parts of the world. Epizootics, such as the one described in this manuscript in association with Chlamydia sp., can have devastating impact on the industry and represent a potential zoonosis of significant public health concern. This is the first report of Chlamydia sp. and Aeromonas sobria causing systemic disease in crocodiles as well as the first histopathological and ultrastructural description of Chlamydia infection in Siamese crocodiles.
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Bayliss, P., GJW Webb, PJ Whitehead, K. Dempsey, and A. Smith. "Estimating the Abundance of Saltwater Crocodiles, Crocodylus-Porosus Schneider, in Tidal Wetlands of the Northern Territory - a Mark-Recapture Experiment to Correct Spotlight Counts to Absolute Numbers, and the Calibration of Helicopter and Spotlight Coun." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860309.
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A mark-recapture experiment was used to estimate the total population of crocodiles in four 10-km sections of the Adelaide River; a downstream and upstream section of the mainstream, and two sections of tidal side creeks. The Petersen Estimate yielded 135 � 5 (SE) crocodiles in the downstream river section, 54 � 6 in the upstream section, and 44 � 2 in the two side creeks combined (approximately 22 crocodiles per 10 km of side creek). For the two mainstream sections and the combined creek sections, respectively, 66%, 59%, and 35% of crocodiles present were sighted in a typical spotlight survey. The probability of sighting a crocodile decreased with increasing density of bank vegetation, with decreasing stream width, and with increasing stream sinuosity. Detection of crocodiles in the downstream river section was also affected by size-related wariness: the probability of detecting hatchlings was large (P = 0.69), and for crocodiles longer than 3.0 m, small (P = 0.15). Diurnal counts of crocodiles from a helicopter were calibrated to spotlight counts from a boat at low tide in a 40-km mainstream section and four tidal side creeks of the Adelaide River system. In river habitats with large exposed mudbanks, aerial observers missed 20-33% of sightable crocodiles in their field of view; and in side creeks lined with dense mangroves, 33-75%. When corrected for this observer bias, helicopter surveys in the mainstream at low spring tide produced similar counts to spotlight surveys. In the mainstream, helicopter counts at low neap tide were 37% lower than spotlight counts at low spring tide, but in side creeks were 45% higher. In comparison with spotlight counts, only 18% and 29% of crocodiles were seen . from a helicopter in two densely vegetated freshwater billabongs. A feasibility survey showed that in remote areas helicopter surveys produced counts of crocodiles similar to those by spotlight surveys from boats, and cost one-quarter as much ($7 km-1 compared with $28 km-1 of habitat surveyed).
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Velasco Barbieri, Alvaro. "Individual identification of Crocodylus intermedius (Orinoco crocodile) using tail spot patterns." UNED Research Journal 12, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): e3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v12i2.3140.
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Introduction: The Conservation Action Plan of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) includes in its activities the release of captive-bred specimens back into the wild. By monitoring these specimens in their natural habitat their adaptability is assessed. However, an accurate identification system is necessary to recognize the individuals when they are recaptured. Objetive: Determinate if Swanepoel or Boucher et al. for crocodile identification for the Orinoco crocodile is useful. Methods: A total of 543 Orinoco crocodiles were photographed and each photo was vectorized by drawing dark spots greater than 25% for each scute, in the first 10 lines of double caudal scales of the tail on the right side. Two system codes were evaluated, one is a numeric code described by Swanepoel and the other is an additive code described by Boucher et al. Results: A total of 464 Swanepoel codes and 537 Boucher et al. codes based on the dark spot pattern of the scales on the right side of the tails were generated for the 543 specimens. Both methods yielded high code values, however, the one developed by Boucher et al., with a 98.90% differentiation of the analyzed specimens, worked better. Conclusion: The study confirms that using the method of spots in the tail of crocodiles is an effective tool for identifying individual crocodiles.
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Stalter, Laura, Megan Terry, Alex Riley, and Austin Leeds. "Home is where the home range is: Identifying territoriality and exhibit preferences in an ex-situ group of all-male Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 25, 2024): e0297687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297687.
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Here, the presence or absence of territoriality was evaluated in an all-male Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) group living in an ex-situ environment. Location data for each crocodile within the exhibit were collected three times per day over a two-year period, including two warm seasons and two cold seasons. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to create seasonal home ranges and core areas for each crocodile, to quantify the overlap of these home ranges and core areas to assess potential territoriality, and to calculate exhibit preferences of the group. Core area overlap was significantly lower than home range overlap, suggesting the crocodiles established territories within their exhibit. This pattern of behavior was similar across seasons, though it moderately intensified during the cold season. The crocodiles appeared to be more territorial in water, as overlap was most concentrated on the central beach, the only feature utilized more than expected based in its availability in the exhibit. These findings highlight the behavioral complexity of Nile crocodiles in human care, specifically the ability of Nile crocodiles to adapt to ex-situ environments similar to their wild counterparts by forming territories despite spatial constraints. Identifying the presence of territorial behavior is important for the care and welfare of ex-situ animals, as territorial animals have specific requirements that may result in increased agonism when unmet. It can also provide valuable context to aid in mitigation strategies, for example, when undesirable levels of agonism do occur. The findings here provide an example of how methodology from the wildlife ecology field can be adapted to ex-situ settings using a GIS and contributes to the current understanding of crocodilian behavior in human care.
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Ramadani, Budi Afriyansyah, and Amir Hamidy. "Population and Habitat Characteristics of the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus, Schneider 1801) in the Antan River, Jebus-Parittiga District, West Bangka." Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 19, no. 1 (2023): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47349/jbi/19012023/17.
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Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest and longest crocodilian species in the world. The increasing human activities along river have been caused habitat degradation in watersheds. On the other hand, the crocodile population may have increased after decades of protection. Rivers that are habitat for crocodiles and have increased human occupancy have led to increase conflicts with crocodiles. This increasing cases requires the management authorities to immediately issue policies based on scientific data. Population data and habitat characteristics of saltwater crocodiles in the Bangka Belitung Islands are not yet available. The research with the aim to know the population condition and habitat characteristics of the saltwater crocodile in the Antan River, Bangka Belitung Islands, was conducted using visual encounter survey method along 5 km. Observations were made in three time periods, namely morning, afternoon, and evening with 8 repetitions per period. Population were analyzed using the encounter rate formula, while the habitat characteristics were described descriptively. During the research, we only found one adult and this individual was sighted in the morning, afternoon and evening. This study also confirms that crocodile surveys should be conducted at night. The encounter rate at the study site was 1.13 individu/km. This value indicates that the population is small. The habitat type in the Antan river is a mangrove ecosystem with a depth of around 2.55 meters, water brightness 38.6%, water temperature 29.18℃, salt content 0.89%, and water pH 6.09. Although only one adult individual is found, it requires attention because in general conflict cases occur in adult individuals.
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Serrano, Oscar Sierra, Andreia Garcês, Isabel Pires, John Alexander Calderón Mateus, Juan Medina Olivera, and Jhesteiner Julio Dávila. "Congenital Anomalies in American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus, Cuvier, 1807) Embryos from a Farm Breeder in Colombia." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2024): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070317.
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The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus, Cuvier, 1807) (Class Reptilia, Family Crocodylidae) is a crocodile species inhabiting the Neotropics. Congenital defects have been described in almost every vertebrate group. In crocodiles, teratology alterations have been described in captive animals (pets, zoos, farms) such as Crocodylus niloticus or Gavialis gangeticus. The present study aimed to characterize congenital malformations of C. acutus from a farm in Lomas de Matunilla, Ballestas, Bolívar, Colombia. A total of 550 unhatched eggs were examined after embryo death. A total of 61 embryos presented malformations, with 42 different types of anomalies observed. Limb and tail malformations (29%) were the most common malformations observed. Several malformations, such as cephalothoracopagus, thoracopagus, sternopagus, xiphopagus twins, campylorrachis scoliosa, and acrania, were documented in crocodiles for the first time. Research in teratology enhances our understanding of crocodile biology. It plays a role in their conservation and management, thus helping to ensure the long-term viability of these species in their natural habitats.
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Khan, Naveed Ahmed, Morhanavallee Soopramanien, Sutherland Kester Maciver, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Kuppusamy Sagathevan, and Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui. "Crocodylus porosus Gut Bacteria: A Possible Source of Novel Metabolites." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164999.
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Crocodiles are remarkable animals that have the ability to endure extremely harsh conditions and can survive up to a 100 years while being exposed to noxious agents that are detrimental to Homo sapiens. Besides their immunity, we postulate that the microbial gut flora of crocodiles may produce substances with protective effects. In this study, we isolated and characterized selected bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of Crocodylusporosus and demonstrated their inhibitory effects against three different cancerous cell lineages. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, several molecules were identified. For the first time, we report partial analyses of crocodile’s gut bacterial molecules.
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Jon Hakim and Jack Pravin Sharma. "Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris (Lesson, 1831) predation on Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788), with notes on existing literature regarding their predation on birds." Journal of Threatened Taxa 16, no. 6 (June 26, 2024): 25489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.9093.16.6.25489-25491.
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Several observers have noted that Mugger Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris incorporate birds into their diet, though no authors have reviewed the full range of bird species subject to such predation. In the present study, the first observation of Mugger Crocodile predation on an owl, specifically the Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis, is reported. Additionally, the existing literature regarding Mugger Crocodile predation on birds is summarized.
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Wermuth, Heinz. "Praktische Erfahrungen beim Identifizieren von Krokodil-Lederwaren für die Belange des Artenschutzes." Amphibia-Reptilia 7, no. 1 (1986): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853886x00244.
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AbstractExperiences gained during nearly a decade of practice of identifying crocodile leather goods are reported, to counsel other herpetologists, who are dealing with the same problems, and to help them to avoid sources of error. Artificial crocodile-like leather is manufactured mostly of calf hides on which the typical crocodile pattern is coined and can be identified by reason of the abnormal regularity of the arrangement of the scutes and scales, the presence of mammalian hair pores, not to be mistaken for the pore-like sense organs of the true crocodiles and the gharial, and the softness of those structures which are deluding to be ossified. So-called Diamond Croco is consisting of a basic layer of poorest crocodile skiver coated with a layer of varnish on which the "crocodile pattern" is coined. The coating layer can be removed by means of acetone. Finally, the arrangement of the dermis (cutis) fibres of microscopical slices may give an indication whether or not a leather is made of a crocodile or a mammal. In most cases, true caiman goods mostly offered as brown coloured and water-proof Wild Croco are easy to identify by reason of the typical hard and double-pieced ossifications of the ventral scutes. However, the Italian industry has found a method to remove the ossification by means of simple shivers of glass, so that the goods can be manufactured as black and shiny High Polish Croco. In spite of the softness of the formerly ossified parts, the identification as true caiman leather is possible, as the surface of the belly scutes still retained remnants of the wrinkles caused by the former ossifications beneath them. On the contracy to all alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the leather of the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) and of the true gharial (family Gavialidae) may be identified by reason of one or more pore-like sense organs at the rears of the belly scutes. However, this feature is not clear in all cases. Some typical features of true crocodilian leather goods may concentrate the efforts to some few species only or may exclude a large number of other species a priori. Such "key features" may be an unusual large or low number of belly scutes within the middlemost transversal or longitudinal series, certain peculiarities in the number and in the arrangement of the flank scales, or the squarish or rectangular shape of the scutes. An identification, at least of the racial relationship, is impossible if the external longitudinal series of the flank scales are cut off. Such mutilations may be a trick to prevent an identification of Rio Apaporis crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis) hides, belonging to the most endangered crocodilians (CITES Appendix I). This subspecies can be separated from the northern crocodile caiman (C. c. fuscus, Appendix II) only by reason of the details of the flank scales, especially of those of the external series. Occasionally, only one face of a bag my consist of C. c. apaporiensis leather while the opposite face is manufactured of the leather of another subspecies, like C. c. fuscus or C. c. crocodilus. Combinations of parts of different species are not uncommon.
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Milinkovitch, Michel C., Liana Manukyan, Adrien Debry, Nicolas Di-Poï, Samuel Martin, Daljit Singh, Dominique Lambert, and Matthias Zwicker. "Crocodile Head Scales Are Not Developmental Units But Emerge from Physical Cracking." Science 339, no. 6115 (November 29, 2012): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1226265.
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Various lineages of amniotes display keratinized skin appendages (feathers, hairs, and scales) that differentiate in the embryo from genetically controlled developmental units whose spatial organization is patterned by reaction-diffusion mechanisms (RDMs). We show that, contrary to skin appendages in other amniotes (as well as body scales in crocodiles), face and jaws scales of crocodiles are random polygonal domains of highly keratinized skin, rather than genetically controlled elements, and emerge from a physical self-organizing stochastic process distinct from RDMs: cracking of the developing skin in a stress field. We suggest that the rapid growth of the crocodile embryonic facial and jaw skeleton, combined with the development of a very keratinized skin, generates the mechanical stress that causes cracking.
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Leeds, Austin, Alex Riley, Megan Terry, Marcus Mazorra, Lindsay Wick, Scott Krug, Kristen Wolfe, et al. "Out of Sight, Out of Mind or Just Something in the Way? Visual Barriers Do Not Reduce Intraspecific Agonism in an All-Male Group of Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030269.
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Here, we evaluated if visual barriers could reduce intraspecific agonism in an all-male group of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) living in a zoo. Crocodiles were monitored for nearly 100 h, and four “hotspots” of aggression within their exhibit were identified. Within these four locations, visual barriers were placed at the surface of the water with the goal of reducing agonism by targeting sight lines associated with their species-typical minimum exposure posture, where crocodiles submerge their body but maintain facial sensory organs above the water line. Crocodile behavior was then monitored for 226 h, evaluating both short- and long-term effects of the visual barriers. In both observation periods, intraspecific agonism was unaffected by visual barriers. However, crocodiles were more likely to be on land and closer together, after the barriers were installed, showing the barriers affected nonagonistic behaviors. Monitoring of such unintended effects is significant to ensure no welfare concerns are created in any exhibit or husbandry modification attempt. Additionally, time of day and temperature were significant predictors of behavior, highlighting the importance of such factors in the analysis of reptilian behavior. While ineffective at reducing agonism, this is the first published study evaluating exhibit design and behavior of crocodilians in zoos and aquariums. The methodologies and findings here should provide useful information for future behavioral and welfare studies of this understudied taxa.
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Subramaniam, Kunasilan, Grace Wong Yi-Li, Vomanasri Krishnan, Iyvonne Chuah Sock Yi, and Muhammad Aniq bin Mohd Amran. "Crocodile Attack Injuries: A Failed Attempt to Conceal Homicide." Academic Forensic Pathology 11, no. 3 (August 8, 2021): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19253621211033472.
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Crocodile attacks are not uncommon in this region. There have been 92 cases reported since 2015 and 50 cases alone reported in Sarawak. Every year death has been attributed to a crocodile attack. An estimate of 71% of the total cases of crocodile attack ended up dead. However, there are instances where a crocodile attack happened after the death of a person. This is a case of an adult male who was reported missing. His body was found by two local anglers, being mauled by crocodiles. Only partial trunk and lower limbs were found, and the major organs were absent. The postmortem features of the crocodile attacks have been described.
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TABORA, JOHN ARIES G., MA RHEYDA P. HINLO, CAROLYN A. BAILEY, RUNHUA LEI, CAYETANO C. POMARES, GLENN REBONG, MERLIJN VAN WEERD, SHANNON E. ENGBERG, RICK A. BRENNEMAN, and EDWARD E. LOUIS, JR. "Detection of Crocodylus mindorensis x Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylidae) hybrids in a Philippine crocodile systematics analysis." Zootaxa 3560, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3560.1.1.
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The Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) is considered one of the most endangered of the crocodilian species.Rumors or anecdotal concerns have existed for some time as to the possibility of hybrid individuals existing in a captivecollection under consideration for providing reintroduction candidates; however, visual observations failed to identify sus-pected hybrids. Samples were collected from 619 Philippine crocodiles from several captive facilities and two free-rang-ing populations. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop (601 bp) fragments were sequenced for each crocodile and compared to 28individuals representing ten crocodile species. Among Philippine crocodiles, 48 variable sites (47 parsimony informativesites) were identified, which defined six C. mindorensis haplotypes and one C. porosus-derived haplotype. Data were alsogenerated for a 965 bp fragment of the ND4 subunit gene fragment for two samples of each D-loop haplotype. Amongthem, 91 variable sites (90 parsimony informative site) were identified, which defined three C. mindorensis haplotypesand one C. porosus-derived haplotype. From the nuclear genome, the C-mos gene was successfully amplified for the 388bp partial fragment for all Philippine crocodile samples. Only two variable sites were identified. These sequences werecompared to GenBank sequences for C. porosus. Of the 619 Philippine crocodile samples, 57 samples were found to har-bor D-loop haplotypes identified as C. porosus and 31 of those harbored C-mos mutational sites diagnostic for C. porosusintrogression. All individuals indicating C. mindorensis x C. porosus hybridization were sampled from the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center.
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Atigre, Rajaram Hindurao. "Crocodiles of river Krishna: impact on agriculture, economy, and the sociology of human population in Sangli, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 12571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3501.10.11.12571-12576.
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Krishna is one of the main rivers of the Deccan Plateau. It begins its course in the Western Ghats. A large human population relies on the river Krishna for agricultural irrigation, watering livestock (cattle), fishing and other activities. The presence of and attacks by the Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris on humans and livestock are reported in the Krishna resulted in the formulation of the present research. Data collection comprised on-site observations and field interviews using a structured questionnaire. Attacks were found to occur mostly during winter and summer seasons. During winter, crocodiles bask in the sunlight on river banks and attack in self-defense. The summer season corresponds with their breeding period and attacks occur as the crocodiles protect their nests.
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Untari, Dewi, Hardjanto Hardjanto, Bramasto Nugroho, and Rinekso Soekmadi. "Patterns and Trends of Crocodile Trade from Tanah Papua, Indonesia." Forest and Society 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.9058.
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Crocodylus porosus and C. novaeguineae are two protected and tradable crocodile species in Indonesia. Therefore, precautionary principles are needed in their utilization to ensure sustainability. Although the commodity from these species is traded domestically and internationally, the broader picture of its use in Indonesia is less known. The objectives of the study were to: (1) analyze the domestic trade of crocodiles, and (2) analyze the international trade of crocodiles. The analysis was conducted using data of direct utilization sourced from the wild in the form of skin and hatchlings, data on domestic transport permits, CITES export permits, and the CITES trade database. The study suggested that the harvest of crocodile hatchlings and skin do not represent the actual condition since the skin recorded were only those sent outside of the province. Determining zero harvest quotas of C. porosus did not stop species harvest for domestic trade. The dominant source of C. porosus skin export was captive breeding, while C. novaeguineaewas sourced from the wild. Ranch-sourced skin of both species for export were very low.
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Pratiwi, Rina Hidayati, Yosy Ezha Ramadhanty, and Dwi Aprillia Setia Asih. "Analisis Pola Perilaku Buaya Muara (Crocodylus porosus) Di Taman Buaya Indonesia Jaya Bekasi." Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v14i1.4796.
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Tiap perilaku buaya dipengaruhi oleh faktor kenyamanan habitat yang merupakan tempat buaya berinteraksi dengan lingkunnganya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pola perilaku buaya muara (Crocodylus porosus) yang terdapat di Taman Buaya Indonesia Jaya Bekasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menganalisis pola perilaku adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasilobservasi dan wawancara dapat disimpulkan bahwa persentase frekuensi yang terjadi selama penelitian dari keempat individu buaya muara adalah pola perilaku bergerak (30,94%), pola perilaku berjemur/istirahat (28,68%), pola perilaku sosial (24,59%), pola perilaku makan (15,77%) dan pola perilaku terendah adalah pola perilaku kawin (0%). Crocodile’s behavior was influenced by the convenience factor of the habitat where the crocodile interacts with it environment. The purpose of this study was analyze the behavior patterns of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) found in the Indonesian Crocodile Park Jaya Bekasi. The research method used to analyze behavioral patterns is a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the results of observations and interviews, it can be concluded that the percentage of frequencies that occurred during the study of four estuarine crocodiles was movement behavior pattern (30.94%), pattern of sunbathing/resting behavior (28.68%), patterns of social behavior (24.59%), eating behavior pattern (15.77%) and the lowest behavior pattern is mating behavior pattern (0%).
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Habarugira, Gervais, Jasmin Moran, Agathe M. G. Colmant, Steven S. Davis, Caitlin A. O’Brien, Sonja Hall-Mendelin, Jamie McMahon, et al. "Mosquito-Independent Transmission of West Nile virus in Farmed Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020198.
Full textAbstract:
West Nile virus, Kunjin strain (WNVKUN) is endemic in Northern Australia, but rarely causes clinical disease in humans and horses. Recently, WNVKUN genomic material was detected in cutaneous lesions of farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), but live virus could not be isolated, begging the question of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Crocodile hatchlings were experimentally infected with either 105 (n = 10) or 104 (n = 11) TCID50-doses of WNVKUN and each group co-housed with six uninfected hatchlings in a mosquito-free facility. Seven hatchlings were mock-infected and housed separately. Each crocodile was rotationally examined and blood-sampled every third day over a 3-week period. Eleven animals, including three crocodiles developing typical skin lesions, were culled and sampled 21 days post-infection (dpi). The remaining hatchlings were blood-sampled fortnightly until experimental endpoint 87 dpi. All hatchlings remained free of overt clinical disease, apart from skin lesions, throughout the experiment. Viremia was detected by qRT-PCR in infected animals during 2–17 dpi and in-contact animals 11–21 dpi, indicating horizontal mosquito-independent transmission. Detection of viral genome in tank-water as well as oral and cloacal swabs, collected on multiple days, suggests that shedding into pen-water and subsequent mucosal infection is the most likely route. All inoculated animals and some in-contact animals developed virus-neutralizing antibodies detectable from 17 dpi. Virus-neutralizing antibody titers continued to increase in exposed animals until the experimental endpoint, suggestive of persisting viral antigen. However, no viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in any tissue sample, including from skin and intestine. While this study confirmed that infection of saltwater crocodiles with WNVKUN was associated with the formation of skin lesions, we were unable to elucidate the pathogenesis of these lesions or the nidus of viral persistence. Our results nevertheless suggest that prevention of WNVKUN infection and induction of skin lesions in farmed crocodiles may require management of both mosquito-borne and water-borne viral transmission in addition to vaccination strategies.