Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cromo'
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Souza, Klester dos Santos. "Estudo eletroquímico de ligas à base de cobalto-cromo e níquel-cromo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-13102011-095002/.
Full textNo noble metallic alloys are largely employed in odontology since the second part of the XX centrury. Different alloys have been proposed in order to be used in prosthesis on dental implants at last years, with the objective to obtain electrochemical resistance to oral environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate and to compare the electrochemical behavior \"in vitro\" of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloys, used on dental implants structures. These alloys were studied in 0.15 mol L-1 NaCl aqueous in the absence and presence of casein, artificial saliva, sodium fluoride and acetic acid, using electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques. Open circuit potencial measurements, anodic polarization curves, cronoamperometry, cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used as electrochemical techniques. Atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace (EAA-GF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used as non electrochemical techniques. Cytotoxicity tests using the neutral red incorporation methodology were performed. A good correlation between the different techniques it was obtained. The alloys presented the following corrosion resistance order: CoCrW < NiCrMo < CoCrMo. The film formed in artificial saliva has been showed a better protective action than the observed in NaCl medium for the three studied materials as an indicative of the adsorption of substances present on saliva and the consequent inhibitive effect. XPS analysis have confirmed the presence of a Cr2O3 film with low Co(II) and Ni(II) concentrations. EAA-GF analysis at more positive potentials have shown the presence of generalized oxidation with total dissolution of the passive film resulting in Cr(VI), Ni(IV) and Co(II) ions as soluble products. MEV and EDS analysis have shown a quasi homogeneous and similar surface before and after 8h immersion in NaCl and artificial saliva. Casein has acted as inhibitor for oxidation process of CoCrW and NiCrMo in NaCl medium and its effects increases as the potential becomes more positive. The alloy NiCrMo presented a higher corrosion resistance in NaCl solution containing casein when compared to the CoCrW alloy. Ions fluoride has promoted a better performance of the film at Ecorr but its effects decreases at more positive potentials.The presence of acetic acid increases the passivating effect as potencial becomes more positive. Cytotoxicity was not observed for the alloys studied, using the described methodology
Rocha, Sérgio Anunciação. "Determinação espectrofotométrica de cromo(VI) na presença de cromo(III) usando Br-PADAP." Instituto de Química, 2000. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20806.
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CNPQ
A especiação de cromo é muito importante porque o cromo(VI) é conhecido por ser tóxico para seres humanos, enquanto que o cromo(III) é essencial a nível de traços para manutenção da taxa normal de glicose em animais inclusive o homem. No presente trabalho, é proposto um método indireto para a determinação de cromo(VI) na presença de cromo(III). O método é baseado na reação de redução do cromo(VI) por ferro(II) e reação de complexação do ferro(II) que não reagiu com o reagente 2-(5-bromo-2-piridilazo)-5-dietilaminofenol (Br-PADAP). O ferro(II) reage com Br-PADAP, formando um complexo estável que absorve a 560 e 748 nm. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: efeito do volume da solução de referência na reação de oxidação, efeito de pH na reação de oxidação, quantidade de ferro(II), efeito de pH na reação de complexação, quantidade de Br-PADAP, quantidade de EDTA, sensibilidade de calibração, sensibilidade analítica, efeito de outros íons e precisão. Os resultados demonstraram que cromo(VI) pode ser determinado na presença de cromo(III), com absortividade molar aparente de 7,3 x 104 l. mol-1. cm-1 a 748 nm. O uso de EDTA permite um procedimento com boa seletividade. Os resultados revelaram que 275,0 g de cromo(III) não interfere durante a determinação de 5,0 g de cromo(VI). Uma boa precisão (R.S.D. 2%) foi obtida. Este método foi usado para determinação de cromo(VI) em amostras de água coletadas no efluente do rio Catu na cidade de Pojuca, na Bahia.
The speciation of chromium is very important because the chromium(VI) is known to be toxic to humans, while that the chromium(III) is essential at trace levels to maintain normal glucose to animals and man. In the present work a indirect method for chromium(VI) determination in the presence of chromium(III) is proposed. It is based on the oxidation reaction of iron(II) by chromium(VI) and complexation reaction of unreacted iron(II) with the spectrophotometric reagent 2-(5-bromo-2-piridilazo)-5-dietilaminofenol (Br-PADAP). The iron(II) reacts with Br-PADAP, forming a stable complex which absorbs at 560 and 748 nm. The sequentes parameters were studied: effect of reference solution volume on the oxidation reaction, effect of pH of reference solution on the oxidation reaction, amount of iron(II), effect of pH on the complexation reaction, amount of Br-PADAP, amount of EDTA, calibration sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, effect of other ions and precision. The results demonstrated that chromium(VI) can be determinated in the presence of chromium(III), with apparent molar absorptivity of 7,3 . 104 l. mol-1. cm-1 at 748 nm. The use of EDTA as masking agent allowed a procedure with great selectivity. The results revealed that 275.0g of chromium(III) do not interfere during the determination of 5.0 g of chromium(VI). A good precision (R.S.D. 2%) was obtained. This method was used for chromium(VI) determination in water samples in the effluent of the Catu river, in the Pojuca city, Bahia.
Sinatora, Amilton. "Efeitos de carbono, cromo e molibdenio na solidificação de ferros fundidos brancos com alto teor de cromo." [s.n.], 1986. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263113.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Na revisão dá literatura, discutem-se os diagramas ternários Fe-Cr-C na região correspondente aos Ferros Fundidos Brancos de Alto Cromo e se propõe um modelo para a seqüência de solidificação e para as principais características dos microconstituintes destas ligas contendo ou não molibdênio. Efetuaram-se experimentos de solidificação em amostras de 30mm de diâmetro medindo-se as temperaturas dos patamares de formação da austenita e do eutetico, o número de partículas de carboneto no volume eutetico e no volume total, a fração volumétrica de austenita primária e o espaçamento entre braços de dendritas. Estas medidas foram efetuadas em ligas com 15% ou 20% de cromo com teores de carbono 2,3 ; 3,0 e 3,6%. Para cada teor de carbono estudado adicionou-se 1,5 e 2,5% de molibdênio. Verificou-se que a elevação do teor de carbono levou a diminuição das temperaturas dos patamares de formação da austenita e do eutético, ao abaixamento do número de partículas no volume eutetico, ã elevação do número de partículas no volume total, bem como a diminuição da fração volumétrica da aus- tenita primária e do espaçamento entre braços de dendrita. A adição de molibdênio provocou a diminuição das temperaturas dos patamares de formação da austenita e do eutético, a diminuição do numero de partículas no volume total e no volume eutetico e o aumento da fração volumétrica de austenita primária. Quando se comparou as 1igas com 15% e as 1igas com 20% de crE mo verificou-se a e1evação das temperaturas dos patamares de formação do eutético, a elevação do número de partículas no volume total e no volume eutético e a diminuição da fração volumétrica de austenita primária nas ligas com 20% de cromo
Abstract: The ternary Fe-Cr-C diagrams, as applied to the of high Cr white Cast Iron, were reviewed. Solidification A model was proposed for the solidification sequence .and for the main microconstituints characteristics of these alloys containing or not molybdenun.Solidification experiments were performed on 30 mm diameter samples. The austenite and eutectic arrest temperatures, the number of eutectic carbide particles on the total and eutectic volume, the fraction of primary austenite and the numberof secondary aendrite arms were measured. These measurements were performed on alloys containing 15 and 20% chromium, whith 2,3; 3,0 and 3,6% carbon. For each carbon content 1,5 or 2,5% molybdenum were added. It was observed that the increase of the carbon content resu1ted in a lower austenitic and eutectic formation temperatures, in a reduced number of carbide partic1es eutectic volume as well as in a lower vo1umetric fraction primary austenite and dendrite arm spacing. The molibdenum addition 1ed to a lower austenite and eutectic formation arrest temperatures, a lower number of the carbide particles in total and in eutectic volume,and a higher primary austenite volumetric fraction. When alloys containing 15 and 20% chromiun were compared, was observed the elevation of the eutectic arrest temperatures as well as the elevation of the number of particles in the total volume and in the eutectic co1ume and the lowering of the primary austenite volumetric fraction in the 20% Cr alloy
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Dias, Ana Paula. "Efeito da sinterização da cerâmica no desajuste marginal de coroas metalocerâmicas de níquel-cromo e cobalto-cromo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-06022014-091350/.
Full textThe good marginal fit is a critical point for the clinical success of metal-ceramic crowns after definitive cementation. The knowledge of alloys properties, their interference factors and materials development allows the creation of new crowns within clinically acceptable marginal fit, factor that enables a good periodontal restorations performance and also prevents caries recurrences in cementation line. The present study evaluated, by optical microscopy, marginal fit in metal-ceramic crowns fused with three different alloys; Nickel-Chromium (Verabond II), Cobalt- Chromium (Keragen) and a experimetal Nickel-Chromium (SR) alloy in three distinct stages; after the cast (T1), after opaque layer application (T2) and after ceramic coating (T3). Were selected two equidistant points in a metal coping that representing ¼ turn on the measurement device, in a total of 8 measurements for coping in each step that results in a misfit average. Comparisons were performed using a parametric test for independent data (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni test where applicable. The level of significance was set at 5%. The results showed there were statistical differences for such factors: time (p = 0.00) and alloy (p = 0.001). In relation to time, after ceramics application, there was higher marginal misfit (132 μm) than after opaque sintering (111.81 μm) and before sintering (90.44 μm) with differences between these two steps. In relation to alloys, the experimental SR alloy showed the lower marginal misfit (79.75 μm) than Ni-Cr alloys (120.23 μm) and Co- Cr (134.28 μm) and there was no statistical difference for these experimental groups There was no significant difference for interaction (p = 0.834). In conclusion the marginal misfit increases after ceramics sintering. Experimental SR alloy showed the best results among the alloys and can be safely used to metal ceramic restorations.
Fuck, Wagner Fernando. "Influência do teor de cromo e do tipo de óleo na formação de cromo hexavalente no couro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14400.
Full textThe growing importance of environmental concepts and also the importance of consumer’s regarding the knowledge about the products used have required the industries to adopt a new posture. Thus, the leather and footwear area suffers continuous changes to adapt to the needs and demands of the market. In clothing and footwear it is necessary to consider the possibility of toxic effect caused by direct contact with human skin, causing strong and growing demands against the use of certain chemicals, and that some countries do not even import products containing such substances anymore. Several laws and European countries, mainly Germany, restrict the use of dangerous chemicals in footwear containing nickel, cadmium, aromatic amines (azo dyes), hexavalent chromium (Cr+6), pentachlorophenol (PCP), formaldehyde and brominated polifenilas. In this context, there are emerging discussions on the use of chromium as basic constituent in leather, since it can be oxidized from the trivalent to the hexavalent state with carcinogenic potential. Currently, the system of tanning salts with basic chromium is largely developed, giving unique qualities and characteristics to the final product. With this, it is necessary to improve this process in order to know which factors cause and those that inhibit this conversion, in order to introduce effective prevention methods. In the present study, it was analised the effect of influence of the amount of chrome, different types of fatliquors, pH of neutralization in the retanning and the ageing of leather in the formation of Cr+6. In experiments conducted in this research two types of wet-blue leather were prepared: a tanned one with 6% and another with 9% of chromium salt. These hides were fatliquored with basic fatliquors, used as raw materials for preparation of commercial products and commercial fatliquors (lickers). Trials were carried out on samples retanned with chromium salt with and without fatliquoring, one trial with vegetable retanning and fatliquoring and it was also tested different pH of neutralization. The hides were aged in order to simulate the effect of time and heat action. Finally, the leather samples obtained of tanneries were analyzed in the same way, both in their natural and ageing state. For these analyses, the detection method of Cr+6 was tested and it was found out that the detection limit of 3 ppm is safe and reliable. We also made the characterization of the leathers prepared in the laboratory and tannery leathers on the chemical characteristics as the total chromium absorbed in leather and soluble chrome (absorbed, but not connected to the collagen fiber). Fatliquors were also well characterized. In wet-blue leather, even after ageing, the presence of Cr+6 was not detected. In fatliquored leathers, which did not suffer the ageing process, the presence of hexavalent chromium was always below the detection limit, while in aged fatliquored leathers , the presence of Cr+6 was detected above the permitted level. The highest value detected was 26.7 ppm of Cr+6. In fatliquoring process with sulfited, fish and synthetic fatliquors leather had concentrations of Cr+6 when aged. The absorption of higher amount of chromium during the tanning did not result in its oxidation to Cr+6, but the supply of chromium in retanning took a more significant effect. There is, in fact, the problem of the formation of hexavalent chromium in leather, but this should not be considered as a final barrier to the use of the chromium salt in the transformation process of the skin in leather. The oxidation of trivalent chromium can be easily prevented by the control and improvement of the stages of leather production. It must also be controlled such a restricted substance as impurity in tanning agent. The ISO / FDIS 17075 proved to be effective in the detection of hexavalent chromium in leather, giving good reproductivity and repeatability in its results.
Royo, Calvo Santiago. "Sensores cromo-fluorogénicos para compuestos potencialmente peligrosos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11958.
Full textRoyo Calvo, S. (2011). Sensores cromo-fluorogénicos para compuestos potencialmente peligrosos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11958
Palancia
Conceição, Daniele Priscila da. "Isolamento de bactérias resistentes a cromo hexavalente e purificação parcial da enzima redutora de cromo do Bacillus sp. ES29." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7476.
Full textAlves, Luciana Mara Negrão. "Efeito da atmosfera de sinterização na resistência de união da porcelana com ligas de níquel-cromo e cobalto-cromo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-19032015-085544/.
Full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two different firing atmosphere (vacuum and argon) on the metalceramic bond strength (MCBS) involving different base metal alloys (Co-Cr and Ni-Cr) and a dental porcelain through three-point bending test, as recommended by ISO 9693: 2012. Co-Cr alloys studied were: Remanium and Keragen and Ni-Cr: Verabond II and an experimental alloy \"SR\". 80 specimens were obtained in metallic form strips measuring 25X0.5 X 5.0 mm. For this test, therefore, the number of specimens was the product of 4 x 2 alloy sintering atmosphere conditions x 10 replicates. The metal portion of all specimens were machined after casting and sandblasted with aluminum oxide (100μm) and then treated as recommended by the manufacturer. By using a matrix, the ceramic body was made in the central area of the strip, 8.0 x 3.0 mm, it was made 1.1 mm thickness, 10 specimens in each sintering environment for each type of alloy. The specimens obtained were tested for three-point bending in a universal testing machine with a speed of 1.0mm / min. to determine MCBS. The values of the tensile strength obtained in kilogramforce (kgf) were converted into Newton (N) and from this the value of MCBS for each specimen was calculated, considering the coefficient of elasticity of each league and the exact thickness of each specimen. The data (MPa) were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA) and Bonferroni. The analysis of variance indicated statistically significant difference for the environment factors of firing atmosphere (P = 0.00) and alloy (P = 0.009). There was a statistically significant difference in the interaction factors for firing atmosphere x alloy (P = 0.000). In the vacuum Keragen, SR and Verabond II alloys showed higher MCBS than argon. To Remanium, there was no difference between the sintering in argon and vacuum. Among the groups sintered in argon there was no statistically significant difference between the alloys. However, the vacuum Remanium showed the lowest RUMC than other alloys, which showed no difference between them. The specimens after the bending tests, were subjected to analysis in optical microscopy, SEM and EDS to assess and record type of failure they suffered. According to the MO was predominantly mixed fractures. Specimens of Co-Cr (Remanium and Keragen) independende the atmosphere firing, showed a thin oxide layer on the ceramic body, which was confirmed by EDS, with greater presence of Cr in these regions, since the SR groups and Verabond II, presented more opaque stuck in their metal strips. SEM confirmed the findings of MO, where it was possible to find large islands of ceramic material in Ni-Cr alloys. The sintering in argon negatively influenced MCBS metalceramic of pairs made of Ni-Cr alloy and Keragem
Anco, Estrella Percy Máximo. "Procedimiento para la separación del cromo hexavalente de efluentes mineros." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3028.
Full textTesis
Vale, Maria do Socorro. "RemoÃÃo de Cromo e Zinco por Aspergillus niger." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4573.
Full textOs microrganismos tÃm sido amplamente estudados para remoÃÃo de diversos contaminantes em Ãguas residuÃrias, dentre eles os metais pesados. Este estudo tem como abordagem principal a remoÃÃo de metais tÃxicos pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus niger isolado do efluente de uma indÃstria petroquÃmica. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira foi a verificaÃÃo do efeito da toxicidade Zn(II) e Cr(VI) pelo fungo estudado, jà que estes poluentes podem causar distÃrbios Ãs atividades microbianas e vir a comprometer ambientes poluÃdos e a segunda foi a remoÃÃo destes metais por biossorÃÃo utilizando a biomassa na forma de âpelletsâ. Os testes de toxidade foram feitos atravÃs de verificaÃÃo do crescimento do fungo, em meio semi-sÃlido, na presenÃa de diferentes concentraÃÃes dos metais. Os testes de adsorÃÃo foram feitos com os âpelletsâ da biomassa viva e morta. Foram avaliadas as caracterÃsticas de superfÃcie da biomassa atravÃs da determinaÃÃo do ponto de carga zero, identificaÃÃo dos sÃtios de adsorÃÃo da biomassa e anÃlise de microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. A capacidade de adsorÃÃo da biomassa foi determinada atravÃs de estudos cinÃticos e de equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo. Os estudos de toxicidade indicaram que o fungo estudado foi mais resistente ao Zn(II) que ao Cr(VI), sendo completamente inibido em concentraÃÃes superiores a 500 mg Zn(II).L 1 e 150 mg Cr(VI).L-1. A concentraÃÃo do ingrediente ativo capaz de inibir 50% do crescimento micelial do fungo està na faixa e 100 a 150 mg.L-1, para os dois Ãons metÃlicos. Na biomassa foi verificada a presenÃa de grupos carboxÃlicos, hidroxil, aminos e fosfatos, indicando que esta pode ser usada para biossorÃÃo de metais. O fungo apresenta estrutura fibrosa, o que favorece a adsorÃÃo de metais. O processo de adsorÃÃo dos metais, tanto pela biomassa viva quanto pela biomassa morta, se ajustou aos modelos cinÃticos pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem e o equilÃbrio seguiu modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich para concentraÃÃes de adsorvato menores que 50mg.L-1 e Freundlich para concentraÃÃes adsorvato superiores 50mg.L-1. Isso sugere o processo de biossorÃÃo dos metais se dà por mecanismos fÃsicos e quÃmicos. Foram encontradas capacidades de sorÃÃo de 1,369 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 1,174 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa viva e de 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa morta. A biomassa morta apresentou maior capacidade de sorÃÃo tanto para Cr(VI) quanto para Zn(II). O fungo Aspergillus niger apresenta potencial para remoÃÃo de Zn(II) e Cr(VI)
Microorganisms have been widely studied for the removal of various contaminants in wastewater, among them heavy metals. This study is the main approach of metal removal by filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of a petrochemical industry. The research was divided into two parts, the first was to check the toxicity effect of Zn (II) and Cr (VI) by the fungus studied, since these pollutants can cause disturbances to microbial activity and eventually jeopardize the polluted environments and the second was the removal of these metals by biosorption using biomass in the form of pellets. The toxicity tests were done by testing the growth of the fungus, in semi-solid in the presence of different concentrations of metals. The adsorption tests were made with the pellets of live and dead biomass. The surface characteristics of biomass were evaluated by determining the point of zero charge, identification of sites of adsorption of biomass and analysis of scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the adsorption capacity of biomass were performed kinetic studies and equilibrium adsorption. The toxicity studies indicated that the fungus has been studied more resistant to Zn (II) to Cr (VI), being completely inhibited at concentrations above 500 mg Zn (II).L-1 and 150 mg Cr (VI).L-1. The concentration of active ingredient capable of inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth is in the range and 100 to 150 mg.L-1 for the two metal ions. Biomass was observed in the presence of carboxyl groups, hydroxyl, amino and phosphate, indicating that this can be used for biosorption of metals. The fungus has fibrous structure, which favors the adsorption of metals. The adsorption of metals to the living biomass as the dead biomass, fitted kinetic models of pseudo-first order and pseudo second order and the equilibrium followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models for adsorbate concentrations smaller than 50mg.L-1 and the Freundlich model when adsorbate concentrations biggest than 50mg.L-1. This suggests the process of biosorption of metals occurs by physical and chemical mechanisms. Sorption capacities were found to 1,396 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 1,174 mg Cr(VI). g-1 for living biomass and 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 for dead biomass. The dead biomass showed higher sorption capacity for removal of Cr (VI) as Zn (II). The fungus Aspergillus niger has a potential to remove Zn (II) and Cr (VI)
SILVA, Álvaro Cezar Ferreira. "Redução do cromo hexavalente pelo processo foto-fenton." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2011. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/1304.
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Os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) têm-se destacado pela sua alta eficiência e baixo custo no tratamento de efluentes. Os POAs caracterizam-se pela geração de radicais hidroxilas, altamente reativos, e têm sido usados como processos alternativos nos tratamentos de resíduos. Normalmente os POAs são usados na degradação de poluentes orgânicos, mas neste trabalho o processo foto-Fenton, foi usado para a redução de cromo hexavalente, concomitante com a oxidação da matéria orgânica. Para tanto foi escolhido um efluente de uma indústria de cromação, o qual tem como principal componente o cromo hexavalente. Os estudos foram realizados em presença de irradiação UV artificial de comprimento de onda (máx = 365 nm) e solar. Foi usado ácido cítrico como substância de sacrifício. Efluentes contendo 220 mg L⁻ ¹ Cr (VI) foram tratados com 0,5 mmol L⁻ ¹ de Fe³⁺,6,0 mmol L⁻ ¹ de H₂O₂ em valor de pH igual a 2,5 e concentração de ácido cítrico igual a 5 mmol L⁻ ¹; nestas condições obteve-se 99% de redução de cromo hexavalente para cromo trivalente, em 60 minutos de irradiação. Sob irradiação solar, a mesma porcentagem de redução de Cr (VI) foi obtida, porém com um tempo de irradiação de 180 minutos.
Carmo, Taciana Soares do. "Biossorção de cromo hexavalente em cascas de frutas." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15213.
Full textThe pollution caused by heavy metals has been becoming a serious environmental problem. The use of biomass as sorbent material for the treatment of industrial effluent containing heavy metals arises as a promising alternative for the current technologies. The waste that contains these metals may cause damages to the environment and to the human health. Even chrome, which is a essential metal, can be harmful in high concentrations; therefore, the proposal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of adsorption of chrome, using as biosorbent orange (pêra rio) and jabuticaba produced in the region of Triângulo Mineiro and the green coconut shell (cocus nucífera). The synthetic effluent, prepared from potassium dichromate reagent, was treated with this material previously dried, grinded and separated by granulometric analysis. The process was carried out isothermally in jacketed batch reactors continuously agitated. The mixture polluted by chrome in its metal nature was treated for a period up to twenty four hours. It was analysed the influence of pH in the process, being tested 2, 6 and 10. The efficiency of the biosorbent material, its granulometry, the influence of pH and the equilibrium concentration were the variables evaluated. The isothermal equilibrium data were adjusted employing the linear models of Langmuir and Freundlich. It was verified that Freundlich s adsorption isotherm was the one that fitted the best with the equilibrium data. The data were also adjusted to the kinetic models of pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order, and the pseudo-second order was the most representative for the data. With respect to the kinetic parameters, the process is spontaneous, it is endothermic when coconut shells and jabuticaba are used and exothermic when orange peels are used.
A poluição por metais pesados vem se tornando um sério problema ambiental. O uso de biomassas como material sorvente para o tratamento dos efluentes industriais contendo metais pesados aparece como uma alternativa promissora às tecnologias existentes. Os rejeitos contendo estes metais, podem ocasionar danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Mesmo o cromo, que é um metal essencial, pode ser prejudicial em altas concentrações, por esse motivo a proposta desse trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de adsorção de cromo empregando-se, como biossorvente, laranja (pêra rio) e jabuticaba produzida na região do Triângulo Mineiro e casca de coco verde (cocus nucífera). O efluente sintético, preparado a partir do reagente dicromato de potássio (K2Cr2O7), foi tratado com esse material previamente seco, triturado e separado a diferentes granulometrias. O processo foi realizado isotermicamente nas temperaturas de 25, 35 e 45ºC, em reatores batelada, encamisado e com agitação continua. A mistura contaminada por cromo em sua forma metálica (Cr+3 e Cr+6) era tratada por um tempo de até vinte quatro horas. Foi analisada a interferência do pH no processo, sendo testados os valores de 2, 6 e 10. A eficiência do material biossorvente, a granulometria, a interferência do pH e a concentração de equilíbrio foram as variáveis estudadas. A granulometria menor que 106μm e o pH ácido igual a 2 foram os que apresentaram melhores resultados. Os dados isotérmicos de equilíbrio foram ajustados utilizando-se os modelos lineares de Langmuir e Freundlich. Verificou-se que a isoterma de adsorção de Freundlich foi a que apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados de equilíbrio, indicando que não há uma interação entre os sítios ativos. Os dados também foram ajustados aos modelos cinéticos de pseudo primeira-ordem e pseudo segunda-ordem, sendo o de pseudo-segunda ordem mais representativo para os dados. Em relação aos parâmetros cinéticos, o processo é espontâneo, endotérmico quando se utilizam as cascas de coco e jabuticaba e exotérmico quando utiliza-se a casca de laranja em relação a entropia apresenta uma maior ordenação das moléculas na superfície da jabuticaba utilizada como adsorvente e uma desordem na superfície da laranja. Os biossorventes se mostraram eficientes na remoção de cromo total, embora em nenhum dos casos tenha sido atingido valores inferiores aos máximos permitidos por lei.
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Vale, Maria do Socorro. "Remoção de cromo e zinco por Aspergillus niger." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17085.
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Microorganisms have been widely studied for the removal of various contaminants in wastewater, among them heavy metals. This study is the main approach of metal removal by filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of a petrochemical industry. The research was divided into two parts, the first was to check the toxicity effect of Zn (II) and Cr (VI) by the fungus studied, since these pollutants can cause disturbances to microbial activity and eventually jeopardize the polluted environments and the second was the removal of these metals by biosorption using biomass in the form of pellets. The toxicity tests were done by testing the growth of the fungus, in semi-solid in the presence of different concentrations of metals. The adsorption tests were made with the pellets of live and dead biomass. The surface characteristics of biomass were evaluated by determining the point of zero charge, identification of sites of adsorption of biomass and analysis of scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the adsorption capacity of biomass were performed kinetic studies and equilibrium adsorption. The toxicity studies indicated that the fungus has been studied more resistant to Zn (II) to Cr (VI), being completely inhibited at concentrations above 500 mg Zn (II).L-1 and 150 mg Cr (VI).L-1. The concentration of active ingredient capable of inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth is in the range and 100 to 150 mg.L-1 for the two metal ions. Biomass was observed in the presence of carboxyl groups, hydroxyl, amino and phosphate, indicating that this can be used for biosorption of metals. The fungus has fibrous structure, which favors the adsorption of metals. The adsorption of metals to the living biomass as the dead biomass, fitted kinetic models of pseudo-first order and pseudo second order and the equilibrium followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models for adsorbate concentrations smaller than 50mg.L-1 and the Freundlich model when adsorbate concentrations biggest than 50mg.L-1. This suggests the process of biosorption of metals occurs by physical and chemical mechanisms. Sorption capacities were found to 1,396 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 1,174 mg Cr(VI). g-1 for living biomass and 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 for dead biomass. The dead biomass showed higher sorption capacity for removal of Cr (VI) as Zn (II). The fungus Aspergillus niger has a potential to remove Zn (II) and Cr (VI)
Os microrganismos têm sido amplamente estudados para remoção de diversos contaminantes em águas residuárias, dentre eles os metais pesados. Este estudo tem como abordagem principal a remoção de metais tóxicos pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus niger isolado do efluente de uma indústria petroquímica. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira foi a verificação do efeito da toxicidade Zn(II) e Cr(VI) pelo fungo estudado, já que estes poluentes podem causar distúrbios às atividades microbianas e vir a comprometer ambientes poluídos e a segunda foi a remoção destes metais por biossorção utilizando a biomassa na forma de “pellets”. Os testes de toxidade foram feitos através de verificação do crescimento do fungo, em meio semi-sólido, na presença de diferentes concentrações dos metais. Os testes de adsorção foram feitos com os “pellets” da biomassa viva e morta. Foram avaliadas as características de superfície da biomassa através da determinação do ponto de carga zero, identificação dos sítios de adsorção da biomassa e análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A capacidade de adsorção da biomassa foi determinada através de estudos cinéticos e de equilíbrio de adsorção. Os estudos de toxicidade indicaram que o fungo estudado foi mais resistente ao Zn(II) que ao Cr(VI), sendo completamente inibido em concentrações superiores a 500 mg Zn(II).L 1 e 150 mg Cr(VI).L-1. A concentração do ingrediente ativo capaz de inibir 50% do crescimento micelial do fungo está na faixa e 100 a 150 mg.L-1, para os dois íons metálicos. Na biomassa foi verificada a presença de grupos carboxílicos, hidroxil, aminos e fosfatos, indicando que esta pode ser usada para biossorção de metais. O fungo apresenta estrutura fibrosa, o que favorece a adsorção de metais. O processo de adsorção dos metais, tanto pela biomassa viva quanto pela biomassa morta, se ajustou aos modelos cinéticos pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem e o equilíbrio seguiu modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich para concentrações de adsorvato menores que 50mg.L-1 e Freundlich para concentrações adsorvato superiores 50mg.L-1. Isso sugere o processo de biossorção dos metais se dá por mecanismos físicos e químicos. Foram encontradas capacidades de sorção de 1,369 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 1,174 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa viva e de 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa morta. A biomassa morta apresentou maior capacidade de sorção tanto para Cr(VI) quanto para Zn(II). O fungo Aspergillus niger apresenta potencial para remoção de Zn(II) e Cr(VI)
Ribeiro, Karen Cristina Rodenbusch. "Hidrólise de resíduos de couro curtido ao cromo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/4111.
Full textPezzin, Sergio Henrique. "Estudo do comportamento de CrO3 em HCIO4 concentrado." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250690.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Di, Iglia Rosana Aparecida. "A redução de Cr (VI) sobre carbono vitreo reticulado : ensaios preliminares de sua remoção eletrolitica." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265300.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O cromo, embora apresente alto potencial tóxico, é amplamente utilizado em diversos setores industriais, principalmente para acabamento de peças metálicas. A conscientização em relação às conseqüências da poluição ambiental, tem levado ao desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos para o tratamento destes resíduos, pois os tratamentos convencionais produzem Iodos tóxicos. O estudo da redução do Cr(VI) tem a finalidade de desenvolver um processo para a sua remoção eletrolítica em efluentes aquosos, utilizando uma célula eletrolítica com um catodo de carbono vítreo reticulado. Neste estudo, utilizou-se a voltametria cíclica para a determinação dos potenciais para as três reações que ocorrem na redução do Cr(VI). Inicialmente ocorre a redução para Cr(III) em 0,29 V vs ECS, seguida pela reação de evolução de hidrogênio em -0,79V vs ECS e, finalmente a deposição de 'CR POT.O¿ é observada em -1,15 V vs ECS. Estes dados permitiram que este sistema fosse estudado pela técnica de pulso de potencial, aplicando-se pulsos com valores de potencial que privilegiassem a reação para 'CR POT.O¿. Os eletrodepósitos foram observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A técnica de pulso de potencial demonstrou que o depósito de cromo ocorre através de um processo de nucleação progressiva de crescimento tridimensional. Nos ensaios de remoção eletrolítica, o processo de redução do Cr(VI) mostrou rendimento muito aquém do esperado
Abstract: Chromium, despite presenting a high toxic potential, is widely used in several industrial activities, especially in the finishing of metal ware. The concern for environmental issues has led to development of alternative methods for the treatment of the residues, since conventional treatments produce toxic sludge. The study of the reduction of Cr(VI) is aimed at developing a process for its electrolytic removal from aqueous effluents, using an electrolytic cell having a reticulated vitreous carbon cathode. In this study, we have used cyclic voltammetry to determine the potentials for the three reactions that occur during the reduction of Cr(VI). Initially, the reduction to Cr(lIl) is observed at 0.29 V vs. ECS. This is followed by the liberation of hydrogen at - 0.79 V vs. ECS and, finally, the deposition of 'CR POT.O¿ at -1,15 V vs. ECS. Then the system was studied by the potential pulse technique. The pulse potentials were chosen in such way that favoured the reaction for 'CR POT.O¿. The electrodeposited metal was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the electrolytic removal essays, the process of Cr(VI) reduction showed a lower removal efficiency than was expected.
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Silva, Gilmar Clemente [UNESP]. "Comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em soluções contendo íons cloreto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102597.
Full textO crômio é o principal elemento de liga, responsável pela alta resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis. Esta resistência está relacionada com a formação de óxidos e/ou hidróxidos de Cr3+ na superfície. A literatura reporta muitos trabalhos sobre a comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em meio de ácido sulfúrico. Entretanto pouco se conhece sobre o crômio em soluções contendo cloreto. Este conhecimento pode ser muito importante para entender o mecanismo de formação dos filmes e passivação da superfície do crômio e dos aços inoxidáveis. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em soluções contento íons cloreto, utilizando-se técnicas eletroquímicas convencionais. Espectroscopia fotoeletrônica e Uv-visível foram também empregadas para analisar, respectivamente, a superfície e espécies de crômio em solução. As curvas de polarização do crômio em soluções mostram três regiões de potenciais: ativa, passiva e transpassiva. Na região ativa verificou-se que o crômio se dissolve como Cr2+ junto com geração de hidrogênio. Para soluções com pH<3 a formação do filme passivo deve ocorrer via dissolução/precipitação enquanto que para soluções com pH>3 o mecanismo deve ser via formação direta do filme. As medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica mostraram um circuito equivalente para a interface em solução com pH=0,3 e outro diferente para a interface em soluções com 0,3
Wolffenbuttel, Adriana Nunes. "Estudo da falta de adesão de eletrodepósitos de cromo sobre níquel." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/129430.
Full textIn this work lhe adhesion absence in chromium electroplaling, obtained from conventional bath (CrO 250 g/1 and o 3 H SO 2,5 g/1) al 55 C , over nickel sulfamate and others 24 substrates was studied. The electroplating tests were made with a pulsal ing currenl source and a vollage source for 50 minuts. Afterwards lhe deposits were studied wilh scanning electrons microscopy, optical microscopy, X ray diffracl ion as well as roughness and brighleness measurements. It was verified lhal lhe increase in lhe ripple value didn't modify lhe paramelers lhe qualily of lhe deposits and also didn't cause exfotial ion or taminat ion in this layer. These paramelers (brighlness, grain size, deposit íon rale and crack ing) are reduced when wave shape pulsal ing current is applied. It was also verified that chromium adhesion depends on the substract and on the inicial operating condition of the bath: current density and time in which lhe substrate slayed in the bath before the beginning of the tests.
Amaral, Fabrício Pires de Moura do. "Estudo dos possíveis efeitos genotóxicos em trabalhadores de curtume expostos a substâncias químicas contendo cromo III em Teresina-PI." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/7190.
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Occupational exposure in tannery environments has been the subject of study and scientific research. Controversial information about the toxicity of chromium III and its relationship with the epidemiology of the tannery employees served as a subsidy for this research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the exposure of tannery workers in Teresina (PI) to chemicals containing chromium III through the use of biomarkers of DNA and chromosomal damage. This was a cross-sectional, observational and quantitative study. Samples were taken from the mucosa, blood and urine of 43 tannery workers to analyze mucosal micronuclei (20 workers), lymphocytic micronuclei (30 workers), mucosal comet assays (20 workers), lymphocytic comet assay (43 workers) and chromosomal aberrations (30 workers); the level of urinary chromium was also measured (27 employees).The same analyses were carried out in non-exposed workers of the tannery environment for statistical comparison. In addition, personal health questionnaires were administered as recommended by the International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens-ICPEMC with the aim of correlating their information with data obtained in the tests. The results indicated significant increases (p <0.05) in: the number (8.100 ± 3.905 vs 1.200 ± 1.609) and frequency (0.403 ± 0.060 vs. 0.1513 ± 0.04887) of mucosal micronuclei; the number (17.73 ± 9.44 vs 10.90 ± 7.092) and frequency (0.886 ± 0.472 vs 0.306 ± 0.202) of lymphocytic micronuclei; and the total (16.3 ± 3.38 vs 0.60 ± 0.16) and frequency (8.01 ± 1.82 vs 0.403 ± 0.09) of chromosomal aberrations (Student’s t test). There was a significant increase (ANOVA, p <0.05) for all types of damage and frequency of damage to the mucosal and lymphocytic COMET assay. Urine chromium levels was higher in exposed workers than in non-exposed workers (p <0.05) (1.108 ± 1.277 vs 0.089 ± 0.027).Pearson correlations between the level of chromium in the urine and genotoxic analyses indicated a strong positive correlation with the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (r = 0.841, p = 0.018) and frequency of lymphocytic micronuclei (r = 0.730, p <0.0001). It was concluded that the tannery workers are at risk of toxicity and genetic instability associated with occupational exposure to chemical mixtures containing chromium III.
A exposição ocupacional em ambientes de curtumes tem sido objeto de estudo e de investigações científicas. As informações controversas sobre a toxicidade do cromo III e sua relação com a epidemiologia do curtume serviram de subsídio para esta pesquisa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos genotóxicos e mutagênicos da exposição de trabalhadores de curtume de Teresina (PI) à substâncias químicas contendo cromo III através do uso de biomarcadores de danos ao DNA e aos cromossomos.Trata-se de uma investigação transversal, observacional e quantitativa. Foram coletadas amostras de mucosa, sangue e urina de 43 trabalhadores de curtume para análise de micronúcleo em mucosa (20 trabalhadores), micronúcleo em linfócitos (30 trabalhadores), cometa em mucosa (20 trabalhadores), cometa em linfócitos (43 trabalhadores), aberrações cromossômicas (30 trabalhadores) e mensuração de cromo na urina (27 trabalhadores) . As mesmas análises foram realizadas em trabalhadores não expostos ao ambiente do curtume, para fins de comparação estatística. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário de saúde pessoal recomendado pela International Comission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens-ICPEMC com intuito de correlacionar suas informações aos dados obtidos nos testes. Os resultados indicaram aumentos significativos (p<0,05) do número (8,100 ± 3,905 vs1,200± 1,609) e frequência de micronúcleo em mucosa (0,403± 0,1513vs 0,060± 0,04887), do número (17,73 ± 9,44vs10,90± 7,092) e frequência de micronúcleos em linfócitos(0,886± 0,472vs 0,306± 0,202), para o total (16,3± 3,38 vs 0,60 ± 0,16) e frequência (8,01 ± 1,82 vs 0,403± 0,09) de aberrações cromossômicas(teste T Student). Além disso, foi observado aumento sigficativo (ANOVA p<0,05 ) para o todas as classes de danos e frequência de danos no teste de cometa em mucosa e em linfócitos. O cromo na urina indicou que os trabalhadores estavam com maior concentração deste metal na urina que os não expostos (p<0,05 ) ( 1,108 ± 1,277vs 0,089 ± 0,027). As correlações (Pearson) entre o cromo na urina e as análises genotóxicas indicaram forte relação positiva com a frequência de aberrações cromossômicas (r=0,841 p= 0,018 ) e frequência de micronúcleo em linfócitos (r=0,730 p < 0,0001).Conclui-se que os trabalhadores de curtume apresentam riscos de toxicidade e de instabilidade genética associados à exposição ocupacional a misturas químicas contendo cromo III.
Rocha, Milena Teixeira da. "Efeito do ambiente de sinterização na resistência de união de cerâmicas a ligas de níquel-cromo, cobalto-cromo e titânio comercialmente puro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-07122012-143258/.
Full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of firing atmospheres: vacuum and argon on the bond strength of ceramic to Ni-Cr (Fit Cast SB), Co-Cr (Star Loy C) and commercially pure titanium (Tritan) alloys. 60 wax/acrylic resin cylinder patterns (8 mm high and 5 mm in diameter) were prepared on a plastic custom mold for metalceramic bond strength (MCBS) test. The patterns were invested in phosphated investment and manipulated on vacuum. The rings were placed in a furnace to burn out patterns and thermally expand the molds. Then, the rings of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr were placed in an electronic machine to cast. The rings related to titanium were positioned in the casting machine with a voltaic arc. After the rings have cooled, the castings were divested manually and abraded with aluminum oxide particles (100 μm). Then, the cylinders were prepared for applying of the ceramic veneering disks. The ceramic was applied and fired in vacuum and argon atmospheres. IPS-Classic ceramic was used for alternative alloys and for titanium, Triceram ceramic. Then, the cylinders composed of metal and ceramic disk (5 mm diameter and 2 mm height) (n=10) were submitted to metal-ceramic bond strength (MCBS) shear tests on an universal testing machine with load cell of 500 Kg at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. After the tests, there were made fracture analysis by optic microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MCBS data (MPa) were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). The results indicated that the vacuum firing (76.58) promoted higher MCBS values than argon firing (51.31). Among the metals, Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys presented higher MCBS (71.32 e 71.28, respectively) than titanium (49.23); between two base alloys there was no statistical difference. There was no interaction between the evaluated factors. According to MO analysis, there was predominance of mixed fractures. According SEM, the Ni-Cr and titanium specimens submitted to vacuum presented higher surface roughness than the specimens submitted to argon. For Co-Cr, there was no difference of surface topography. The argon firing influenced negatively the MCBS of metal-ceramic evaluated pairs.
Barassi, Infante Giancarlo Mario. "Estudio cinético y de equilibrio de extracción de cromo (VI) desde soluciones acuosas en batch y columnas rellenas con microcápsulas que contienen aliquat 336 como extractante." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105270.
Full textEl cromo hexavalente es conocido por su carácter cancerígeno y alta toxicidad, el cual es liberado al medioambiente por procesos industriales, tales como la electrodeposición y curtido de cueros, produciendo la contaminación de recursos hídricos y suelos. Es por esto que se hace imprescindible disponer de una tecnología capaz de remover este metal de los residuos industriales líquidos que lo contengan. Una de las metodologías que actualmente se encuentra en proceso de estudio en diversos grupos a nivel mundial es la microencapsulación de extractantes (MCEx) comerciales que son comúnmente empleados en los procesos de extracción por solvente convencional en faenas mineras. Las microcápsulas (MC) son matrices poliméricas esféricas que actúan como soporte para diversos tipos de extractantes, los cuales son capaces de transportar y extraer selectivamente el metal de interés. Estas microcápsulas se elaboran mediante una polimerización in situ, la cual consiste en una polimerización en suspensión con el extractante presente en la fase orgánica, quedando el extractante retenido al interior de la red polimérica durante la formación de las esferas. El uso de esta metodología de microencapsulación de extractantes presenta la posibilidad de extraer, separar y recuperar selectivamente, dependiendo del extractante que se utilice, los metales presentes en soluciones acuosas. Las microcápsulas poseen múltiples ventajas respecto de la extracción por solventes convencional, entre las que se destacan: su gran estabilidad, facilidad de operación, y no presenta problemas de swelling, pérdidas de solvente por arrastre mecánico ni formación de terceras fases. En esta Memoria de Título se estudió la extracción y retroextracción de cromo (VI) desde soluciones acuosas ácidas en un reactor tipo batch y en columnas rellenas utilizando microcápsulas preparadas a partir de diferentes monómeros que contenían Aliquat 336 como extractante. Se realizaron estudios morfológicos obteniendo resultados que comprueban que las microcápsulas sintetizadas poseen una geometría esférica con una superficie porosa. Por otro lado, los resultados cinéticos obtenidos tanto para la extracción como para la retroextracción muestran una alta velocidad de captación de cromo (VI) bajo las condiciones estudiadas, donde todas las microcápsulas alcanzaron el equilibrio de extracción durante el primer minuto del experimento. El estudio del equilibrio de extracción reveló que todas las microcápsulas poseen una alta capacidad de carga máxima de cromo (VI). En tanto, los resultados obtenidos utilizando columnas rellenas demuestran la factibilidad de regeneración y reutilización durante un número de ciclos limitado de extracción y retroextracción.
Hijazin, Carlos Atalla Hidalgo. "Descromagem ácida de resíduos de couro (serragem de rebaixadeira)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/159457.
Full textThis work concerns the dechroming process of leather shavings, using organic acids. The methodology using has potential for application to environmental and industrial problems concernig chromium waste, especially in the tanning industry. Three different types of complexants agents were studied: 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, citric acid and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The better efficiency of chromium extraction from leather shavings was achieved with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic and citric acids, reaching 87,75 % and 87,24% of chrome removing respectively, but citric acid is the preferred chelating agent over 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid not only because of its high efficiency of chromium extraction from leather waste , but also its relatively low cost an non-toxic nature. The quantitative determination the chromium of the organometallic complexes was realized using colorimetric method. The process was analyzed through the complete crossing factorial experimental designs that enables the study of most significant variables resulting in a good consistence an white protein. The experimental design was applied to analyze the influence of four control factors on the response variable. The control factors analyzed were the pH, temperature, reaction time and molar ratio (chromium:ligant).
Marcato, Silvestre. "Speciazione del cromo nei sedimenti di una laguna costiera." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3225/.
Full textGaspar, Ana Teresa Ferreira da Silva 1977. "Bioadsorção de cromo em algas marinhas utilizando coluna extratora." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266468.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A rápida industrialização e o crescimento urbano devido ao avanço tecnológico vem contaminando nosso ambiente, através de descargas de metais pesados nos efluentes, causando riscos à saúde biótica. Em particular, o cromo vem se destacando pela larga utilização em diversos setores industriais. Em amostras ambientais, o cromo ocorre principalmente como cromo(III) e cromo(VI). O cromo(VI) é altamente tóxico, e suas principais fontes são antropogênicas e originadas das indústrias de galvanoplastia, aço, têxteis, entre outras, das quais o cromo (VI) é transferido ao ambiente através de emissões no ar e na água. Métodos de tratamento tradicionais têm custos relativamente altos e a introdução de substâncias químicas que tomam-se impraticáveis e não econômicas e ainda causam danos ambientais. Com isso, estudos relativos a utilização de tratamentos alternativos mais viáveis vêm sendo necessários, atualmente a bioadsorção vem apresentando como uma alternativa potencial. A bioadsorção é um processo baseado na capacidade que os microorganismos apresentam de concentrar em sua massa celular, metais presentes em soluções diluídas. A proposta deste trabalho foi utilizar a bioadsorção para tratar soluções sintéticas de cromo hexavalente, utilizando algas marinhas das espécies Sargassum sp e Uiva lactuca, como bioadsorventes. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em colunas extratoras de 20 cm de altura e 1,5 cm de diâmetro. Foram realizados estudos sobre a influência das variáveis concentração de cromo na solução, a massa de bioadsorvente e a vazão na eficiência de remoção de cromo, utilizando um planejamento fatorial 23. Os ensaios de cinética de bioadsorção mostraram que o processo é relativamente rápido ocorrendo em tempo inferior a 60 minutos para os dois tipos de alga, sendo que a maior remoção ocorreu nos 20 a 25 minutos iniciais do processo. Observou-se que a concentração inicial do metal na solução é a variável mais significativa nos ensaios com os dois tipos de alga e que a capacidade de remoção do metal depende da espécie de alga, sendo que a Sargassum sp promoveu melhor remoção que a Uiva lactuca
Abstract: The fast industrialization and the urban growth due to the technological advancement have been contaminating our environrnent, through the discharge of heavy metaIs in effluents, harming the biotic health. In particular, chromium stands out due to its large utilization in several industrial sectors. In environrnental samples, chromium occurs mainly as trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium. The hexavalent chromium is highly toxic and its main source is anthropogenic, being mainly unloaded into the environrnent through air and water emissions from electroplating, steel and textile industries. Traditional methods of treatment have relatively high costs and lead to the introduction of chemical substances, becoming impracticable and non-economic and still causing harm to the environrnent. Therefore, studies of more viable altemative treatments are needed. Bioadsorption is a process based on the capacity that microorganisms have to concentrate metaIs present in diluted solutions in its cellular mass. The purpose of this work was to use the bioadorption to treat synthetic solution of hexavalent chromium using seaweeds of Sargassum sp and Uiva iactuca species. The experiments were carried out in an extractor column with 20 cm height and 1,5 cm of diameter. Studies ofthe influences of concentration of chromium in the solution, the mass of bioadsorbent and the volumetric flow in the efficiency of removal of chromium were conducted using 23 factorial designo The experiments of bioadsorption kinetics showed that the process is relatively fast, occurring in time lower than 60 minutes for both kinds of seaweed, greater removal occurring in the 20 to 25 first minutes of the processo It was observed that the initial concentration of metal in the solution is the most significant variable in the experiments with both kinds of seaweed and that the capacity of removal of metal depends on the seaweed species. The Sargassum sp promoted better removal than the Uiva iactuca
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Pinheiro, Marcelo da Silveira Meirelles. "Interação ractopamina, cromo e restrição alimentar em suínos terminados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-03072018-133310/.
Full textThe experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of different feeding regimes and different additives in the diet of pigs in the finishing phase. A total of 144 animals of the DB lineage were used, which were weighed and distributed in a randomized block design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (2 feeding regimes: will and restricted, 4 supplementation forms in the diet: Chrome, ractopamine, chromium + ractopamine), totaling 8 treatments with 6 replicates (3 replicates of males and 3 replicates of females) and 3 animals each, in the period of 42 days. Before the beginning of the experiment, the average consumption of the animals for the experimental diet was evaluated, which was corrected weekly. A quantitative restriction of the diet was performed in 15% in relation to the consumption of the animals fed at will. The restriction was applied from the first day of the experiment and the diets containing chromium and ractopamine were applied from the 15th day of the experiment. Experiment, that is, in the last 28 days. However, nutritional levels were increased by 15% to ensure consumption of the same amount of nutrients from the diet. At the end of the experiment, one animal per replicate was slaughtered to determine the quality of the carcass of the animals. Performance data (weight gain, mean intake and feed conversion) and carcass yield (fat thickness, muscle thickness, lean meat percentage) were evaluated. The treatments had no significant effect on the performance of the animals on average daily consumption and average weight gain. There was no significant difference in carcass characteristics. Feed restriction animals showed a significant difference (P <0.001) in feed conversion when compared to feed at will. The use of chromium and ractopamine alone or in combination improved feed conversion compared to animals receiving the control ration.
Oliveira, Renata Farias. "Estudo da adsorção de cromo hexavalente em altas concentrações." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96390.
Full textThe concern about the contamination of water resources from the release of industrial effluents containing heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium, is increasing due to its toxicity aggregate. In this context , the development of wastewater treatment processes with technical feasibility is critical. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the adsorption efficiency technique applied on removal of Cr (VI) in batch with synthetic and industrial wastewater, and later in fixed-bed column. Sorption experiments were carried out with different sorbents aiming to find the best solid for hexavalent chromium removal. Experimental conditions were: 5 mg.L- 1 of Cr (VI), pH between 2 and 6 and 30 minutes of residence time. Activated carbon was chosen for further studies. Process parameters were studied in aqueous solution with 20 mg.L-1 of Cr (VI), 2.5 and 15 g.L-1 concentration of sorbent, 3 and 180 minutes contact time and pH 2 and 10 were also tested. The concentration of adsorbent with higher removal efficiency was 10 g.L-1 and contact time of 50 minutes. The adsorption isotherm model that showed best fit to the experimental data was the model of Freundlich. For assays with industrial effluent, the best conditions were unadjusted pH and 40 g.L-1 concentration of activated carbon. Experiments using fixed bed column were conducted to preview the possibility of using this system as an alternative to galvanic industry. It was evaluated the rupture time and analyzed the concentrations of residual Cr (VI) output current plant adsorption. The batch adsorption experiments were the basis for these experiments. For the initial condition of pH 2, mass of 5 g of activated carbon, the initial concentration of Cr (VI) feed stream 100 mg.L-1 and a flow rate of 20 mL.min-1 rupture time was approximately 135 minutes for Assay 1 and 150 minutes for Assay 2. The maximum removal was 92.6 %.
Fiuza, Junior Raildo Alves. "Hidrogenólise do glicerol sobre catalisadores de cobre e cromo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11729.
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CAPES
A conversão catalítica do glicerol em insumos químicos de maior valor agregado é desejável para valorizar a cadeia de produção do biodiesel. O glicerol é obtido principalmente como co-produto do biodiesel, com rendimento de 10% em massa. Uma das vias mais promissoras na valorização do glicerol está na hidrogenólise do glicerol a propilenoglicol (1,2-PD), que é empregado como agente anti-congelante, na produção de polímeros, na indústria de alimentos e cosméticos. Muitos estudos têm relatado a hidrogenólise em fase líquida, que requer altas pressões de hidrogênio e demanda altos custos operacionais. Recentes estudos têm relatado a hidrogenólise do glicerol a 1,2-PDO em fase vapor, utilizando principalmente catalisadores a base de cobre. O principal catalisador empregado na hidrogenólise do glicerol tanto na fase liquida como vapor é a cromita de cobre, CuCr2O4. Neste trabalho, a atividade catalítica da cromita de cobre foi avaliada em fase vapor, estudando três fatores: a estruturação da cromita de cobre por diferentes temperaturas de calcinação (500-800°C); mudanças es truturais provocadas por diferentes métodos de síntese (Combustão e Pechini); e a modificação da estrutura da cromita pela introdução do alumínio em substituição do cromo. Todos os catalisadores foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, EDX, BET, TPR-H2 e área metálica do cobre. A hidrogenólise do glicerol em fase vapor se mostrou promissora e os resultados obtidos indicaram que a fase cromita de cobre propicia uma maior estabilidade para a fase ativa o cobre metálico. O aumento da área metálica do cobre é influenciado diretamente pelo método de síntese, maximizando a hidrogenólise. A introdução do alumínio provocou o aumento da seletividade ao propanodiol pela melhora nas propriedades texturais.
Salvador
Pereira, Elcy de Souza. "Emprego da fluorescencia de raios X por dispersão de energia na determinação de cromo (III) e cromo (VI) em aguas naturais e residuarias." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258448.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos e Saneamento
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Dettmer, Aline. "Recuperação do cromo das cinzas do tratamento térmico de resíduos da indústria calçadista visando o curtimento de peles." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15027.
Full textThe tannery industry creates a big quantity of wastes. Only about 25% of the initial raw material (raw hides) is transformed to leather, and wastes are created in different forms. The tanned wastes have chromium and are classified as dangerous, an adequate treatment or destination is necessary. The remaining wastes are sub-products (employed in olein and gelatin production, among others), wastes that are not tanned and materials concentrated in mud of effluent treatment. A considerable quantity of leather wastes is also created in shoes and artifact factories. At this point, the waste is constituted mostly, of shavings that cannot be utilized. Different alternatives to the treatment of this wastes are being studied, among them, the thermal treatment of shaving create during the productive process. The ashes generated during the process are rich in chromium oxide, containing between 50-60% in mass. This material can be utilized like raw material to obtain sodium chromate, which is the precursor of basic chromium sulfate, the salt widely used in tanning process. Actually, the industrial method to obtain sodium chromate utilizes raw material the mineral chromite, which have between 40-50% of chromium oxide. The oxidation of chromium (III) present in mineral is realized with the use of sodium carbonate, temperature about 1200°C in an oxidative atmosphere. The ashes utilized in this work came from a pilot plant of thermal treatment of leather wastes, installed in Dois Irmãos/RS. The oxidation (recuperation) of chromium present in ash is realized using sodium nitrate. The results obtained indicated a conversion (chromium III to chromium VI) of 94%, with temperature of reaction 750°C, without air addition, mass reason between sodium nitrate and ashes of 2,2 and reaction time of 60 minutes. From the sodium chromate obtained, obtain basic chromium sulfate. A determinant propriety for basic chromium sulfate tannery power is its basicity. The basicity indicates the number of hydroxyls attached with the chromium atom. The increase in basicity of the tanning agent decreases the diffusion of salt, but increases the fixation at hide. The chromium salts more utilized in hides tanning, traditionally, have basicity of 33%. The reduction of the hexavalent chromium present in the solution of sodium chromate was realized through addition of sodium sulfite and sulfuric acid. Different mass reason between sulfite and sodium dichromate, time of reaction and pH of dichromate solution were studied, two bases to adjust the final pH of solution were tested. The solutions obtained have basicity of about 33%. Preliminary tests were carried out utilizing hide powder, were realized two simultaneous analyses, utilizing the product obtained in laboratory and the commercial product, to confirm the efficacy of the salt obtained from the ashes. In other step, the sulfate obtained in laboratory were utilized in tanning of hide samples, two simultaneous analyses were realized. The results obtained were satisfactory, mostly of the point to confer hidrotermic stability to the tanned samples. It was also possible to observe the modification of structure (distance of fibers) in electronic microscopy, these two characteristics are typical of tanned hides.
Korzenowski, Christa. "Estudo da recuperação de soluções de cromo hexavalente contendo íons Al(III) e Fe(III) através da eletrodiálise e efeito da incorporação dos íons na degradação de membranas catiônicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10582.
Full textThe present research proposes the possibility of use the electrodialysis as a method for purification of spent chromium bath contaminated with trivalent chromium, trivalent iron and trivalent aluminum used in plating industry. Initially were studied in separate the spent chromium baths contaminated with Al(III) or Fe(III) in two compartments cell. Seven different commercial cationexchange membranes were used. It also studied solutions with trivalent iron and trivalent aluminum ions in two and three compartments cell, containing or not the trivalent chromium for verify the influence of chromium over the ions transport. For this study we also used an anion-exchange membrane. It also evaluated the structural modifications and the ions incorporation in the cation-exchange membranes by electronic microscopy by scanning (MEV), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and xray fluorescence. The results showed that the electrodialysis could be applied for purification of spent chromium baths, since accomplished the pH control and the correct choice of the membrane have done.
Windmoller, Claudia Carvalhinho. "Aumento da sensibilidade de detecção de especies hidroliticas de Cr(III), por derivatização pos-coluna, separadas cromatograficamente." [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250691.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Mestrado
Espirito, Santo Larissa Lima do. "Monitoramento da preparação e caracterização de silicatos zeolíticos por ressonância magnética e espectroscopia fotoacústica." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277689.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Os químicos de materiais têm colocado um esforço na síntese, na caracterização e no estudo de aplicações de materiais onde silício é total ou parcialmente substituído em posições de rede por íons de metais de transição. A substituição de silício por íons como Fe3+, Cr3+, CU2+, Mn2+ e outros não é fácil devido às diferenças nos raios iônicos, todavia os estudos desses materiais e as tentativas da sua produção são significativos devido à importância que têm nas atividades catalíticas em reações de conversão de hidrocarbonetos. Neste trabalho aplicamos a Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica e a Espectroscopia Fotoacústica na investigação de cromossilicatos cristalinos zeolíticos. As amostras, obtidas com a incorporação de cromo, em sítios da estrutura ou fora dela (neste caso provavelmente ligados a átomos de o-xigênio formando ó-xidos), são de grande interesse na medida em que, com elas, é possível desenvolver novos catalisadores com novas propriedades. A aplicação daquelas técnicas é muito adequada na medida em que fornece informações sobre a distribuição dos íons pelos diversos sítios no sólido e sobre os seus estados de o-xidação. Essas informações são essenciais no estabelecimento do material .como um catalisador. Por outro lado tais técnicas são muito adequadas para prestar informações para esse tipo de amostra, na forma de pós espalhadores, sem que se precise de preparações especiais para ela. Para amostras como-preparadas e submetidas à calcinação pudemos detectar a presença dos íons Cr3+ e Cr6+ .As bandas de absorção óptica foram obtidas através da Espectroscopia Fotoacústica: três bandas de campo ligante do Cr3+ e duas bandas de transferência de carga do Cr6+ .Os experimentos de RPE permitiram acompanhar a evolução da concentração dos íons Cr3+ e discutir sua localização na estrutura da amostra. Com o método de resolução de espectros na fase (por Fotoacústica) foi possível separar as contribuições dos dois íons de cromo ao espectro e estimar os tempos de relaxação de suas bandas. Com nossa metodologia foi possível acompanhar o comportamento dos materiais, mesmo nas etapas iniciais de sua preparação, e quando submetidos a processos químicos e térmicos. Finalmente, como exemplificação de aplicação, utilizamos a metodologia para acompanhar o comportamento das amostras em atividade catalítica em um processo de conversão CO®CO2. Em conclusão, pudemos, com o trabalho desta tese, dar informações adicionais valiosas para os químicos envolvidos na síntese e na obtenção das propriedades dos cromossilicatos zeolíticos
Abstract: The newest effort in the chemistry of zeolites is the synthesis, characterization and applications of materials where silicon in the conventionallattice are completely or partially replaced isomorphously by other elements from transition metal group. Substitution of ions such as Fe3+, Cr3+, CU2+, Mn2+ and others into the zeolite framework is not easy owing to their differences in ionic radii to silicon. However the importance of the produced materiaIs are very clear in the areas of catalytic activity in reactions of hydrocarbon conversion justifying strongly its investigations. In this work we have applied Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy to the investigation of crystalline zeolitic chromosilicalite. The samples, obtained with chromium incorporation, the chromium ions being located both at silicon sites in the lattice and outside the silicon skeleton (in this case probably linked to oxygen atoms to form oxides), are of great interest since new catalysts with new properties can be designed with them. The application of those techniques is very suitable as they allow informations on the chromium site distribution in the solid and the oxidation state of the ions. These are very crucial informations to establishing the chromosilicalite activity as a catalyst. By the other hand the techniques are very suitable to give informations of such powdered scattering samples without any special preparation. Two oxidation states ( + 3 and +6) for the chromium ions were detected in samples as-prepared and calcined one. The optical absorption bands were obtained using the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: the three ligand field bands for Cr3+ and the two charge transfer bands for Cr6+ .The EPR measurements permitted monitoring the Cr3+ concentration evolution and discussing its site location in the sample. Using the phase-resolved photoacoustic method we could separate the contributions of both chromium ions to the spectra and estimate its relaxation times. Following the methodology we could monitor the behavior of the samples even in its earlier stages of preparation and when submitted to chemical and thermal process. To be illustrative we have used the methodology to follow the behavior of the samples in catalytic activity in a CO®CO2 conversion process. In conclusion, we could give valuable additional informations for the chemists concerning the zeolitic chromiumsilicalite synthesis process with our methodology
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
Lugo, Rivera Jose Francisco. "Estudo da redução de Cr(VI) por acido nitrico." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249921.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Pezzin, Sergio Henrique. "Estudo de reações de 51Cr(VI) com acidos concentrados atraves de metodos cromatograficos." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248366.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Silva, Gilmar Clemente. "Comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em soluções contendo íons cloreto /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102597.
Full textBanca: Koshum Iha
Banca: Paulo Olivi
Banca: Sérgio Machado Espíndola
Banca: Nelson Ramos Stradiotto
Resumo: O crômio é o principal elemento de liga, responsável pela alta resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis. Esta resistência está relacionada com a formação de óxidos e/ou hidróxidos de Cr3+ na superfície. A literatura reporta muitos trabalhos sobre a comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em meio de ácido sulfúrico. Entretanto pouco se conhece sobre o crômio em soluções contendo cloreto. Este conhecimento pode ser muito importante para entender o mecanismo de formação dos filmes e passivação da superfície do crômio e dos aços inoxidáveis. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do crômio em soluções contento íons cloreto, utilizando-se técnicas eletroquímicas convencionais. Espectroscopia fotoeletrônica e Uv-visível foram também empregadas para analisar, respectivamente, a superfície e espécies de crômio em solução. As curvas de polarização do crômio em soluções mostram três regiões de potenciais: ativa, passiva e transpassiva. Na região ativa verificou-se que o crômio se dissolve como Cr2+ junto com geração de hidrogênio. Para soluções com pH<3 a formação do filme passivo deve ocorrer via dissolução/precipitação enquanto que para soluções com pH>3 o mecanismo deve ser via formação direta do filme. As medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica mostraram um circuito equivalente para a interface em solução com pH=0,3 e outro diferente para a interface em soluções com 0,3
Doutor
Bustamante, Carrión Manuel Enrique. "Efecto de la aplicación de estiércol de lombriz en la disponibilidad de arsénico y cromo, en un cultivo de maíz del Distrito de Orcotuna, Concepción - 2016." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Continental, 2018. http://repositorio.continental.edu.pe/handle/continental/4650.
Full textFritzen, Maurícia Beddin. "Adsorção de Cr(VI) na interface água-minerais sedimentários." Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/83928.
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O cromo aparece no meio ambiente como resultado de sua utilização em uma variedade de processos industriais. Para o estudo da biodisponibilidade de Cr (VI) no meio aquático, ou de sua remoção através de adsorventes apropriados, utiliza-se o conhecimento da distribuição das diferentes espécies do metal no sedimento, prevista através de modelos empíricos. O presente trabalho mostra que as isotermas de adsorção de Cr (VI) em argilas minerais como a caolinita e a montmorillonita, e em seus constituintes como a alumina e a sílica podem ser tratadas adequadamente com o modelo de Langmuir, mostrando um comportamento característico de adsorção em monocamada. Os dados experimentais revelam a importância da carga superficial e pH do meio em relação à eficiência dos adsorventes, e permitem relacionar o comportamento do Cr (VI) nas argilas constituídas de aluminossilicatos encontradas no meio ambiente.
Cortés, Velázquez Jennifer. "Propuesta de un sistema de biofiltración de cromo hexavalente en agua, utilizando olote de maíz." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/49402.
Full textEl objetivo principal de esta investigación fue llevar a cabo una bio ad sorción del Cr (VI) presente en soluciones sintéticas , utilizando un sistema de filtración biológica con olote de maíz, de la comunidad de San Lorenzo Huitzizilapan. El sistema de biofiltración fue construido en dos etapas en la que cada una contenía el biomaterial, las soluciones preparadas a diferentes concentraciones de Cr (VI) se hicieron pasar por el sistema de doble biofiltración, posteriormente se llevó a cabo la cuantificación del Cr (V I) en las soluciones obtenidas, utilizando la técni ca de Espectrofotometría de UV y de Absorción Atómica, con los resultados obtenidos de ambas técnicas se pudo comprobar que el Cr (VI) no fue ad sorbido en su totalidad por el olote , sino que un parte impor tante se había reducido a Cr (III).
Wenzel, Bruno München. "Redução carbotérmica do cromo contido nas cinzas do tratamento térmico de resíduos de couro visando a obtenção de liga ferrocromo e sulfato de cromo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16088.
Full textIn Rio Grande do Sul, state of Brazil, the footwear and leather industrial wastes corresponding of 62% of dangerous waste. The presences of trivalent chromium in wet-blue leather production waste give this danger propriety. Majority of these wastes are disposed of in landfills, but this practice is an ambiental problematic question. The thermal treatment of these wastes has been researched for this problem. The Project developed by Wastes Prossessment Laboratory (LPR, in Portuguese) of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul to culminate an implementation of a wastes incineration pilot plant with sequenced fixed bed gasifier and combustion technology. The capacity of the plant is 100Kg/h. The ashes generated in this process contain 50-62% of Cr2O3 - greater then chromite. The present work objectives the study of the chromium recovery contained in the leather ash for high-carbon ferrochromium production (Fe-Cr-AC) by carbothermal reduction of chromium oxide. Yet have been studied a leach process of Fe-Cr-AC alloy with sulfuric acid solution for formation trivalent chromium sulfate, that can be used as a tanning salt agent. A representative ash sampling from pilot plant gasifier reactor had been analyzed and used in experimental carbothermal reduction. The ashes had been characterized by chromium chemical analysis, hydrocarbon content determination, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX) and X-ray diffraction. The carbothermal reduction experiments were conducted on alumina crucible in an inert atmosphere of 1600°C and 1atm furnace for two hours. Investigations have been carried for slag basicity (B), CaO+SiO2 and ashes ratio (ROX), carbon content utilization (RR) and validation of FactSage chemical thermodynamic equilibrium software tool for prediction of experimental results. The reaction moisture contains ash, lime, silica, graphite and metallic iron. In the experimental sulfuric acid alloy lixiviation step a commercial Fe-Cr-AC was applied. The H2SO4 concentration in lixiviation solution, time and temperature of reaction parameters were modeled in quadratic response surface with Box-Benhken experimental design. The each effect of perchloric acid and ammonium sulfate addition in the reaction were investigated. The chemical and FRX analysis of chromium in ashes, determined concentration of 62,3% in mass of Cr2O3. The others majoritary oxides in sample are: SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, CaO, P2O5 and Fe2O3. The X-ray diffraction spectrometry analysis confirms presence of Cr2O3 and SiO2 oxides. Greater results of carbothermal reduction experiments were obtained with computational thermodynamic equilibrium simulations by adjust of ROX and RR parameters. The maximum chromium conversion experimentally obtained was 96%, obtained by RR=16% of carbon excess estequiometric value, ROX=0,72g of SiO2+CaO/g of ash and B=1 g of CaO/g of SiO2 ratios. The FactSage tool with FACT53 and FToxid compounds and solutions databases, correlated the experimental data with relatively good precision in a system containing all compounds in the ash. The Fe-Cr-AC alloy lixiviation process presents 100% of chromium conversion for chromium sulfate soluble in 60% of sulfuric acid mass lixiviation solution, 3h of reaction and 148°C for temperature. The result was obtained by maximization of surface response granted by quadratic model adjusted with least square. In this condition Fe conversion is 83,5% by response of surface quadratic least squared model. The addition of perchloric acid reduced the conversion attributed by formation of precipitated anhydrous sulphates. A best result for solubilization of chromium was the utilizations of ammonium sulphate - total conversion at lower conditions are possible.
Recasens, Llobera Esther. "Valoración urinaria del cinc y cromo en la Diabetes Mellitus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3785.
Full textCastro, Elisabeth Pavão de. "Estudo das interações magneto-elásticas em ligas de cromo-vanádio." Universidade de São Paulo, 1988. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-13102014-152807/.
Full textMeasurements of ultrasonic attenuation and elastic Constant in Cr-V alloys, using pulse echo techniques were realized and the transitions at the Neel temperature, TN, were studied. We propose a theoretical model which describe the behavior of the ultrasonic attenuation and elastic Constant near the transition in TN. According to the theoretical model the addition of Vanadium to chromium, drastically diminishes the diffusion coefficient thus changing the nature of the transition. It was used samples of chromium containing 0,2%V; 0,5%V; 0,67%V; 1,0%V and 1,5%V. From the approximately linear dependence of TN with the vanadium concentration it was concluded that 3,3%V corresponds to TN= 0. The effect of magnetic fields up to 4,5T was insufficient to produce single-Q samples, and did not cause any mensurable variation in TN
Baldissera, Bruna Letícia [UNESP]. "Absorção/adsorção de cádmio, cromo e chumbo por Agaricus blazei." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94964.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Agaricus blazei é uma das espécies de fungo do grupo basidiomiceto nativo do Brasil, popularmente conhecido como cogumelo-do-sol®. O Brasil é considerado um grande fornecedor desse fungo para o mercado internacional cujos padrões de qualidade são bastante restritivos em relação à concentração de metais pesados, principalmente cádmio. Esse fungo possui propriedades medicinais e seus cogumelos são consumidos por grande número de pessoas que procuram melhorar a qualidade de vida. O trabalho objetivou estudar o acúmulo de cádmio, cromo e chumbo por A. blazei. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, utilizando 2 tipos de composto e 3 tipos de solo para cobertura. O fungo foi cultivado em sacos de plástico preto contendo no fundo o composto inoculado, tendo como cobertura diferentes tipos de solo. O solo e o composto foram analisados para quantificação de Cd, Cr, Pb por espectrometria de absorção atômica, propriedades físicas e químicas (Instituto Campineiro de Análise de Solo e Adubo ICASA). Além das quantias de metais encontradas no solo e no composto foram adicionados 66 mg de cloreto de cádmio, 132 mg de sulfato de cromo e 12 mg de nitrato de chumbo ao solo de cobertura. Após a frutificação, os basidiocarpos foram analisados para quantificar proteínas, aminoácidos, metais pesados e identificação de modificações protéicas por espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR). O resultado das análises demonstrou que havia acúmulo de metais pesados nos basidiocarpos, ocorrendo maior percentual nos contaminados com cádmio.Além disso, detectou-se nos basidiocarpos contaminados menor teor de proteínas. Através de FTIR não foi possível detectar alterações nas proteínas nos basidiocarpos analisados.
Agaricus blazei is a basidiomycete fungus native from Brazil and popularly known as Cogumelo-do-sol® the sun-mushroom. Brazil is a supplier of this edible mushroom to international markets to which quality standards are very restrictive regarding the concentration of heavy metals, especially cadmium. This fungus exhibits medicinal properties and its fruiting bodies are consumed by a large number of people that seek to improve life quality. The objective of this work was to study the accumulation of cadmium, chromium and lead by A. blazei. Three experiments were made using two composts and three types of covering soil. The fungus was cultivated in black plastic bags contend in the deep inoculated compost and as covering different types of soils. The soil and the compost were analyzed to determine the amount of heavy metals: Cd, Cr and Pb by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and physical and chemical properties (ICASA). Besides the metal found in the soil and compost, 66 mg of cadmium chloride, 132 mg of chromium sulfate and 12 mg of lead nitrate were also added to the covering soil. After fructification, the fruiting bodies were analyzed to measure the amount of raw proteins, amino acids, heavy metals and proteinic modifications for Spectroscopy of Infra Red (FTIR). The analyses of results showed accumulation of heavy metals in fruiting bodies, occurring a higher percentage in fruiting bodies contaminated of cadmium. Furthermore detected in contaminated fruiting bodies a less drift of raw proteins. Through FTIR was not possible to detect alteration in proteins of fruiting bodies analyzed.
Baffa, Danielle Ferreira. "Cromo levedura e ractopamina em dietas para suínos em terminação." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5821.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
To evaluate the effect of chromium yeast (CY) and ractopamine (RAC) on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood, an experiment was conducted with 96 commercial castrated crossbred pigs with an average initial body weight of 75.07 ± 3.9 kg. Animals were distributed in a randomized-block experimental design with six treatments, eight blocks and two animals per stall. The treatments consisted of feeding plans (FP) in two phases: from 0 to 14 days; and from 14 to 42 days of age, respectively, composed of diets: Control/Control (CD/CD); Chromium yeast/Amino acids (CY/AA); Chromium yeast/Amino acids + Ractopamine (CY/AA+RAC); Control /Chromium yeast (CD/CY); Control/Amino acids + Chromium Yeast (CD/AA+CY); and Chromium Yeast/Amino Acids + Ractopamine + Chromium Yeast (CY/AA+RAC/CY). The greatest final weight and daily weight gain (P<0.0001) were observed in the animals subjected to CY/AA+RAC+CY. Feeding plan CY/AA+RAC provided an intermediate final weight and daily weight gain, similar to those obtained with the use of CY/AA+RAC+CY, CD/CD, CY/AA and CD/CY, but greater than CD/AA+CY. The pigs fed CY/AA+RAC+CY showed a greater fasted body weight (FW) (P<0.0001) as compared with CD/CD, CY/AA, CD/CY and CD/AA+CY. Feeding plan CY/AA+RAC provided an intermediate FW, similar to that obtained with the use of CY/AA+RAC+CY, CD/CD, CY/AA, but greater than CD/AA+CY. The evaluated FP did not influence (P>0.05) daily feed intake. The best feed-conversion results (P<0.0001) were obtained with CY/AA+RAC+CY and CY/AA+RAC. A larger loin-eye area was found in pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC as compared with the use of CD/CY. The greatest muscle fiber diameter (P<0.011) was found in the pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC+CY and CD/CY, which were higher than the group fed CD/CD. The liquid loss due to thawing determined in the meat of the pigs subjected to CD/CD was lower (P<0.009) than that observed with the use of CY/AA+RAC. A higher value of Cie a* was determined in the meat of the animals subjected to CY/AA+RAC as compared with CY/AA+ RAC+ CY. The pigs fed CY/AA+ RAC+ CY had a brighter meat than the other animals. The lowest TBARS concentration (P<.001) was observed in the meat of pigs subjected to CY/AA+RAC in relation to the group that consumed CY/AA. A greater concentration of myristic fatty acid (FA) (14:0) was found in the groups that received CY/AA+RAC as compared with the group fed CY/AA+RAC+CY. The pigs that received the FP with CY/AA+RAC+CY and CD/CY displayed greater levels of linoleic FA (18:2n6) in the longissimus dorsi muscle, as compared with the pigs fed CY/AA. The feeding plans did not affect the evaluated blood parameters (P>0.05). The use of chromium yeast and ractopamine or alone promoted positive alterations in the development of muscle cells in the pigs and in the meat quality, which should be considered when this mineral is used. The association of chromium yeast with ractopamine revealed improvements in the animal performance.
Para avaliar o efeito do cromo levedura (CrL) e ractopamina (RAC) em rações sobre o desempenho, características da carcaça, qualidade de carne e variáveis sanguíneas, foi realizado um experimento com 96 suínos machos castrados híbridos comerciais com peso corporal médio inicial de 75,07 ± 3,9 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos, oito blocos e dois animais por baia. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de planos nutricionais (PN) em dois períodos consecutivos: período 1 de 0 a 14 dias e o período 2 de 14 a 42 dias, respectivamente, compostos pelas rações: Controle/Ração Controle (RC/RC); Cromo levedura/Aminoácidos (CrL/AA); Cromo Levedura/Aminoácidos + Ractopamina (CrL/AA+RAC); Controle/Cromo Levedura (RC/CrL); Ração Controle/Aminoácidos + Cromo Levedura (RC/AA+CrL) e Cromo Levedura/Aminoácidos+Ractopamina+Cromo Levedura (CrL/AA+RAC+CrL). Maior peso final (PF) e ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P<0,001) foi observado para os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL. O PN CrL/AA+RAC proporcionou PF e GPD intermediário, semelhante aos obtidos com o uso de CrL/AA+RAC+CrL, RC/RC, CrL/AA e RC/CrL e superior ao PN RC/AA+CrL. Os suínos alimentados com o PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL apresentaram maior peso de jejum (PJ) (P<0,0001) quando comparados aos PN RC/RC, CrL/AA, RC/CrL e RC/AA+CrL. O PN CrL/AA+RAC promoveu PJ intermediário, semelhante ao obtido com o uso de CrL/AA+RAC+CrL, RC/RC, CrL/AA e superior ao RC/AA+CrL. Os PN avaliados não influenciaram (P > 0,05) o consumo diário de ração. Os melhores resultados de conversão alimentar (P<0,001) foram obtidos com os PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e CrL/AA+RAC. Maior área de olho de lombo foi determinada nos suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado a utilização de RC/CrL. Maior diâmetro da fibra muscular (P<0,011) foi verificado nos suínos submetidos aos PN CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e RC/CrL sendo estes superiores ao grupo consumindo RC/RC. A perda líquida por descongelamento determinada na carne dos suínos submetidos ao PN RC/RC foi inferior (P<0,009) a obtida com o uso do PN CrL/AA+RAC. Maior valor Cie a* foi determinado na carne dos animais submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado ao PN CrL/AA+ RAC+ CrL. Os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+ RAC+ CrL apresentaram maior tonalidade na carne frente aos demais animais. Menor concentração de TBARS (P<0,001) foi verificada na carne dos suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC frente ao grupo consumindo ração CrL/AA. Maior teor de ácido graxo (AG) mirístico (14:0) foi verificado para os suínos submetidos ao PN CrL/AA+RAC quando comparado ao grupo CrL/AA+RAC+CrL. Os suínos que receberam os PN com CrL/AA+RAC+CrL e RC/CrL apresentaram maior concentração de AG linolêico (18:2n6) no músculo Longissimus dorsi, frente aos suínos do PN CrL/AA. Os PN não influenciaram as variáveis sanguíneas avaliadas (P>0,05). O uso de cromo levedura e ractopamina promoveram alterações positivas sobre o desenvolvimento de células musculares nos suínos e na qualidade da carne que devem ser consideradas quando da utilização do mineral e o uso em associação a ractopamina revelou melhorias sobre o desempenho dos animais.
Baldissera, Bruna Letícia. "Absorção/adsorção de cádmio, cromo e chumbo por Agaricus blazei /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94964.
Full textBanca: Carlos Renato Corso
Banca: Sérgio Florentino Pascholati
Resumo: Agaricus blazei é uma das espécies de fungo do grupo basidiomiceto nativo do Brasil, popularmente conhecido como cogumelo-do-sol®. O Brasil é considerado um grande fornecedor desse fungo para o mercado internacional cujos padrões de qualidade são bastante restritivos em relação à concentração de metais pesados, principalmente cádmio. Esse fungo possui propriedades medicinais e seus cogumelos são consumidos por grande número de pessoas que procuram melhorar a qualidade de vida. O trabalho objetivou estudar o acúmulo de cádmio, cromo e chumbo por A. blazei. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, utilizando 2 tipos de composto e 3 tipos de solo para cobertura. O fungo foi cultivado em sacos de plástico preto contendo no fundo o composto inoculado, tendo como cobertura diferentes tipos de solo. O solo e o composto foram analisados para quantificação de Cd, Cr, Pb por espectrometria de absorção atômica, propriedades físicas e químicas (Instituto Campineiro de Análise de Solo e Adubo ICASA). Além das quantias de metais encontradas no solo e no composto foram adicionados 66 mg de cloreto de cádmio, 132 mg de sulfato de cromo e 12 mg de nitrato de chumbo ao solo de cobertura. Após a frutificação, os basidiocarpos foram analisados para quantificar proteínas, aminoácidos, metais pesados e identificação de modificações protéicas por espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR). O resultado das análises demonstrou que havia acúmulo de metais pesados nos basidiocarpos, ocorrendo maior percentual nos contaminados com cádmio.Além disso, detectou-se nos basidiocarpos contaminados menor teor de proteínas. Através de FTIR não foi possível detectar alterações nas proteínas nos basidiocarpos analisados.
Abstract: Agaricus blazei is a basidiomycete fungus native from Brazil and popularly known as Cogumelo-do-sol® the sun-mushroom. Brazil is a supplier of this edible mushroom to international markets to which quality standards are very restrictive regarding the concentration of heavy metals, especially cadmium. This fungus exhibits medicinal properties and its fruiting bodies are consumed by a large number of people that seek to improve life quality. The objective of this work was to study the accumulation of cadmium, chromium and lead by A. blazei. Three experiments were made using two composts and three types of covering soil. The fungus was cultivated in black plastic bags contend in the deep inoculated compost and as covering different types of soils. The soil and the compost were analyzed to determine the amount of heavy metals: Cd, Cr and Pb by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and physical and chemical properties (ICASA). Besides the metal found in the soil and compost, 66 mg of cadmium chloride, 132 mg of chromium sulfate and 12 mg of lead nitrate were also added to the covering soil. After fructification, the fruiting bodies were analyzed to measure the amount of raw proteins, amino acids, heavy metals and proteinic modifications for Spectroscopy of Infra Red (FTIR). The analyses of results showed accumulation of heavy metals in fruiting bodies, occurring a higher percentage in fruiting bodies contaminated of cadmium. Furthermore detected in contaminated fruiting bodies a less drift of raw proteins. Through FTIR was not possible to detect alteration in proteins of fruiting bodies analyzed.
Mestre
Cabrejos, Caracciolo Wilson. "Reacciones del tricarbonil (n6 tolueno) cromo con precursores de nitrenos." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2011. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/592.
Full textTesis
Junior, Nelson Parizotto. "Avaliações zootécnicas e hematológicas de ovelhas suplementadas com cromo orgânico." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2010. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000159323.
Full textPrevious studies have proved the metabolic essentiality of and a greater demand for chromium in situations of stress. Based on these pieces of information, evaluating the effects of dietetic adding of this mineral in the performance and in the hematological variable of Santa Inês sheep breed subject to adverse environmental conditions and to gestational metabolic stress. For carrying out this study 26 multíparous female sheep were used. They were divided into the chrome treatment, which consisted in supplementing 1.5 mg animal per day -1 with organic chrome, and control. The animals were kept in semi-extensive system with access to Stargrass pasture (Cynodon nlefuensis) during the morning and taken to the corral in the afternoon. Their weight and body condition were checked after the overnight fast on days 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 of the experimental period, considering as day zero the beginning of supplementation and of breeding season. The rates of prolificity and delivering were checked, being the latter determined 30 days after the day of mating. The weighing at birth of lambs was carried out up to 12 hours after delivery. Following the previous schedule, fecal samples were collected from the rectum, and blood samples were collected by venous puncture of the jugular using vacuum collection tubes with sodic EDTA. From these materials, counts of eggs per gram of feces were determined and hematocrit values, hemoglobin levels and the differential and total counting of leukocytes were obtained. The results were grouped so that they could provide the average to each gestational period (initial ? days 0 to 50); average ? days 51 to 100; final ? days 101 until delivering) and studied by analyzing the variation for checking the effects of treatment, from the gestational phase and the interaction between them. The live weight, the body condition of the females, lambs? weights at being born and the rates of prolificity and delivering were not influenced by the treatment. The increase of the live weight of the ones with reduction of the body condition of the animals was observed with the evolution of the gestation. The weight at being born has not differed between the sexes; however, it was inferior in the lambs born of double delivering. The chromium reduce the number of neutrophils. The number of leukocytes, linfocits and eosinophils, the levels of hemoglobin and the packed cell volume have been reduced with the evolution of the pregnancy. The neutrophils have been increase on the final phase. Chrome has not influenced the performance during the reproductive season and along the gestation period. It has, however, modified the profile of the white cells of the blood, reducing the counting of neutrophils. The phases of gestation have had a great influence in the hemogram due to the physiological adaptation needed for foetus development.
Dias, Ana Paula. "Avaliação da adaptação marginal e rugosidade de superfície de copings confeccionados de Níquel-Cromo e Cobalto-Cromo injetados em moldes de revestimento a temperatura reduzida." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-01092017-113233/.
Full textA proper marginal fit and surface roughness are fundamental aspects for the clinical success of metal-ceramic crowns. The first parameter allows to preserve the margins adaptation accuracy of the restaurations, thus preventing issues related to an improper exposition of the dental tissues into the oral fluids and biofilm. The second parameter is related to mechanical and biological important aspects for the restoration quality and is also able to optimize the piece final adaptation. Both parameters are associated to temperature levels and the understanding of their behavior is convenient for the improvement of the Fixed Prostheses, therefore the aim of this study was to mensure the maginal gap by using the optical microscopy and evaluate the surface roughness by confocal microscopy of metallic copings fused with Nickel-Chromium alloys [Verabond II e experimental (SR)] and Cobalt- Chromium (Keragen) under two distinct mold temperature for the alloy injection: 700°C and 900°C. Performing those analysis represents a way to find out if the temperature reduction of the mold can be convenient to increase the quality of the casting patterns`s surface without affect the marginal fidelity, thus minimizing the overheat casting problems. The mensurements were performed in copings fused from resin cylinders for casting and each one, after fused, was cimented in a abutment cylinder analogue with standardized pression and placed under the respective microscopes for marginal fit and surface analyses. For the marginal fit mensurement were selected two equidistant points in a metal coping that representing ¼ turn on the measurement device, in a total of 8 measurements for coping in each step that results in a misfit average. Once it was found a non-normal distribution, the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was performed for the data and was observed that the allow VBII conferred lower values of marginal fit (56,92 µm) when compared to Keragen alloy (66,75 µm), p<0,05, and SR conferred average values between the others (49,87 µm),with no statistic difference. In the comparison between the mold temperatures the Mann-Whitney test was implemented and the temperature at 700°C reveled better results of marginal fit than the 900 °C temperature (50,75 µm e 66,75 µm, respectively) with p=0,045.For the surface analysis was selected an anatomic reference line in each coping and was set up a distance of 100 µm from this point to make the quantification. For the surface roughness data, with normal distribution, comparisons were performed using a parametric test for independent data (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni test. The level of significance was set at 5%. At the comparison of alloys, the SR granted lower values of roughness in its patterns than Keragen (p=0.002) and Verabond II (p=0,001). Comparing the temperatures, the values of roughness of the patterns fused under 700° were lower than those fused under 900° (p=0,045). There was no significant difference for interaction between alloy X temperature (p=0,280). The conclusion of the present study was that the behavior of the alloys regarding the marginal fit and surface roughness vary depending of its composition and the Mold temperature and Pieces injected at 700°C in the mold conferred better results in both parameters, therefore being possible to optimize the fixed photesis casting patterns surfaces without marginal fit commitment by reducing the mold temperature for the alloy injection, thus Contributing to the quality of the metal ceramic restorations.
Cossich, Eneida Sala. "Biossorção de cromo(III) pela biomassa da alga marinha Sargassum sp." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267646.
Full textTese (doutorado): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O cromo, principal agente utilizado no curtimento do couro, quando liberado em corpos receptores é uma fonte responsável pela degradação do ambiente. Tradicionalmente, a retirada do cromo dos efluentes de curtumes é feita por meio de precipitação. Entretanto, este método não é capaz de reduzir o teor de cromo aos níveis exigidos pela legislação ambiental. A biossorção, processo no qual sólidos de origem natural ou seus derivados são usados na retenção de metais, apresenta-se como um método alternativo ao tratamento de efluentes de curtumes, pois pode aliar baixo custo com grandes capacidades de retenção de metais. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o processo de biossorção do cromo pela biomassa da alga marinha Sargassum sp., presente em grande quantidade em toda a costa brasileira. Os ensaios foram realizados com a biomassa inteira e particulada, in natura e submetida a tratamentos que modificavam sua forma iônica. Para a simulação do efluente gerado em curtumes foram utilizadas soluções de cromo, preparadas a partir do sal sulfato de cromo e potássio.O tempo necessário para que o equilíbrio entre as fases fosse atingido, e a influência do tamanho e forma iônica da partícula biossorvente, pH e temperatura sobre o processo de biossorção foram determinados em sistema batelada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: o pH exerceu um papel importante no processo de biossorção, sendo que a maior capacidade de biossorção foi alcançada em pH 4; o tamanho da partícula biossorvente não influenciou a taxa nem a capacidade de biossorção; a biomassa protonada teve sua capacidade de biossorção reduzida em cerca de 35%, quando comparada com a biomassa in natura; os dados de equilíbrio podem ser representados por uma isoterma de Langmuir com qmáx = 55,4 mg/L e b = 0,15 L/mg.A grande influência do pH, bem como a liberação de íons cálcio e magnésio durante o processo de biossorção do cromo, indicaram que a troca iônica atuou como um mecanismo importante neste sistema.Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para representar a dinâmica de biossorção do cromo em uma coluna de leito fixo. O modelo proposto representou adequadamente as curvas de ruptura obtidas experimentalmente
Abstract: Chromium is the most used substance in tanning process for leather production. It is also present in a lot of different types of industrial wastes, being responsible for environmental degradation. Traditionally, the chromium removal from tannery effluents is made by precipitation. However, this method is not able to reduce the chromium concentration to a low levels as required by environmentallegislation. Biosorption process, in which natural origin solids or their derivatives are employed for heavy metaIs uptake, is a promising altemative method to treat tannery effluents, main1y because it joins low cost process with great metal uptake capacity. In this work the chromium biosorption process by Sargassum sp. Seaweed biomass, which is present in abundance on Brazilian coast, has been studied.The Sargassum sp. seaweed has been utilized in natural size and particulate form, in natura and submitted to salt or acid solution treatment to change its ionic formo Chromium solutions were prepared from chromium(III) potassium sulfate salt.The work inc1uded the determination of chromium-biomass equilibrium data in batch system. These studies were carried out in order to determine the operation parameters such as the contact time required for sorbent partic1es to reach equilibrium with metal solution, and also the effects of size and ionic form, pH and temperature on chromium uptake.The results showed that the pH has an important role on chromium biosorption capacity. The biosorbent size did not influence chromium biosorption rate and uptake capacity, but the hydrochloric acid treated biomass strongly affected the biosorption capacity.The strong pH dependence of metal uptake, as calcium and magnesium release during the biosorption process, showed that the ion exchange is an important mechanism in this system.Experimental breakthrough curves were also obtained utilizing continuous system in a fixed-bed column. A mode1 has been proposed to describe the dynamics of chromium biosorption in this column. The model proposed fitted very well the results obtained in continous system
Doutorado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Doutor em Engenharia Química
Franco, Debora Vilela. "Tratamento redutivo de solo e agua subterranea contaminados com cromo hexavalente." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249653.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: A redução química do cromo hexavalente, Cr(VI), presente em solo e água subterrânea contaminados, foi investigada empregando-se diferentes agentes redutores (batelada e semi-batelada) para avaliar a extensão da redução do Cr(VI) e da imobilização (precipitação) do cromo trivalente, Cr(III). O estudo comparativo envolvendo o uso de diferentes agentes redutores evidenciou que as espécies Fe(II) e FZVcol (nanopartículas estabilizadas com carboximetilcelulose) apresentaram os resultados mais promissores para a remoção do Cr(VI), visto que houve uma redução quantitativa desta espécie com sua concomitante imobilização. A aplicação do Fe(II) e FZVcol nas razões molares 1[Cr(VI)]:20[Fe(II)] e 1[Cr(VI)]:4[FZVcol] resultou na conversão redox superior a 98% e na imobilização das frações de Cr(VI) lábil e trocável. Foi verificado para o Fe(II), que o aumento da velocidade do fluxo volumétrico (G) resulta na diminuição do número de volume de poro para o tratamento do solo e da quantidade de Cr(VI) residual. O estudo hidrodinâmico teórico da coluna recheada com solo (meio poroso) permitiu mensurar o grau de dispersão do redutor na coluna frente ao modelo pistonado de escoamento em função de G mediante o cálculo do coeficiente de dispersão mássica volumétrico (kDV), o qual foi calculado a partir da modelagem da curva de saturação experimental. Foi verificado em todos os casos que a cinética do processo redox Cr(VI)/Cr(III) segue uma lei empírica de velocidade de pseudo-primeira ordem. A complexidade cinética do processo redox foi evidenciada pela dependência da constante de velocidade global de pseudo-primeira ordem (k*) com o tempo de reação, G e a concentração inicial do redutor. Um modelo cinético fenomenológico foi proposto para se obter uma expressão representativa de k* nas diferentes situações experimentais investigadas, bem como nos casos limites previstos. Um esquema reacional global foi proposto para representar os diferentes processos elementares envolvendo as espécies Cr(VI) e Cr(III) na matriz porosa (solo/água subterrânea). Um ensaio de tratamento em escala piloto foi realizado in situ tendo-se como balizadora as condições experimentais mais promissoras obtidas nos estudos realizados em escala laboratorial
Abstract: Chemical reduction of the hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), present in contaminated soil and groundwater was investigated using several different reductants (batch and semi-batch) in order to evaluate the extension of Cr(VI) reduction and the immobilization (precipitation) of trivalent chromium, Cr(III). A comparative study concerning the use of different reductants revealed that Fe(II) and ZVIcol (nanoparticles stabilized with carboximethylcellulose) present the most promising findings for the Cr(VI) removal, since it was found that a quantitative reduction of this specie is accompanied by its immobilization. Application of Fe(II) and ZVIcol using the 1[Cr(VI)]:20[Fe(II)] and 1[Cr(VI)]:4[ZVIcol] molar ratios resulted in a redox conversion degree higher than 98% and in the immobilization of the labile and the exchangeable Cr(VI) fractions. It was verified for Fe(II) that increasing the volumetric flow rate (G) both the pore volume necessary for the redox treatment and the residual Cr(VI) decrease. The theoretical hydrodynamic study concerning the packed column reactor containing soil (porous medium) permitted to evaluate the reductant dispersion degree inside the column in relation to the plug-flow model as functions of G by measuring the volumetric mass dispersion coefficient (kVD), which was calculated from simulation of the experimental saturation curve. In all cases, it was found the kinetics of the Cr(VI)/Cr(III) redox process follows a pseudo-first order rate law. The complexicity concerning the kinetic process was evidenced by the dependence of the overall pseudo-first order kinetic rate constant (k*) on reaction time, G and the initial concentration of the reductant. A phenomenological kinetic model was proposed in order to obtain a relation capable to represent k* for the different experimental conditions investigated, as well for the possible limit cases. An overall reaction scheme was proposed in order to describe the different elementary processes concerning the Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species, which take place inside the porous soil matrix (soil/groundwater). A pilot scale test was carried out in situ taking into account the best experimental scenario obtained in laboratory.
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciencias Quimicas
Dal, Bosco Sandra Maria. "Remoção de cromo de solução aquosa utilizando rocha sedimentar contendo zeolita." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287195.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Além do enriquecimento de metais pesados em águas subterrâneas devido aos processos biogeoquímicos que ocorrem na natureza, as atividades industriais, agrícolas e outras têm contribuído para um aumento significativo nas concentrações de íons metálicos em águas, representando importantes fontes de contaminação dos corpos aquáticos e provocando preocupações principalmente quando se considera que tais íons podem ser disseminados via cadeia alimentar. O cromo, objeto deste estudo, é um dos metais potencialmente tóxicos encontrados em água subterrânea. Em águas naturais, o cromo pode ocorrer nas formas químicas Cr(III) e Cr(VI), estáveis em meio aeróbio. A ingestão de águas contaminadas com Cr(VI) pode causar vários danos à saúde como dermatite alérgica, ulcerações na pele, perfurações do septo nasal e câncer. Embora o Cr(III) seja reconhecido como menos móvel e menos tóxico que o Cr(VI), vários processos podem induzir o intercâmbio entre as espécies Cr(VI) e Cr(III) revelando a importância de prevenir concentrações excessivas de cromo em água. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o comportamento de um arenito contendo zeólita, proveniente da Formação Corda, Bacia do Parnaíba, como trocador catiônico, visando à remoção de cromo de soluções aquosas. A pesquisa restringiu-se ao Cr(III) que, em solução aquosa, ocorre como um cátion, ao contrário do Cr(VI), que ocorre como ânion em solução, necessitando, por isso, de um trocador aniônico ou de uma pré-redução a Cr(III) para ser removido de soluções aquosas. Para os testes de troca iônica, foram utilizadas duas frações granulométricas do material, <250 µm (Zeo60) e <177 µm (Zeo80). A presença de estilbita como a espécie de zeólita predominante nas amostras foi indicada por difratometria de raios X. Os testes foram realizados com 1,0 g da amostra em 60 mL de solução contendo Cr(III) em concentrações conhecidas, submetidos à agitação constante até que a reação atingisse o equilíbrio. O equilíbrio nas reações de troca iônica foi alcançado rapidamente, em cerca de 1 hora para Zeo80 e de 4 horas para Zeo60. A concentração de cromo presente na solução após as reações foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Foi demonstrada uma eficiência de 99 % na remoção de cromo de uma solução contendo 10 mg L-1 do metal em ambas as amostras. Nos testes realizados a 25, 40 e 60 ºC, a temperatura não demonstrou influência significativa na remoção do metal de solução. A influência do pH da solução foi avaliada no intervalo de 3,0 a 5,0 e um aumento significativo na remoção de cromo foi registrado em pH = 5 atingindo-se o mesmo total de cromo removido da solução para ambas as amostras. Os testes de dessorção revelaram uma elevada capacidade de regeneração de ambas as amostras: cerca de 90 % do cromo adsorvido na amostra foi liberado para a solução no caso da Zeo60, e 93 % no caso da Zeo80. Os resultados obtidos indicam a possibilidade do uso do material na remoção do cromo de efluentes e água contaminada. Além disso, o fato de se tratarem de amostras naturais, não modificadas e, portanto de baixo custo, encontradas em depósitos sedimentares, ou seja, de fácil obtenção, pode também ser um estímulo para contínuos estudos visando viabilizar a sua aplicação em larga escala
Abstract: Heavy metal enrichment in groundwater can be due to natural biogeochemistry processes as well as to industrial, agricultural and other activities that contribute significantly to groundwater contamination and, hence, giving rise to great concerns when considering the extension of ionic dispersion via food chain. Chromium, object of the present study, is one of these potential toxic metals found in groundwater. In natural water, chromium may be found in the Cr(III) and Cr(VI) chemical forms, stable in aerobic environment. Ingestion of contaminated water for Cr(VI) can lead to health problems such as allergic dermatitis, ulcerate of skin, nasal septum perforation and cancer. Despite of Cr(III) being recognized as less mobile and less toxic than Cr(VI), several natural processes can induce interchange between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species, revealing the importance of preventing excessive chromium concentration in water. In the present study, zeolite-bearing sandstone, originated from the Parnaiba Paleozoic basin, northeastern Brazil, was tested as a cationic exchange material for chromium removal from aqueous solution. Two grain-size fractions <250 µm (Zeo60) and <177µm (Zeo80) were used. Essays were restricted to removal of Cr(III) species which occur cationic species in aqueous solution whereas the negative charged Cr(VI) species were not considered in the present study. Tests were performed using 1.0 g of each sample in 60 mL of solution with known initial Cr(III) concentrations kept agitated until equilibrium was attained (1 hour for Zeo80 and ca. 4 hours for Zeo60). After reactions, the final Cr concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The material response to ionic exchange showed to be very efficient for Cr(III) removal from solution at around 99 % when the cation initial concentration was 10 mg L-1. Tests were carried out at 25, 40 and 60 ºC but the influence of temperature was not significant. The influence of solution pH was observed in the interval from 3.0 to 5.0 and an increase of Cr removal occurred at pH = 5 of equal amounts of chromium for both samples. The material easily regenerates after the desorption tests: ca. 90 % of adsorbed Cr was released from the Zeo60 sample and ca. 93 % from the Zeo80 sample. All the results support the recommendation of using this material for chromium removal from contaminated water and effluents. In addition, this low-cost material is natural, easily accessed from sedimentary deposits and does not need any previous treatment which can be a stimulus for continuing studies oriented to consider its application in large scale
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências