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Journal articles on the topic 'Crop production and soil'
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1
Dawadi, Sujan, Fulya Baysal-Gurel, Karla M. Addesso, Jason B. Oliver, and Terri Simmons. "Impact of Cover Crop Usage on Soilborne Diseases in Field Nursery Production." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110753.
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Soilborne pathogens are a significant economic problem for nursery production in the Southeastern United States. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of cover crops on soilborne disease suppressiveness in such systems. Soils from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) plantation fields grown with and without cover crops were sampled, either while the cover crops were growing (pre-disked) or post-season, following cover crop incorporation into the soil (post-disked). Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using red maple seeds on inoculated (with Rhizoctonia solani (J.G. Kühn) or Phytophthora nicotianae (Breda de Haan)) and non-inoculated field soils. The damping-off, root rot disease severity, percent recovery of Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora, and pseudomonad population were examined during the two years of the experiment. Results showed that cover crop incorporation was beneficial for inducing disease supressiveness characteristics of soil. Cover crop incorporation into the soil significantly or numerically reduced disease severity and pathogen recovery in infested soil compared to the bare soil treatment. Cover crop incorporation was found to be partially associated with the reduction of seedling damping-off. The pseudomonad microbial population was greater when cover crop was present, and is thought to be antagonist to soilborne pathogens. Therefore, cover crops can be integrated in field nursery production systems to suppress soilborne pathogens.
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Chamen, W. C. T. "Soil compaction in crop production." Soil and Tillage Research 37, no. 2-3 (June 1996): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(96)85123-3.
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Gregory. "Soil compaction in crop production." Field Crops Research 42, no. 2-3 (August 1995): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(95)90042-x.
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Singh, Anil Kumar, Alok Kumar Singh, and Jay Prakash Singh. "Boron in crop production from soil to plant system: A review." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0502020.
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The deficiency of boron is spreading rapidly in Indian soils. Boron deficiency in crops is more widespread than deficiency of any other essential micronutrient. However, imbalanced or excess use of boron fertilizers found to impose negative impact on crops due to very narrow range of boron deficiency and toxicity in soil and plants which increases production cost also. Therefore, optimized boron fertilizer supply in boron deficient soils is important in order to attain normal crop growth, yield and high-quality produce. It this review the role of boron in crop production, its deficiency in crop plants has been discussed.
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Suk, Leonid, and Petro Suk. "Accounting Objects in Crop Production." Accounting and Finance, no. 3(89) (2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-41-47.
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The reporting period in crop production is the calendar year. However, at the end of the year, there are costs associated with harvesting in subsequent periods. The purpose of the article is to find and justify options for accounting for costs for the harvest of the current and future years. The formation of accounting objects in crop production was considered, in particular: economic content of costs for the harvest of current and future years; accounting for costs of growing plants and performing works; accounting for costs that to be allocated and other costs of crop production; the relationship between accounting objects. Expenses and accounting items at each stage of growing crops were disclosed in detail. It was determined that expenses for harvest of future years account for the work performed on soil preparation, and after sowing, they are distributed between the objects in proportion to the actual occupied areas of plants. Soil preparation works are performed in accordance with agrotechnical requirements for growing specific crops. For each year, the enterprise draws up a crop map. So, it is better to account costs for agricultural crops beginning with the preparation of soil for them. If the actual sowing area will differ from the planned area, then the costs for the plant accounting objects need to be refined. Some of their groups include costs that to be allocated and other costs. Crop accounting objects are grouped into four groups: 1) crops (works) that will yield in the current year; 2) crops and works for the harvest of subsequent years; 3) costs to be allocated ; 4) other objects. There is a close relationship between the accounting objects of crop production. The transfer of costs from one object to another is reflected in analytical accounts within the sub-account 231 “Crop production”, which in such cases is debited and credited for the same amount.
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Mitchell, J. P., C. Shennan, D. Peters, and R. O. Miller. "A CROPPING SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID IRRIGATED PRODUCTION AREAS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 682e—682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.682e.
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Sustainable alternatives for saline drainage water management in areas such as California's San Joaquin Valley are needed. Previous work has demonstrated the short-term potential for reuse of saline drainage water for irrigation in this area. Results from our 6-year cyclic drainage reuse study, however, indicate that soil structural problems may occur which can greatly reduce stand establishment and crop yields in periodically salinized soils. To prevent these problems, we are evaluating the effectiveness of winter cover crop incorporation and gypsum applications relative to conventional fallows, for improving/maintaining soil physical properties and crop productivity in cyclically salinized soils. Six winter cover crop/fallow treatments have been imposed upon a rotation of tomatoes, tomatoes and cotton as summer crops. By monitoring water use, relevant soil physical and chemical properties as well as crop performance during the course of this 3-year rotation study, we are assessing the potential benefits and constraints of using winter cover crops in drainage water reuse systems.
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Pinchuk, Oleg, Serhii Klimov, Ivan Romaniuk, Florin Faur, Maria Lazăr, and Izabela-Maria Apostu. "Intensifying agricultural crops production by means of thermal reclamation." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128010006.
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The use of surface heating with heat exchangers significantly affects the temperature regime of the soil and the surface air layer. It is manifested in a change in the distribution of temperatures according to the soil horizon, in a considerable increase in the temperature of the soil and air, in a change of heat exchange between the soil and the surface layer of air. When using tunnel greenhouse, heating the soil with the coolant temperature of 25…30 ºC contributes to the creation of all necessary conditions in ground area equipped with a heat exchangers for shifting the vegetation period of ultra-early cultivation of agricultural crops, on average, by 1-2 months depending on the crop type. This allows for earlier sowing and planting of thermophilic crops and getting harvest earlier than usual, as well as increasing the amount of crop production and improving its quality. The thermal efficiency of soil heating with water-filled flexible sleeves was studied experimentally in a field model experiment performed in the climatic terms of the Ukrainian Polissya on sandy loam and chernozem soils. Strawberry of the “Festivalny” type was used as the main crop-indicator. The influence of soil heating with heat exchangers on the growth, development and yield of strawberries has been studied.
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Hamel, Chantal, and Désiré-Georges Strullu. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field crop production: Potential and new direction." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-099.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are multipurpose organisms with complex ecological ramifications in the soil system that have been difficult to study and understand. The phytocentric concept of AMF that has prevailed since the naming of these organisms is being replaced by a holistic vision recognizing that AMF are a key element of soil functioning and health rather than a plant root component. Recent advances in knowledge brought about by new techniques for soil microbiology research open the way to AMF management in crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may influence crop development, even in phosphorus-rich soils. However, growing crops in soil with lower fertility would optimize the expression of the multiple beneficial effects of AMF in agro-ecosystem and reduce nutrient seepage to the environment. The consideration of the soil mycorrhizal potential within the framework of soil testing and fertilization recommendations, the development of improved inoculants and signal molecules to manipulate AMF and the development of cultivars with improved symbiotic qualities would insure the production of good crop yields while improving agroecosystems’ sustainability. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi management, field crop production, agriculture, soil quality, arbuscular mycorrhizal effect
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Zewide, Israel, and Abde Sherefu. "Review Paper on Effect of Micronutrients for Crop Production." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 7 (November 13, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/063.
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Micronutrients are essentially as important as macronutrients to have better growth, yield and quality in plants. There requirement by plants is in trace amounts. Boron, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium and molybdenum constitute main micronutrients required by different crops in variable quantities. The requirement of micronutrients is partly met from the soil or through chemical fertilizer or through other sources. Various physical and metabolic functions are governed by these mineral nutrients. Boron is particularly essential in pollen germination, copper plays major role in photosynthesis and increases sugar content in fruits, chlorophyll synthesis and phosphorus availability is enhanced by manganese, iron acts as an oxygen carrier and promotes chlorophyll formation, while, zinc aids plant growth hormones and enzyme system. Yield and quality of agricultural products increased with micronutrients application, therefore human and animal health is protected with feed of enrichment plant materials. Each essential element only when can perform its role in plant nutrition properly that other necessary elements are available in balanced ratios for plant. therefore in the plant manganese plays an important role on oxidation and reduction processes, as electron transport in photosynthesis. Manganese deficiency has very serious effects on non-structural carbohydrates, and roots carbohydrates especially. Crops quality and quantity decreased due to manganese deficiency, and this is due to low fertility of pollen and low in carbohydrates during grain filling. In the xylem routes zinc is transmitted to divalent form or with organic acids bond. In the phloem sap zinc makes up complex with organic acids with low molecular weight, and increases its concentration. Zinc deficiency can be seen in eroded, calcareous and weathering acidic soils. Zinc deficiency is often accompanied with iron deficiency in calcareous soils. Iron in the soil is the fourth abundant element on earth, but its amount was low or not available for the plants and microorganisms needs, due to low solubility of minerals containing iron in many places the world, especially in arid region with alkaline soils.
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Cheema, Sikander Singh, Amardeep Singh, and Hassène Gritli. "Optimal Crop Selection Using Gravitational Search Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 19, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549992.
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For the economic growth of the crop, the optimal utilization of soil is found to be an open area of research. An efficient utilization includes various advantages such as watershed insurance, expanded biodiversity, and reduction of provincial destitution. Generally, soils present synthetic confinements for crop improvement. Therefore, in this paper, a novel diversified crop model is proposed to predict the suitable soil for good production of the crop. The proposed model utilizes a quantum value-based gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to optimize the best solution. Various features of soil are required to be investigated before crop selection. These features are refined further by applying quantum optimization. The crop selection based upon the soil requirement does not require any additional fertilizers which will reduce the production cost. Thus, the proposed model can select the optimal crop according to the soil components using the gravitational search algorithm. Therefore, the gravitational search algorithm is applied to the quantum values obtained from the crop and soil dataset. Extensive experiments show that the proposed model achieves an optimal selection of crops.
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Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, John D. Mattice, and Edward E. Gbur. "Glucosinolate and Isothiocyanate Production from Brassicaceae Cover Crops in a Plasticulture Production System." Weed Science 59, no. 2 (June 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00137.1.
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Brassicaceae cover crops are gaining attention as potential biofumigants for soil pest suppression because of their ability to release biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs) and other compounds from hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GSLs). However, biofumigation potential of a Brassicaceae is related to its GSL and ITC profile and GSL to ITC conversion efficiency. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the biofumigation potential of seven Brassicaceae cover crops for weed control in plasticulture tomato and bell pepper. GSL concentration and composition varied among cover crops and between roots and shoots of each cover crop. Similar GSLs were produced in both years by roots or shoots of each cover crop, but GSL concentrations were variable between years. Total GSLs contributed to the soil by incorporation of Brassicaceae cover crop tissues were estimated between 47 to 452 nmol g−1soil. Highest ITC concentration was detected in soil at 3 h after cover crop incorporation, and concentration decreased at later timings. GSL to ITC conversion efficiency ranged from 1 to 39%, with variation among cover crops and between years. No injury was observed in tomato and bell pepper transplanted 1 wk after cover crop incorporation, indicating the tolerance of tomato and pepper to ITCs released by the cover crops. Early-season yellow nutsedge control from Brassicaceae cover crops was ≤ 53% at 2 wk after transplanting and declined to ≤ 18% later in the season. This research demonstrates that Brassicaceae cover crops have marginal potential for early-season weed control and cannot be used as a weed control practice in commercial tomato and bell pepper production.
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Jackson, L. E., L. J. Wyland, and L. J. Stivers. "Winter cover crops to minimize nitrate losses in intensive lettuce production." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 1 (August 1993): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076796.
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SUMMARYA 2-year study conducted in Salinas, California in 1989–91 showed that soil nitrate (NO3–N) concentrations were reduced by cover crops during a short winter fallow period and that this practice can be compatible with year-round vegetable crop production schedules by planting and incorporating cover crops directly on the beds into which the lettuce crop will be direct seeded in the early spring. Cover crops grown the first year were oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Renova), white senf mustard (Brassica hirta cv. Martigena), white mustard (Brassica alba), Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia cv. Phaci), rye (Secale cereale cv. Merced) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Only phacelia and Merced rye were included in the second year. In both years, all of the cover crops depleted soil NO3-N and soil moisture relative to the fallow control. Estimates of cover crop root length, based on core sampling to 60 cm soil depth, averaged 18800 m/m2 after 17 weeks of growth the first year and 12500 m/m2 after 13 weeks of growth the second year. Above-ground dry matter production averaged 449 g/m2 (12·8 g N/m2) the first year and 161 g/m2 (61 g N/m2) during a shorter growing period and under the more adverse growing conditions of the second year. Following cover crop incorporation with a rotary tiller, soil ammonium (NH4-N), N03-N and net mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation) peaked after c. 1 week, then gradually declined for 1 month. Cover-cropped plots sustained higher net mineralizable N levels than the fallow control after incorporation. Nitrate concentrations after spring rains were lower in soils left fallow during winter. The subsequent lettuce crop was not affected by cover crop treatment.
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Sanders, D. C., G. D. Hoyt, J. C. Gilsanz, J. M. Davis, J. T. Garrett, D. R. Decoteau, R. J. Dufault, and K. D. Batal. "Cover Crops and N Rates Influence Sweetpotato Production." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 611e—611. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.611e.
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`Jewel' sweetpotato was no-till planted into crimson clover, wheat, or winter fallow. Then N was applied at 0, 60, or 120 kg·ha–1 in three equal applications to a sandy loam soil. Each fall the cover crop and production crop residue were plowed into the soil, beds were formed, and cover crops were planted. Plant growth of sweetpotato and cover crops increased with N rate. For the first 2 years crimson clover did not provide enough N (90 kg·ha–1) to compensate for the need for inorganic N. By year 3, crimson clover did provide sufficient N to produce yields sufficient to compensate for crop production and organic matter decomposition. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 1 m at the time of planting of the cover crop and production crop. Cover crops retained the N and reduced N movement into the subsoil.
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Fonseca, Maria João. "Soil microbiology and sustainable crop production." Journal of Biological Education 45, no. 4 (December 2011): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2011.611154.
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Thwaites, Richard. "Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production." Plant Pathology 60, no. 5 (September 5, 2011): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02510.x.
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Allam, Mohamed, Emanuele Radicetti, Verdiana Petroselli, and Roberto Mancinelli. "Meta-Analysis Approach to Assess the Effects of Soil Tillage and Fertilization Source under Different Cropping Systems." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090823.
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Crop yield under reduced tillage (RT) practices is a concern for sustainable production worldwide because it is related to different environmental and agronomic factors than conventionally tilled soils. This study aimed to evaluate how climate, soil, and farming practices could affect crop yield under RT, especially under different sources of fertilisation [mineral (M), mineral + organic (MO), and organic (O)]. Multilevel meta-analysis was adopted. The analysis was performed taking into consideration environmental conditions, soil properties, crop rotation, and crop species. Only studies that reported the interaction effect of soil tillage and nutrients management on grain yield were included. The results suggest that the impact of soil tillage and fertilisation sources on crop yield depended on crop species. Using reduced tillage practices, adopting only organic nutrient sources could produce enough grains for legume crops. However, combining both inorganic and organic fertilizers added benefits for cereal crops in terms of grain yield production. This study highlights how conservation tillage practices could be affected by environmental and agronomic factors.
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PARSONS, J. W. "Nitrogen in Crop Production." Soil Science 142, no. 4 (October 1986): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198610000-00013.
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Péterfalvi, Nóra, Boglárka Keller, and Marianna Magyar. "PM10 emission from crop production and agricultural soils." Agrokémia és Talajtan 67, no. 1 (June 2018): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0088.2018.67.1.10.
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The emission of particulate matter from agricultural sources is a worldwide environmental issue due to health concerns. The main factors influencing PM10 emission from crop production are the origin of particles, the physical and chemical properties of soils, meteorological conditions, and the mechanical impacts of farm operations. Several studies have been made to determine PM10 emission factors for tillage operations, but these emission factors varied depending on soil properties, especially soil texture and water content, and environmental conditions (e.g. relative humidity, and variability in wind speed and direction). This is why the use of a single emission factor for a given tillage operation is inadequate. To estimate the yearly amount of PM10 emitted from agricultural soils and crop production, emissions originating from different sources at different temporal division must be summarized. Because 56 % of the total territory of Hungary is cropland, relatively high PM10 emission occurs from crop production and agricultural soils. If this is to be reduced, research should focus on the identification of soil and environmental properties related to PM10 emission on characteristic Hungarian soils.
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Rengasamy, Pichu. "Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 7 (2010): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09249.
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Salts can be deposited in the soil from wind and rain, as well as through the weathering of rocks. These processes, combined with the influence of climatic and landscape features and the effects of human activities, determine where salt accumulates in the landscape. When the accumulated salt in soil layers is above a level that adversely affects crop production, choosing salt-tolerant crops and managing soil salinity are important strategies to boost agricultural economy. Worldwide, more than 800 million hectares of soils are salt-affected, with a range of soils defined as saline, acidic–saline, alkaline–saline, acidic saline–sodic, saline–sodic, alkaline saline–sodic, sodic, acidic–sodic and alkaline–sodic. The types of salinity based on soil and groundwater processes are groundwater-associated salinity (dryland salinity), transient salinity (dry saline land) and irrigation salinity. This short review deals with the soil processes in the field that determine the interactions between root-zone environments and plant responses to increased osmotic pressure or specific ion concentrations. Soil water dynamics, soil structural stability, solubility of compounds in relation to pH and pE and nutrient and water movement all play vital roles in the selection and development of plants tolerant to salinity.
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Razanov, S., and V. Melnyk. "Species and quantitative composition of the mycoflora of gray forest soil in intensive horticulture and crop production." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(171) (June 24, 2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2022-171-1-63-70.
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The article examines the mycoflora of the soil in different areas of agricultural land use for intensive cultivation of crops. The aim of the article is too study the number of soil mycoflora in different areas of agricultural land use with intensive cultivation of crops (horticulture and feld crop rotations). In the conditions of Vinnytsia region the quantitative and species composition of fungal groups of gray forest soil under intensive horticulture and crop production was studied. Research on microbiological diversity of soils were carried out in the Tivriv district of Vinnytsia region on the example of agricultural land of the LLC «Agro-Etalon». Soil microorganisms are convenient object of observation. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the determining role of microorganisms in maintaining homeostasis, restoring soil fertility and crop formation has been established. The study of the qualitative and quantitative state of the soil microbiota allows to improve the conditions and methods of agriculture in order to improve the state of the soil microbiota, and hence soil fertility. As the result the most common types of soil micromycetes characteristic of both studied objects were identifed. Among them are Penicillium rubrum, P. variabile, P. canescens, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Mortierella alpina, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Fusarium graminear. The structure of the microbial coenosis and the ratio of the number of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms differ depending on the direction of use of agricultural land. The soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture contained a smaller total number of thousands of colony-forming units per gram of soil, saprotrophic fungal species and are represented by a much smaller list of fungal genera compared to the soil under intensive vegetation. At the same time, it should be noted that soils under orchards were characterized by a higher share of pathogenic, potential toxin-forming fungi and antagonist fungi than the total number of isolated fungi compared to soils used under crops. Key words: soil, fungi, mycoflora, micromycetes, intensive gardening, intensive crop production.
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Mylavarapu, Rao, George Hochmuth, Cheryl Mackowiak, Alan Wright, and Maria Silveira. "Lowering Soil pH to Optimize Nutrient Management and Crop Production." EDIS 2016, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss651-2016.
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Because temperatures are relatively high and it rains a lot in the region, mineral soils in the southeastern United States tend to be naturally acidic. Managing soils for both pH and nutrients helps maintain soil fertility levels and ensure economic agricultural production. If they are not maintained in the 6.0 to 6.5 pH range, which is best for most crops, most mineral soils in the Southeast will gradually return to their natural acidic state and their fertility levels will drop. In order to keep the soil in the right range, farmers have been encouraged to make routine applications of lime. Calibrated lime requirement tests are part of standard soil tests in this region, but getting the balance right can be tricky. This 4-page fact sheet explains the factors that contribute to increased soil pH and describes methods for reducing soil pH that will reduce the chances of either under- or over-liming the soil. Written by Rao Mylavarapu, George Hochmuth, Cheryl Mackowiak, Alan Wright, and Maria Silevira and published by the Soil and Water Science Department, January 2016. SL437/SS651: Lowering Soil pH to Optimize Nutrient Management and Crop Production (ufl.edu)
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Shah, Kabita Kumari, Bindu Modi, Hari Prasad Pandey, Arjun Subedi, Geeta Aryal, Meena Pandey, and Jiban Shrestha. "Diversified Crop Rotation: An Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Production." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8924087.
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Diversified crop rotation (DCR) improves the efficiency of farming systems all over the world. It has the potentiality to improve soil condition and boost system productivity. Improved soil attributes such as increased soil water uptake and storage, and a greater number of beneficial soil organisms, may improve yield tolerance to drought and other hard growing conditions in a variety of crop rotations. Crop rotations with a variety of crops benefit the farmers,reduce production risk and uncertainty, and enhance soil and ecological sustainability. Farmers may be able to diversify their sources of income by adopting diversified crop rotations. Furthermore, because of the distinct structure, function, and relationship of plant community with soil in DCR, it contributes to the long-term development of soil health by decreasing insect, weed, and disease incidence and increasing the physical and chemical structure of the soil. DCR is becoming more popular approach for maintaining sustainable crop production. This review provides the evidence of the significance of DCR, challenges to adapt it, and possible way out to overcome the challenges.
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Powell, J. M., R. A. Pearson, and J. C. Hopkins. "Impacts of livestock on crop production." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032067.
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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the association of crops and livestock in mixed farming systems generally benefits both enterprises. This paper focuses on the main contributions of livestock to crop production: the use of manure and animal draught power to produce crops and the investment of income from livestock into technologies that benefit crop production. In low-input, grazing-based feeding operations, manure is a vital soil fertility amendment. In these systems, penning livestock overnight on fields, fallow between cropping periods, returns both manure and urine to the soil and results in much higher crop yields than if manure only is gathered from stalls and spread onto fields. However, most farmers have insufficient manure to sustain food production. Nutrient harvests often exceed nutrient inputs, requiring a much greater use of fertilizers to arrest soil nutrient depletion. The opposite may be true for mixed farming where livestock are given food in confinement. In these emerging systems, the continuous importation of food (and fertilizer) can result in nutrient surpluses with subsequent soil nutrient build-up and loss. The contribution of animal power to crop production is relatively new in Africa. Animal power affects the amount of land cultivated by farmers, crop selection, the yield per farm and per ha, and on the participation and work load of people (family members and outside labour) involved in crop production and its associated activities. In addition to the impacts of manure and draught power on crop production, income derived from livestock is often invested in inputs that enhance crop production. At the ‘micro’ level, livestock income influences crop production (1) directly by allowing households to invest in productive inputs such as fertilizer, hired labour, and carts and (2) indirectly by allowing poor households to improve their nutritional status and, therefore, the productivity of their most important resource, their own labour. At the ‘macro’ level, increased livestock exports have a large stimulating effect on the demand for locally produced goods and services, particularly basic food crops. Thus, increasing the productivity of the livestock sector, including an emphasis on the policy and institutional environment influencing marketing and trade, is an important element of a development strategy focused on stimulating economic growth and alleviating poverty.
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Mikkelsen, Robert L. "Managing Potassium for Organic Crop Production." HortTechnology 17, no. 4 (January 2007): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.455.
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An adequate potassium (K) supply is essential for both organic and conventional crop production. Potassium is involved in many plant physiological reactions, including osmoregulation, protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and photosynthate translocation. The K balance on many farms is negative, where more K is removed in harvested crops than is returned to the soil. Although various organic certification agencies have different regulations governing allowable sources of K, the behavior of soil K is largely governed by its solubility. The slow release of K from soil minerals is generally insufficient to meet the peak nutrient demand of high-yielding crops, but they can contribute to the long-term improvement of soil fertility. There are many excellent K sources allowed for organic crop production, including soluble minerals such as langbeinite, sylvinite, and potassium sulfate. Potassium sources such as wood ash, greensand, and seaweed can also supply K but require special management because of their low nutrient content, their effect on soil pH, low solubility, or bulky nature. The concentration of K in manures and composts is highly variable, but it is generally quite soluble and available for plant uptake. Some rock minerals may supply a portion of the K requirement of plants, but many are too insoluble to be of practical significance.
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Hilimire, Kathleen, Stephen R. Gliessman, and Joji Muramoto. "Soil fertility and crop growth under poultry/crop integration." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051200021x.
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AbstractInnovative sources of soil fertility are of utmost importance to growers in light of rising fertilizer costs and environmental concerns. Integrating livestock and crop production is one channel by which agricultural practitioners can enhance soil fertility. For this research, soil fertility was analyzed in pastured poultry/crop agroecosystems to determine whether free-ranging birds and pasture could be used to replace or supplement non-manure-based fertilizers. Soils from adjacent cropped areas were compared to plots with a recent history of pastured poultry use on two farms, and crop plants were grown in each type of soil in a replicated greenhouse experiment. Spatial variation in soil fertility was also assessed relative to location of poultry coops. Pastured poultry plots had elevated soil total C, total N, NH4+–N, NO3−–N, Olsen P, exchangeable K, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity relative to the control of typically managed organic farm soils without pastured animal inputs. These soil fertility changes conferred greater biomass and height to sunflowers and beans grown in these soils relative to control soils for most treatments. Results suggest that pastured poultry can effectively fertilize soil for certain crops but that a need exists for more research into (1) phosphorus management and (2) ensuring a spatially uniform distribution of manure.
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Panth, Milan, Fulya Baysal-Gurel, Terri Simmons, Karla M. Addesso, and Anthony Witcher. "Impact of Winter Cover Crop Usage in Soilborne Disease Suppressiveness in Woody Ornamental Production System." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070995.
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Diseases caused by soilborne pathogens are a major limitation to field grown nursery production. The application of cover crops for soilborne disease management has not been widely investigated in a woody ornamental nursery production system. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of winter cover crops usage on soilborne disease management in that system. Soils from established field plots of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) with and without winter cover crops (crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) or triticale (× Triticosecale W.)) were sampled following the senescence of the cover crops. Separate bioassays were performed using red maple cuttings on inoculated (with Phytopythium vexans, Phytophthora nicotianae or Rhizoctonia solani) and non-inoculated field soils. The results indicated that winter cover crop usage was helpful for inducing soil disease suppressiveness. There was lower disease severity and pathogen recovery when the cover crops were used compare to the non-cover cropped soil. However, there were no differences in maple plant fresh weight and root weight between the treatments. The rhizosphere pseudomonad microbial population was also greater when the cover crops were used. Similarly, the C:N ratio of the soil was improved with the cover crop usage. Thus, in addition to improving soil structure and reducing erosion, cover crops can provide improved management of soilborne diseases. Therefore, stakeholders can consider cover crop usage as an alternative sustainable management tool against soilborne diseases in field nursery production system.
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Grebliunas, Brian D., Shalamar D. Armstrong, and William L. Perry. "Changes in Water-Extractable Organic Carbon with Cover Crop Planting under Continuous Corn Silage Production." Air, Soil and Water Research 9 (January 2016): ASWR.S30708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s30708.
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Long-term row crop agricultural production has dramatically reduced the pool of soil organic carbon. The implementation of cover crops in Midwestern agroecosystems is primarily to reduce losses of nitrogenous fertilizers, but has also been shown to restore soil carbon stocks over time. If labile carbon within agricultural soils could be increased, it could improve soil health, and if mobilized into subsurface drainage, it may positively impact watershed biogeochemistry. We tested for potential differences in water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) at two different soil profiles (0-5 cm and 5-20 cm) between plots planted with cereal rye/daikon radish (cover crop), corn, and zero control (no vegetation) within the Illinois State University Research and Teaching Farm. We also tested for potential differences in denitrification within the upper soil profile throughout the growing year. We modeled excitation–emission matrices from soil cores through parallel factor analysis. We found no difference in WEOC concentrations between each crop treatment ( P = 0.2850), but concentrations of WEOC were significantly lower in the 5-20 cm profile than that in the upper (0-5 cm) profile ( P = 0.0033). There was a significant increase in WEOC after each treatment in samples after cover crop termination. The parallel factor analysis model found humic and fulvic acids to be the dominant fractions of WEOC in all soils tested. Humic and fulvic acids accounted for ~70% and 30% of model variation. Denitrification rates did not differ across treatments ( P = 0.3520), which is likely attributed to soil WEOC being in limiting quantities and in primarily recalcitrant fractions. After three years, cover crops do not appear to alter soil WEOC quantity and type. Restoring the availability of carbon within agricultural soils will not be a short-term fix, and fields will likely be a net carbon sink, contributing minimal labile carbon to receiving waterways.
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Mezeli, Malika, Phil Haygarth, Timothy George, Roy Neilson, and Martin Blackwell. "Soil ‘Organic’ Phosphorus: An Untapped Resource for Crop Production?" Better Crops with Plant Food 103, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24047/bc103122.
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Soils with a history of P fertilizer application may represent a significant ‘bank’ of residual soil P. The P research community offers potential and emerging strategies for land managers to access this soil resource to create sustainable P management strategies that may rely less on inorganic fertilizers and aid in closing the P cycle.
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Efimov, Oleg, Vitaliy Savich, Vladimir Naumov, Vladimir Sedykh, Natalia Kamennykh, and Anna Kolesnik. "Information and energy assessment of the creation of soils with specified properties." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 53 (September 24, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202125506.
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The paper considers the information and energy assessment of soil fertility. It is shown that soil cultivation is accompanied by an increase in soil humus content, absorption capacity, content of biophilic elements, accumulation of energy in the soil, optimization of information relationships in the soil. Thus, the energy content in poorly and well cultivated sod-podzolic soils was 351.7 and 510.7 million kcal/ha, respectively. When cultivating soils, the content of mobile forms of biophilic elements in them increased, the relationship between soil properties and crop yield became more stable. It is shown that on more cultivated soils it is more profitable to grow crops that are more demanding of fertility, accumulating more energy on these soils than crops that are less demanding of fertility. The change of optimal soil properties for individual crops depending on the level of intensification of production is shown. Keywords: SOIL, FERTILITY, ENERGY STORAGE IN THE SOIL AND IN THE CROP YIELD
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VARSHNEY, RK, SS PRIHAR, and HS SEKHON. "Strategies of optimizing crop production in rainfed areas." MAUSAM 36, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v36i4.2054.
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The paper develops a conceptual model of crop production system in rainfed area with an objective to develop appropriate package of practices for maximising production. The model visualises the arable land as a water storage element from which water is depleted over time due to its utilization in crop growth and is replenished by rains. If the rains are scant the water reservoir in the soil is unable to support the crops. The paper proposes how to seek the best crop yields under moisture conditions sometimes unfavourable to them in varying, degrees. The model comprises five elements besides the natural input in terms of seasonal rains and designed strategies involving rate of fertilizer application, choice of harvest time, cultural practices and possible irrigation through stored rainwater. The five elements of the system are: (i) a region under cultivation, (ii) soil sub-system, (iii) kharif soil crop sub-system, (iv)rabi soil-crop sub--system, and (v) reservoir for run-off water from rain. The outputs of the system are crop yields and the crop wastes both of which are usable and have a value. With the known system characteristics, strategies for optimizing the crop yields can be designed using the system model proposed in this paper.
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Roberson, Gary T. "Precision Agriculture Technology for Horticultural Crop Production." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.448.
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Precision agriculture is a comprehensive system that relies on information, technology and management to optimize agricultural production. While used since the mid-1980s in agronomic crops, it is attracting increasing interest in horticultural crops. Relatively high per acre crop values for some horticultural crops and crop response to variability in soil and nutrients makes precision agriculture an attractive production system. Precision agriculture efforts in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at North Carolina State University are currently focused in two functional areas: site-specific management and postharvest process management. Much of the information base, technology, and management practices developed in agronomic crops have practical and potentially profitable applications in fruit and vegetable production. Mechanized soil sampling, pest scouting and variable rate control systems are readily adapted to horticultural crops. Yield monitors are under development for many crops that can be mechanically harvested. Investigations have begun to develop yield monitoring capability for hand harvested crops. Postharvest controls are widely used in horticultural crops to enhance or protect product quality.
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Locke, Martin A., Robert M. Zablotowicz, Philip J. Bauer, R. Wade Steinriede, and Lewis A. Gaston. "Conservation cotton production in the southern United States: herbicide dissipation in soil and cover crops." Weed Science 53, no. 5 (October 2005): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-174r1.1.
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Soil and surface residues from cotton field studies in Stoneville, MS (1994 through 1996) and Florence, SC (1995 through 1996) were sampled to evaluate effects of cover crop and tillage on herbicide dissipation. Mississippi treatments included tillage (conventional [CT]; none [NT]) and cover crop (ryegrass; none [NC]). South Carolina treatments included tillage (CT; reduced tillage [RT]) and cover crop (rye; NC). Fluometuron was applied preemergence (PRE) in both Mississippi and South Carolina, and norflurazon was applied PRE in Mississippi. Soils were sampled various times during the growing season (depths: 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 10 cm). Cover crop residues were sampled from RT or NT cover crop areas. Soil and cover crop sample extracts were analyzed for herbicides. Soil organic carbon tended to increase with tillage reduction and presence of cover crop and was positively correlated with herbicide sorption, especially in the surface. Across locations, herbicide half-lives ranged from 7 to 15 d in the soil surface. Tillage had mixed effects on herbicide persistence in surface soil, with higher herbicide concentrations in CT at early samplings, but differences were insignificant later on. The most consistent effects were observed in RT/NT with cover crops, where cover crop residues intercepted applied herbicide, impeding subsequent movement into soil. Herbicide dissipation in cover crop residues was often more rapid than in soil, with half-lives from 3 to 11 d. Herbicide retention in cover crop residues and rapid dissipation were attributed to strong herbicide affinity to cover crop residues (e.g., fluometuron Kd= 7.1 [in rye]; Kd= 1.65 [in Mississippi Dundee soil CT, NC]) and herbicide co-metabolism as cover crop residues decomposed. A fluometuron metabolite, desmethyl-fluometuron, was observed in most soil and cover crop samples after 1 wk. Only minimal herbicide or metabolite moved into the subsurface, and little treatment effect could be ascribed to herbicide or metabolite movement below 2 cm.
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Solaiman, Zakaria. "Biochar and fertiliser interactions in crop and pasture production." Crop & Pasture Science 74, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp22310.
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This foreword provides a summary of papers included in this special issue on biochar and fertiliser interactions for crop and pastures productivity. This special issue includes published papers on how biochar and fertiliser affect soil health and crop yields and overcome soil constraints such as acidity, salinity, low fertility and remediation of metal and pesticides contaminated soils.
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Sutradhar, Apurba, Romulo P. Lollato, Katy Butchee, and Daryl B. Arnall. "Determining Critical Soil pH for Sunflower Production." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/894196.
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Soil acidity has become a major yield-limiting factor in cropping systems of the Southern Great Plains, in which winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the predominant crop. Sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) is a strong rotational crop with winter wheat due to its draught and heat tolerance. However, the effects of low soil pH on sunflower productivity have not been explored. The objective of this study was to determine the critical soil pH and aluminum concentration (AlKCl) for sunflower. Sunflower was grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications of a pH gradient ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 at three locations with varying soil types. Soil pH was altered using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). Plant height, vigor, and survivability were all negatively affected by soil acidity. Sunflower yield was reduced by 10% at or below soil pH 4.7 to 5.3 dependent upon location and soil type. Levels ofAlKClabove 6.35 mg kg−1reduced seed yield by 10% or greater. We concluded that sunflower may serve as a better rotational crop with winter wheat under acidic conditions when compared to other adaptable crops.
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Carrera, Lidia M., Aref A. Abdul-Baki, and John R. Teasdale. "Cover Crop Management and Weed Suppression in No-tillage Sweet Corn Production." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1262.
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Cover crops combined with conservation tillage practices can minimize chemical inputs and improve soil quality, soil water-holding capacity, weed suppression and crop yields. No-tillage production of sweet corn (Zea mays var. `Silver Queen') was studied for 2 years at the USDA Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Md., to determine cover crop management practices that maximize yield and suppress weeds. Cover crop treatments were hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch mixture, and bare soil (no cover crop). There were three cover crop killing methods: mowing, rolling or contact herbicide paraquat. All plots were treated with or without atrazine and metolachlor after planting. There was a 23% reduction in sweet corn plant population in the rye-hairy vetch mixture compared to bare soil. Averaged over both years, sweet corn yield in hairy vetch treatments was 43% greater than in bare soil, whereas yield in the rye-hairy vetch mixture was 30% greater than in bare soil. There were no significant main effects of kill method or significant interactions between kill method and cover crop on yield. Sweet corn yields were not different for hairy vetch or rye-hairy vetch treatments with or without atrazine and metolachlor. However, yield in bare soil without the herbicides atrazine and metolachor were reduced by 63% compared to bare soil with these herbicides. When no atrazine and metolachlor were applied, weed biomass was reduced in cover crops compared to the bare soil. Regression analysis showed greater yield loss per unit of weed biomass for bare soil than for the vetch or rye-hairy vetch mixture. This analysis suggests that cover crops increased sweet corn yield in the absence of atrazine and metolachlor not only by reducing weed biomass, but also by increasing the competitiveness of corn to weeds at any given biomass.
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Wyland, L. J., L. E. Jackson, and K. F. Schulbach. "Soil-plant nitrogen dynamics following incorporation of a mature rye cover crop in a lettuce production system." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 1 (February 1995): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071203.
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SUMMARYWinter non-leguminous cover crops are included in crop rotations to decrease nitrate (NO3-N) leaching and increase soil organic matter. This study examined the effect of incorporating a mature cover crop on subsequent N transformations. A field trial containing a winter cover crop of Merced rye and a fallow control was established in December 1991 in Salinas, California. The rye was grown for 16 weeks, so that plants had headed and were senescing, resulting in residue which was difficult to incorporate and slow to decompose. Frequent sampling of the surface soil (0–15 cm) showed that net mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation) rapidly increased, then decreased shortly after tillage in both treatments, but that sustained increases in net mineralizable N and microbial biomass N in the cover-cropped soils did not occur until after irrigation, 20 days after incorporation. Soil NO3-N was significantly reduced compared to winter-fallow soil at that time. A 15N experiment examined the fate of N fertilizer, applied in cylinders at a rate of 12 kg 15N/ha at lettuce planting, and measured in the soil, microbial biomass and lettuce plants after 32 days. In the cover-cropped soil, 59% of the 15N was recovered in the microbial biomass, compared to 21% in the winter-bare soil. The dry weight, total N and 15N content of the lettuce in the cover-cropped cylinders were significantly lower; 28 v. 39% of applied 15N was recovered in the lettuce in the cover-cropped and winter-bare soils, respectively. At harvest, the N content of the lettuce in the cover-cropped soil remained lower, and microbial biomass N was higher than in winter-bare soils. These data indicate that delayed cover crop incorporation resulted in net microbial immobilization which extended into the period of high crop demand and reduced N availability to the crop.
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Asmar, Asmar, Amrizal Saidi, and Masliyunas Masliyunas. "HUBUNGAN KESUBURAN TANAH DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN." Jurnal Solum 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/js.7.1.27-36.2010.
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A research about relationship between soil properties and crop yield was conducted in Pandai Sikek, Tanah Datar Region, center for cabbage and carrot production, West Sumatra in 2004 and 2005. Soil samples were collected from rainfed paddy soils by purposive random sampling. Soil samples were analyzed in Soil Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty and Agriculture Polytechnique Laboratory, Andalas University. Several soil physical properties analysed were soil bulk density and total soil pores by using gravimetric method, permeability with de Boodt method, soil water content at several pF values using pressure plate apparatus, and soil strength by using penetrometer. Soil chemical parameters analysed were soil pH using pH-meter, organic-C using Walkley and Black, available P using Bray II, and cation exchange capacity using NH4-leaching at pH 7.0, and N-total using Kjehdhal method. Crop productions were sampled from a 3x3 m2 of soil sampling area. The result showed that soils planted by cabbage and carrot had good soil physical properties, such as having balanced pore size distribution. The chemical properties of the soils were good as well, except N, K- and Ca-exchangeable which were very low. The other soil properties were quite good. Soil physical properties gave different response on both crops. Carrots were more response aeration pore and soil organic matter content, then cabbage was more response on BV, TSP, and slow drainage pores. While soil chemical properties did not give significant response. Both crops responded on Ca, but cabbage was more response on N-total, and carrot on CEC and saturated cationKey Words: Soil Physical Properties, Soil Fertility, Crop Productivity
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SINGH, SANDEEP. "Nutrient management in salt affected soils for sustainable crop production." ANNALS OF PLANT AND SOIL RESEARCH 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10147.
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ABSTRACT Soil salinity and sodicity are the global problems and pose a serious threat to agriculture sustainability. The distribution of salt affected soils exist mostly under arid and semi-arid climates where rainfall is inadequate to leach salts from/out of the root zone. These soils have poor fertility, generally with low availability of nitrogen, calcium, zinc, iron and manganese. Therefore, judicious nutrients management on the principle of INM in these soils is as important as their reclamation. In these soils, crops respond differently to applied nutrients due to their diverse chemical composition impacting precipitation-dissolution reactions and adsorption-desorption kinetics. Nutrient transformation and loss mechanisms of applied nutrients are also affected by the magnitude of soil salinity and sodicity. The paper aims at discussing efficient nutrient management in salt affected soils for sustainable crop production.
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Evett, S. R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2002): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1.1.204.
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Evett, Steven R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (2002): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.0204.
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Evett, Steven R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (August 2002): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.2040.
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Havlin, John, and Ron Heiniger. "Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091349.
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Increasing crop productivity per unit of land area to meet future food and fiber demand increases both soil nutrient removal and the importance of replenishing soil fertility through efficient nutrient management practices. Significant progress in enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in production agriculture requires improved estimates of plant-available nutrients in the root zone, enhanced crop response to applied nutrients, and reduced offsite nutrient transport. This special issue, Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production, presents 15 manuscripts that advance our knowledge of interrelated soil, plant, and management factors important to increasing the nutrient availability and crop recovery of applied nutrients.
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Grevers, M. C. J., and E. de Jong. "Soil structure and crop yield over a 5-year period following subsoiling Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-008.
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The effect of subsoiling of Solonetzic and of Chernozemic soils was studied over a 5-yr period under dryland conditions and under irrigation, involving 11 farm sites, and 2 soil zones. Subsoiling reduced soil density for up to 3 yr on most of the Solonetzic soils and on one of the Chernozemic soils. Overwinter soil-water recharge in subsoiled Solonetzic soils was increased for up to 3 yr, but not in subsoiled Chernozemic soils. Under irrigated conditions, subsoiling reduced soil salinity and sodicity at one site; however, under dryland conditions soil salinity and sodicity levels remained unaltered. Crop emergence on one of the Solonetzic soils was decreased in the first year after subsoiling because of poor seedbed conditions. Subsoiling increased crop production on Solonetzic soils in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and in the 4th years, and at one site in the 5th year. Subsoiling did not affect crop production on Chernozemic soils. Increased crop production resulted from increased soil water depletion with depth, and also from greater crop water-use efficiency. Soil loosening by subsoiling, as indicated by decreased soil bulk density of the B horizon lasted up to 3 yr, during which the largest yield increases were measured. The results suggest that subsoiling may have to be repeated every 5 yr or more. Key words: Subsoiling, amelioration, soil water, crop growth
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Papendick, Robert I., Lloyd F. Elliott, and James F. Power. "Alternative production systems to reduce nitrates in ground water." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001442.
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AbstractEvidence indicates a strong positive relationship between increases in nitrogen fertilizer use on cropland and nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water. This raises concern about the fate and efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer with current farming practices. Approximately 50 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer applied may be recovered by agronomic crops and 35 percent or less removed in the harvested grain of a crop such as corn. The residual nitrogen is subject to loss by several processes, one being leaching from the crop root zone. Alternative production systems that provide ground water protection must give attention to improved management of nitrogen fertilizer and to practices that minimize the need for nitrogen fertilizer and reduce soil nitrate concentrations. Most important in nitrogen fertilizer management is to more closely match nitrogen availability in the soil with crop needs and to avoid over-fertilization. Nitrogen fertilizer use can be reduced by alternate cropping of low and high nitrogen-demanding crops, use of legumes in the crop rotation to fix nitrogen, and proper use of manures, crop residues, and other organic wastes. Residual nitrates in soil can be reduced by use of cover crops, nitrogen-scavenging crops in the rotation, and alternating shallow and deep-rooted crops. Conservation tillage alone as used with many conventional cropping systems will probably not change the current status of nitrate leaching. Practices used by organic farmers should be carefully studied as possible approaches for ground water protection and adaptation into conservation tillage systems for conserving soil and water resources.
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Ward, P. R., R. A. Lawes, and D. Ferris. "Soil-water dynamics in a pasture-cropping system." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14046.
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Pasture cropping is a farming system in which annual crops are sown into established perennial pastures. It may provide environmental benefits such as increased groundcover and reduced deep drainage, while allowing traditional crop production in the Mediterranean-style climate of south-western Australia. In this research, we investigated deep drainage and the temporal patterns of water use by a subtropical perennial grass, annual crops, and a pasture-cropping system over a 4-year period. Both the pasture and pasture-cropped treatments reduced deep drainage significantly, by ~50 mm compared with the crop treatment. Competition between the pasture and crop components altered patterns of average daily water use, the pasture-cropped treatment having the highest water use for July, August and September. Consequently, water-use efficiency for grain production was lower in the pasture-cropped plots. This was offset by pasture production, so that over a full 12-month period, water-use efficiency for biomass production was generally greater for the pasture-cropped plots than for either the pasture or crop monocultures. Pasture cropping may be a viable way of generating sustainable economic returns from both crop and pasture production on sandy soils of south-western Australia.
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Jayawardane, NS, and KY Chan. "The management of soil physical properties limiting crop production in Australian sodic soils - a review." Soil Research 32, no. 1 (1994): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940013.
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Sodic soils occur extensively on the agricultural lands of Australia. The poor crop productivity of sodic soils is often associated with their low infiltration rates and restricted drainage. This is caused by low macroporosity and macropore instability, due to the presence of sodium on the clay surfaces. To achieve long-term improvements, tillage techniques to increase macroporosity have to be combined with chemical and biological techniques to improve macropore stability. Macropore stability is improved by addition of chemical ameliorants and organic matter. Maintenance of macroporosity also requires protection of the tilled soil from recompaction during flood irrigation, raindrop impact and trafficking. Adverse effects of sodicity of surface soil layers can be corrected by incorporating gypsum and by using conservation farming practices to add organic matter and to protect the surface from mechanical disturbance and raindrop impact. Subsoil sodicity can be corrected by combining deep ripping with chemical ameliorant additions, but the beneficial effects are often quickly lost under flood irrigation and trafficking. Longer term increases in crop production can be achieved by providing surface and subsurface drainage, bed farming and gypsum-slotting. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, their application in dryland and irrigated cropping and the areas for future research are discussed. In soils such as Vertisols with high shrink-swell potential, strong-rooted crops such as safflower could be used for biological soil loosening, through deep soil profile drying. The effectiveness of soil ameliorative techniques can be evaluated by assessing the soil factors limiting crop growth during a growing season in a non-ameliorated soil, and the subsequent changes in these soil factors due to the ameliorative practices. A technique which can be used in field studies to monitor these changes through the cropping season, based on the concept of the 'non-limiting soil water range' for crop growth, is described. Irrigation management of sodic soils and re-use of saline drainage waters require an understanding of the changes in soil hydraulic properties with changes in water quality parameters. The 'equivalent salt solution' concept can be used to predict such changes in soil hydraulic properties. These predicted values could then be used in existing water flow models for assessing water and salt flow through irrigated sodic clay soils.
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Jones, M. J. "Soil water and crop production in Botswana." Soil Use and Management 3, no. 2 (June 1987): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00714.x.
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Adeyolanu, O. D., G. A. Oluwatosin, A. O. Denton, A. O. Adelana, K. S. Are, and J. A. Adediran. "Quality Assessment and Suitability Evaluation of Soils under Tuber-based Cropping System in Katsina Ala Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 8 (September 9, 2020): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i8.6.
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Crop yields together with economic and social benefits of farming depend in part on land management and soil quality. Soil management and cropping systems have long-term effects on agronomic and environmental functions. This study aimed at assessing soils under yam-based cropping systems for quality and suitability so as to enhance sustainable production. The study was carried out in Katsina Ala local government area of Benue state where yam is a major crop. Sixteen modal profile were dug, described for characterization and suitability evaluation. Ten cluster locations were selected and twenty soil samples randomly collected within each cluster. The soils were subjected to laboratory analyses and results subjected descriptive statistics. Suitability of the soils for yam, citrus and groundnut were evaluated using parametric approach and soil quality of the area was assessed using Relative Soil Quality Indices (RSQI). The soils encountered are sandy to silty in nature with some having plinthite at depth. The soils, classified as Alfisol, Entisol and Inceptisol are moderately (S2) to highly suitable S1) for the three crops and have moderate to high quality for crop production with percentage soil quality index ranging from 60. 37 to 74.31 %. Soils of the study site are of good quality and are suitable for production of yam, citrus and groundnut. However, because yam is a great feeder and tropical soils are fragile making them prone todegradation, there is need for maintenance of soil fertility through organic matter management for sustainable use.
Keywords: soil quality, suitability, yam, cropping systems, soil management
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Worden, Christopher, John C. Bouwkamp, Francis R. Gouin, and Charles McClurg. "Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Vegetable Crop Production." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 758E—758. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.758e.
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Vegetable culture with Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSWC) amended soils was evaluated with the emphasis on crop and soil responses. There were three treatments of 0, 20, and 40 t·ha–1 of MSWC applied in the fall of 1993 to a Matapeake Silt Loam on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The following spring the soil was prepared for planting tomatoes and green beans. All crop management practices were in accordance with the standard procedures followed in Maryland for each crop, except for the addition of the MSWC. Both crop yields were significantly increased with the addition of the MSWC. Following the bean crop, broccoli transplants were established in the fall of 1994. Again, the yields obtained with the MSWC plots as compared to the control were significantly greater. Soil properties were also favorably affected by the addition of the compost. Analysis of soil samples indicated significant increases with MSWC, such as cation exchange capacity, soil pH, percent organic matter, and water-holding capacity.
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Bliss, Christine, Pete Andersen, Brent Brodbeck, David Wright, Steve Olson, and James Marois. "The Influence of Bahiagrass, Tillage, and cover crops on Organic Vegetable Production and Soil Quality in the Southern Coastal Plain." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n2p65.
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<p>Conventional farming utilizing bahiagrass (Papsalum notatum Flugge) in rotation with crops has been shown to increase yield, improve soil quality, and decrease weed and disease pressure. Organic production systems in the Southern Coastal Plain are challenged with limited soil fertility and a wide array of insect, disease, and weed pests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sequential years in bahiagrass and tillage (conventional and conservation) on organic vegetable yield and soil indices. After 0-4 years in bahiagrass, a crop rotation of rye and oats (winter cover crop), bush beans (spring vegetable crop), soybean (summer cover crop), and broccoli (fall vegetable crop) was implemented. Vegetable crop yields, plant biomass, plant C and N, and soil C, N, and P were measured for the four crops in the rotation over a three year period. Two years or more of bahiagrass prior to initiating the vegetable crop rotation showed positive effects on vegetable crop yields and soil quality parameters. Tillage treatments did not have a consistent effect on measured parameters. Soil C was not impacted by years in bahiagrass but was influenced by years of crop production. Potential soil N and P mineralization indicated an increase of soil organic fractions with years in bahiagrass. Available N increased after cover crops, and available P decreased with increasing years in bahiagrass.</p>