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Journal articles on the topic 'Crop residue burning'
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1
Krishna, Vijesh V., and Maxwell Mkondiwa. "Economics of Crop Residue Management." Annual Review of Resource Economics 15, no. 1 (2023): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-101422-090019.
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More than five billion metric tons of agricultural residues are produced annually worldwide. Despite having multiple uses and significant potential to augment crop and livestock production, a large share of crop residues is burned, especially in Asian countries. This unsustainable practice causes tremendous air pollution and health hazards while restricting soil nutrient recycling. In this review, we examine the economic rationale for unsustainable residue management. The sustainability of residue utilization is determined by several economic factors, such as local demand for and quantity of residue production, development and dissemination of technologies to absorb excess residue, and market and policy instruments to internalize the social costs of residue burning. The intervention strategy to ensure sustainable residue management depends on public awareness of the private and societal costs of open residue burning.
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Raza, Muhammad Haseeb, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Faisal, Tingwu Yan, Shoaib Akhtar, and K. M. Mehedi Adnan. "Environmental and Health Impacts of Crop Residue Burning: Scope of Sustainable Crop Residue Management Practices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (2022): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084753.
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The burning of crop residue in the open field has become a significant concern for climate change mitigation efforts worldwide. This practice has led to air quality impairment, smog, haze, heat waves, and different health problems. These could be avoided by adopting sustainable crop residue management practices (SCRMPs) and enabling farmers to engage in SCRMPs. Assessing the health effects at the household level is critical for understanding this problem and finding a solution. Using the primary dataset of 420 farmers from Punjab, Pakistan, we estimated the incurred impacts and costs of crop residue burning. We calculated the health and environmental benefits associated with adopting SCRMPs by comparing the two groups of farmers (adopters and non-adopters). Furthermore, we used a propensity score matching technique to measure the causal impact of SCRMPs adoption on health costs. The findings showed that a surprisingly large number of farmers are all aware of the adverse effects of residue burning, and many do not burn crop residues and instead use SCRMPs. This study found that households with chronic and non-chronic diseases become acute, and the severity increases during the burning period. They spend USD 13.37 to USD 8.79 on chronic and non-chronic diseases during the burning season, respectively. Consequently, the use of SCRMPs has a positive effect on healthcare costs. Our study findings highlight the meaningful implications for developing a new policy to promote the sustainable utilization of crop residues and enhance their adoption in Pakistan.
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Zhuang, Yan, Danlu Chen, Ruiyuan Li, et al. "Understanding the Influence of Crop Residue Burning on PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017 Using MODIS Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (2018): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071504.
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In recent years, particulate matter (PM) pollution has increasingly affected public life and health. Therefore, crop residue burning, as a significant source of PM pollution in China, should be effectively controlled. This study attempts to understand variations and characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and discuss correlations between the variation of PM concentrations and crop residue burning using ground observation and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The results revealed that the overall PM concentration in China from 2013 to 2017 was in a downward tendency with regional variations. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the PM10 concentration was more closely related to crop residue burning than the PM2.5 concentration. From a spatial perspective, the strongest correlation between PM concentration and crop residue burning existed in Northeast China (NEC). From a temporal perspective, the strongest correlation usually appeared in autumn for most regions. The total amount of crop residue burning spots in autumn was relatively large, and NEC was the region with the most intense crop residue burning in China. We compared the correlation between PM concentrations and crop residue burning at inter-annual and seasonal scales, and during burning-concentrated periods. We found that correlations between PM concentrations and crop residue burning increased significantly with the narrowing temporal scales and was the strongest during burning-concentrated periods, indicating that intense crop residue burning leads to instant deterioration of PM concentrations. The methodology and findings from this study provide meaningful reference for better understanding the influence of crop residue burning on PM pollution across China.
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Sahai, Shivraj, C. Sharma, S. K. Singh, and Prabhat K. Gupta. "Ambient CO Levels during Winter and Summer Agricultural Burning Seasons of Northern India." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 7, no. 4 (2010): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2010-7_4_12.
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Field burning of crop residues (FBCR) has significant environmental costs in terms of concerning emissions and natural resource loss. Such burning is increasingly common in the developing world regions like India, and the ambient levels of carbon monoxide (CO), a criteria-pollutant, during such burning seasons has not been studied as yet by any research or pollution monitoring agencies in the region. In this instance, in-situ field studies were conducted in the northern Indo-Gangetic plains to study the ambient CO levels during the rice and wheat crop (the major crop residues subject to FBCR in the region) residue burning seasons. The ambient CO levels were observed to be 1.90±0.69 ppmv and 1.35±0.53 ppmv during the rice residue burning season at Pantnagar and Ludhiana respectively. During the wheat residue burning seasons, it was observed to be 0.41±0.23 ppmv at Pantnagar and 0.69±0.22 ppmv at Patiala and Ludhiana (combined). The ambient CO levels remained near the National Ambient Air Quality Standard during the study period and also crossed it several times. It was further observed that the levels were higher in case of rice residue burning season as compared to that of wheat. The long residence time of CO and the increasing FBCR practice may aggravate the problem in future.
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Saikat, Biswas1* and Rupa Das2. "Pusa bio-decomposer: A promising option to stop crop residue burning." Trends In Agriculture Science 2, no. 4 (2023): 272–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7947710.
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Disposal of crop residue is a major concern that Indian farmers are facing today, especially after the harvest of paddy. To catch the next season on time, the land needs to be vacated and prepared in a short period of time for sowing of the subsequent crop. In a short span of time, it seems extremely difficult to clear the bulk crop residues. Some uses of crop residues like as feeding and/or bedding materials for the livestock and poultry, as ingredients in manure preparation, as raw materials in biochar preparation, as substrates for mushroom cultivation, as mulching materials, as roof thatching materials etc. can hold good promise, but these have proved themselves insufficient in complete disposal of crop residues resulting in open incineration of the residues. On-farm crop residue burning is dominant in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. A consortium of micro-organisms (Pusa-bio-decomposer) is showing a good prospect in this regard to stop the crop residue burning issue.
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Pradhan, Pratistha, Abhas Kumar Sinha, and Tapas Kumar Pandit. "The Effect of Stubble Burning and Residue Management on Soil Properties: A Review." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 6 (2024): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i64604.
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Stubble burning, a common agricultural practice, has gained significant attention due to its adverse effects on soil properties and environmental sustainability. The in-situ burning of stubble, especially in the context of the rice-wheat cropping system, can significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of soil, particularly in the topsoil layer. The factors contributing to crop residue burning in India include time constraints between successive crops which necessitates the need to clear fields quickly and limited access to mechanized equipment for residue management. As a result, many farmers resort to burning crop residues as a quick and cost-effective method to clear fields for the next planting season. In situ stubble management techniques offer sustainable alternatives to address these issues and promote soil health as this once-dismissed residue transforms into a strategic tool for nurturing soil vitality. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of stubble burning on various soil properties, especially in the context of burning of rice residues. It synthesizes existing literature and research findings to elucidate the interactions between stubble burning and soil health and evaluates mainly the long-term consequences of stubble burning on soil fertility and productivity. Based on the findings, crop residue burning disrupts soil ecosystems, impairs nutrient cycling, decreases soil fertility and compromises ecosystem resilience, leading to long-term soil degradation while the short-term effects remain less understood across different contexts.
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Syed, Imran, T. Senthilkumar, B. Nataraj, Manikandan G, and Pandi M. Dinesh. "Balers – A boon for straw management." Trends In Agriculture Science 1, no. 1 (2022): 27–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6400285.
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India is the second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop cultivation, generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. Harvesting of various crop generates large volume of residues both on and off farm. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy estimated that about 500 Mt of crop residues are generated annually. The generation of crop residues is highest in Uttar Pradesh (60 Mt), followed by Punjab (51 Mt) and Maharashtra (46 Mt). Among different crops, cereals generate maximum residues (352 Mt), followed by fibres (66 Mt), oilseeds (29 Mt), pulses (13 Mt) and sugarcane (12 Mt). Cereal crops (rice, wheat, maize, millets) contribute 70%, while rice crop alone contributes 34% to the crop residues. Sugarcane residues consisting of top and leaves generate 12 Mt, i.e., 2% of the crop residues in India. Open field residue burning in most parts of India may be a compulsion to farmers rather choice. Burning of these, residue has become a major environmental problem causing health issues as well as contributing to global warming. Gupta <em>et al.,</em> 2004 estimated that the burning 1 ton of stubble emits 199 kg of fly ash, 1460 kg of CO<sub>2</sub>, 60 kg of CO, 2 kg of SO<sub>2</sub>, and 3 kg of suspended particulate matters. Jain <em>et al., </em>2014 demonstrated that emissions from stubble burning are mostly CO<sup>2</sup> accounting for about 91.6% of the total emission. The remaining percentage is composed of 66% of CO, 11% of VOCs, 5% of hydrocarbons, and 2.2% of NOx. The above studies confirmed the environment problem caused by burning of crop residues. After combine harvesting, the residue is left on-farm. The residue should be removed as quickly as possible so that the treatment of the soil preparation can begin thereby establishing next season crop. Traditionally, residue left after harvesting is collected by hand or with tools such as a rake in sacks or in a carrying mat to the areas where it will be used or it is gather one place for burning. This method is laborious and it takes a lot of time to finish collecting all of the straw scattered in a newly harvested area. Mechanization is the solution to quick removal of crop residues form the field. Mechanized collection of straw scattered in the field involves picking up the straw from the field, compressing it into bales, and transporting the bales to the bunds.
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Gatkal, N. R., P. B. Kadam, J. K. Khurdal, P. P. Pawase, and S. M. Nalawade. "Tillage and Residue Management Effects on Soil Properties : A Review." Journal of Agriculture Research and Technology 47, no. 02 (2022): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56228/jart.2022.47212.
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Crop residues, a byproduct of crop production that can be managed to maximize various input usage efficiencies, are a widely used practice to conserve agricultural waste. The amount of crop residues generated and burned in 2017-18 was 516 MT and 116 MT, respectively. In India, rice stands first in the overall crop burning which contributes 43% compared to 21, 19 and 5% for wheat, sugarcane, and oilseed, respectively. Burning crop residue is responsible for air pollution outbreaks, radiation imbalance in people, greenhouse gas emissions, and the loss of valuable soil nutrients. Crop residue mulch improved soil quality and crop yield by increasing infiltration of water into soil profile and lessening water runoff and soil erosion. Crop residue mulch improved soil quality in terms of organic carbon and biotic activity. Crop-residue retention promotes nutrient cycling, increases nutrient availability to crops, and increases SOM content.The excessive runoff and soil erosion, low soil fertility, low groundwater availability, erratic rainfall distribution and low inputs these are major contributing factors responsible for the low yields.
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Gulaiya, Shani, Abhishek Sharma, Priya Kochale, and Parikha P. Singh. "Crop residue management: A way to reduce environmental pollution." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 8, no. 2 (2023): 161–65. https://doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2023.8.2.3.
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Crop residue management (CRM), a cultural technique that maintains more residues from the preceding crop and involves fewer and/or less intensive tillage operations, is intended to assist safeguard soil and water resources and offer extra environmental advantages. While preserving or improving crop yields, CRM is typically cost-effective in meeting conservation standards and lowering fuel, machinery, and labor expenses. India is an agrarian economy. In different agro-ecological areas, a wide variety of crops are grown on a large percentage of the country's territory. With the production of 112.18 million tons (Mt) of wheat, 120.0 Mt of rice, 35.91 Mt of maize, 17.52 Mt of millets, 399.25 Mt of sugarcane, 8.1 Mt of fiber crops (Jute, Mesta, Cotton), 28.0 Mt of pulses, and 41.15 MMT of oilseeds crops in the 2020-21 crop year ({Directorate of Economics & Statistics, MOA, DAC, New Delhi (final estimate-2020-21), it is only natural that a significant amount of crop residues are produced both. The entire country produces 500-550 Mt of crop leftovers annually, according to estimates. The simplest and most widely used technique adopted by farmers is burning wastes. Burning leftovers degrades soil quality and pollutes the environment. Remainder burning kills bacteria and renders soil infertile. In addition, macro and micronutrients are easily volatilized as a result of soil residue burning. Therefore, the management of agricultural crop residue is of major significance to several scientific communities. It is required to use a wide range of management techniques to address this problem, and including mechanization into the solution expands the potential applications for agricultural leftovers in the future. Crop residue management enhances the quality of the soil and the ecosystem. Crop residue burning releases smoke and soot particles that are harmful to both human and animal health. Additionally, it causes the loss of plant nutrients like N, P, K and S as well as the production of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which contribute to global warming. Crop residue burning is a waste of precious resources that could be used to produce carbon, bioactive chemicals, feed, and energy for rural households and small businesses.
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Soham, Bachaspati1 Madhusri Pramanik2 Sourav Roy3. "Crop Residue Burning: Its Impact and Management." Trends In Agriculture Science 2, no. 5 (2023): 271–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7952751.
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India being the second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop cultivation, generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. A huge amount of land is used for farming and a wide range of crops are cultivated in its different agro-ecological regions. Crop residue burning has developed into a significant environmental issue that affects human health and contributes to global warming. The global economic expansion is greatly influenced by the agricultural sector. The world's food output has greatly increased as a result of the rising food demand in developing nations.
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Porichha, Gaurav Kumar, Yulin Hu, Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara Rao, and Chunbao Charles Xu. "Crop Residue Management in India: Stubble Burning vs. Other Utilizations including Bioenergy." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144281.
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In recent studies, various reports reveal that stubble burning of crop residues in India generates nearly 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), more than 9 million tons of carbon monoxide (CO), a quarter-million tons of sulphur oxides (SOX), 1 million tons of particulate matter and more than half a million tons of black carbon. These contribute directly to environmental pollution, as well as the haze in the Indian capital, New Delhi, and the diminishing glaciers of the Himalayas. Although stubble burning crop residue is a crime under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Air and Pollution Control Act (APCA) of 1981, a lack of implementation of these government acts has been witnessed across the country. Instead of burning, crop residues can be utilized in various alternative ways, including use as cattle feed, compost with manure, rural roofing, bioenergy, beverage production, packaging materials, wood, paper, and bioethanol, etc. This review article aims to present the current status of stubble-burning practices for disposal of crop residues in India and discuss several alternative methods for valorization of crop residues. Overall, this review article offers a solid understanding of the negative impacts of mismanagement of the crop residues via stubble burning in India and the other more promising management approaches including use for bioenergy, which, if widely employed, could not only reduce the environmental impacts of crop residue management, but generate additional value for the agricultural sector globally.
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Ahmed, Tanvir, and Bashir Ahmad. "Burning of Crop Residue and its Potential for Electricity Generation." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 3 (2014): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i3pp.275-292.
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This paper identified the factors influencing the rice crop residue burning decision of the farmers and the potential of the burnt residue to generate electricity. For this study, data were collected from 400 farmers in the rice-wheat cropping system. Effects of different variables on the burning decision of rice residue are investigated through logit model. A number of factors had significant effects on the burning decision of crop residue. These included farming experience of the farmer, Rajput caste, farm size, owner operated farm, owner-cum-tenants operated farm, silty loam soil type, livestock strength, total cost associated with the handling of residue and preparation of wheat field after rice, availability of farm machinery for incorporation, use of residue as feed for animals, use of residue as fuel, intention of the respondent to reduce turnaround time between harvesting of rice and sowing of wheat, convenience in use of farm machinery after burning of residue and the geographic location of farm. The overall quantity of rice straw burnt is estimated to be 1704.91 thousand tonnes in the rice-wheat cropping areas with a potential to generate electric power of 162.51 MW. This power generation from crop residues would be a source of income for the farmers along with generation of additional employment opportunities and economic activities on sustainable basis. In order to minimise the cost of haulage of rice straw, installation of decentralised power plants at village level would be a good option. Further, use of rice crop residue as an energy source can help in reducing foreign exchange requirements for import of furnace oil. JEL Classification: O44, Q12, Q16, Q42, Q48 Keywords: Bioenergy, Crop Residue, Electricity, Energy, Growth, Rice
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Jamali, Mohsen, Esmaeil Bakhshandeh, Mohammad Yaghoubi Khanghahi, and Carmine Crecchio. "Metadata Analysis to Evaluate Environmental Impacts of Wheat Residues Burning on Soil Quality in Developing and Developed Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (2021): 6356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116356.
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Crop residues are widely considered as a biofuel source and used in livestock feeding, or are burned off to clean the field for tillage and planting. Nonetheless, crop residue burning poses serious threats to the soil stability and sustainability of the food chain. This study aimed to investigate the potential environmental impacts of wheat residues burning on declines in soil quality in developing (Iran) and developed (Italy) countries by analyzing metadata of the last 50 years. All metadata were provided from the ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO) including wheat harvested area, annual production, and biomass burning, to assess the potential impact of crop residue burning on soil quality. In detail, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, and energy and nutrient losses by the wheat residues burning were estimated. Our results showed a robust interdependence between wheat residues burning and environmental effects in both developed and developing systems. Accordingly, the global warming potential increased in Iran (4286 to 5604 kg CO2eq) and decreased in Italy (3528 to 1524 kg CO2eq) over the last 50 years. Amongst all nutrient losses, nitrogen represents the higher lost value in both countries, followed by potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus.
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PRASAD, R., B. GANGAIAH, and K. C. AIPE. "Effect of crop residue management in a rice–wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1999): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447979935403x.
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Crop residue management is posing a serious problem in the rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, which is widely practised in the Indian Subcontinent and China, and covers about 22.5 × 106 ha. The problem is serious because there is very little turn-around time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Three practices, namely, residue removal, residue burning and residue incorporation were compared in two field experiments, one with the rice residues and the other with the wheat residues. Results obtained showed that both rice and wheat residues can be safely incorporated without any detrimental effects on the crops of rice or wheat grown immediately after incorporation. Incorporation of crop residue also improved soil fertility status as judged by organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium contents. Residue incorporation should be preferred over residue burning, which results in the loss of valuable plant nutrients and is both an environmental and a health hazard.
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Jobanpreet Singh, Wahida Sultana, and Jyoti Rajput. "Transforming Crop Residue Waste into Sustainable Resources: Innovative Pathways for Enhancing Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Health." International Journal of Advanced Research and Interdisciplinary Scientific Endeavours 2, no. 3 (2025): 529–36. https://doi.org/10.61359/11.2206-2514.
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Crop residue burning, especially of wheat and rice, is a common farming activity with serious environmental and health impacts. Crop stubble is usually burned by farmers to rapidly prepare land for the next crop season, emitting toxic pollutants, such as GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane, and particulate matter that causes air pollution. This practice also exhausts soil fertility by killing organic matter and vital microbes, causing long-term degradation of farmland. This review article discusses sustainable options to crop residue burning, emphasizing environmentally friendly and economically sound options. Some of the major alternatives are bioenergy production, in which crop residues are processed into biofuels or biochar, yielding renewable energy and mitigating GHG emissions. Composting crop residues into organic manure enhances soil fertility, increases water holding capacity, and reduces chemical fertilizer application. Mulching, covering the soil with crop residues, saves moisture, suppresses erosion, and manages weeds. Industrial applications are also mentioned in the paper, including residue conversion into biodegradable paper and packaging, animal feed, and fuel briquettes or pellets for village energy. Innovations in technology, such as the Happy Seeder and Super Straw Management System (SMS), provide no-burn options where seeds can be planted without burning the residue, helping to conserve the soil. While the advantages exist, adoption is limited by financial constraints, limited infrastructure, and limited awareness among farmers. The review recommends policy measures, incentives by the government, and education programs to promote extensive use of such alternatives.
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Yang, Guangyi, Xuelei Zhang, Aijun Xiu, et al. "AgriFireInfo v1.0: An Open-Source Platform for the Monitoring and Management of Open-Field Crop Residue Burning." Fire 7, no. 3 (2024): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7030063.
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Open-field crop residue burning (OCRB) is a widespread agricultural practice with significant impacts on regional environments and public health. The effective management of OCRB remains a challenging task that requires timely access to various forms of monitored and forecasted information. Addressing this worldwide need, an open-source platform named AgriFireInfo v1.0, which is specifically tailored to monitoring and regulating regional OCRB activities, was developed. This technical note thoroughly illustrates the platform’s architecture, major modules, and visualization processes. Through AgriFireInfo v1.0, government agencies can access timely information about the spatial distribution of fire spots and emissions as well as meteorological conditions and air quality status. AgriFireInfo v1.0 also introduces an innovative Prevention Alarming Index, designed to identify regions prone to OCRB and promote comprehensive crop residue utilization. Furthermore, it offers the burning window and crop residue yields for controlled OCRB activities and can be used to analyze shifts in farmers’ burning behaviors and intensities. Future enhancements will focus on supplying holistic information on the burning windows and burning amounts of crop residues to further facilitate refined controlled burning activities and optimize decision-making processes. The flexibility and scalability of this platform can potentially allow users to easily customize and apply it to other regions or countries.
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Bajracharya, Sugat B., Arabinda Mishra, and Amina Maharjan. "Determinants of crop residue burning practice in the Terai region of Nepal." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253939.
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The open burning of agricultural crop residue is a key environmental issue facing the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, the Indo-Gangetic plain in particular. There is a varying intensity in the incidence of open agricultural burning in this region, and multiple drivers that determine why farmers in this region decide to burn their crop residues. While there have been research studies conducted for other countries in the region, research into the determinants of crop-burning in the Nepalese context is missing. Using primary data from a survey of 388 farming households across three districts of the Nepal Terai―Nawalparasi, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu―applying a recursive bivariate probit model, this study seeks to find out what drives the Nepalese farmers to burn their crop residue instead of using them in a sustainable manner and suggest policy recommendations for mitigation. Our findings show that the major determining factors that influence the farmers’ behavior in Nepal are livestock ownership, combine harvester use and awareness level of the farmers. While the effects of crop residue burning is transboundary in nature, the mitigation measures require to be region specific. Based on the findings, the study proposes raising livestock, using technology like Happy Seeders or upgrade the combine harvesters, raising awareness and changing perception of farmers, and promoting alternative uses of crop residue as viable mitigation measures.
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Gour, Anunay, Vaibhav Dara, Satya Priya Rishabh, and Sonal Mahour. "Torrefaction as Solution to Stubble Burning." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 8, no. 4 (2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.842017.
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Agriculture has been the dominant sector of India’s Gross Domestic Product. Contribution by agriculture and other allied sectors is pegged at more than Rs 18 lakh crore in FY19. Crop Residue Management is a challenge for the farmers all across the nation. From the total residue produced in the country, nearly 99.2 MT is burnt at the farm, of which more than 60% is by rice and wheat. Lack of traditional use of residue, clearing the field in short time to sow the next crop in time leads to stubble burning. Stubble burning has become a major pollutant lately. Burning crop residue is a crime under the Air Pollution Control Act of 1981. Although, government’s execution lacks firmness, thus encouraging finding the alternatives. One such process is Torrefaction. This agricultural waste can be efficiently utilized for the purposes which currently are being served by coal based power plants, with additional advantage of residue management. In this work, effect of torrefaction on rice stubble, and the physiochemical properties are discussed. Results so obtained are conducive in designing feasible logistic studies, and more applications of farm based agricultural residue. The torrefaction behaviors of the agricultural residues from plains of North India of rice straw were investigated, and the torrefaction process carried on them resulted in a proof that the torrefied biomass of plant origin has energy potential and calorific value equivalent to that of conventional fossil fuels. This paves way for deploying the process of torrefaction in sustainable energy generation.
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Bansal, Archana. "Management of Crop-Residue to Control Environmental Hazards." Scientific Temper 13, no. 02 (2022): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.2.21.
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India is one of the leading countries in production of crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane andmany more. It also generates a large amount of agricultural waste [including crop residue].Waste materials derived from various agricultural activities are defined as agricultural wastesincluding crop residues. Due to high amount of crop residues, it becomes difficult for thefarmers to dump that waste. Farmers generally gather crop residues and burn them in the fields.Crop residues burning is a common post-harvest practice in many parts of the world mainlydeveloping countries to eliminate waste after harvesting. This practice mostly carried out inPunjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh responsible solely to the worst winter pollution in the cityof Delhi.Crop burning contributes to atmospheric pollution leading to the environment degradationphenomena such as air pollution, global warming, smog, and climate change. Large amounts oftoxic pollutants like methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxideand submicron aerosols released in the atmosphere. After their release in the atmosphere, thesepollutants disperse in the surrounding, form a thick blanket of smog causing adverse effect onhuman health. Crop residue burning destroys the nutrients in the soil, making it less fertile,leading to loss of moisture and useful microbes present in the upper layer of the soil. Due to theloss of friendly pests, there is a tremendous increase in enemy pests making crops more proneto diseases. The government of India has attempted to curtail this problem by enforcing variouslaws and imposing penalty on any offending farmer. However, governments implementationlacks strength. Now the time has come that integral approach should be started to spreadawareness on scientific crop residue management.
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Suman Singh, Nalin Kumar Mishra, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, and Surendra Pratap Sonkar. "Crop Residues: The Unseen Threat to Environmental Sustainability." Voice of Creative Research 7, no. 1 (2025): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.53032/tvcr/2025.v7n1.02.
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Crop residue management (CRM) is a critical aspect of sustainable agriculture, addressing significant environmental and economic challenges. In India, the widespread practice of burning crop residues leads to severe air pollution, soil degradation, and health hazards. This paper explores the importance of CRM in environmental conservation, its economic potential, and the sustainable practices available for managing crop residues. It highlights the detrimental effects of residue burning, such as the release of harmful gases (CO2, CH4, NH3), and the subsequent loss of soil nutrients and biomass. The paper also discusses alternative CRM strategies, including composting, mulching, bioenergy production, and biochar utilization, which offer solutions to mitigate environmental damage while improving agricultural productivity and economic returns. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches involving government policies, technological innovations, and farmer education to promote sustainable CRM practices across India.
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Yao, Huan, Yu Song, Mingxu Liu, et al. "Direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue burning during the summer harvest season in East China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (2017): 5205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5205-2017.
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Abstract. East China experiences extensive crop residue burnings in fields during harvest season. The direct radiative effect (DRE) of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue burning in June 2013 in East China was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Absorption of organic aerosol (OA) in the presence of brown carbon was considered using the parameterization of Saleh et al. (2014), in which the imaginary part of the OA refractive index is a function of wavelength and the ratio of black carbon (BC) and OA. The carbonaceous emissions from crop fires were estimated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire radiative power (FRP) product with a localized crop-burning-sourced BC-to-organic carbon (OC) ratio emission ratio of 0.27. Evaluation of the model results with in situ measurements of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2. 5) chemical composition, MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) detections and meteorological observations showed that this model was able to reproduce the magnitude, spatial variation and optical characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol pollution. The observed BC and OC peak concentrations at the site in Suixi, Anhui province, during the 2013 wheat burning season reached 55.3 µg m−3 and 157.9 µg m−3. WRF-Chem simulations reproduced these trends with a correlation coefficient of 0.74, estimating that crop residue burning contributed 86 and 90 % of peak BC and OC, respectively. The simulated hourly DRE from crop residue burning at the top of atmosphere (TOA) reached a maximum of +22.66 W m−2 at the Suixi site. On average, the simulations showed that the crop residue burning introduced a net positive DRE of +0.14 W m−2 at TOA throughout East China, with BC from this source as the main heating contributor (+0.79 W m−2). The OA DRE from crop burning (−0.22 W m−2) was a combined effect of the positive DRE of absorption (+0.21 W m−2) and a stronger negative DRE of scattering (−0.43 W m−2). Sensitivity tests showed that the DRE of OA absorption strongly depended on the imaginary part of the OA refractive index, the BC-to-OA emission ratio from crop residue burning and the assumed mixing state of the aerosol, whereby the volume mixing treatment resulted in a higher positive DRE compared to the core–shell treatment. The BC mixing state and associated absorption enhancement during BC aging processes will be investigated in detail in future research.
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Kulsawat, Wutthikrai, Boonsom Porntepkasemsan та Phatchada Nochit. "Paddy Soil Profile Distribution of δ13C Subjected to Rice Straw Amendment and Burning". Applied Mechanics and Materials 886 (січень 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.886.3.
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Paddy residues are the most generous agricultural biomass from the paddy cultivation, Paddy residues practices include crop residue amendment and in-situ burning. It indicated that residue amendment increased the organic carbon and nutrient contents in soil, However, an open residue burning is still a common practice in Thailand despite of strict law enforcements and proper education to farmers about its implications on soil, human and animal health The present study determined how residues management practices: residue amendment and stubble burning, influence the soil organic carbon by determining δ13C in paddy soil profile. The 30 cm depth soil samples from the naturally straw amendment and stubble burning paddy fields were collected in Chiang Khwan district, Roi-et province during 2017. The δ13C values with soil depth showed that residue management practices produce statistical differences in both soils. The δ13C values of soil samples from amendment and burning sites ranged from-23.19‰ to-17.98‰ and-24.79‰ to-19.28‰, respectively. Carbon isotopes differentiate clearly between amendment site (more positive values) and burning site (more negative values). The results from this study were in accordance with literatures which reported that the δ13C distribution in the soil profile can be applied to study in SOC dynamics as a result of different paddy residue management practices (amendment or burning). Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the stable carbon isotope technique in this type of studies.
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Bahrani, M. J., M. Kheradnam, Y. Emam, H. Ghadiri, and M. T. Assad. "EFFECTS OF TILLAGE METHODS ON WHEAT YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN CONTINUOUS WHEAT CROPPING." Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 4 (2002): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970200042x.
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A three-year field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of tillage methods on grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in continuous cropping. The experiment was conducted on a Ramjerd, fine, mixed, mesic, typic Calcixerepts soil. Wheat was sown: (1) after burning residues followed by conventional tillage, (2) after complete residue removal followed by conventional tillage, (3) after soil incorporation of residues followed by conventional tillage, (4) into untilled residues, (5) using chisel seeder after field irrigation, (6) using chisel seeder plus herbicide application, and (7) after disking. Residue burning and removal increased spikes per square metre, grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index compared with other treatments. This was due primarily to weed interference and lack of uniform crop establishment in the presence of residues. Reduced tillage methods retained more residues on the soil surface, which provided unsuitable conditions for crop emergence and growth. The incorporation of residues led to a build up of carbon in the soil, with lower grain yields compared with residue burning and removal, but these yields were higher than those of chisel-seeded plots.
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Kumar, Mukesh, G. T. Patle, Mohan Lal, et al. "An overview of crop residue management challenges, opportunities, and the way forward for sustainable food-energy security in India." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl (2024): S486—S502. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i06s.071.
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Crop residue plays an essential role in preserving vital agro-environmental services. High-yielding cultivars employed in current agricultural agriculture have significantly increased crop residue and the challenges connected with its management. In developing countries like India, burning crop remnants was commonly encouraged, especially during critical periods between two crops, such as when wheat follows rice and sugarcane harvests, due to the unsuitability of various crop residues for animal feed. Long-term residue burning provides considerable challenges to maintaining the quality of natural resources and a sustainable crop production system, particularly considering climate change. When agricultural residue is burned, its essential components are lost and converted into dangerous air pollutants, which would otherwise be able to power and locate the soil-plant system. The current study overview critically explores the potential of agricultural residue to produce soil ameliorants using thermal decomposition and composting processes. A brief description of residue-derived energy generation (liquid and gaseous fuels) is also given via thermal and thermochemical breakdown processes. This may mitigate the detrimental consequences of fossil fuels on the nation’s ecosystem and economy. The review study also discusses modern industrial uses of crop leftovers and current challenges and areas for future development in sustainable agricultural residue management.
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Badarinath, K. V. S. "Impact of agriculture crop residue burning on atmospheric aerosol loading – a study over Punjab State, India." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (2010): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-367-2010.
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Abstract. The present study deals with the impact of agriculture crop residue burning on aerosol properties during October 2006 and 2007 over Punjab State, India using ground based measurements and multi-satellite data. Spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (α) values exhibited larger day to day variation during crop residue burning period. The monthly mean Ångström exponent "α" and turbidity parameter "β" values during October 2007 were 1.31±0.31 and 0.36±0.21, respectively. The higher values of "α" and "β" suggest turbid atmospheric conditions with increase in fine mode aerosols over the region during crop residue burning period. AURA-OMI derived Aerosol Index (AI) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) showed higher values over the study region during October 2007 compared to October 2006 suggesting enhanced atmospheric pollution associated with agriculture crop residue burning.
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O., Siva Devika, Subhadip Paul, Deepranjan Sarkar, et al. "Trichoderma: A part of possible answer towards crop residue disposal." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (2019): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2090.
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India is one of the leading countries in agricultural production and generate large volume of crop residue. Increasing demand for food grains due to growing population leads to generation of crop residues. Due to lack of proper disposal mechanism of crop residue, farmers burn the residue which release greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and poses great threat to environment as well as human health. The residue burning causes greater carbon emission and nutrient losses which otherwise incorporated into the soil system may substantially improve the soil biodiversity. Besides several practices of crop residue management, the most feasible method for farmers is incorporation of residue into the soil with the inoculation of microbes. In soil system the ability of microbial community in degrading organic substances is well known. In the early stages of residue decomposition simple substrates like carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria, but in later stages degradation of complex constituents viz., cellulose, lignin needs microbes which are capable of secreting enzymes like cellulase, acting on complex organic substrates. In this context, cellulolytic micro organisms like Trichoderma have the potential and emerging as an important microbial inoculants to enhance the rate of decomposition as well as alleviate the effect of residue burning.
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Kumar, P., S. K. Rajpoot, V. Jain, S. Saxena, and S. S. Ray. "MONITORING OF RICE CROP IN PUNJAB AND HARYANA WITH RESPECT TO RESIDUE BURNING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-31-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This study is based on the fortnightly monitoring of residue burning in fields of <i>kharif</i> rice crops after harvesting in Punjab and Haryana. The <i>kharif</i> rice area (2018&amp;ndash;19) was derived using multi-date Sentinel-1A(Microwave SAR) data under FASAL project. The expected harvesting dates of <i>kharif</i> rice (crop duration 140 days) are derived on the basis of transplanting dates (derived from SAR data), NDVI profiles and Ground truth data. Daily active crop fire events in Punjab and Haryana were taken from VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) product in the month of October and November 2018. It was observed from the study that the crop fire events showed a similar pattern as observed in expected harvest dates. Multi-date AWiFS data used to identify the crop residues- burnt areas during October and November 2018. The study reveals that maximum rice residue burning period is 2nd fortnight of October to 1st fortnight of November in both the states Punjab and Haryana. Maximum burning density was observed in the Mansa and Bhatinda district of Punjab and Fatehabad district of Haryana. In total 2.63 lakh ha burnt area was estimated in Haryana which is 20% of total <i>kharif</i> rice acreage while in Punjab it is 18.7 lakh ha (66% of total <i>kharif</i> rice acreage). Thus this study could show the relationship between the satellites derived harvesting dates and the spread of crop fire events. Monitoring of crop residue burning at regular intervals especially before each crop harvesting season to ensure effective implementation of proactive measures to curb the practice of burning of crop residue.</p>
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Korav, Santosh, Gandhamanagenahalli A. Rajanna, Dharam Bir Yadav, et al. "Impacts of Mechanized Crop Residue Management on Rice-Wheat Cropping System—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 15641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315641.
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Residue management has become a new challenge for Indian agriculture and agricultural growth, as well as environmental preservation. The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is predominantly followed cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), resulting in generating a large volume of agricultural residue. Annually, India produces 620 MT of crop residue, with rice and wheat accounting for 234 MT of the surplus and 30% of the total. Farmers are resorting to burning crop residue due to the short window between paddy harvest and seeding of rabi season crops, namely wheat, potato, and vegetables, for speedy field preparation. Burning of residues pollutes the environment, thus having adverse effects on human and animal health, as well as resulted in a loss of plant important elements. This problem is particularly prevalent in rice-wheat-dominant states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. If we may use in situ management as residue retention after chopper and spreader, sowing wheat with Happy seeder/zero drill/special drill with full residue load, full residue, or full residue load incorporation with conventional tillage, burning is not the sole approach for residue management. In addition, off-farm residues generated are being utilized for animal feed and raw materials for industries. While there are regional variations in many mechanization drivers and needs, a wide range of mechanization components can be transported to new places to fit local conditions. This article focuses on innovations, methods, and tactics that are relevant to various mechanization systems in particular geographical areas. This article also stresses the need for a thorough analysis of the amount of residue generated, residue utilization using modern mechanical equipment, and their positive and negative effects on crop yield and yield attributes, weed diversity, soil physic-chemical, biological properties, beneficial, and harmful nematode populations in the IGP, which will aid researchers and policymakers in farming research priorities and policy for ensuring sustainability in RWCS.
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Nazir, Saba, Qamar uz Zaman, Asim Abbasi, et al. "Bioresource Nutrient Recycling in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System: Cornerstone of Organic Agriculture." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112323.
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This study evaluated the impact of conventional practices (fertilizer alone) and diverse farming approaches (such as green manuring, farmyard manure application, rice-residue incorporation, residue mulching, residue removal and residue burning) on soil attributes. A total of thirty-five farm sites were selected, with five sites (replications) for each farming approach system, which were used over the past three years in the study farms. Characterization of rice residues of all cultivars, green manure crop (sesbenia: Sesbania sesban) and decomposed farmyard manure samples showed differential behaviours for macronutrients and micronutrients. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers significantly influenced soil attributes, especially electrical conductivity, nutrient contents, bacterial and fungal population and soil enzymatic attributes. The crop residue treatments favourably influenced the soil parameters over the control. Crop residue incorporation or burning significantly increased soil available potassium, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and organic carbon when compared with applications of chemical fertilizer alone, while total nitrogen content was increased by residue incorporation. However, green manuring and farmyard manure applications showed inferior responses compared with residue management treatment. It is therefore recommended that bioresources should be managed properly to warrant improvements in soil properties, nutrient recycling and the sustainability for crop productivity, in order to achieve sustainable development goals for climate action.
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Sarkar, Sukamal, Milan Skalicky, Akbar Hossain, et al. "Management of Crop Residues for Improving Input Use Efficiency and Agricultural Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.
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Crop residues, the byproduct of crop production, are valuable natural resources that can be managed to maximize different input use efficiencies. Crop residue management is a well-known and widely accepted practice, and is a key component of conservation agriculture. The rapid shift from conventional agriculture to input-intensive modern agricultural practices often leads to an increase in the production of crop residues. Growing more food for an ever-increasing population brings the chance of fast residue generation. Ecosystem services from crop residues improve soil health status and supplement necessary elements in plants. However, this is just one side of the shield. Indecorous crop residue management, including in-situ residue burning, often causes serious environmental hazards. This happens to be one of the most serious environmental hazard issues witnessed by the agricultural sector. Moreover, improper management of these residues often restrains them from imparting their beneficial effects. In this paper, we have reviewed all recent findings to understand and summarize the different aspects of crop residue management, like the impact of the residues on crop and soil health, natural resource recycling, and strategies related to residue retention in farming systems, which are linked to the environment and ecology. This comprehensive review paper may be helpful for different stakeholders to formulate suitable residue management techniques that will fit well under existing farming system practices without compromising the systems’ productivity and environmental sustainability.
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Sulastri, N. N., R. Holcomb, J. Long, and M. Buser. "Cost estimation of crop residue burning machine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686, no. 1 (2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012012.
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Kumari, Rimsha, Dushyant Sharma, Shivam Kumar Jaswal, and Shilpa Kaushal. "Fields on Fire: Impact and Alternatives to Stubble Burning in India." International Journal of Economic Plants 10, May, 2 (2023): 092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2023.ijep0492.
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In almost all states of India, crop residue burning is a common practice that has induced detrimental effects on the environment, soil, and health. Although stubble burning is a felony under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Air and Pollution Control Act (may be utilised for cow feed, composted with manure, rural roofing, beverage production, packaging materials, and bioethanol, among others) but these are adopted rarely because of unawareness. According to various surveys, farmers practice crop residue burning in many states in India. This is mainly due to the government’s silence, which cannot stop such activities. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the current state of stubble-burning procedures for agricultural waste disposal in India and present numerous potential strategies for crop residue valorisation Overall, this review paper gives an in-depth overview of the detrimental impacts of agricultural waste burning in India, as well as other, more promising management options, such as the use of bioenergy. If widely implemented, these strategies could not only reduce the negative environmental effects of crop residue management, but also add value to the crop global agricultural industry.
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Zhang, Tianran, Mark C. de Jong, Martin J. Wooster, Weidong Xu, and Lili Wang. "Trends in eastern China agricultural fire emissions derived from a combination of geostationary (Himawari) and polar (VIIRS) orbiter fire radiative power products." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 17 (2020): 10687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10687-2020.
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Abstract. Open burning of agricultural crop residues is widespread across eastern China, and during certain post-harvest periods this activity is believed to significantly influence air quality. However, the exact contribution of crop residue burning to major air quality exceedances and air quality episodes has proven difficult to quantify. Whilst highly successful in many regions, in areas dominated by agricultural burning, MODIS-based (MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) fire emissions inventories such as the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) and Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) are suspected of significantly underestimating the magnitude of biomass burning emissions due to the typically very small, but highly numerous, fires involved that are quite easily missed by coarser-spatial-resolution remote sensing observations. To address this issue, we use twice-daily fire radiative power (FRP) observations from the “small-fire-optimised” VIIRS-IM FRP product and combine them with fire diurnal cycle information taken from the geostationary Himawari-8 satellite. Using this we generate a unique high-spatio-temporal-resolution agricultural burning inventory for eastern China for the years 2012–2015, designed to fully take into account small fires well below the MODIS burned area or active fire detection limit, focusing on dry matter burned (DMB) and emissions of CO2, CO, PM2.5, and black carbon. We calculate DMB totals 100 % to 400 % higher than reported by the GFAS and GFED4.1s, and we quantify interesting spatial and temporal patterns previously un-noted. Wheat residue burning, primarily occurring in May–June, is responsible for more than half of the annual crop residue burning emissions of all species, whilst a secondary peak in autumn (September–October) is associated with rice and corn residue burning. We further identify a new winter (November–December) burning season, hypothesised to be caused by delays in burning driven by the stronger implementation of residue burning bans during the autumn post-harvest season. Whilst our emissions estimates are far higher than those of other satellite-based emissions inventories for the region, they are lower than estimates made using traditional “crop-yield-based approaches” (CYBAs) by a factor of between 2 and 5. We believe that this is at least in part caused by outdated and overly high burning ratios being used in the CYBA, leading to the overestimation of DMB. Therefore, we conclude that satellite remote sensing approaches which adequately detect the presence of agricultural fires are a far better approach to agricultural fire emission estimation.
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Jung, Jin Sang, and Ji Hwan Kang. "Postharvest Burning of Crop Residues in Home Stoves in a Rural Site of Daejeon, Korea: Its Impact to Atmospheric Carbonaceous Aerosol." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020257.
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To investigate the impact of burning postharvest crop residues in home stoves, PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm) were collected every 3 h at a rural site in Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season in 2014. A high concentration of levoglucosan was observed with a peak value of 3.8 µg/m3 during the sampling period. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.18) at the rural site during a severe BB episode (levoglucosan > 1 μg/m3) was similar to burnings of pepper stems (0.19) and bean stems (0.18) whereas the average OC/levoglucosan ratio (9.9) was similar to burning of pepper stems (10.0), implying that the severe BB episode was mainly attributed to burning of pepper stems. A very strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.81) during the entire sampling period, suggesting that the emission of organic aerosols at the rural site was strongly associated with the burning of crop residues in home stoves. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.17 ± 0.06) in the rural area was similar to that in a nearby urban area in Daejeon (0.16 ± 0.04). It was concluded that crop residue burning in a home stove for space heating is one of the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols not only in a rural area but also in the urban area of Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season.
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Fu, Yu, Hao Gao, Hong Liao, and Xiangjun Tian. "Spatiotemporal Variations and Uncertainty in Crop Residue Burning Emissions over North China Plain: Implication for Atmospheric CO2 Simulation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (2021): 3880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193880.
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Large uncertainty exists in the estimations of greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions from crop residue burning, which could be a key source of uncertainty in quantifying the impact of agricultural fire on regional air quality. In this study, we investigated the crop residue burning emissions and their uncertainty in North China Plain (NCP) using three widely used methods, including statistical-based, burned area-based, and fire radiative power-based methods. The impacts of biomass burning emissions on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) were also examined by using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation. The crop residue burning emissions were found to be high in June and followed by October, which is the harvest times for the main crops in NCP. The estimates of CO2 emission from crop residue burning exhibits large interannual variation from 2003 to 2019, with rapid growth from 2003 to 2012 and a remarkable decrease from 2013 to 2019, indicating the effects of air quality control plans in recent years. Through Monte Carlo simulation, the uncertainty of each estimation was quantified, ranging from 20% to 70% for CO2 emissions at the regional level. Concerning spatial uncertainty, it was found that the crop residue burning emissions were highly uncertain in small agricultural fire areas with the maximum changes of up to 140%. While in the areas with large agricultural fire, i.e., southern parts of NCP, the coefficient of variation mostly ranged from 30% to 100% at the gridded level. The changes in biomass burning emissions may lead to a change of surface CO2 concentration during the harvest times in NCP by more than 1.0 ppmv. The results of this study highlighted the significance of quantifying the uncertainty of biomass burning emissions in a modeling study, as the variations of crop residue burning emissions could affect the emission-driven increases in CO2 and air pollutants during summertime pollution events by a substantial fraction in this region.
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Dutta, Asik, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, et al. "Conventional and Zero Tillage with Residue Management in Rice–Wheat System in the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Impact on Thermal Sensitivity of Soil Organic Carbon Respiration and Enzyme Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2023): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010810.
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The impact of global warming on soil carbon (C) mineralization from bulk and aggregated soil in conservation agriculture (CA) is noteworthy to predict the future of C cycle. Therefore, sensitivity of soil C mineralization to temperature was studied from 18 years of a CA experiment under rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The experiment comprised of three tillage systems: zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), and strip tillage (ST), each with three levels of residue management: residue removal (NR), residue burning (RB), and residue retention (R). Cumulative carbon mineralization (Ct) in the 0–5 cm soil depth was significantly higher in CT with added residues (CT-R) and ZT with added residues (ZT-R) compared with the CT without residues (CT-NR). It resulted in higher CO2 evolution in CT-R and ZT-R. The plots, having crop residue in both CT and ZT system, had higher (p < 0.05) Van’t-Hoff factor (Q10) and activation energy (Ea) than the residue burning. Notably, micro-aggregates had significantly higher Ea than bulk soil (~14%) and macro-aggregates (~40%). Aggregate-associated C content was higher in ZT compared with CT (p < 0.05). Conventional tillage with residue burning had a reduced glomalin content and β-D-glucosidase activity than that of ZT-R. The ZT-R improved the aggregate-associated C that could sustain the soil biological diversity in the long-run possibly due to higher physical, chemical, and matrix-mediated protection of SOC. Thus, it is advisable to maintain the crop residues on the soil surface in ZT condition (~CA) to cut back on valuable C from soils under IGP and similar agro-ecologies.
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Bhuvaneshwari, S., Hiroshan Hettiarachchi, and Jay Meegoda. "Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050832.
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India, the second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop cultivation, generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. In the absence of adequate sustainable management practices, approximately 92 seems a very small number of metric tons of crop waste is burned every year in India, causing excessive particulate matter emissions and air pollution. Crop residue burning has become a major environmental problem causing health issues as well as contributing to global warming. Composting, biochar production and mechanization are a few effective sustainable techniques that can help to curtail the issue while retaining the nutrients present in the crop residue in the soil. The government of India has attempted to curtail this problem, through numerous measures and campaigns designed to promote sustainable management methods such as converting crop residue into energy. However, the alarming rise of air pollution levels caused by crop residue burning in the city of Delhi and other northern areas in India observed in recent years, especially in and after the year of 2015, suggest that the issues is not yet under control. The solution to crop residue burning lies in the effective implementation of sustainable management practices with Government interventions and policies. This manuscript addresses the underlying technical as well as policy issues that has prevented India from achieving a long-lasting solution and also potential solutions that have been overlooked. However, effective implementation of these techniques also requires us to look at other socioeconomic aspects that had not been considered. This manuscript also discusses some of the policy considerations and functionality based on the analyses and current practices. The agricultural waste sector can benefit immensely from some of the examples from other waste sectors such as the municipal solid waste (MSW) and wastewater management where collection, segregation, recycling and disposal are institutionalized to secure an operational system. Active stakeholder involvement including education and empowerment of farmers along with technical solutions and product manufacturing can also assist tremendously. Even though the issue of crop residue burning touches many sectors, such as environment, agriculture, economy, social aspects, education, and energy, the past governmental efforts mainly revolved around agriculture and energy. This sectorial thinking is another barrier that needs to be broken. The government of India as well as governments of other developing countries can benefit from the emerging concept of nexus thinking in managing environmental resources. Nexus thinking promotes a higher-level integration and higher level of stakeholder involvement that goes beyond the disciplinary boundaries, providing a supporting platform to solve issues such as crop residue burning.
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Munmun, Choudhary, and Nagar Dr. Narendra Kumar Bhinda Deepak Nagar Rohitashv. "Effect of Crop Residue Management on Soil Health and Crop Performance." Career Point International Journal of Research (CPIJR) 3, no. 3 (2024): 44–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14029539.
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As global populations increase, the amount of crop residues generated annually continues to rise. Traditionally used for energy and animal feed, crop residues are now often treated as waste due to changes in living standards. Rich in nutrients and easily decomposed by microorganisms, crop residues offer significant potential for soil enrichment when managed properly. Returning crop residues to the soil instead of burning them is a sustainable practice that enhances soil health and reduces environmental damage. However, poor agricultural practices and industrial activities often degrade soil quality, and residues can aid in soil improvement and contamination remediation. While incorporating crop residues can improve soil texture, nutrient content, and microbial activity, it can also lead to negative effects such as pest infestations and increased methyl mercury levels in contaminated soils. This review examines the composition, nutrient content, and structural characteristics of crop residues, emphasizing their role in soil enhancement and contamination cleanup. A nuanced understanding of residue management is essential for promoting soil health and environmental sustainability.
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Martin, Ancy G., Atul Jayapal, Krishna Vikram, and Bavigadda Kavya. "Crop Residue Management through Utilization : A Review." Environment and Ecology 42, no. 2B (2024): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/ceam9171.
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In India, the production of food grains was insufficient for domestic consumption during 1947 to 1960. The green revolution played a major role in pulling India out from the begging bowl status. This increased production had also increased the accumulation of agricultural waste which is a challenge that is yet to be addressed. Hence, an effective management of these crop residues has become the need of the hour. Generation of revenue from these discarded residues is a feasible option to prevent farmers from burning the residues. The following review gives an insight on various crop residue management options through its utilization thereby generating farm income. There is no waste in the world, unless we treat it as waste.
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Rathee, Manoj, Ankit Rathee, Poonam Solanki, and Ashish Barak. "An Empirical Study on Farmers' Risk Perception of Crop Residue Burning." An Empirical Study on Farmers' Risk Perception of Crop Residue Burning 7, no. 10 (2023): 27–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10069854.
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Crop residues play an integral role in sustaining traditional rural industries, including rice mills, brick kilns, and potteries, where they serve as an essential feedstock. Unfortunately, due to the lack of proper management, eco-friendly disposal methods, and safe handling practices, a substantial quantity of surplus crop residue, was openly burned in agricultural fields. The present study aims to analyze the risk perception of farmers towards crop residue burning. To collect the data, the questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of 250 respondents, out of these, 200 responses met the criteria for validity and were subsequently subjected to comprehensive analysis through various statistical techniques utilizing software tools such as MS Excel and SPSS. It was observed that there is the risk of health-related issues, increased medical expenses, reduction in assets or production, the potential for social disputes or conflicts, and environmental concerns due to crop residue burning. It was suggested that the associated issues require a multifaceted approach involving public awareness, policy changes, community engagement, research, support for alternatives, and collaborative efforts to find sustainable solutions.
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Lopes, Adrian A., Dina Tasneem, and Ajalavat Viriyavipart. "Determinants of wheat residue burning: Evidence from India." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0296059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296059.
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Postharvest crop residue burning (CRB) is a major policy issue in several developing countries because of harmful environmental and public health consequences. While the literature has extensively examined the reasons for rice CRB, much less is known about wheat residue management. This paper explores the drivers of CRB of wheat in India and relates it to farmers’ prior decisions related to CRB of rice in the preceding season. Using primary data on residue management practices of 301 Indian farmers, whom we tracked over two consecutive harvests of rice (2018) and wheat (2019), we find that farmers are significantly more likely to burn wheat residue if they had previously burned rice residue. The possibility of this linkage or spillover increases the likelihood of wheat residue burning by 15.6 to 21 percent. Furthermore, farmers are undertaking wheat CRB despite the positive net benefit of choosing non-burning alternatives to manage crop residue. Our results suggest that ensuring well-functioning markets for crop residue, awareness campaigns, and recognition of spillover effects of residue management across crops over time can enable policies to promote pro-environmental postharvest choices.
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Ray, Tapas, Mohammed Latif Khan, Asif Qureshi, and Satyam Verma. "MODIS-Derived Fire Characteristics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Residue Burning in Central India." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (2022): 16612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416612.
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Cropland residue burning is one of the major causes of the emission of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere, and is a major global environmental problem. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal changes in greenhouse gas emissions from cropland residue burning in Chhattisgarh, India. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire data was analyzed over a 21-year (2001–2021) period, and associated greenhouse gas emissions were estimated. A total of 64,370 fire points were recorded for all land cover types. The number of cropland fires increased from 49 to 1368 between 2001 and 2021, with a burning peak observed between December and March. Fires in cropland areas contributed to 32.4% (19,878) of the total fire counts in the last 21 years. The total estimated emissions of greenhouse gases between 2001 and 2021 ranged from 421.5 to 37,233 Gg, with an annual rate of emission of 8972 Gg from wheat residue burning, and from 435.45 to 64,108.1 Gg, with an annual emission of 15,448.16 Gg from rice residue burning. The Chhattisgarh plain region was the cropland fire hotspot of the state. The present study indicates increased cropland residue-burning activity in Chhattisgarh. Therefore, there is an immediate need to develop sustainable alternative methods for agricultural residue management and eco-friendly methods for the disposal of crop residues.
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Yogi, Himanshu, Yash Kumar Mittal, and Sandeep Shrivastav. "Preliminary Development of Mycelium Based Sustainable Construction Material Out of Agricultural Waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (2024): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012072.
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Abstract Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is India's largest source of livelihood. Since independence, this sector has been one of the key contributors to the economic upliftment of the country. Being an agro-based economy, primarily the technological innovations, infrastructural developments and policies framed by the government were focused on improving traditional farming methods, crop yields, fertilizers production, knowing weather and soil conditions etc., for the betterment of the farmers. Simultaneously, with the upliftment of the agriculture industry, issues related to improper management of crop residue and deliberate burning down of agricultural waste are surfacing as a prominent environmental challenge. Burning of crop residue accounts for a significant contributor to India’s total GHG (Green House Gas) emissions. The recent events of burning Parali (Rice Husk) in the northern states have had a worsening effect on the Air Quality Index (AQI) of the Delhi & National Capital Region (NCR). To prevent the burning of crop residue, various research and development works are being conducted to provide a better alternative of burning residue. Research on creating wealth from agricultural waste has explored various technologies and methods for managing the waste through the preparation of the handmade paper, Biochar, soil-less plantation, mushroom cultivation etc. Based on the study of mushroom cultivation using crop residue and agricultural waste in construction, this paper reviews the prospects of creating mycelium-based sustainable construction material out of agricultural waste.
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Song, Wei, Yanrong He, Yuzhang Wu, and Wei Qu. "Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter." Materials 14, no. 12 (2021): 3407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123407.
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Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl− in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.
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Dipankar De. "Surplus Crop Residues for Energy Generation in Selected Districts of Madhya Pradesh - An Assessment." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 45, no. 4 (2008): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2008454.1351.
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Crop residues are one of the promising resources in rural India for energy generation. Crop residues in combine harvested fields are burnt in situ in many parts of the country. Alternate uses of such residues for energy generation can mitigate the loss of material and environment pollution caused by field burning. The study undertaken in six districts of Madhya Pradesh for assessment of crop residue production and uses indicated that among the food grains crops cultivated, the crop residues from manually harvested fields were mainly used as animal feeds. Residues from crops like cotton, pigeon pea, mustard were used for domestic purposes. Soybean and wheat crop residues in combine harvested fields were prone to disposal through field burning, the extents depending upon the productivity, cropping intensity, labour and storage space availability. Among the six districts, Bari Block (Raisen district) had the highest (1361 kg/ha) crop residue so generated with 76% of it being burnt. In Budni and Nasrullaganj Blocks (Sehore district), 60-67% of 812 kg/ha and 753 kg/ha of crop residues were burnt. About 1.05 lakh tonnes of crop residues (wheat 74.3% soybean 25.7%) were burnt annually in the three blocks and have potential of generation of 305.6 TJ of energy. For decentralised electricity generation through gasification route, a cluster of 7 villages can support feedstock requirement of a 90 kWe gasifier system to operate for 300days in a year operating at 12h/ day.
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Sarkar, Arindam. "Strategies for effective management of crop residues." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, no. 04 (2024): 1509–15. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i04.006.
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Managing crop residue poses a growing challenge for the sustainable advancement of Indian agricultural science and environmental preservation, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Agricultural communities require education on the detrimental effects of burning crop residues in fields and the importance of integrating crop residues into the soil to conserve sustainable agricultural productivity and reduce production costs through alternative practices. Effective collection and management of crop residues are essential for utilizing it as a soil amendment, substrate for mushroom cultivation, incorporation into fields, bio-energy fuel, biochar production, and more. Crop residues can serve as livestock feed, fuel, industrial raw materials, compost ingredients, etc., holding significant economic value. Resource-conserving technologies such as zero-tillage, happy seeder utilization, bed planting, and polyculture, coupled with innovative residue management practices, community involvement, and support from governmental and non-governmental organizations, offer promising alternatives to energy-intensive and input-dependent farming methods.
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Gai, Hao, Tingwu Yan, Anran Zhang, William David Batchelor, and Yun Tian. "Exploring Factors Influencing Farmers’ Continuance Intention to Crop Residue Retention: Evidence from Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (2021): 7412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147412.
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Over the past decade, crop residue burning after harvest is prevalent in developing countries. Promoting crop residue retention to replace residue burning is effective in improving air quality and contributing to the mitigation of global climate change. This study examines farmers’ continuance intention of crop residue retention, using the expectation confirmation model (ECM) and survey data from 542 rice farmers in Hubei Province, P.R. The results show that farmers’ perceived usefulness, confirmation, perceived ease of use, and satisfaction significantly have direct or indirect positive impacts on their continuance intention on adopting crop residue retention. In particular, perceived ease of use contributes the most. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use act as intermediaries in the relationship between confirmation and farmers’ continuance intention to residue retention. This study provides a valuable governance reference and scientific basis for the government to adjust and improve existing policies, including how to stimulate farmers to continue to adopt agricultural waste treatment technologies such as residue retention.
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Zhao, Kai, Xiaohui Tian, Wangyang Lai, and Shuai Xu. "Agricultural production and air pollution: An investigation on crop straw fires." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0303830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303830.
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In numerous developing nations, the pervasive practice of crop residue incineration is a principal contributor to atmospheric contamination in agricultural operations. This study examines the repercussions of such biomass combustion on air quality during the autumnal harvest season, utilizing data acquired from satellite-based remote sensing of fire events and air pollution measurements. Employing wind direction information alongside difference-in-difference and fixed-effects methodologies, this investigation rectifies estimation inaccuracies stemming from the non-random distribution of combustion occurrences. The empirical findings reveal that agricultural residue burning precipitates an elevation in average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations by approximately 27 and 22 μg/m3 during the autumnal incineration period, respectively. Furthermore, air pollution attributed to residue burning in prominent grain-producing regions exceeds the national average by approximately 40%. By integrating economic paradigms into agri-environmental inquiries, this study offers novel insights and substantiation of the environmental expenditures engendered by crop residue burning, juxtaposed with extant meteorological and ecological research findings.
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Panjala, Pranay, Murali Krishna Gumma, Shashi Mesapam, Anoop Kumar Shukla, and Gloria Pignatta. "Geospatial Analysis of Crop Residue Burn Areas and Their Dates for Emission Mitigation Strategies." Sustainability 17, no. 6 (2025): 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062508.
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Mitigating the environmental impact of agricultural practices, particularly intensive rice farming, is critical in the face of climate change. This study focuses on mapping rice residue burn areas and their dates while estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with residue burning and rice cultivation. By using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, machine learning algorithms, and ground truth data, we analyzed changes in rice cultivation patterns before and after the Kaleshwaram intervention. The Near-Infrared Region (NIR) band was instrumental in accurately identifying residue burn areas and pinpointing burn dates, enabling timely alerts for decision-makers to act. Detailed quantifications of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from crop residue burning, alongside methane emissions from rice cultivation, highlight the significant contribution of these practices to overall GHG emissions. Key findings reveal a significant 82.1% increase in rice cultivation area from 2018–2019 to 2022–2023, accompanied by a worrying rise in residue burning, with some regions experiencing up to a 276% increase in burn areas. This research not only reveals the dual challenges of residue burning and GHG emissions but also emphasizes the importance of integrating precise burn date monitoring with emission data. The findings provide a strong foundation for implementing sustainable crop residue management strategies and developing informed policies to mitigate the adverse environmental effects of rice farming.
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Singh, Sukhdeep, Sangeet Ranguwal, and Amit Guleria. "Determinants of crop residue burning practices in Punjab." Agricultural Research Journal 60, no. 2 (2023): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2023.00043.1.
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