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Journal articles on the topic 'Crop water'
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1
Teronpi, Larbeen, and Bhagawan Bharali. "Physiologycal Responses of Rice Crop to Water Deficit and Water Excess Conditions." Indian Journal of Plant and Soil 3, no. 2 (2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijps.2348.9677.3216.2.
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Morison, J. I. L., N. R. Baker, P. M. Mullineaux, and W. J. Davies. "Improving water use in crop production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 25, 2007): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2175.
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Globally, agriculture accounts for 80–90% of all freshwater used by humans, and most of that is in crop production. In many areas, this water use is unsustainable; water supplies are also under pressure from other users and are being affected by climate change. Much effort is being made to reduce water use by crops and produce ‘more crop per drop’. This paper examines water use by crops, taking particularly a physiological viewpoint, examining the underlying relationships between carbon uptake, growth and water loss. Key examples of recent progress in both assessing and improving crop water productivity are described. It is clear that improvements in both agronomic and physiological understanding have led to recent increases in water productivity in some crops. We believe that there is substantial potential for further improvements owing to the progress in understanding the physiological responses of plants to water supply, and there is considerable promise within the latest molecular genetic approaches, if linked to the appropriate environmental physiology. We conclude that the interactions between plant and environment require a team approach looking across the disciplines from genes to plants to crops in their particular environments to deliver improved water productivity and contribute to sustainability.
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Garcia y Garcia, Axel, and Jeffrey S. Strock. "Soil Water Content and Crop Water Use in Contrasting Cropping Systems." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12118.
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Abstract. Practices to improve the efficient use of water are of high relevance in rainfed agriculture. The effect of cropping systems on soil available water and water use of crops grown in a humid and temperate climate was investigated. This study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center near Lamberton, Minnesota, during three growing seasons. The treatments studied included an extended 4-year crop rotation (oat/alfalfa-alfalfa-corn-soybean) using organic inputs or high external (mineral) inputs and the traditional 2-year corn-soybean rotation, with a prairie as the control treatment. Response variables included crop yield, soil moisture monitored at 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 1.00, and 2.00 m depths, root length density, and crop water use. We found that alfalfa depleted more water than the other crops, including the prairie. Regardless of the extent of the rotation and the type of input, the soil water depletion and crop water use followed the same pattern: alfalfa > corn > oat/alfalfa > soybean. For conditions in the humid and temperate climate of southwest Minnesota, the average water use of crops was 652 mm for alfalfa, 535 mm for corn, 340 mm for oat/alfalfa, and 484 mm for soybean. The average water use of the prairie was 604 mm. Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Farming systems, Rotation, Water balance, Water use efficiency.
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Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.
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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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Alghariani, Saad Ahmad. "Managing water resources in Libya through reducing irrigation water demand: more crop production with less water use." Libyan Studies 44 (2013): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900009687.
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AbstractThe looming water crisis in Libya necessitates taking immediate action to reduce the agricultural water demand that consumes more than 80% of the water supplies. The available information on water use efficiency and crop water productivity reveals that this proportion can be effectively reduced while maintaining the same, if not more, total agricultural production at the national level. Crop water productivity, which is depressingly low, can be doubled through implementing several measures including relocating all major agricultural crops among different hydroclimatic zones and growth seasons; crop selection based on comparative production advantages; realisation of the maximum genetically determined crop yields; and several other measures of demand water management. There is an urgent need to establish the necessary institutional arrangements that can effectively formulate and implement these measures as guided by agricultural research and extension services incorporating all beneficiaries and stakeholders in the process.
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Sainju, Upendra M., Andrew W. Lenssen, Brett L. Allen, Jalal D. Jabro, William B. Stevens, and William M. Iversen. "Soil water and crop water use with crop rotations and cultural practices." Agronomy Journal 112, no. 5 (July 24, 2020): 3306–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20332.
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A. S. RAO and SURENDRA POONIA. "Climate change impact on crop water requirements in arid Rajasthan." Journal of Agrometeorology 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v13i1.1328.
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The impact of projected climate change by 21st century on water requirements of rainfed monsoon and irrigated winter crops of arid Rajasthan has been studied. Crop water requirements were estimated from daily potential evapotranspiration at ambient and projected air temperature by 2020, 2050, 2080 and 2100 using modified Penman-Monteith equation and then by multiplying with crop coefficients. Crop water requirements in the region varied from 308 to 411 mm for pearl millet, 244 to 332 mm for clusterbean, 217 to 296 mm for green gram, 189 to 260 mm for moth bean, 173 to 288 mm for wheat and 209 to 343 mm for mustard. Further, due to global warming, if the projected temperatures rises by 40C, by the end of 21st century, water requirement in arid Rajasthan increases from the current level, by 12.9% for pearl millet and clusterbean, 12.8% for green gram, 13.2% for moth bean, 17.1% for wheat and 19.9% for mustard. The increased crop water requirements in the region, resulted in reduction in crop growing period by 5 days for long duration crops, but the crop acreage where rainfall satisfies crop water requirements, reduced by 23.3% in pearl millet, 15.2% in clusterbean, 6.7% in green gram, 13% in moth bean. The study reveals that the impact will be more severe on rabi crops than kharif crops, the rabi crops being dependent on depleting ground water resources in the region.
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Jadeja, Poojaba, and Milan K. Chudasama. "FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 Used for Analysis of Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedule in the Kutch Region of Gujarat." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 3337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42068.
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Abstract: Water is an important input for agriculture so this valuable resource is designed properly and deliverable. Reasonable information on evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, and net irrigation requirements is required for effective planning of this resource. To use optimum amount of water for crops and reduce irrigation quantity, some form of irrigation scheduling should be used by the farming community. Unscientific and injudicious application of groundwater in this region resulted in depletion of the groundwater table. To achieve effective utilization of the groundwater resources, there is a need to estimate the crop water requirement for different crops at different management levels to accomplish effective irrigation management. Crop water requirements of different crop in districts of Kutch was calculated using FAO CROPWAT 8.0 a computer simulation model. The simulation study was conducted with the objectives of determining irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling for some major crops. The Penman - Monteith method was used for evapotranspiration calculation in the model. The model predicted the daily, decadal as well as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of crops. Keywords: crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, CROPWAT 8.0
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Abedinpour, Meysam. "Wheat water use and yield under different salinity of irrigation water." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0013.
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Abstract A field experiment was conducted for determination of crop coefficient (KC) and water stress coefficient (Ks) for wheat crop under different salinity levels, during 2015–2016. Complete randomized block design of five treatments were considered, i.e., 0.51 dS·m−1 (fresh water, FW) as a control treatment and other four saline water treatments (4, 6, 8 and 10 dS·m−1), for S1, S2, S3 and S4 with three replications. The results revealed that the water consumed by plants during the different crop growth stages follows the order of FW > S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 salinity levels. According to the obtained results, the calculated values of KC significantly differed from values released by FAO paper No 56 for the crops. The Ks values clearly differ from one stage to another because the salt accumulation in the root zone causes to reduction of total soil water potential (Ψt), therefore, the average values of water stress coefficient (Ks) follows this order; FW(1.0) = S1(1.0) > S2(1.0) > S3(0.93) > S4(0.82). Precise data of crop coefficient, which is required for regional scale irrigation management is lacking in developing countries. Thus, the estimated values of crop coefficient under different variables are essential to achieve the best management practice (BMP) in agriculture.
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Zhou, X. B., Y. H. Chen, and Z. Ouyang. "Effects of row spacing on soil water and water consumption of winter wheat under irrigated and rainfed conditions." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 3 (March 4, 2011): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/130/2010-pse.
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The results of two seasons' work on soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), total dry matter (TDM), and harvest index (HI) of crops under different row spacing (RS), as well as possible ways to improve water utilization, have been reported. Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University (36°09'N, 117°09'E) in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. Four types of RS were treated under two different water conditions (rainfed and irrigated) and set up in a randomized plot design. RS did not exhibit any obvious effects on SWC during the study period. SWC was enhanced evidently by irrigation, especially in the 10–60 cm soil layer. Irrigation increased the ET of crop. At the seeding-jointing stage, the ET of RS14 was significantly higher than those during other treatments (P < 0.05). Irrigation increased yields, ET, and TDM, while it decreased water use efficiency and HI. There were significantly negative correlations between TDM and RS (P < 0.05). The HI of the rainfed crop was higher than that of the irrigated crop. Results showed that high yields of wheat could be achieved in northern China by reducing RS under uniform planting density conditions.
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Karandish, Fatemeh, and Arjen Hoekstra. "Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran." Water 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2017): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9110831.
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Iran’s focus on food self-sufficiency has led to an emphasis on increasing water volumes available for irrigation with little attention to water use efficiency, and no attention at all to the role of consumption and trade. To better understand the development of water consumption in relation to food production, consumption, and trade, we carried out the first comprehensive water footprint assessment (WFA) for Iran, for the period 1980–2010, and estimated the water saving per province associated with interprovincial and international crop trade. Based on the AquaCrop model, we estimated the green and blue water footprint (WF) related to both the production and consumption of 26 crops, per year and on a daily basis, for 30 provinces of Iran. We find that, in the period 1980–2010, crop production increased by 175%, the total WF of crop production by 122%, and the blue WF by 20%. The national population grew by 92%, and the crop consumption per capita by 20%, resulting in a 130% increase in total food consumption and a 110% increase in the total WF of national crop consumption. In 2010, 26% of the total water consumption in the semi-arid region served the production of crops for export to other regions within Iran (mainly cereals) or abroad (mainly fruits and nuts). Iran’s interprovincial virtual water trade grew by a factor of 1.6, which was mainly due to increased interprovincial trade in cereals, nuts, and fruits. Current Iranian food and water policy could be enriched by reducing the WFs of crop production to certain benchmark levels per crop and climatic region and aligning cropping patterns to spatial differences in water availability and productivities, and by paying due attention to the increasing food consumption per capita in Iran.
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Garba, Ismail Ibrahim, and Alwyn Williams. "Integrating Diverse Cover Crops for Fallow Replacement in a Subtropical Dryland: Implications on Subsequent Cash Crop Yield, Grain Quality, and Gross Margins." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010271.
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Integrating cover cropping into crop–fallow rotation has been considered a key component of ecological intensification that could mitigate negative productivity and sustainability challenges associated with conventional fallow practices. However, the adoption of cover crops in water-limited environments has been limited by potential soil water and nitrogen (N) costs and resulting yield penalties. We examined the impacts of diverse cover crops on fallow soil water and mineral N dynamics and the legacy impacts on subsequent cash crop productivity and profitability. The cover crops used (forage oat—Avena sativa L. [grass], common vetch—Vicia sativa subsp. sativa L.)/fababean—Vicia faba L. [legume], forage rape—Brassica napus L. [brassica]) differed in functional traits related to growth, phenology, and soil water and N acquisition and use strategies. We found that grass-associated cover crops generally supported higher cash crop grain yield and profit than brassica- or legume-associated cover crops, mainly due to moderate biomass accumulation and water use and persistent groundcover. Cash crop grain yields increased by +19% and +23% following forage oat cover crop, with concomitant gains in gross margins of +96$ ha−1 and +318$ ha−1 for maize and winter wheat compared to conventional fallow. In contrast, maize grain yield following brassica-associated cover crops ranged from +8 to −21% and reduced gross margins by −229 to −686$ ha−1 relative to conventional fallow. Legume- and brassica-associated cover crops had the lowest mungbean and winter wheat grain yield and gross margins compared to conventional fallow and the added stubble. Cash crop yields were related to cover crop biomass production, biomass N accumulation, residue carbon to N ratio, and legacy impacts through effects on soil water availability at cash crop sowing. Given the additional grain yield and gross margin benefits following grass-associated cover crops, they may provide a potential alternative fallow soil water and N management option that could improve crop productivity and cropping system resilience in water-limited environments.
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Yang, Xi, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021.
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Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the production-based WF (PWF) and derives the economic value-based WF (EWF) of 14 major crops in 31 provinces for each year over 2001–2016. The synergy evaluation index (SI) of PWF and EWF is proposed to reveal the synergies and trade-offs of crop water productivity and its economic value from the WF perspective. Results show that both the PWF and EWF of most considered crops in China decreased with the increase in crop yield and prices. The high (low) values of both the PWF and EWF of grain crops tended to cluster obviously in space and there existed a huge difference between blue and green water in economic value creation. Moreover, the SI revealed a serious incongruity between PWFs and EWFs both in grain and cash crops. Negative SI values occurred mostly in north-west China for grain crops, and overall more often and with lower values for cash crops. Unreasonable regional planting structure and crop prices resulted in this incongruity, suggesting the need to promote regional coordinated development to adjust the planting structure according to local conditions and to regulate crop prices rationally.
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SAMUI, RP, and AL JOG. "Dryland farming under limited water resources." MAUSAM 37, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i3.2472.
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Climatic data of five selected districts of Maharashtra State have beel1 al1alysed for assured weekly rainfall at 70, 50 and 30 per cent levels, The deficits of water availability have been calculated from the potential eyapotranspiration data. It revealed that dryland agriculture without supplemental irrigation is highly risky in Pune, Solapur and Ahmednagar districts, Jalgaon and Aurangabad districts showed relatively better rainfall environment for crop production in the kharif season, Irrigation needs in mid-August are predicted, Shorter duration crops which fit in the available rainfall pattern are suggested.
Moisture availability index concept has been utilized, to predict the suitable, time of planting of kharif crops. The probabilities of needs of, and timing for the application of life saving irrigation at critical crop growth stages are predicted. The information would be useful to agronomists in crop planning and water management.
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Surfia Dioh, Francis. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER REQUIREMENT OF TEN SELECTED CROPS CULTIVATED IN CESTOS RIVER BASIN GREENVILLE, LIBERIA USING THE CROPWAT 8.0 SOFTWARE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.003.
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Water is the most important factor for agriculture, and with climate change, the need for efficient irrigation water for crops is increasing. Irrigation water supplies are dwindling and shortages have been reported in many parts of the world. To meet basic human needs, the increase in water consumption due to rapid population growth requires the expansion of food production through irrigation and industrial production and as such, this study aims to determine the crop water requirement as well as the irrigation schedule of ten crops; potatoes, bananas, mangos, rice, groundnut, pepper, cabbage, tomato, maize, and vegetables in the Cestos River Basin, Greenville Sinoe County, Republic of Liberia. Calculations of the crop water and irrigation requirements were carried out using CROPWAT version 8.0. The climatic data used for the calculations were obtained from the Climwat 2.0 software from the Greenville meteorological station in Sinoe County. The results of this study show a method of determining the irrigation water requirements of ten selected crops using the CROPWAT 8.0 model and the CLIMWAT 2.0 software, where rainfall was not taken into account, and as such, results showed that the ETO ranges from 3.18mm/day to 4.02mm/day and effective rainfall ranges from 102.4mm to 197.1; mango had the highest crop water requirement of 1228 mm, while vegetable had the lowest crop water requirement of 288.1 mm. The model predicted the daily, decadal, irrigation schedule as well as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of the ten selected crops; potatoes, bananas, mangos, rice, groundnut, pepper, cabbage, tomato, maize, and vegetables in the Cestos River Basin. For the 10 chosen crops at different growth phases, the application of scientific methodologies like CROPWAT and CLIMWAT can reliably determine the crop water requirements and provide irrigation plans and monthly crop water requirements that farmers can accept. In order to save water and meet crop water requirements, farmers can use the study's findings as a guide when deciding how frequently and how much to irrigate the crops that are the subject of the study. Water resource planners can also use these findings when making future plans.
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Anand, Mridula, and Prashant Kumar Aryan. "A Study of Paddy Crop Grown in Polluted Irrigated Water." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-4 (June 30, 2017): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2190.
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Sultonov, Akmal Obidovich. "PROBLEMS OF OPTIMAL USE OF WATER RESOURCES FOR CROP IRRIGATION." Journal of Central Asian Social Research 01, no. 01 (August 10, 2020): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume01issue01-a3.
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Today, the problem of water resources and their effective use is an urgent problem in many countries of the world. Due to the georegional features of the country, this problem largely affects the country's economy. The article discusses integrated methods for the optimal use of water resources, depending on performance indicators in the agricultural sector. Alternative irrigation methods in the process of optimal use of water resources and their impact on the agricultural economy are highlighted on the basis of mathematical (quantitative) analysis. The analyzes considered that economical irrigation methods not only save water resources and determine their effectiveness, but also that such irrigation methods should be applied in agriculture in accordance with the applicable characteristics of market mechanisms.
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Javed, Muhammad Asif, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Wakas Karim Awan, and Bilal Ahmed Munir. "Estimation of Crop Water Deficit in Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan Using Reflection-Based Crop Coefficient." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030173.
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There is a global realization in all governmental setups of the need to provoke the efficient appraisal of crop water budgeting in order to manage water resources efficiently. This study aims to use the satellite remote sensing techniques to determine the water deficit in the crop rich Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command area. Crop classification was performed using multi-temporal NDVI profiles of Landsat-8 imagery by distinguishing the crop cycles based on reflectance curves. The reflectance-based crop coefficients (Kc) were derived by linear regression between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) cycles of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1 products and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defined crop coefficients. A MODIS 250 m NDVI product of the last 10 years (2004-2013) was used to identify the best performing crop cycle using Fourier filter method. The meteorological parameters including rainfall and temperature substantiated the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculated using the Hargreaves method. The difference of potential ET and actual ET, derived from the reflectance-based Kc calculated using reference NDVI and current NDVI, generates the water deficit. Results depict the strong correlation between ET, temperature and rainfall, as the regions having maximum temperature resulted in high ET and low rainfall and vice versa. The derived Kc values were observed to be accurate when compared with the crop calendar. Results revealed maximum water deficit at middle stage of the crops, which were observed to be particularly higher at the tail of the canal command. Moreover, results also depicted that kharif (summer) crops suffer higher deficit in comparison to rabi (winter) crops due to higher ET demand caused by higher temperature. Results of the research can be utilized for rational allocation of canal supplies and guiding farmers towards usage of alternate sources to avoid crop water stress.
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Chand, Prem, Rajni Jain, Subhash Chand, Prabhat Kishore, Lungkudailiu Malangmeih, and Sulakshana Rao. "Estimating Water Balance and Identifying Crops for Sustainable Use of Water Resources in the Bundelkhand Region of India." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 1 (2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13429.
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HighlightsA crop suitability index was constructed for the Bundelkhand region of India.The cropping pattern in the region has shifted from cereals to oilseeds and pulses.Nearly 33% more water is needed to meet the total irrigation water requirement of the region.Pearl millet, sesame, and soybean were found to be the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources. ABSTRACT.The Bundelkhand region of India is characterized by acute shortages of water due to recurrent failures of the monsoon. This study estimated the water availability, water requirement, and water deficit in the Bundelkhand region using geographic information system (GIS) data. The study identified suitable crops that can be promoted for sustaining the water resources in the region. Total water availability is estimated to be 17.48 billion cubic meters (BCM), of which 91.3% is available for irrigation. The irrigation water deficit is estimated to be 5.31 BCM, which is 1/4 of the crop water requirement. Farmers in the region give high priority to irrigation of water-guzzling cereal crops instead of pulses and oilseed crops, which have lower water requirements. A crop suitability index revealed that pearl millet, sesame, and soybean are the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources in the region. An optimum cropping plan to allocate existing land and water resources, coupled with efficient modern technology such as direct-seeded rice, micro-irrigation, etc., can be the best solution to sustain the natural resources and the income of farmers in the study region. Keywords: Bundelkhand, Crop suitability index, Geographical information system, Water.
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Duffková, Renata, Jiří Holub, Petr Fučík, Jaroslav Rožnovský, and Ivan Novotný. "Long-Term Water Balance of Selected Field Crops in Different Agricultural Regions of the Czech Republic Using Fao-56 and Soil Hydrological Approaches." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195243.
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Long-term water balance (WB) of four selected crops (winter wheat, oilseed rape, silage maize, semi-early potatoes) was determined at the field block scale in the Czech Republic for all agricultural growing areas (AGAs): maize-, beet-, potato- and mountain-AGAs for the 1981–2010 period. A novel approach for the calculation of WB was employed, which combined the FAO-56 method for crop water requirements (CWRs) with sources of available water from precipitation, soil, and groundwater. The computed WB was divided into four categories of soil water availability based on soil hydrolimits and crop features: Categories 1 and 2 with zero or mild occurrence of crop water stress; categories 3 and 4 with intermediate and severe occurrence of crop water stress. The winter crops were affected by water stress to a lesser extent (the area of categories 3 and 4: wheat 20.1%, oilseed rape 14.5%) as compared with spring crops (the area of categories 3 and 4: maize 39.6%, potatoes 41%). The highest water deficit was recorded for all crops in the maize-AGA due to low precipitation and high CWRs. Most available water was revealed to occur in the mountain-AGA. A strong need for the adoption of measures towards the optimization of water regimes on agricultural land was indicated. The present study shows a promising approach for evaluating and proposing changes of area of cultivated crops with the appropriate tillage and agricultural water management in terms of satisfactory crop water requirements.
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RASHMI MEHTA and VYAS PANDEY. "Crop water requirement (ETc) of different crops of middle Gujarat." Journal of Agrometeorology 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v18i1.906.
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Accurate estimation of crop water requirements (ETc) of any crop is essentially required for irrigation scheduling and water management. The present study was undertaken to estimate the crop water requirement (ETc) of ten major crops (rice, wheat, maize, pearl millet, chickpea, green gram, soybean, groundnut, mustard and cotton) grown in different seasons inmiddle Gujarat region. The daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by FAO Penman-Monteith method using 20 years (1993 to 2013) mean meteorological data of Anand. The growth stage wise crop coefficients (Kc) modified for daily climatic variation was used to estimate the daily ETc for the selected crops.The daily ETo was found to increase continuously from 4.2 mm day-1 in January to its maximum values of 10.1 mm day-1 during 25th-30thMay, thereafter ETo decreased sharply during June and remained low during July and August (H”5.4 mm day-1). With slight increase during September and October, it decreased further and reached to its minimum value (4.0 mm day-1) at the end of year. The seasonal crop water requirement (ETc) estimates showed that, among summer crops, groundnut has higher ETc (849.0 mm) value than pearlmillet (499.2 mm) and green gram (476.5 mm).Among kharif crops,cotton (848.0 mm) and rice(729.3 mm) have the highest crop water requirement whereas pearlmillet (323.6 mm) and green gram (324.6 mm) have the lowest ETc. Amongst winter season crops,wheat has the highest (501.2 mm) ETc and mustard has the lowest (411.7 mm) ETc.These results can be used in efficient management of irrigation water.
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Shi, J., J. Liu, and L. Pinter. "Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2013): 11613–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11613-2013.
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Abstract. China has dramatically increased its virtual water import unconsciously for recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China's virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a net importer of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North and South America, and a net virtual water exporter to water-stressed areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Virtual water import is far larger than virtual water export and in both import and export a small number of trade partners control the supply chain. Grain crops are the major contributors to virtual water trade, and among grain crops soybeans, mostly imported from the US, Brazil and Argentina are the most significant. As crop yield and crop water productivity in North and South America are generally higher than those in Asia and Africa, the effect of China's crop-related virtual water trade positively contributes to optimizing crop water use efficiency at the global scale. In order to mitigate water scarcity and secure the food supply, virtual water should be actively incorporated into national water management strategies. From the national perspective, China should reduce the export and increase the import of water-intensive crops. But the sources of virtual water import need to be further diversified to reduce supply chain risks and increase resilience.
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Liu, Xian. "Analysis of Crop Sustainability Production Potential in Northwest China: Water Resources Perspective." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101665.
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From the perspective of water resources, revealing the potential of sustainable production of crops, clarifying the obstacles, and taking effective measures in advance can not only provide residents with long-term sufficient and nutritious food needs but also help to promote food security and economic benefits. Previous studies on this aspect have mainly focused on food crops and paid less attention to cash crops. This study takes Northwest China as the research area, which is a typical arid and semi-arid region with the most prominent contradiction between water supply and demand. We analyzed the changing characteristics of the available water resources, the production water footprint, and the total water footprint over time from the perspective of water resources, and systematically analyze the potential for sustainable development. The results showed that the regional water resource consumption in 2000–2020 showed a significant upward trend (p < 0.01). Similarly, the water resource load index also increased in this period, which increased by 164.3%. Water resources pressure increased from level III to level I, and there is no further development potential. At the same time, the proportion of available agricultural water resources was forcibly reduced by 9.0%. Fortunately, the crop production water footprint showed a significant decreasing trend (p < 0.01), with a decrease of 43.6%. Among them, grain and cash crops decreased by 45.4% and 49.5% respectively. Although the production water footprint is reduced, regional production is increasing to meet the increasing consumer demand. The crop water footprint showed a significant increase (p < 0.01), increasing by 13.4%. The available water resources of crops in the region are compressed, but the amount of water needed for crop production is increasing significantly, which poses challenges to the sustainable production of crops. According to the research results, the detailed recommended measures to promote sustainable regional crop production are put forward from the perspective of increasing the amount of regional water resources available, improving the utilization efficiency of blue and green water, and crop yield level, so as to better serve the global food security.
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Mekonnen, M. M., and A. Y. Hoekstra. "The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 25, 2011): 1577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011.
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Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that the global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78 % green, 12 % blue, 10 % grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45 % of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus river basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges river basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25 % of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91 % green, 9 % grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48 % green, 40 % blue, 12 % grey).
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Mekonnen, M. M., and A. Y. Hoekstra. "The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2011): 763–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-763-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc min grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the water footprint network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals} (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78% green, 12% blue, 10% grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45% of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus River Basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges River Basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25% of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91% green, 9% grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48% green, 40% blue, 12% grey).
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Chu, Yingmin, Yanjun Shen, and Zaijian Yuan. "Water footprint of crop production for different crop structures in the Hebei southern plain, North China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 6 (June 26, 2017): 3061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3061-2017.
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Abstract. The North China Plain (NCP) has a serious shortage of freshwater resources, and crop production consumes approximately 75 % of the region's water. To estimate water consumption of different crops and crop structures in the NCP, the Hebei southern plain (HSP) was selected as a study area, as it is a typical region of groundwater overdraft in the NCP. In this study, the water footprint (WF) of crop production, comprised of green, blue and grey water footprints, and its annual variation were analyzed. The results demonstrated the following: (1) the WF from the production of main crops was 41.8 km3 in 2012. Winter wheat, summer maize and vegetables were the top water-consuming crops in the HSP. The water footprint intensity (WFI) of cotton was the largest, and for vegetables, it was the smallest; (2) the total WF, WFblue, WFgreen and WFgrey for 13 years (2000–2012) of crop production were 604.8, 288.5, 141.3 and 175.0 km3, respectively, with an annual downtrend from 2000 to 2012; (3) winter wheat, summer maize and vegetables consumed the most groundwater, and their blue water footprint (WFblue) accounted for 74.2 % of the total WFblue in the HSP; (4) the crop structure scenarios analysis indicated that, with approximately 20 % of arable land cultivated with winter wheat–summer maize in rotation, 38.99 % spring maize, 10 % vegetables and 10 % fruiters, a sustainable utilization of groundwater resources can be promoted, and a sufficient supply of food, including vegetables and fruits, can be ensured in the HSP.
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Evett, S. R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2002): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1.1.204.
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Mandal, Ushashee, Monalisa Panda, Praveen Boddana, and Saurav Barman. "Water management in crop cultivation." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/674-680.
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In mediterranean countries, water is considered as the most basic assets for economic sustainability growth. For cultivation, water is not only essential but also essential in different sectors such as in industries and economic growth. It is considered as also an important component of the environment with significant impact on natural conservation and health. Around 70% of fresh water withdrawals goes to agriculture. The use of water within the sectors are very diverse and included mainly for irrigation pesticides and fertilizers application and sustain livestock. In India, agriculture is an important sector for sustenance and growth of Indian economy. Today, in the whole world, India is one of the largest producers of agricultural products. Several agricultural commodities like tea, coffee, oil seeds, fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, rice, wheat, spices etc. are considered as the major supplier from India. For crop and yards water, irrigation management involves the monitoring of water applications. It is especially important to monitor soil moisture in order to promote optimise crop yields without runoff percolated loss.
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Marris, Emma. "Water: More crop per drop." Nature 452, no. 7185 (March 20, 2008): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/452273a.
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Evett, Steven R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (2002): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.0204.
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Evett, Steven R. "Water Use in Crop Production." Vadose Zone Journal 1, no. 1 (August 2002): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.2040.
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Jamieson, P. D. "Crop Responses to Water Shortages." Journal of Crop Production 2, no. 2 (September 10, 2000): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j144v02n02_03.
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E. G. Kruse, D. F. Champion, D. L. Cuevas, R. E. Yoder, and D. Young. "Crop Water Use from Shallow, Saline Water Tables." Transactions of the ASAE 36, no. 3 (1993): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28388.
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Buller, Orlan, Harry L. Manges, Loyd R. Stone, and Jeffery R. Williams. "Modeled crop water use and soil water drainage." Agricultural Water Management 19, no. 2 (March 1991): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(91)90003-2.
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Nangia, V., C. de Fraiture, and H. Turral. "Water quality implications of raising crop water productivity." Agricultural Water Management 95, no. 7 (July 2008): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.02.014.
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Foster, T., and N. Brozović. "Simulating Crop-Water Production Functions Using Crop Growth Models to Support Water Policy Assessments." Ecological Economics 152 (October 2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.019.
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Papendick, Robert I., Lloyd F. Elliott, and James F. Power. "Alternative production systems to reduce nitrates in ground water." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001442.
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AbstractEvidence indicates a strong positive relationship between increases in nitrogen fertilizer use on cropland and nitrate concentrations in shallow ground water. This raises concern about the fate and efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer with current farming practices. Approximately 50 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer applied may be recovered by agronomic crops and 35 percent or less removed in the harvested grain of a crop such as corn. The residual nitrogen is subject to loss by several processes, one being leaching from the crop root zone. Alternative production systems that provide ground water protection must give attention to improved management of nitrogen fertilizer and to practices that minimize the need for nitrogen fertilizer and reduce soil nitrate concentrations. Most important in nitrogen fertilizer management is to more closely match nitrogen availability in the soil with crop needs and to avoid over-fertilization. Nitrogen fertilizer use can be reduced by alternate cropping of low and high nitrogen-demanding crops, use of legumes in the crop rotation to fix nitrogen, and proper use of manures, crop residues, and other organic wastes. Residual nitrates in soil can be reduced by use of cover crops, nitrogen-scavenging crops in the rotation, and alternating shallow and deep-rooted crops. Conservation tillage alone as used with many conventional cropping systems will probably not change the current status of nitrate leaching. Practices used by organic farmers should be carefully studied as possible approaches for ground water protection and adaptation into conservation tillage systems for conserving soil and water resources.
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Ward, P. R., R. A. Lawes, and D. Ferris. "Soil-water dynamics in a pasture-cropping system." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14046.
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Pasture cropping is a farming system in which annual crops are sown into established perennial pastures. It may provide environmental benefits such as increased groundcover and reduced deep drainage, while allowing traditional crop production in the Mediterranean-style climate of south-western Australia. In this research, we investigated deep drainage and the temporal patterns of water use by a subtropical perennial grass, annual crops, and a pasture-cropping system over a 4-year period. Both the pasture and pasture-cropped treatments reduced deep drainage significantly, by ~50 mm compared with the crop treatment. Competition between the pasture and crop components altered patterns of average daily water use, the pasture-cropped treatment having the highest water use for July, August and September. Consequently, water-use efficiency for grain production was lower in the pasture-cropped plots. This was offset by pasture production, so that over a full 12-month period, water-use efficiency for biomass production was generally greater for the pasture-cropped plots than for either the pasture or crop monocultures. Pasture cropping may be a viable way of generating sustainable economic returns from both crop and pasture production on sandy soils of south-western Australia.
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Huang, Feng, and Baoguo Li. "What is the Redline Water Withdrawal for Crop Production in China?—Projection to 2030 Derived from the Past Twenty-Year Trajectory." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104188.
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The Chinese government set up a redline for water resources in 2011, mandating water withdrawals and management criteria to the year 2030. ‘How much water is required to produce sufficient crop to feed a 1.6 billion population in 2030?’ becomes a crucial question to be addressed. The objectives of this study are to: (1) document crop water use and productivity from 1998 to 2017 and (2) define the redline water withdrawal for crop use (REWCU) to 2030. The study inversely inferred REWCU from broadly-defined available water for crop use (BAWCU) and associated parameters. Of all BAWCU, 66.3% had been consumed by crops, in which rainfall-derived water consumption accounted for 71.7% of it, while the irrigation-derived water consumption represented the remaining 28.2%. Of all the rainfall that was available for crop use, 72.1%, or the rainfall depletion rate, had been actually consumed by crop evapotranspiration (ET). Likewise, 55.2%, or the irrigation depletion rate, had been consumed by crops. Crop water productivity (CWP) measured by crop yield per unit ET was computed for six major crop categories. Five broad scenarios have been formulated—business as usual, optimistic, deliberative optimistic, pessimistic, and deliberative pessimistic—under lower, higher, and average population and crop projections, respectively. The projected REWCU was 4166.30 × 108 m3, and the projected agricultural water withdrawal was 4629.22 × 108 m3 to 2030, representing 66.1% of the projected nationwide redline total water withdrawal (RETWW) of 7000 × 108 m3. The study used CWP and BAWCU to inversely infer REWCU since they reflect diverse biophysical and management factors and can be used as reliable proxies. Both methodology and research results may offer references and support when making nation- and region-wide water-for-food decisions by crop and water administrations.
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Quiroga, S., Z. Fernández-Haddad, and A. Iglesias. "Crop yields response to water pressures in the Ebro basin in Spain: risk and water policy implications." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 2 (February 9, 2011): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-505-2011.
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Abstract. The increasing pressure on water systems in the Mediterranean enhances existing water conflicts and threatens water supply for agriculture. In this context, one of the main priorities for agricultural research and public policy is the adaptation of crop yields to water pressures. This paper focuses on the evaluation of hydrological risk and water policy implications for food production. Our methodological approach includes four steps. For the first step, we estimate the impacts of rainfall and irrigation water on crop yields. However, this study is not limited to general crop production functions since it also considers the linkages between those economic and biophysical aspects which may have an important effect on crop productivity. We use statistical models of yield response to address how hydrological variables affect the yield of the main Mediterranean crops in the Ebro river basin. In the second step, this study takes into consideration the effects of those interactions and analyzes gross value added sensitivity to crop production changes. We then use Montecarlo simulations to characterize crop yield risk to water variability. Finally we evaluate some policy scenarios with irrigated area adjustments that could cope in a context of increased water scarcity. A substantial decrease in irrigated land, of up to 30% of total, results in only moderate losses of crop productivity. The response is crop and region specific and may serve to prioritise adaptation strategies.
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Quiroga, S., Z. Fernández-Haddad, and A. Iglesias. "Risk of water scarcity and water policy implications for crop production in the Ebro Basin in Spain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 18, 2010): 5895–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-5895-2010.
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Abstract. The increasing pressure on water systems in the Mediterranean enhances existing water conflicts and threatens water supply for agriculture. In this context, one of the main priorities for agricultural research and public policy is the adaptation of crop yields to water pressures. This paper focuses on the evaluation of hydrological risk and water policy implications for food production. Our methodological approach includes four steps. For the first step, we estimate the impacts of rainfall and irrigation water on crop yields. However, this study is not limited to general crop production functions since it also considers the linkages between those economic and biophysical aspects which may have an important effect on crop productivity. We use statistical models of yield response to address how hydrological variables affect the yield of the main Mediterranean crops in the Ebro River Basin. In the second step, this study takes into consideration the effects of those interactions and analyzes gross value added sensitivity to crop production changes. We then use Montecarlo simulations to characterize crop yield risk to water variability. Finally we evaluate some policy scenarios with irrigated area adjustments that could cope in a context of increased water scarcity. A substantial decrease in irrigated land, of up to 30% of total, results in only moderate losses of crop productivity. The response is crop and region specific and may serve to prioritise adaptation strategies.
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Eser, Adnan, Hajnalka Kató, Laura Kempf, and Márton Jolánkai. "Water footprint of yield protein content of twelve field crop species on a Hungarian crop site." Agrokémia és Talajtan 68, Supplement (December 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0088.2019.00041.
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Abstract Water availability is one of the major physiological factors influencing plant growth and development. An assessment study has been done at the Szent István University, Gödöllő to evaluate and identify the water footprint of protein yield of field crop species. Twelve field crop species (Sugar beet Beta vulgaris, spring and winter barley Hordeum vulgare, winter wheat Triticum aestivum, maize Zea mays, sunflower Helianthus annuus, peas Pisum sativum, potato Solanum tuberosum, alfalfa Medicago sativa, oilseed rape Brassica napus, rye Secale cereale and oats Avena sativa) were involved in the study. Evapotranspiration patterns of the crops studied have been identified by the regular agroclimatology methodology and physiologically reliable protein ranges within crop yields were evaluated. The results obtained suggest, that water footprint of cereals proved to be the lowest, however maize values were highly affected by the high variability of protein yield. Oilseed crops had considerably high protein yield with medium water efficiency. Alfalfa, potato and sugar beet water footprints were in accordance with their evapotranspiration patterns. Protein based water footprint assessment seems to be more applicable in crop species evaluations than that of yield based methodologies.
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Wang, B., W. Liu, Q. Xue, T. Dang, C. Gao, J. Chen, and B. Zhang. "Soil water cycle and crop water use efficiency after long-term nitrogen fertilization in Loess Plateau." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 1 (December 28, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/207/2012-pse.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) management on soil water recharge, available soil water at sowing (ASWS), soil water depletion, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and water use efficiency (WUE) after long-term fertilization. We collected data from 2 experiments in 2 growing seasons. Treatments varied from no fertilization (CK), single N or phosphorus (P), N and P (NP), to NP plus manure (NPM). Comparing to CK and single N or P treatments, NP and NPM reduced rainfall infiltration depth by 20–60 cm, increased water recharge by 16–21 mm, and decreased ASWS by 89–133 mm in 0–300 cm profile. However, crop yield and WUE continuously increased in NP and NPM treatments after 22 years of fertilization. Yield ranged from 3458 to 3782 kg/ha in NP or NPM but was 1246–1531 kg/ha in CK and single N or P. WUE in CK and single N or P treatments was < 6 kg/ha/mm but increased to 12.1 kg/ha/mm in a NP treatment. The NP and NPM fertilization provided benefits for increased yield and WUE but resulted in lower ASWS. Increasing ASWS may be important for sustainable yield after long-term fertilization.
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SUNIL KUMAR. "Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and irrigation water requirement of different crops in Bihar." Journal of Agrometeorology 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i3.662.
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For irrigation scheduling and better management of the water, estimation of irrigation water requirement of the crop is essentially required. The study was conducted for estimation of daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by FAO Penman-Monteith method using 30 years (1985-2015) mean meteorological data of two locations Sabour (zone III A) and Patna (zone III B) in Bihar. The crop evapotranspiration was estimated using crop coefficients of different crops like rice,kharif maize, wheat, rabi maize, green gram and summer maize at Sabour and Patna locations. Irrigation water requirement for different crops was estimated based on crop evapotranspiration and effective rainfall during the growing period of the crop. The mean annual reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was found 3.6 mmday-1 at Sabour and 4.1 mmday-1 at Patna. The total crop evapotranspiration was maximum for rice crop in kharif season 546.0 and 607.3 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively and lowest for wheat crop in rabi season 212.9 mm and 243.3 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively. Net irrigation water requirement was maximum for summer maize366.3at Sabour and 508.2 mm at Patna for rice crop whereas lowest in kharif maize 67.5 and 161.4 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively.
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Liu, Jian, and David A. Lobb. "An Overview of Crop and Crop Residue Management Impacts on Crop Water Use and Runoff in the Canadian Prairies." Water 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202929.
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Although crop and crop residue management practices are mainly used for increasing crop yield, they and the resulting changes in crop growth affect one or more hydrological components, including runoff. Based on published research in the Canadian Prairies, this paper reviews the effects of crop type, quantity of crops and crop residues, crop variability within landscapes, tillage, and stubble management practices on crop water use (termed including evaporation, transpiration and interception), snow trapping, and water infiltration, with the aim to discuss major impacts of crop and residue management on runoff. Rainfall runoff is influenced by rain interception and crop water use, and it can be reduced by choosing appropriate crop types, increasing above-ground biomass, or increasing coverage on the soil surface, activities which coincide with the farmer’s efforts of increasing crop productivity. However, although high stubble and reduced tillage for maintaining good residue cover help conserve soil moisture and improve soil health, they increase snowmelt runoff potential. The review emphasizes the need of future research to assess the agronomic and environmental trade-offs of crop residue management, the linkage between crop water use and runoff, and the impacts of crop and residue management on runoff across various temporal and spatial scales.
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Yu, Bing, and Songhao Shang. "Estimating Growing Season Evapotranspiration and Transpiration of Major Crops over a Large Irrigation District from HJ-1A/1B Data Using a Remote Sensing-Based Dual Source Evapotranspiration Model." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050865.
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Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is the largest water consumer of agriculture water in an irrigation district. Remote sensing (RS) technique has provided an effective way to map regional ET using various RS-based ET models over the past several decades. To map growing season ET of different crops and partition ET into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) at regional scale, appropriate ET models should be further integrated with crop distribution maps in different years and crop growing seasons determined for each crop pixel. In this study, a hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework-based ET Model (HTEM) fed with HJ-1A/1B data was applied in Hetao Irrigation District (HID) of China from 2009 to 2015 to map crop growing season ET and T at 30 m resolution. The HTEM model with HJ-1A/1B data performed well in estimating ET in HID, and the finer spatial resolution of model input data can improve the estimation accuracy of ET. Combined with the annual crop planting map identified in previous study, and crop growing seasons determined from fitted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) curves for crop pixels, the spatial and temporal variations of growing season ET and T of major crops (maize and sunflower) were examined. The results indicate that ET and T of maize and sunflower reach their minimum values in the southwest HID with smaller crop planting density, and reach their maximum values in northwest HID with higher crop planting density. Over the study period with a decreasing trend of available irrigation water, ET and T in maize and sunflower growing seasons show decreasing trends, while ratios of T/ET show increasing trends, which implies that the adverse effect of decreased irrigation water diversion on crop growth is diminished due to the favorable portioning of E and T in cropland of HID. In addition, the calculation results of crop coefficients show that there is water stress to crop growth in the study area. The present results are helpful to better understand the spatial pattern of crop water consumption and water stress of different crops during crop growing season, and provide the basis for optimizing the spatial distribution of crop planting with less water consumption and more crop yield.
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El Hachimi, Jaouad, Abderrazak El Harti, Rachid Lhissou, Jamal-Eddine Ouzemou, Mohcine Chakouri, and Amine Jellouli. "Combination of Sentinel-2 Satellite Images and Meteorological Data for Crop Water Requirements Estimation in Intensive Agriculture." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081168.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, agriculture is an important element of the national economy, but this sector is a large consumer of water. In a context of high pressure on water resources, appropriate management is required. In semi-arid, intensive agricultural systems, such as the Tadla irrigated perimeter in central Morocco, a large amount of water is lost by evapotranspiration (ET), and farmers need an effective decision support system for good irrigation management. The main objective of this study was to combine a high spatial resolution Sentinel-2 satellite and meteorological data for estimating crop water requirements in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla and qualifying its irrigation strategy. The dual approach of the FAO-56 (Food and Agriculture Organization) model, based on the modulation of evaporative demand, was used for the estimation of crop water requirements. Sentinel-2A temporal images were used for crop type mapping and deriving the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) based on NDVI data. Meteorological data were also used in crop water requirement simulation, using SAMIR (satellite monitoring of irrigation) software. The results allowed for the spatialization of crop water requirements on a large area of irrigated crops during the 2016–2017 agricultural season. In general, the crops’ requirement for water is at its maximum during the months of March and April, and the critical period starts from February for most crops. Maps of water requirements were developed. They showed the variability over time of crop development and their estimated water requirements. The results obtained constitute an important indicator of how water should be distributed over the area in order to improve the efficiency of the irrigation scheduling strategy.
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Bellvert, Joaquim, Karine Adeline, Shahar Baram, Lars Pierce, Blake Sanden, and David Smart. "Monitoring Crop Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients over an Almond and Pistachio Orchard Throughout Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122001.
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In California, water is a perennial concern. As competition for water resources increases due to growth in population, California’s tree nut farmers are committed to improving the efficiency of water used for food production. There is an imminent need to have reliable methods that provide information about the temporal and spatial variability of crop water requirements, which allow farmers to make irrigation decisions at field scale. This study focuses on estimating the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of an almond and pistachio orchard located in Central Valley (California) during an entire growing season by combining a simple crop evapotranspiration model with remote sensing data. A dataset of the vegetation index NDVI derived from Landsat-8 was used to facilitate the estimation of the basal crop coefficient (Kcb), or potential crop water use. The soil water evaporation coefficient (Ke) was measured from microlysimeters. The water stress coefficient (Ks) was derived from airborne remotely sensed canopy thermal-based methods, using seasonal regressions between the crop water stress index (CWSI) and stem water potential (Ψstem). These regressions were statistically-significant for both crops, indicating clear seasonal differences in pistachios, but not in almonds. In almonds, the estimated maximum Kcb values ranged between 1.05 to 0.90, while for pistachios, it ranged between 0.89 to 0.80. The model indicated a difference of 97 mm in transpiration over the season between both crops. Soil evaporation accounted for an average of 16% and 13% of the total actual evapotranspiration for almonds and pistachios, respectively. Verification of the model-based daily crop evapotranspiration estimates was done using eddy-covariance and surface renewal data collected in the same orchards, yielding an R2 ≥ 0.7 and average root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.74 and 0.91 mm·day−1 for almond and pistachio, respectively. It is concluded that the combination of crop evapotranspiration models with remotely-sensed data is helpful for upscaling irrigation information from plant to field scale and thus may be used by farmers for making day-to-day irrigation management decisions.
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Thaler, Sabina, Anne Gobin, and Josef Eitzinger. "Water Footprint of main crops in Austria / Wasser-Fußabdruck wichtiger Nutzpflanzen in Österreich." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 68, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/boku-2017-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Water is a key resource for human activities and a critical trigger for the welfare of the whole society. The agricultural sector makes up the main share in global freshwater consumption and is therefore responsible for a large part of the water scarcity in many drought prone regions. As an indicator that relates human consumption to global water resources, the “Water Footprint” (WF) concept can be used, where in case of crop production the total consumed water of crop fields for the crop growing seasons is related to the harvested dry matter crop yield (such as grains). In our study, we simulated the green and primary blue WF of selected main crops for Austrian conditions. Different irrigation scheduling scenarios, demonstrated for a main agricultural production area and various crops in Austria with significant irrigation acreage, were studied. The impact of climate and soil conditions on the green crop WFs of reference crops over the whole territory of Austria were simulated in a second step. Sunflower, winter wheat and grain maize showed the highest WF in the semi-arid study regions, especially on soils with low water capacity. In more humid regions, low temperatures were the main limiting factor on the crop yield potential and frequently led to higher WFs due to lower yields.
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Asres, Ligalem Agegn, Pratap Singh, Melkamu Ateka Derebe, and Babur Tesfaye Yersaw. "Evaluation of Water Productivity under Furrow Irrigation for Onion (Allium cepa L.) Crop." Advances in Agriculture 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3587150.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation water management practices are the main strategies to improve water productivity. This research work was focused to study the performance of alternate and paired row furrow irrigation systems at three levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, and 50% of crop evapotranspiration) using different water productivity indicators for onion crops. The experiment had six treatments and replicated three times to evaluate the analysis of variance in SAS software. Water productivity indicators like crop water use efficiency, field water use efficiency, and field water expense efficiency were determined through bulb yield and water which were used by the crop. The crop yield was expressed as the total yield of onion bulbs, and crop water use was expressed as crop evapotranspiration (ETc), gross depth of irrigation, and water expense. The estimated maximum values of crop water use efficiency, field water use efficiency, and field water expense efficiency were 11.941, 16.152, and 9.361 kg m−3, respectively, for paired row furrow irrigation with 50% ETc. The performance of the paired row furrow irrigation system in crop yield and water use was better as compared to the alternate furrow irrigation system at all levels of irrigation.