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Journal articles on the topic 'Crops, Agricultural'
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1
Ali, Mubarik. "The Price Response of Major Crops in Pakistan: An Application of the Simultaneous Equation Model." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1990): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i3-4pp.305-325.
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This paper specifies a model to simultaneously estimate the price response, assuming an interdependence among crops. The model is applied to estimate ownand cross-price elasticities of five major crops in Pakistan, viz., wheat, cotton, rice, sugan:ane, and maize based on the production and expected wholesal~price data for the period 1957-86. The study found little potential to· enhance overall agricultural productivity by ir.:reasing the single crop price, sillCe either the ownprice elasticities were low or, otherwise, the nagative cross-price effec ts on the production of other crops were high. However, a 100percent system at;; improv~ ment in terms of trade for agriculture will illCrease overall agricultural productivity by about 6 percent in the long run.
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Roberson, Gary T. "Precision Agriculture Technology for Horticultural Crop Production." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.448.
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Precision agriculture is a comprehensive system that relies on information, technology and management to optimize agricultural production. While used since the mid-1980s in agronomic crops, it is attracting increasing interest in horticultural crops. Relatively high per acre crop values for some horticultural crops and crop response to variability in soil and nutrients makes precision agriculture an attractive production system. Precision agriculture efforts in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at North Carolina State University are currently focused in two functional areas: site-specific management and postharvest process management. Much of the information base, technology, and management practices developed in agronomic crops have practical and potentially profitable applications in fruit and vegetable production. Mechanized soil sampling, pest scouting and variable rate control systems are readily adapted to horticultural crops. Yield monitors are under development for many crops that can be mechanically harvested. Investigations have begun to develop yield monitoring capability for hand harvested crops. Postharvest controls are widely used in horticultural crops to enhance or protect product quality.
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Singh, Harjinder, Jasvirinder Singh Khattar, and Amrik Singh Ahluwalia. "Cyanobacteria and agricultural crops." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 27, no. 1 (2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2229-4473.27.1.008.
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Gilmara, Pereira da Silva, Correia Costa Leonardo, Vergara Carmona Victor, Leticia Oliveira Silva Sylvia, and Istefani Franklin Traspadini Edilaine. "Selenium and agricultural crops." African Journal of Agricultural Research 12, no. 32 (August 10, 2017): 2545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11884.
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Bashir, Safdar. "Management of Agricultural Crops." Acta Scientific Agriculture 3, no. 7 (June 1, 2019): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asag.2019.03.0506.
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Stewart, B. A., and D. R. Nielsen. "Irrigation of Agricultural Crops." Soil Science 152, no. 2 (August 1991): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199108000-00013.
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Newell-McGloughlin, Martina. "Nutritionally Improved Agricultural Crops." Plant Physiology 147, no. 3 (July 2008): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.121947.
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Ingram, Keit T. "Irrigation of agricultural crops." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90007-j.
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Aravind, Krishnaswamy R., Purushothaman Raja, and Manuel Pérez-Ruiz. "Task-based agricultural mobile robots in arable farming: A review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): e02R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017151-9573.
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In agriculture (in the context of this paper, the terms “agriculture” and “farming” refer to only the farming of crops and exclude the farming of animals), smart farming and automated agricultural technology have emerged as promising methodologies for increasing the crop productivity without sacrificing produce quality. The emergence of various robotics technologies has facilitated the application of these techniques in agricultural processes. However, incorporating this technology in farms has proven to be challenging because of the large variations in shape, size, rate and type of growth, type of produce, and environmental requirements for different types of crops. Agricultural processes are chains of systematic, repetitive, and time-dependent tasks. However, some agricultural processes differ based on the type of farming, namely permanent crop farming and arable farming. Permanent crop farming includes permanent crops or woody plants such as orchards and vineyards whereas arable farmingincludestemporary crops such as wheat and rice. Major operations in open arable farming include tilling, soil analysis, seeding, transplanting, crop scouting, pest control, weed removal and harvesting and robots can assist in performing all of these tasks. Each specific operation requires axillary devices and sensors with specific functions. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of mobile robots in these agricultural operations for open arable farming and provide an overview of the systems and techniques that are used. This article also discusses various challenges for future improvements in using reliable mobile robots for arable farming.
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K.C., Mamata, and Anuj Lamichhane. "Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v9i1.38643.
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Agricultural biotechnology is becoming the major sector in crop improvement through the use of scientific techniques for the modification of genes conferring resistance to biotic, abiotic stress and improving the quality of crops. With the evolvement from Mendelian genetics to molecular biotechnology, there have been several developments in the field of crop improvement. Recent biotechnological advances have aimed towards removing the physiological constraints of the crops and increasing crop yield potential. With the use of different tools of agricultural biotechnologies like genetic engineering, tissue culture, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, molecular marker-assisted selection, genome doubling, and omics technologies, various transgenic crops have been developed over the decades and have been approved for commercialization. This development and adoption of transgenic technology have been shown to increase crop yields, reduce CO2 emission, reduce pesticide and insecticide use and decrease the costs of crop production. Even though the biotechnological approach and transgenic organisms have immense potential to contribute to the world’s food security, several concerns of genetically modified crops being a threat to the environment and human health have developed. This review will address applications and concerns of biotechnology in crop improvement considering health hazards and ecological risks.
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Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik, and K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. "Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.
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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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Mashilingi, Shibonage K., Hong Zhang, Wenfeng Chen, Bernard E. Vaissière, Lucas A. Garibaldi, and Jiandong An. "Temporal Trends in Pollination Deficits and Its Potential Impacts on Chinese Agriculture." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (May 29, 2021): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab100.
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Abstract Worldwide, there is increasing evidence that shows a decline in pollinators, limiting crop pollination and production. However, it is unclear to what extent Chinese agriculture could be impacted by pollinator deficits. Data for 84 major crops in China between 1961 and 2018 were analyzed for the temporal trends in crop area and production, agricultural economic contribution of pollination, crop yield deficits, and honey bee pollination demand. We found a rapid increase in agricultural dependence on insect pollinators: both the cultivated area and total production of pollinator-dependent crops increased faster than those of pollinator-independent crops during 1961–2018. The total economic value of pollination amounted to US$ 106.08 billion in 2010, representing 19.12% of the total production value of Chinese agriculture, approximately twice the 9.5% value estimated for global agriculture. Crops with higher pollinator dependence showed greater mean growth in cultivated area than those with lower dependence, but lower mean growth of crop production and yield. Crop yield growth was also more unstable with increasing pollinator dependence. The minimum pollination demand for honey bee colonies was about three times the stock of honey bee colonies available in 2018. Furthermore, we found a decline in crop yield deficit with the increase in honey bee colony pollination service capacity. We considered that the shortage of pollinators resulted in the yield deficits for pollinator-dependent crops. Future increase in the area of pollinator-dependent crops will increase the need for more pollinators, suggesting the importance of implementing measures to protect pollinators to ensure a better-secured future for agricultural production in China.
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Jiang, Yangming, Tuo Wang, Huihui Zhao, Xiaodong Shao, Weihong Cui, Kun Huang, and Lingping Li. "Big Data Analysis Applied in Agricultural Planting Layout Optimization." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 2 (2019): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12790.
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Abstract. Mile is a region in Yunnan Province, China. The planting-related industry is its pillar industry. Its agricultural population accounts for 59.3% of the total population. Temporal fluctuations of crop price and yield have a significant influence on farmers’ revenue. Farmers’ selection of crop species, crop planting strategy, and agricultural planting layout according to the market price is important in securing their revenue. In this study, we used a web crawler program to obtain a large amount of data on agricultural product prices from the Internet. Then, the price fluctuation trend of the main economic crops was analyzed by using the K-means clustering method. The net investment yield and the Sharpe ratio were used to compare the economic benefits and investment risks of 10 crops and five cultivation strategies in Mile. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparative advantage index, which integrates the net investment yield, Sharpe ratio, scale advantage index, productivity advantage index, and ecological suitability advantage index, was adopted to comprehensively measure the advantages of crop cultivation. Finally, we propose a spatial-temporal big data analysis model based on the cuckoo search algorithm to optimize the spatial layout of the main crops in Mile in 2017. Based on the comparative analysis of the remote sensing monitoring results and the spatial optimization layout results of the main crops in 2017, several suggestions were given. The results based on agricultural big data analysis, such as crop selection cluster analysis, economic benefit analysis, and crop planting layout optimization, can give suggests to farmers plant suitable crops on right lands, in right time. Thus, it can help farmers stabilize their revenue and minimize the risk by choosing the right crops and planting strategy in accordance with the local conditions. Keywords: Agriculture investment risk, Agricultural layout optimization, Cuckoo search algorithm, K-means clustering, Relative advantage analysis, Spatial-temporal big data analysis.
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Liu, Xiaoli, Qiuwen Chen, and Zhaoxia Zeng. "Study on nitrogen load reduction efficiency of agricultural conservation management in a small agricultural watershed." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 8 (February 11, 2014): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.076.
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Different crops can generate different non-point source (NPS) loads because of their spatial topography heterogeneity and variable fertilization application rates. The objective of this study was to assess nitrogen NPS load reduction efficiency by spatially adjusting crop plantings as an agricultural conservation management (ACM) measure in a typical small agricultural watershed in the black soil region in northeast China. The assessment was undertaken using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Results showed that lowland crops produce higher nitrogen NPS loads than those in highlands. It was also found that corn gave a comparatively larger NPS load than soybeans due to its larger fertilization demand. The ACM assessed was the conversion of lowland corn crops into soybean crops and highland soybean crops into corn crops. The verified SWAT model was used to evaluate the impact of the ACM action on nitrogen loads. The results revealed that the ACM could reduce NO3-N and total nitrogen loads by 9.5 and 10.7%, respectively, without changing the area of crops. Spatially optimized regulation of crop planting according to fertilizer demand and geological landscapes can effectively decrease NPS nitrogen exports from agricultural watersheds.
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Pranoto, Joko, Agung Priyo Utomo, and Muhamad Fathul Muin. "PERFORMANCE LABOR IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN JAVA ISLAND USING PANEL DATA 2007-2014." AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal (e-Journal) 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agroland.v7i1.275.
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The highest decrease in the number of food crop workers occurred in Java, as many as 2,87 million people in 2007-2014. The age of food crop agriculture workers in Java is dominated by workers aged over 45 years (64,95%). If there is no addition of new workers, then the food crop labor will be increasingly dominated by old age groups which will make it difficult for the agricultural sector to carry out its mandate to improve and maintain sustainable food security. The purpose of this study is to describe the condition of the food crop agriculture subsector from the aspect of labor absorption in Java for the period 2007-2014 and analyze the effect of the regional GDP of food crops subsector, real wages, education, and land area to the absorption power of agricultural food crops subsector on labor in Java. Central Java Province is a province with the largest decrease in the number of agricultural food crop subsector workers compared to the other four provinces on Java island. From the results of the estimation, the fixed-effect model with cross-section SUR is chosen as the best model. The results show that the variable of regional GDP, real wage, and size of land area has a significant and positive effect on the labor absorption of agricultural food crops subsector, while education has a significant and negative effect. Overall this model able to explain variations of this phenomenon by 89,32%. Meanwhile, another 10,68% is explained by other variables not included in the model.
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Pangestika, Maria, and Tinjung Mary Prihtanti. "PERBANDINGAN NILAI TUKAR PETANI (NTP) ANTARSUBSEKTOR PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA." AGRISAINTIFIKA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/ags.v4i1.842.
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The agricultural sector is one of Indonesia's national development targets in Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2015-2019 because it is considered an economic strategic sector. One of the success of development in the agricultural sector can be seen from the level of farmer's welfare which is generally determined by the Nilai Tukar Petani (NTP). This article was written to explain the level of welfare of farmers in 3 agricultural sub-sectors, namely food crop agriculture, estate crops and horticultural crops by comparing the amount of NTP in each subsector. The data used are secondary data from 2015-2019 from the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). The results of the analysis showed that the NTP of food crops, estate crops and horticultural crops experienced fluctuations and the NTP of horticultural plants was the most stable among the others. The average order of NTP from the largest to the smallest is the first ranked horticultural crop with an average annual rate of 101,91, the second sequence is food plants that is equal to 101,37 and the last sequence is plantation crops that amount to 97,29.Keywords: agricultural sector development, farmer exchange rates, farmers' welfare
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Doronin, Andrii, Olena Polishchuk, and Vitalii Vitalii. "Ecological-economical aspects of the use of nutritious residues of agricultural crops in various business entities." Turystyka i Rozwój Regionalny, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/tirr.2020.14.20.
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The paper covers the analysis of the development of the crop output market in Ukraine which ensures both food security of the country and the production of alternative fuel. The preconditions of negative changes in agriculture of Ukraine were studied. High profitability of corn and sunflower production encourages producers to increase their sown areas. The analysis of the production of some agricultural crops was made in the years of 2000–2019. The challenge of the use of nutritious residues of agricultural crops is discussed in the paper. The estimation of the production efficiency of some kinds of agricultural products at farm enterprises of Ukraine for the period of 2009–2019 was made. Some ecological-economical aspects of the use of nutritious residues of agricultural crops to balance mineral crop nutrition and to manufacture bio-fuel were suggested.
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Romaschenko, M. I., V. P. Kovalchuk, Y. O. Tarariko, Y. V. Soroka, A. V. Krucheniuk, and O. S. Demchuk. "Information management system for agricultural production on the Internet." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство" 104, no. 2 (November 27, 2016): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201602-64.
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The analysis of information support in the agricultural production has been done. IWPLR is developing now a «System of information support for agriculture», which has a two-level structure of decision-making and contains a database. At the level of «economy» the system, taking into account both the economic priorities and the wishes of the farms as well as soil-climatic and environmental constraints helps the agricultural producers (the users of the system) to define a set of priority crops using a subsystem «crop rotation». At the level of «field» the system, using the database helps the users to calculate the flow process charts for identified priority crops. The database of the system consists of five sections: «agriculture», «agri-resource potential» «reclamation», «mechanization and processing», «animal production» and provides some background information for agricultural producers.
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Roberson, Gary T. "644 Precision Agriculture Technology for Horticultural Crop Production." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 558E—558. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.558e.
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Precision agriculture is a comprehensive system that relies on information, technology, and management to optimize agricultural production. While used for several years in agronomic crops, it is attracting increasing interest in horticultural crops. Relatively high per-acre crop values for some horticultural crops makes precision agriculture an attractive production system. Precision agriculture efforts in biological and agricultural engineering at North Carolina State Univ. are currently focused in two functional areas: site specific managment (SSM) and postharvest process managment (PPM). Much of the information base, technology, and management practices developed in agronomic crops have practical and potentially profitable applications in fruit and vegetable production. Mechanized soil sampling, and variable rate control systems are readily adapted to horticultural crops. Postharvest controls are widely used to enhance or protect product quality. These technologies and their applications will be discussed in this presentation. Yield monitors are under development for many crops that can be mechanically harvested. An overview of these developments will be discussed. In addition, low-cost technologies for entry into precision will be presented.
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Young, Bryan G., David J. Gibson, Karla L. Gage, Joseph L. Matthews, David L. Jordan, Micheal D. K. Owen, David R. Shaw, Stephen C. Weller, and Robert G. Wilson. "Agricultural Weeds in Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems in the United States." Weed Science 61, no. 1 (March 2013): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00001.1.
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A segment of the debate surrounding the commercialization of genetically engineered (GE) crops, such as glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, focuses on the theory that implementation of these traits is an extension of the intensification of agriculture that will further erode the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. A large field-scale study was conducted in 2006 in the United States on 156 different field sites with a minimum 3-yr history of GR corn, cotton, or soybean in the cropping system. The impact of cropping system, crop rotation, frequency of using the GR crop trait, and several categorical variables on emerged weed density and diversity was analyzed. Species richness, evenness, Shannon's H′, proportion of forbs, erect growth habit, and C3species diversity were all greater in agricultural sites that lacked crop rotation or were in a continuous GR crop system. Rotating between two GR crops (e.g., corn and soybean) or rotating to a non-GR crop resulted in less weed diversity than a continuous GR crop. The composition of the weed flora was more strongly related to location (geography) than any other parameter. The diversity of weed flora in agricultural sites with a history of GR crop production can be influenced by several factors relating to the specific method in which the GR trait is integrated (cropping system, crop rotation, GR trait rotation), the specific weed species, and the geographical location. The finding that fields with continuous GR crops demonstrated greater weed diversity is contrary to arguments opposing the use of GE crops. These results justify further research to clarify the complexities of crops grown with herbicide-resistance traits, or more broadly, GE crops, to provide a more complete characterization of their culture and local adaptation.
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Kusse, Kutoya. "Major Root and Tuber Crops Production in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.9.2.02.
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Increasing production and productivity of agriculture in general and root and tuber crops in particular require a strong linkage between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The growing in agriculture sector does not occur without non-agricultural sectors. The major root and tuber crops production and productivity in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia is very low in relation to the land coverage under the crops, due to poor and under recommended rate of improved agricultural technology utilization and low skill of management and related practices by the producers. To solve these root and tuber related problems and increase the production and productivity of the crops, strong and result based farmers training centers and interlinked research extension system are important and strongly interconnected . This study was conducted in five districts of South Omo Zone namely Debub Ari from agricultural based, Malle and Bena-Tsemay from agro-pastoral, Hammer, and Dasenech from pastoral. The districts are selected purposively based on root and tuber crop production potential. The result shows that the area coverage, production and productivity of the major root and tuber crops decreases from time to time and their diseases and pests increases thoroughly. Farmers in the study area should use disease resistance varieties and the production inputs at a recommended rate and time. The major root and tuber crops that are grown in the study area are sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cassava (Manihot esculenta), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and enset (Ensete ventricosum).
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Murodov Otabek Ulugbekovich, Kattayev Bobir Sobirovich, Saylixanova Maftuna Komiljonovna, and Ibodov Islom Nizomiy o`g`li. "Smart irrigation of agricultural crops." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 3 (August 9, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.3.16.
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This article provides an overview of the concept of “smart irrigation” and a review of the results of research conducted abroad on smart irrigation. Therefore, research has been analyzed both analytical and practical aspects of the crops. It makes analyses on different research points to get more detailed information as a whole.
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Hallmann, J., A. Quadt-Hallmann, W. F. Mahaffee, and J. W. Kloepper. "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 895–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-131.
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Endophytic bacteria are ubiquitous in most plant species, residing latently or actively colonizing plant tissues locally as well as systemically. Several definitions have been proposed for endophytic bacteria; in this review endophytes will be defined as those bacteria that can be isolated from surface-disinfested plant tissue or extracted from within the plant, and that do not visibly harm the plant. While this definition does not include nonextractable endophytic bacteria, it is a practical definition based on experimental limitations and is inclusive of bacterial symbionts, as well as internal plant-colonizing nonpathogenic bacteria with no known beneficial or detrimental effects on colonized plants. Historically, endophytic bacteria have been thought to be weakly virulent plant pathogens but have recently been discovered to have several beneficial effects on host plants, such as plant growth promotion and increased resistance against plant pathogens and parasites. In general, endophytic bacteria originate from the epiphytic bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and phylloplane, as well as from endophyte-infested seeds or planting materials. Besides gaining entrance to plants through natural openings or wounds, endophytic bacteria appear to actively penetrate plant tissues using hydrolytic enzymes like cellulase and pectinase. Since these enzymes are also produced by pathogens, more knowledge on their regulation and expression is needed to distinguish endophytic bacteria from plant pathogens. In general, endophytic bacteria occur at lower population densities than pathogens, and at least some of them do not induce a hypersensitive response in the plant, indicating that they are not recognized by the plant as pathogens. Evolutionarily, endophytes appear to be intermediate between saprophytic bacteria and plant pathogens, but it can only be speculated as to whether they are saprophytes evolving toward pathogens, or are more highly evolved than plant pathogens and conserve protective shelter and nutrient supplies by not killing their host. Overall, the endophytic microfloral community is of dynamic structure and is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, with the plant itself constituting one of the major influencing factors. Since endophytic bacteria rely on the nutritional supply offered by the plant, any parameter affecting the nutritional status of the plant could consequently affect the endophytic community. This review summarizes part of the work being done on endophytic bacteria, including their methodology, colonization, and establishment in the host plant, as well as their role in plant–microbe interactions. In addition, speculative conclusions are raised on some points to stimulate thought and research on endophytic bacteria.Key words: endophytic bacteria, methods, localization, diversity, biological control.
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KAKIUCHI, NORIO. "New agricultural crops. 5 Fruits." Kagaku To Seibutsu 28, no. 2 (1990): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.28.120.
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YOKOO, MASAO. "New agricultural crops. 4 Rice." Kagaku To Seibutsu 28, no. 1 (1990): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.28.49.
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Bauer, Marvin, Craig Daughtry, Larry Biehl, Edward Kanemasu, and Forrest Hall. "Field Spectroscopy of Agricultural Crops." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE-24, no. 1 (January 1986): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1986.289589.
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Butler, J. L. "Dedicated agricultural and herbaceous crops." Biomass and Bioenergy 2, no. 1-6 (January 1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90086-6.
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Brown, James. "The future of agricultural crops." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 70, no. 12 (December 1993): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02564228.
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Sudmeyer, R., and F. Flugge. "The economics of managing tree - crop competition in windbreak and alley systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04155.
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Re-introducing trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes as agroforestry systems establishes a tension between long-term objectives, such as increasing shelter, water use, nature conservation and harvesting tree products, and the short-term objective of maximising crop and pasture profitability. This paper describes the growth of crops, pastures and trees at the tree–crop interface in agroforestry systems and the economic returns from alley farming and windbreak systems using various tree–crop competition management strategies in the Esperance region of Western Australia. Severing lateral tree roots (root-pruning), harvesting mallees and allowing them to coppice, or thinning trees for sawlog regimes increased the yield of crops and pastures in the competition zone. In some instances, these increases were significant: root-pruning increased the annual return from crops grown in the competition zone of Pinus radiata by up to $548/km of the tree line at 1 site. Conversely, root-pruning reduced tree growth by 14–43% across all sites. Therefore, where trees provide benefits, such as shelter from damaging winds, the benefits of reduced tree–crop competition may not offset the consequent reduction in rate of tree growth. For mallee–crop alley systems on agriculturally productive soils, mallee growth rates must be high enough to compensate for crop losses in the competition zone. On less agriculturally productive soils, block-planting mallees may be more profitable than alley systems or crops without competition (sole-crops). This research has shown that competition management strategies can be used to manipulate the relative productivity of trees, crops and pasture at the tree–agriculture interface. The use of these strategies will depend on the relative economic value of tree and crop products and the value placed on other tree benefits, such as shelter and reduced groundwater recharge.
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Pathak, Ram Sharan. "Potentials and Problems of Agricultural Development in Dhading District." NUTA Journal 6, no. 1-2 (March 22, 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v6i1-2.23229.
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The cereal crops, cash crops and pulses are mainly grown in Dhading district owing to variations in topography and climate. Cereal crops are most dominant crops in the district in terms of area under cultivation and production. Cereal crops account for 93 percent of the cultivated land and 78 percent of the total crop production. In this context, this paper tried to analyze potentials and problems of agriculture development in Dhading District. To the end, the study purposively selected six settlements from total 216 settlements located around Thopal Khola drainage basin of central Dhading. Three factors (i.e. distance from the district headquarter, different forms of transportation which affect in different ways on the agricultural transformation and terrain, such as river valley and ridge area providing different base to agricultural development) were taken into consideration while selecting those settlements. Primary data were collected from 132 farm households, ranging from 20 households from small villages to 24 households from large villages. The study found that farmers were well aware about their concern with return against the investment from agricultural crops, which are yet determined more by natural factors than infrasturcture and facilities. Therefore, the agricultural development policies and programmers require mitigating adverse impacts of natural factors by providing and strengthening the facilities and services such as irrigation, road access, service centres, supply of agricultural inputs, market demand links, etc, ensuring their long term impacts.
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Fikadu, Zekiros. "The Contribution of Managed Honey Bees to Crop Pollination, Food Security, and Economic Stability: Case of Ethiopia." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010175.
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This paper reviews the role and economic importance of the pollination service by honey bees (Apis mellifera) to agricultural crops and food security in the Ethiopian context. Honey bees provide pollination services that are crucial for sexual reproduction and improving the quality and quantity of many agricultural crops. From the significant 53 crops cultivated in Ethiopia, 33 (62.2%) of them are dependent on biological pollinators. Besides this, honey bees play a vital economic role, and their contribution to pollination service in agriculture crops is around 0.815 billion dollars in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, this contribution is unnoticed by Ethiopian farmers. Pollination by honey bee plays an essential role in human nutrition and supplies food security, income in households, and ecosystem services. Declines in insect pollinators, including honey bees across the world, have raised concerns about the supply of pollination services to agriculture, and it is because one-third of agriculture productions depend upon pollination, mainly by honey bees. Among the several factors responsible for the decline of honey bee colonies, improper pesticide application, and climate change are the elements and make them at risk. The potential adverse effects of pollinator declines include direct economic losses incurred by reduced crop yields as well as broader impacts on the agricultural activity because of lower productivity in the ecosystems. Through promoting and the use of honey bee pollination service as agricultural development packages, it is possible to improve honey bee production and crop yield in Ethiopia.
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YAPABANDARA, Y. M. H. B. "AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT AGRICULTURE CROPS." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 22 (January 30, 1994): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v22i0.8142.
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Azadi, Hossein, Mansour Ghanian, Omid M. Ghoochani, Parisa Rafiaani, Clauvis N. T. Taning, Roghaye Y. Hajivand, and Thomas Dogot. "Genetically Modified Crops: Towards Agricultural Growth, Agricultural Development, or Agricultural Sustainability?" Food Reviews International 31, no. 3 (February 2, 2015): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2014.994816.
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Blank, Steven C. "Globalization, Cropping Choices, and Profitability in American Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33, no. 2 (August 2001): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800005770.
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AbstractThe paper discusses the linkages between the “globalization” of agricultural markets over recent decades and the decisions being made by individual farmers and ranchers in the United States. It is noted that technological advances lead to globalization of agricultural commodity markets and profit pressures. The continuing profit squeeze in agricultural production is having a significant effect on the cropping choices of America's farmers. When possible, acreage is being shifted out of low-revenue-generating crops and into higher-revenue-generating crops. This shift makes crop portfolios more risky over time, thus encouraging farmers to consider diversifying out of agriculture.
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Egwu, P. N., Bernard E. Nnabu, B. N. Mbam, and S. U. Nwibo. "Credit rationing by deposit money banks and implication on agricultural output in Nigeria." Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v19i1.8.
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The study examined the effects of credit rationing by deposit money banks on the performance of agriculture in Nigeria using secondary data between 1981 and 2016 obtained from the CBN Statistical bulletin. The study applied both Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test to determine the order of integration of each variable, Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine if there is a long run, the short-run relationship between credit rationing and agricultural output. The result showed that all the variables were integrated of order one. The results revealed that credit rationed for fishery has a short-run significant impact on agricultural output while credit rationed for cash crops, food crops, and livestock do not have a significant short-run impact on agricultural output. The findings further revealed that credit rationed for cash crops and livestock farming significantly decline agricultural output to the tune of 26.48% and 75.87% in the long run while credit rationed for food crops and fishery significantly result in 43.52% and 41.89% rise in agricultural output in the long run. Therefore, the study recommends the establishment of special financial institutional to give unconditional loans to farmers, raise credit rationing for food crop production above the current ceiling, and emphasis should be on exchange rate liberalization policy that will shift consumption from imported agricultural produce to local agricultural produce. These measures will promote farmers’ access to funding which will invariably translate to a rise in agricultural output.
Keywords: Credit, Rationing, Money Deposit Bank, Agriculture, Output, Nigeria
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Ekiyor, T. H., I. T. Horsfall, A. I. Kalagbor, and B. A. Egbara-Dedua. "Evaluating the Effects of Air Pollution on the Agricultural Yield of Selected Crops in Eleme, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 1771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i10.1.
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This study evaluated the effects of air pollution on agriculture in Eleme, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The air quality in selected locations in Eleme were monitored, as well as crop pathology and laboratory analysis of crops. Although, small-scale subsistence agriculture is the most common farming system practiced in the area. Cassava, pumpkins, plantains, maize and yams are the dominant crops found on the farmlands. It was observed that concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and exceeded the USEPA standards for the protection of crops significantly. While suspended particulate matter (SPM) is slightly high in all sampling locations. However, O3, SO2 and NO2 and SPM are the most significant air pollutants that adversely affected the agricultural crops within the area. Although, Cucumber, cocoyam, yams, maize, okras, plantains, cassavas, pumpkins and pawpaw were found to be susceptible to air pollution damage. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant decrease in crop yield between the 2017/2018 harvest season and the 2016/2017 harvest season (F = 20.3; p< 0.05; 95%Cl.). These pollutants can lead to serious reductions of crop growth and yields, a situation which may be aggravated in the future. Air pollution causes approximately 38.3% crop losses in Eleme annually. Hence, there is need for efficient monitoring and implementation of environmental standards for air quality control by regulatory agencies.Keywords: statistical analysis; effect of air pollution; agricultural yield; plant pathology; selected crops
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LUKPANOVA, Zhanar, Zhanar TOYZHIGITOVA, Gulzhan ALINA, Almagul JUMABEKOVA, and Arailym ORAZGALIYEVA. "Influence of Financial and Climate Factors on Agricultural Industry Development." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.7(47).21.
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The development of the agro-industrial complex in Kazakhstan is an urgent problem for agricultural producers and insurers, since agriculture is in the zone of constant natural and economic risks, where the main share of risks is associated with weather events affecting the production of agricultural crops. In order to reduce negative factors in agriculture, to ensure the protection of the property interests of farmers in crop production from the consequences of adverse natural phenomena, animal husbandry, measures are being taken by the state and business, however, there are still problems that agricultural producers face.
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Kanatas, Panagiotis, Ioannis Gazoulis, Stavros Zannopoulos, Alexandros Tataridas, Anastasia Tsekoura, Nikolaos Antonopoulos, and Ilias Travlos. "Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Subsp. Drummondii) and Weedy Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)—Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) as Weeds in Agriculture." Diversity 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100463.
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Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. drummondii) and weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are two examples of crop wild relatives (CWRs) that have become troublesome weeds in agriculture. Shattercane is a race belonging to a different subspecies than domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor). Weedy sunflower populations are natural hybrids between wild and domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Both species have key weedy characteristics, such as early seed shattering and seed dormancy, which play an important role in their success as agricultural weeds. They are widely reported as important agricultural weeds in the United States and have invaded various agricultural areas in Europe. Shattercane is very competitive to sorghum, maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weedy sunflower causes severe yield losses in sunflower, maize, soybean, pulse crops, and industrial crops. Herbicide resistance was confirmed in populations of both species. The simultaneous presence of crops and their wild relatives in the field leads to crop–wild gene flow. Hybrids are fertile and competitive. Hybridization between herbicide-tolerant crops and wild populations creates herbicide-resistant hybrid populations. Crop rotation, false seedbed, cover crops, and competitive crop genotypes can suppress shattercane and weedy sunflower. Preventative measures are essential to avoid their spread on new agricultural lands. The development of effective weed management strategies is also essential to prevent hybridization between sorghum, sunflower, and their wild relatives and to mitigate its consequences.
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Akhmad, Evendi, and Made Antara. "KOMODITAS UNGGULAN SUBSEKTOR TANAMAN PANGAN BERBASIS POTENSI WILAYAH KERUANGAN DI PROVINSI BALI." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2019.v07.i01.p10.
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ABSTRACT
Food crop commodities in Bali are quite potential, so making these commodities quite crucial in various discussions. When viewed from the results of the 2013 Agriculture Census in Bali there were 408,233 agricultural business households and 53 percent of them were food crop business households. Bali's GRDP according to business fields, food crops subsector contributed 14.57 percent of the 2016 GDP contribution to the agricultural sector. The development of tourism and population growth are thought to be the cause of the conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture. Therefore, a scientific study is needed to map the potential of the food crop subsector in Bali. The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify what are the main competitive seed crops, (2) to analyze the growth of food crops according to districts / cities, (3) to analyze the potential of the main commodity areas of Bali's food crops. This research was conducted in Bali Province. The selection of research locations using the purposive sampling method is based on the consideration that food crops are the most sought-after commodities by Balinese farmers. The data used in this study is the data on commodity production of the Bali Province food crops sub-sector according to districts / cities in the 5-year time series (2011-2015). The analytical tool used is Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share, Superimpose and analysis of potential spatial areas. The results of the study show that all regencies / municipalities have comparative superior food crops except the city of Denpasar. Increased regional growth of food crops occurred in three districts / cities, namely Jembrana, Gianyar and Denpasar City. All districts / cities have food crops that experience proportional rapid growth, high competitiveness commodities and commodities that are progressing in net growth. All regencies have superior crops of food commodities, both those which are superior (comparative or competitive superior) and highly superior (comparative and competitive) commodities. Meanwhile, Denpasar City only has superior food crops (competitively superior).
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Prema, Dr P., and Ms R. Kanchana. "An Empirical Evidence of Global Warming and its impact on India’s Agricultural Production." Restaurant Business 118, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i10.9328.
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India is a large country with all types of climates and different kinds of soil requiring different types of farming. Most of the agricultural land in India is dependent on rainfall for irrigation. India has about 15 Agro-climatic zones with different types of farming methods and crops. As most of the population is dependent on agriculture and two-third of the country depend on monsoon rains to aid in agriculture, any change in frequency of the rains will affect these areas critically. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time agriculture has been shown significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems like food security and may threaten the livelihood on which much of the population depends. Climate change can affect crop yields ( both positively and negatively), as well as the types of crop that can be grown in certain areas, by impacting agricultural inputs such as water for irrigation, amounts of solar radiation that affect plant growth, as well as prevalence of pests. The impact of climate change on wheat showed that its yield decreased due to the adverse effects of temperature during grain filling and maturity stages of the growth. The results of this study indicate that crop characteristics such as sensitivity of grain filling duration to temperature, play a major role in determining the effects of climate change on crop productivity. Several studies projected increase or decrease in yields of cereal crops, oilseed and pulses crops depending on interaction of temperature and CO2 changes in India. The present study has selected a thirteen years period from 2000 – 2012. .
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Rudakova, L. V., and E. V. Kravtsova. "THE USE OF GREEN FERTILIZERS AS ONE OF THE ASPECTS OF GREENING OF AGRICULTURE." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2018-58-4-15-20.
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The reproduction of natural soil fertility is the most important direction in solving the problem of sustainable development of agriculture and the entire agro-industrial complex. The realization of this direction should be considered together with greening of agriculture. Considering greening of agriculture, the agricultural ecosystem can be divided into the components and each component can be considered separately. The main aspects of greening of agriculture are alternative systems of agriculture, non-pesticide crop cultivation technologies, binary or mixed crops, constructing of crop rotations to supply the plants with the main nutrition elements, application of green manure crops to improve soil fertility, etc. Green manure crops are the plants which are grown to improve soil fertility and they are called ‘green manure’. Green manure crops decompose in the soil much faster than other organic fertilizers thereby supplying plants with nutrition elements better. Plowed green manure improves water, air and food regimes of soil, improves its fertility and grain crop productivity.
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Hatfield, Jerry L., John Antle, Karen A. Garrett, Roberto Cesar Izaurralde, Terry Mader, Elizabeth Marshall, Mark Nearing, G. Philip Robertson, and Lewis Ziska. "Indicators of climate change in agricultural systems." Climatic Change 163, no. 4 (June 6, 2018): 1719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2222-2.
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AbstractClimate change affects all segments of the agricultural enterprise, and there is mounting evidence that the continuing warming trend with shifting seasonality and intensity in precipitation will increase the vulnerability of agricultural systems. Agricultural is a complex system within the USA encompassing a large number of crops and livestock systems, and development of indicators to provide a signal of the impact of climate change on these different systems would be beneficial to the development of strategies for effective adaptation practices. A series of indicators were assembled to determine their potential for assessing agricultural response to climate change in the near term and long term and those with immediate capability of being implemented and those requiring more development. The available literature reveals indicators on livestock related to heat stress, soil erosion related to changes in precipitation, soil carbon changes in response to increasing carbon dioxide and soil management practices, economic response to climate change in agricultural production, and crop progress and productivity. Crop progress and productivity changes are readily observed data with a historical record for some crops extending back to the mid-1800s. This length of historical record coupled with the county-level observations from each state where a crop is grown and emerging pest populations provides a detailed set of observations to assess the impact of a changing climate on agriculture. Continued refinement of tools to assess climate impacts on agriculture will provide guidance on strategies to adapt to climate change.
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Zernov, V. N., S. N. Petukhov, and A. G. Ponomarev. "Who decides what tractors farmers need?" Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.1.136-148.
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Improvement of crop production technologies is based on the development of agricultural machinery in which the trac- tor power plays an important role. In crop production, agricultural crops require variable attention during their growing season and consequently, different production costs. The most expensive are row crops which in the process of development require a lot of inter-row tillage of plantings and sowings. The implementation of such tillage involves the control of weeds, plant fertilization, operations for chemical protection of plants from diseases and pests. Therefore, it becomes evident that the agricultural machinery used in the production of such crops must be adapted to its use in planting and sowing crops at different stages of plant development. Thus, both the aboveground and the parts of the plant located in the soil should not be damaged and oppressed by the working bodies of agricultural machines and the engines of energy facilities. It becomes obvious that tractor fleet of agricultural organizations should have both powerful general-purpose tractors used mainly for plowing, continuous disking, cultivation and sowing using wide coverage units, and row-crop tractors designed for inter-row tillage. There are methods for developing an optimal fleet of machinery for agricultural organizations which differ in production trends and in size of agriculturally used areas. Taking into account the possibility of using modern means of digitalization and artificial intelligence which can significantly improve the quality of technological processes and control them, it is possible to develop technologies for the production of row crops. Of all tractor models mentioned in the research, the following models have the best agrotechnological characteristics required of the general-purpose row-crop tractors: Fastrac 2170 produced by the British company JCB and LTI 162.5 tractor that is to be produced in Izhevsk, Russia.
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Alebachew, Getachew Worku. "Economic Value of Pollination Service of Agricultural Crops in Ethiopia: Biological Pollinators." Journal of Apicultural Science 62, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2018-0024.
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Abstract The most important ecosystem service for sustainable crop production is pollination, the mutualistic interaction between plants and animals. Honeybees are being indispensable role in this process. The total economic value of crop pollination worldwide has been estimated at €153 billion annually. Animal pollination of agricultural crops is provided by both managed and wild pollinators. The aim of this study was to determine the economic value of pollination services and vulnerability of Ethiopian agriculture in the face of pollinator decline. An improved approach to determine the economic value of pollination (EVP) services is applied to multiply a crop’s total value by a coefficient between zero and one representing the crop’s dependency on pollination services for production. The potential production value loss due to lack of pollinators is also computed as the ratio of EVP to economic production value. Then EVP was $ 815.2 million dollars and vulnerability of Ethiopian agriculture due to lack of pollinators 16% in the 2015/16 crop production season. The regional state of Oromia benefited the most followed by the regional states of Amhara and South Nation Nationality People (SNPP). Coffee, the leading crop, has the highest EVP in the country followed by Faba beans and Nug (Guizotia abyssinica). Ethiopia has highly benefited from biological pollinators, so protecting them has significant role in the country’s economy. Most crops in Ethiopia have no pollination dependency ratio and some minor crop has no production data, incorporating them possible to better estimation of EVP service for the future.
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Demidov, P. V., and A. V. Ulezko. "The effectiveness of the use of productive land in agriculture of the Voronezh region." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-2-398-406.
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The article examines the structure of the agricultural sector of the Voronezh region and changes in the size of land use of farms of different categories based on the results of the all-Russian agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2016.the significant differences between the data of the Federal registration service and the data obtained from the all-Russian agricultural censuses, in size and structure of agricultural lands related to agricultural lands are Revealed. The problem of limited information on the distribution and use of agricultural land and its reliability is noted. The differentiation of the Voronezh region districts by the size of the acreage and their contribution to the production of certain types of crop production, the dynamics of production of the main types of crop production in the region, the change in the structure of production of certain types of products by categories of farms. It is concluded that the fundamental changes in the sectoral structure, accompanied by the removal of crop rotations of forage crops, including annual and perennial grasses, led to a violation of the science-based system of agriculture and significantly limited the possibility of its biologization. Estimated evolution of yields of basic agricultural crops in the Voronezh region, changes which were provided with a comprehensive exposure to a wide range of factors, including the growth of seed quality, increasing doses of mineral fertilizers, the use of new plant protection products, development of new technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops, optimization of the timing of major manufacturing operations. Changes in the volume of direct investment in fixed capital of agriculture are studied. The trends identified in the study of the effectiveness of the use of productive land involved in the process of agricultural production are formulated.
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Roesch-McNally, Gabrielle E., Andrea D. Basche, J. G. Arbuckle, John C. Tyndall, Fernando E. Miguez, Troy Bowman, and Rebecca Clay. "The trouble with cover crops: Farmers’ experiences with overcoming barriers to adoption." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 4 (March 13, 2017): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000096.
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AbstractCover crops are known to promote many aspects of soil and water quality, yet estimates find that in 2012 only 2.3% of the total agricultural lands in the Midwestern USA were using cover crops. Focus groups were conducted across the Corn Belt state of Iowa to better understand how farmers confront barriers to cover crop adoption in highly intensive agricultural production systems. Although much prior research has focused on analyzing factors that help predict cover crop use on farms, there is limited research on how farmers navigate and overcome field-level (e.g. proper planting of a cover crop) and structural barriers (e.g. market forces) associated with the use of cover crops. The results from the analysis of these conversations suggest that there is a complex dialectical relationship between farmers' individual management decisions and the broader agricultural context in the region that constrains their decisions. Farmers in these focus groups shared how they navigate complex management decisions within a generally homogenized agricultural and economic landscape that makes cover crop integration challenging. Many who joined the focus groups have found ways to overcome barriers and successfully integrate cover crops into their cropping systems. This is illustrated through farmers' descriptions of their ‘whole system’ approach to cover crops management, where they described how they prioritize the success of their cover crops by focusing on multiple aspects of management, including changes they have made to nutrient application and modifications to equipment. These producers also engage with farmer networks to gain strategies for overcoming management challenges associated with cover crops. Although many participants had successfully planted cover crops, they tended to believe that greater economic incentives and/or more diverse crop and livestock markets would be needed to spur more widespread adoption of the practice. Our results further illustrate how structural and field-level barriers constrain individual actions, as it is not simply the basic agronomic considerations (such as seeding and terminating cover crops) that pose a challenge to their use, but also the broader economic and market drivers that exist in agriculturally intensive systems. Our study provides evidence that reducing structural barriers to adoption may be necessary to increase the use of this conservation practice to reduce environmental impacts associated with intensive agricultural production.
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Zhichkin, K. A., V. V. Nosov, and L. N. Zhichkina. "Plant immunity and crop insurance." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 5 (2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-5-38-42.
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Agricultural insurance with state support (in crop production) creates conditions for stable and effective activity in the cultivation of basic agricultural crops, which is especially important in conditions of uncertain weather factors typical for the risky agriculture zone, which includes the Samara region. Dry summers, frosty winters with a minimum of precipitation make agricultural production largely dependent on natural and climatic factors. The study purpose is to substantiate the need to take into account the characteristics of individual varieties when insuring agricultural crops with state support. It is necessary to solve the following tasks: - to formulate the biological characteristics of individual varieties of agricultural crops; - to classify all emergencies according to the type of impact on plants; - substantiate (using the spring barley example) the need to correct the existing approach when signing agricultural insurance contracts with state support in crop production. When developing an insurance algorithm, it is necessary to take into account the breeding potential of both agricultural crops and individual varieties associated with their genetic characteristics. The widespread use of the achievements of genetics, realized in the form of the formation of plant immunity, makes it possible to achieve a significant degree of resistance to abiotic and biotic factors that have a compensated and uncompensated nature. As can be seen from the presented calculation, it cannot be said that the presence of a variety in the State Register of Breeding Achievements is a prerequisite for its successful cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary for each agricultural crop to identify a number of features, the presence of which makes this variety resistant to the totality of all factors of the given microregion.
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Chettri, Deepesh. "Agricultural diversification in Sikkim: A move towards organic high-value agriculture." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 44 (November 20, 2020): 4500–4505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i44.1698.
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Objective: To inspect the extent and nature of diversification in the agricultural sector in the Indian state of Sikkim from the initiation of the Organic Mission (2003) to the attainment of full organic status (2016) by the state. Methods: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is computed to understand the pace and pattern of agricultural development and the Simpson Diversity Index (SID) and the Percentage Share of different crops in the Total Cropped Area are calculated to measure the extent of diversification. Findings: The CAGR in terms of both area and production were found to be positive for high-value crops whereas traditional agricultural crops recorded negative growth in the same period. The value of SID at 0.81 implies a high degree of diversification towards high-value agriculture in Sikkim. Keywords: Agriculture; diversification; Sikkim; organic; high-value agriculture
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Vesco, Paola, Matija Kovacic, Malcolm Mistry, and Mihai Croicu. "Climate variability, crop and conflict: Exploring the impacts of spatial concentration in agricultural production." Journal of Peace Research 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343320971020.
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Although substantive agreement exists on the role of climate variability and food scarcity in increasing violence, a limited number of studies have investigated how food resources affect violent conflict. This article explores the complex linkages between climate variability, agricultural production and conflict onset, by focusing on the spatial distribution of crop production in a cross-country setting. We hypothesize that spatial differences in crop production within countries are a relevant factor in shaping the impact of climate variability on conflict in agriculturally -dependent countries. To test this hypothesis, we rely on high-resolution global gridded data on the local yield of four main crops for the period 1982–2015 and aggregate the grid-cell information on crop production to compute an empirical indicator of the spatial concentration of agricultural production within countries. Our results show that the negative impacts of climate variability lead to an increase in the spatial concentration of agricultural production within countries. In turn, the combined effect of climate extremes and crop production concentration increases the predicted probability of conflict onset by up to 14% in agriculturally dependent countries.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, Ghulam Samad, Muhammad Nasir, and Hafiz Hanzla Jalil. "The Impact of Climate Change on Major Agricultural Crops: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.261-276.
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It is necessary for a country to make its agriculture sector efficient to enhance food security, quality of life and to promote rapid economic growth. The evidence from least developed countries (LDCs) indicates that agriculture sector accounts for a large share in their gross domestic product (GDP). Thus the development of the economy cannot be achieved without improving the agriculture sector. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12) its main natural resource is arable land and agriculture sector’s contribution to the GDP is 21 percent. The agricultural sector absorbs 45 percent of labour force and its share in exports is 18 percent. Given the role of agricultural sector in economic growth and its sensitivity to change in temperature and precipitation it is important to study the impact of climate change on major crops in Pakistan. There are two crops seasons in Pakistan namely, Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are grown normally in the months of November to April and Kharif crops are grown from May to October. These two seasons make Pakistan an agricultural economy and its performance depends on the climate during the whole year. Climate change generally affects agriculture through changes in temperature, precipitation.