Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crops irrigation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Crops irrigation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.

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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.
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Bajwa, M. S., and A. S. Josan. "Effects of Alternating Sodic and Non-sodic Irrigations on the Build-up of Sodium in the Soil and on Crop Yields in Northern India." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (April 1989): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016707.

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SUMMARYIn a field experiment, the effects of irrigating crops alternately with sodic water (high in sodium adsorption ratio and ) and good quality canal water were investigated for six years on a well drained sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept). The irrigation treatments included: irrigation with non-sodic canal water (CW), irrigation with sodic water (SW), CW irrigation alternating with one or two SW irrigations, and two CW irrigations alternating with one SW irrigation. The results showed that the use of sodic water increased the sodium saturation of the soil and decreased rice and wheat yields. The build-up of sodium depended on the number of SW irrigations during the season. The increase in sodium saturation and decline in crop yields were progressive over the years. The improvements in yield due to alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations compared with the use of sodic water alone increased over the years. Alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations could therefore be considered a practical way to alleviate the problems caused by sodic water. The number of sodic irrigations during a season should, however, be kept to a minimum and the build-up of sodium in the soil over time should be monitored.
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Hanson, Blaine R., Donald M. May, and Larry J. Schwankl. "Effect of Irrigation Frequency on Subsurface Drip Irrigated Vegetables." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0115.

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The effect on crop yield of drip-irrigation frequencies of two irrigations per day (2/d), one irrigation per day (1/d), two irrigations per week (2/week), and one irrigation per week (1/week) was investigated for lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and onion (Allium cepa) grown on sandy loam and processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown on silt loam during experiments conducted during 1994 to 1997. All treatments of a particular crop received the same amount of irrigation water per week. Results showed that the 1/week frequency should be avoided for the shallow rooted crops in sandy soil. Irrigation frequency had little effect on yield of tomato, a relatively deep-rooted crop. These results suggest that drip irrigation frequencies of 1/d or 2/week are appropriate in medium to fine texture soils for the soil and climate of the project site. There was no yield benefit of multiple irrigations per day.
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Burnett, Stephanie, and Donglin Zhang. "Using Active Learning to Teach Irrigation Concepts in Greenhouse Management." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1003B—1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1003b.

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In the past, horticulture students at the University of Maine have been taught to irrigate plants using only hand irrigation. It is becoming increasingly important to irrigate and fertilize efficiently in commercial greenhouses in order to reduce water waste and nutrient leaching. In 2004 and 2006, greenhouse management or plant production students were exposed to alternate methods of irrigating Dendranthema ×morifolium (chrysanthemum) in greenhouses to train students more effectively in irrigation techniques. In 2004, students measured the quantity of water applied to chrysanthemums once they reached the permanent wilting point from 26 Sept. until 30 Oct. The irrigation frequency generally increased as crops grew, but, the quantity of water applied upon irrigation was not significantly different. This experience provided students with a tangible idea of how irrigation frequency and timing change as crops grow, which could be applied to irrigation timing decisions in the future. In 2006, students grew a crop of chrysanthemums using alternate methods of irrigation (hand watering vs. drip irrigation) and fertilization. Student surveys in 2006 indicated that only 25% of students with previous experience working in a greenhouse or nursery had grown crops using drip irrigation, but all students with prior experience had irrigated by hand. Expanding student experiences with irrigation in the greenhouse uses active learning to instill students with more knowledge of irrigation and provide them with practical skills for irrigating efficiently and conservatively in the future.
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Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Nikolaos Katsoulas, and Constantinos Kittas. "Irrigation of Greenhouse Crops." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010007.

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Precision agricultural greenhouse systems indicate considerable scope for improvement of irrigation management practices, since growers typically irrigate crops based on their personal experience. Soil-based greenhouse crop irrigation management requires estimation on a daily basis, whereas soilless systems must be estimated on an hourly or even shorter interval schedule. Historically, irrigation scheduling methods have been based on soil or substrate monitoring, dependent on climate or time with each having both strengths and weaknesses. Recently, plant-based monitoring or plant reflectance-derived indices have been developed, yet their potential is limited for estimating the irrigation rate in order to apply proper irrigation scheduling. Optimization of irrigation practices imposes different irrigation approaches, based on prevailing greenhouse environments, considering plant-water-soil relationships. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with irrigation scheduling approaches applied for soil and soilless greenhouse production systems. Irrigation decisions are categorized according to whether or not an automatic irrigation control has the ability to support a feedback irrigation decision system. The need for further development of neural networks systems is required.
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Stewart, B. A., and D. R. Nielsen. "Irrigation of Agricultural Crops." Soil Science 152, no. 2 (August 1991): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199108000-00013.

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Ingram, Keit T. "Irrigation of agricultural crops." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90007-j.

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Shaglouf, Mohamed M., Mostafa A. Benzaghta, Hassin AL. Makhlof, and Moftah A. Abusta. "Scheduling Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Crops using Intelligent Irrigation System." Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences, no. 01 (October 6, 2019): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.19.

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The expansion of agriculture to provide the necessary food is related to the availability of water, but the limited availability of irrigation requires research on techniques to reduce water losses. This paper presents an application of a prototype design of microcontroller based on an intelligent irrigation system which will allow irrigation to take place in the areas. This method can be applied to the system of drip irrigation and its impact on the quantities of water used in irrigation as its application is part of the solution to the problem of water shortage suffered by Libya in addition to reducing the amount of water wasted while irrigating crops. In this study, a network of smart irrigation system was designed for a 5-hectare farm in AL-Sawawa area, located to the east, at about 20 km from Sirte city. The farm was divided into two parts, a vegetable crops section with an area of 3ha and the other section of 2 ha for olive trees. The intelligent irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and the temperature of the air through the sensors and turns on or off the water pumps using the relays to carry out this procedure. The main advantage of using this irrigation system is to minimize human intervention and ensure proper irrigation. The microcontroller serves as the main unit of the entire irrigation system, Photovoltaic cells are used to provide solar energy as an energy supply for the whole system. The system is controlled by the microcontroller; it obtains data from the sensors, it compares the data as pre-programmed, and the output signals activate the relays to operate the pumps to start the irrigation process.
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Sohou, Laurenda Rose, Christel Kénou, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, Luc Ollivier Sintondji, Euloge Kossi Agbossou, and Guy Apollinaire Mensah. "Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides Tropicales." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p152.

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Water management for agriculture is a worry in the world. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on water control’s technologies for the crops in wetlands. Comparison research work carried out on different irrigation systems revealed that drip irrigation can lead to 28-35% of water saving in relation to irrigation surface technic. Surface irrigation offers higher yield in relation to drip irrigation. It’s necessary to improve knowledge and local communities’ technics on different water control technologies in order to provide irrigation’s functions in developing countries. Research efforts on three important concepts are necessary such as : (i) local communities perceptions on crops water need and the responses of differents crops technologies on crops yield ; (ii) interactions between agricultures prospects, water controls innvations and economics benefits of theses technologies.
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Harding, Keith J., Tracy E. Twine, and Yaqiong Lu. "Effects of Dynamic Crop Growth on the Simulated Precipitation Response to Irrigation*." Earth Interactions 19, no. 14 (November 1, 2015): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0030.1.

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Abstract The rapid expansion of irrigation since the 1950s has significantly depleted the Ogallala Aquifer. This study examines the warm-season climate impacts of irrigation over the Ogallala using high-resolution (6.33 km) simulations of a version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model that has been coupled to the Community Land Model with dynamic crop growth (WRF-CLM4crop). To examine how dynamic crops influence the simulated impact of irrigation, the authors compare simulations with dynamic crops to simulations with a fixed annual cycle of crop leaf area index (static crops). For each crop scheme, simulations were completed with and without irrigation for 9 years that represent the range of observed precipitation. Reduced temperature and precipitation biases occur with dynamic versus static crops. Fundamental differences in the precipitation response to irrigation occur with dynamic crops, as enhanced surface roughness weakens low-level winds, enabling more water from irrigation to remain over the region. Greater simulated rainfall increases (12.42 mm) occur with dynamic crops compared to static crops (9.08 mm), with the greatest differences during drought years (+20.1 vs +5.9 mm). Water use for irrigation significantly impacts precipitation with dynamic crops (R2 = 0.29), but no relationship exists with static crops. Dynamic crop growth has the largest effect on the simulated impact of irrigation on precipitation during drought years, with little impact during nondrought years, highlighting the need to simulate the dynamic response of crops to environmental variability within Earth system models to improve prediction of the agroecosystem response to variations in climate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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Pirzada, Aslam Muhammad. "Reliability in irrigation management : design, perception and reality." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269939.

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Sedibe, Moosa Mahmood. "Optimising water use efficiency for crop production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53541.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Poor water management and poor water use efficiency (WUE) have been identified as one of the major problems experienced by vegetable growers in most of the developing countries, including South Africa. This poor management and poor utilization of water have led to a drastic decline in the quality and quantity of available water. In South Africa agriculture uses about 50% of available water. Increasing water demand for domestic, industrial and mining uses, may decrease agriculture's share to less than the current 50%, henceforth, better utilization of this resource is imperative. Selection of a good irrigation system can limit water loss considerably. Some irrigation systems have a potential to save more water than others do. Since irrigation systems affect the WUE of crops, care should be taken when selecting an irrigation system under conditions of limited water quantity. Ebb-and- Flood watering systems have been introduced for effective sub-irrigation and nutrient delivery within closed systems. Such a system was adapted in South Africa, to develop a vegetable production unit for use by families in rural communities, while saving substantial amounts of water. A need to further improve the WUE of this system was subsequently identified. Two studies were conducted at the experimental farm of the University of Stellenbosch (Department of Agronomy). The first trial was conducted under controlled conditions in a glasshouse, and the second under open field conditions. In the first trial, Beta vulgaris (Swiss chard) and Amaranthus spp. ('Imbuya') were grown in two root media; gravel and pumice. In addition, an 'Ebb-and-Flood' and a 'Constant level' system were used with nutrient solutions at two electrical (EC) conductivity levels 1.80 and 3.60 mS cm-I. The results of this (2x2x2x2) factorial experiment indicated that a combination of the 'Ebb-and-Flood' system with gravel as a root medium produced the best results at a low EC, when 'imbuya' was used. A high total WUE was found with 'imbuya', (7.35 g L-I) at EC 1.80 mS cmicompared to a relatively low WUE of 5. 90 g L-I when the 3.60 mS cm-I nutrient solution was used. In the second trial, 'Imbuya's' foliage dry mass, leaf area and WUE was evaluated under field conditions at the Stellenbosch University experimental farm, during the summer of2002. The experimental farm (33°55'S, 18°52'E) is situated in the cooler coastal wine grape-producing region of South Africa with a relatively high annual winter rainfall. This trial was conducted on an alluvial soil, with clay content of 25% and a pH of 5.9 (KC!). A closed 'Ebb-and-Flood' system was compared with two open field irrigation systems ('Drip' and 'Flood') using nutrient solutions at two electrical conductivity levels (1.80 and 3.60 mS cm-i) in all three cases. Foliage dry mass, leaf area as well as WUE was best with 'Drip' irrigation, when a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity of 3.60 mS cm-i was used. In spite of the fact that additional ground water was available for the soil grown 'Drip' and 'Flood' treatments, the 'Ebb-and-Flood' system outperformed the 'Flood' treatment, especially when the nutrient solution with an EC of 3.6 mS cm-i was used. Insufficient root aeration in the flooded soil could have been a contributing factor. The fact that the 'Ebb-and-Flood' and 'Drip' systems gave the best results when the high EC solution was used to fertigate the plants, may indicate that the plants could have hardened due to the mild EC stress, better preparing them to adapt to the extreme heat that was experienced in the field.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swak: bestuur van water en 'n swak: water-gebruik-doeltreffendheid (WOD) is as een van die belangrikste probleme geïdentifiseer wat deur groente produsente in die meeste ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, ervaar word. Hierdie swak bestuur en benutting van water het daartoe bygedra dat 'n drastiese afname in die kwaliteit asook in die kwantiteit van beskikbare water ervaar word. In Suid-Afrika gebruik die landbou-sektor ongeveer 50% van die beskikbare water. Toenemende water behoeftes vir huisgebruik, industrieë en die mynbou mag hierdie 50% aandeel van die landbou sektor laat krimp. Beter benutting van hierdie skaars hulpbron is dus noodsaaklik. Die keuse van goeie besproeiingsisteme mag waterverliese merkbaar beperk aangesien sekere sisteme se water-besparingspotensiaal beter as ander is. Aangesien besproeiingstelsels die WOD van gewasse beïnvloed, is spesiale sorg nodig waar 'n besproeiingstelsel onder hierdie toestande van beperkte waterbronne gekies moet word. 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteme kan aangewend word om water en voedingselemente van onder in 'n wortelmedium te laat opstoot en in 'n geslote sisteem te laat terugdreineer. So 'n sisteem is in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel waarmee groente vir families in landelike gebiede geproduseer kan word terwyl water bespaar word. 'n Behoefte om die WOD van hierdie produksiesisteem verder te verbeter is egter geïdentifiseer. Twee ondersoeke is by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se proefplaas (Departement Agronomie) gedoen. Die eerste proef is onder beheerde omgewingstoestande in 'n glashuis uitgevoer en die tweede onder veld toestande. In die eerste proef is Beta vulgaris (Snybeet) en Amaranthus spp. ('Imbuya') in twee tipes wortelmedia; gruis en puimsteen verbou. 'n 'Ebb-en-Vloed' asoook 'n 'Konstante vlak' besproeiingsisteem is gebruik terwyl voedingsoplossings ook by twee peile van elektriese geleiding (EC) teen 1.80 en 3.60 mS cm-I toegedien is. Die resultate van hierdie (2x2x2x2) fakroriaal eksperiment het aangetoon dat 'n kombinasie van die 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteem met gruis as 'n wortelmedium die beste resultate teen 'n lae EC lewer waar 'imbuya' gebruik is. Die WOD met 'imbuya' was hoog (7.35 g L-1) by 'n EC van 1.80 mS cm-I, vergeleke met 'n relatief lae WOD van 5. 90 g L-1 waar die 3.60 mS cm-I voedingsoplossing gebruik is. In die tweede proef is 'Imbuya' se droë blaarmassa, blaar oppervlakte en WOD onder veldtoestande op die Universiteit van Stellenbsoch se proefplaas in die somer van 2002 ge-evalueer. Die proefplaas (33°55'S, 18°52'E) is in die koeler kusstreke van die wyndruif produksiegebied in die winterreëngebied van Suid-Afrika geleë. Hierdie proef is op alluviale grond met 25% klei en 'n pH van 5.9 (KCi) uitgevoer. 'n Geslote 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteem is met twee veld-besproeiingsisteme vergelyk ('Drup' en 'Vloed') terwyl voedingsoplossings teen twee peile van elektriese geleiding (1.80 en 3.60 mS cm-I) in al drie gevalle gebruik is. Blaar droëmassa, blaaroppervlakte asook die WGD was die beste met 'Drup' besproeiing waar die EC van die voedingsoplossing 3.60 mS cm-I was. Ten spyte van die feit dat ekstra grondwater vir die 'Drup' and 'Vloed' behandelings beskikbaar was, het die 'Ebben- Vloed' stelsel beter as die 'Vloed' behandeling gedoen veral waar die voedingsoplossing se EC 3.6 mS cm-I was. Swak wortelbelugting was waarskynlik die rede waarom vloedbesproeiing swak produksie gelewer het. Die feit dat die 'Drup' en die 'Ebb-en-Vloed' behandelings in die veldproef die beste gedoen het waar die EC hoog was, mag moontlik met die gehardheid van die plante verband hou wat aan ekstreem warm en dor toestande blootgestel was.
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Valdez, Aguilar Luis Alonso. "Effect of alkalinity in irrigation water on selected greenhouse crops." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2773.

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Effect of Alkalinity in Irrigation Water on Selected Greenhouse Crops. (August 2004) Luis Alonso Valdez Aguilar, B.S., Universidad Aut??noma de Nuevo Le??n, Mexico; M.S., Universidad Aut??noma Chapingo, Mexico Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David Wm. Reed Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-) are the most important ions that determine alkalinity. When the carbonates accumulate in a growing medium, the growing medium solution pH reaches levels that cause plant growth inhibition, which is caused primarily by the transformation of soluble forms of Fe into insoluble forms. The general objective of this research was to provide information about the limits of tolerance to alkalinity in ornamental plants, and to study the interaction of ions such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) on the response of plants to alkalinity, as well as the effect of the counter-ions potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), cesium (Cs+), ammonium (NH4+) and rubidium (Rb+). The maximum SPAD index was estimated to occur at 0 mM of NaHCO3 in chrysanthemum, mini-rose, and hibiscus ??Bimini Breeze?? and ??Mango Breeze??. For vinca it was set at 2.64 mM. A 15% decrease from the maximum SPAD index was considered the threshold to declare the toxic concentration of NaHCO3, which was calculated based on the maximum SPAD index predicted by the models. The toxic concentration of NaHCO3 was set at 4.1, 1.1, 6.7, 3.1, and 6.3 mM of NaHCO3 in chrysanthemum, mini-rose, vinca, and hibiscus ??Mango Breeze?? and ??Bimini Breeze??, respectively. Hibiscus ??Bimini Breeze?? was considered tolerant to alkalinity, due to increased Fe-reduction capacity and acidification of the growing medium. In the hydroponic experiment, results showed that the NH4+:NO3- ratio altered the response of sunflower plants to alkalinity. Sunflower plants grew better in solutions containing 5 mM NaHCO3 prepared with a 0.25:0.75 NH4+:NO3- ratio. This was possible due to the reaction of NH4+ with the HCO3-, which reduced its buffering capacity. The response to HCO3--induced alkalinity was modified by the counter-cation of HCO3-. In bean plants, at low-to-intermediate levels of Na+ and HCO3- induced approximately same growth decrease. At high concentration, Na+ induced a decrease on shoot growth that exceeded the toxic effects of HCO3-. Thus, the toxic effect of Na+ is higher than that of HCO3- when its concentration is high. Rubidium was extremely toxic at concentrations of 7.5 mM.
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Finley, Sara. "Reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of food crops." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32610.

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As global water resources decline, reuse of domestic greywater for the irrigation of home gardens is quickly becoming widespread in many parts of the world. However, the sanitary implications of reusing greywater to water edible crops remain uncertain. This study examined the benefits and risks associated with domestic greywater reuse for the purposes of vegetable garden irrigation. Untreated (settled only) and treated (settling and slow sand filtration) greywater collected from a family home was analyzed for basic water quality parameters, over a period of eight weeks. During that time, both greywaters were used to irrigate individually potted plots of lettuce, carrots and peppers in a greenhouse. Tap water was used as control. Upon maturity, plants were harvested and the edible portions tested for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, common indicators for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Heavy metals were not detected in the greywater, but both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were present in high levels, averaging 4 x 105/100mL and 2 x 103/100mL of greywater, respectively. Despite these high counts, no significant difference in contamination levels was observed between crops irrigated with tap water, untreated and treated greywaters. Fecal coliform levels were highest in carrots and fecal streptococcus levels highest on lettuce leaves. However, contamination levels for all crops were low and do not represent a significant health risk. Plant growth and productivity were unaffected by the water quality, owing to the low N, P and K levels of the greywater. These results reinforce the potential of domestic greywater as an alternative irrigation source
Dans le contexte d'un déclin et d'une perte de fiabilité des ressources hydriques du globe, la réutilisation des eaux grises (eaux le lavage) domestiques pour les fins d'irrigation devient une option populaire pour les ménages un peu partout dans le monde. Pourtant, les implications sanitaires d'une telle pratique pour l'irrigation des plantes comestibles ne sont pas encore bien comprises. Cette étude vise à examiner les bénéfices et risques associés à la réutilisation des eaux grises pour arroser les jardins potagers domestiques. Il met son focus sur la possibilité de contamination des légumes par des organismes pathogéniques et les métaux lourdes qui peuvent être présents dans les refuts domestiques. Les eaux grises d'une famille montréalaise ont été collectionnés et analysés pour des paramètres de base, y inclut les pathogènes et les métaux lourds, sur une période de 8 semaines. Pendant ce temps, ces eaux grises ont été utilisés à irriguer des plantations individuels de laitues, carottes, et poivrons rouges dans une serre de recherche. L'eau du robinet a servi comme contrôle. À la maturité, les plantes ont étés cueillis et les portions comestibles testés pour la présence des coliformes et des streptocoques fécaux, deux bactéries normalement utilisés pour indiquer la présence d'organismes pathogéniques. Puisque les métaux lourds n'étaient pas présents dans les eaux grises, ils n'ont pas étés testés dans les légumes. Les résultats ont indiqué un niveau élevé de bactéries indicateurs dans les eaux grises, mais la différence de contamination entre les légumes irrigués avec les eaux de robinet et ceux irrigués ave
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Mzini, Loyiso Lloyd. "The effects of greywater irrigation on vegetable crops and soil." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6609.

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Research on greywater irrigation has mainly focused attention on the reuse of greywater in relation to its quality and crop biomass but not on quality of edible vegetable crops. Thus a field experiment was established at the Umtata Dam Research Station where combinations of cabbages and onions; spinaches and beetroots; and carrots and lettuce were planted in to coincide with four different planting seasons (from October 2009 to December 2010). Crops were irrigated with greywater generated from bathing and dishwashing. Greywater was collected from a number of households in the vicinity of the Umtata Dam, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In the field experiment, vegetables were planted in three plots of the same composition of soil properties and then drip irrigated separately either with greywater, potable water, or with diluted greywater at a ratio of 1:1. The greywater quality, yield, aesthetical appeal, plant chemical analysis and soil chemical analysis were measured. Irrigation from diluted greywater showed a significant increase in yield, in the head mass and in appeal of cabbages. Onion yields were significantly higher when irrigated with greywater. Spinach also obtained significantly higher yields when irrigated with greywater, however many leaves from this treatment were infested with leaf-spot disease. Beetroot yield and quality was not affected with greywater irrigation, instead yield was reduced by 47% (4.686 tons/ha). Carrots did not show any significant difference in yield and root girth, but carrots irrigated with potable water were more appealing and longer in length. Lettuce irrigated with dilute greywater was significantly more appealing than other treatments. Sodium (Na) ions were elevated in cabbage, onions and were significantly higher in the case of lettuce and carrots when irrigated with greywater. Crude protein (CP) was observed to be significantly elevated on cabbages and lettuce when irrigated with diluted greywater whereas CP of onions and carrots were significantly lower due greywater irrigation. Significant increases in iron (Fe) were observed on cabbages and spinach when irrigated with diluted greywater, whereas lettuce Fe content was significantly elevated by greywater irrigation. There was no significant difference in cadmium (Cd) caused by irrigating spinach and lettuce with greywater, also those heavy metals that were significantly higher, were within the accepted threshold leaving the conclusion that lower levels of heavy metals posed no health risks to humans. In conclusion, greywater used in this study does not appear to cause an accumulation of salts and heavy metals in plants and soil, which suggests in this instance, that greywater does not pose a threat to plants and soils.
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Chitsa, Gilbert. "Analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour of smallholder irrigation farmers: empirical evidence from Qamata Irrigation scheme." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019769.

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Albeit much effort having been put to review the performance trend of smallholder irrigation farmers in South Africa. However, there seems to be a paucity of information regarding the level of entrepreneurship on these farmers. Most research works on smallholder irrigation farmers have mainly focused on livelihoods trajectory providing a review on how the welfare of the rural poor has been transformed after the introduction of irrigation schemes. With most research evidence indicating a high degree of underperformance on most smallholder irrigation schemes, this research attempted to investigate the level of entrepreneurship among the small holder irrigation farmers. In order to achieve the main research objective, a sample of 110 farmers drawn from Qamata irrigation scheme was interviewed and each farmer’s performance on the nine components of entrepreneurship was assessed. The aspects assessed to determine the farmer’s entrepreneurial behaviour were: planning ability, risk taking, achievement motivation, leadership ability, Cosmo politeness, decision making, and innovativeness and farming knowledge. Basing on previous studies which indicated entrepreneurial behaviour to be influenced by several factors the study also analysed the determinants of entrepreneurship among the irrigation farmers and a binary logistic regression model was used to establish the connection between various independent variables and the farmers’ entrepreneurial performance given as a total score of the nine components. Though the findings of the study revealed a prevalently low level of entrepreneurship among the smallholder irrigation farmers on Qamata irrigation scheme, a high proportion of the respondent farmers (65.5% and 60.5%) showed to have a high degree of achievement motivation and decision making ability, respectively. The observed trend thus reflected that smallholder farmers have a potential to become entrepreneurs and are willing to succeed. The binary model results revealed that the prevailing land tenure system will be a strong determinant of the farmer’s level of entrepreneurship. Equally, levels of training in farming, motive for farming and information seeking tendency also proved to have a significant influence on the degree of farmer entrepreneurship. Based on the results of this study recommendations have thus been drawn on the need for policies and practices aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and not dependency among farmers. Key focus areas identified include: the need to revise the current land ii tenure system on irrigation schemes, intensify on entrepreneurship training for both farmers and extension officers and regular on-farm training on new technologies.
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Fulcher, Amy. "MODELING WATER USE IN NURSERY CROPS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/121.

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Water use is an important topic in the global agriculture community and is a critical input in nursery crop production. Several plants in the genus Cornus are important nursery crops. Not only are they economically relevant, they are found in grafted and seedling forms and parents and their hybrid are readily available in the trade, facilitating an assessment of water requirements. Anecdotal information suggests that Cornus taxa have differing stress tolerance and water use requirements. Research was conducted to characterize and model water use among Cornus taxa. Scanning electron microscopy and anatomy‐based micromorphological studies as well as transpiration chamber‐based studies revealed differences in the cuticle, epidermal thickness, stomatal density, total stomatal complex area, and gas exchange. A novel photosynthesis‐based irrigation model was developed and evaluated, first on a model crop, Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis, then with a range of Cornus taxa, including grafted specimens. The model allowed the identification of a setpoint or point at which irrigation is triggered. Producing plants under this model allowed a 27% reduction in water use while maintain growth when compared with controls.
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Sheedy, M., M. Ottman, and T. Ramage. "Forage Production of Four Crops Grown Under Two Different Irrigation Cultures." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201051.

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Kotsopulos, Spiridon I. "On the evaluation of risk of failure in irrigation water delivery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236328.

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Mbizana, Nandipha. "Identifying appropriate paths for establishing sustainable irrigated crop based farming business on smallholder irrigation schemes: a case of Ncora Irrigation Scheme." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016205.

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The study examined the impact of small scale irrigation technology in crop production under Ncora areas of Cofimvaba. To achieve the objective of the study, data were collected from 212 farmers engaged in various crop enterprises under the Ncora. The farmers were randomly selected. Descriptive Statistics, DEA model, linear regression model and gross margin analysis were used to analyse the results obtained from the survey. The descriptive results showed that Ncora farmers are small-scale farmers cultivating small hectare of land and using simple farm tools, mainly using furrow irrigation. Furthermore, they produce more than one crop enterprises. The gross margin Analysis shows that Ncora cultivation is profitable. The most profitable crop was found to be maize than potatoes. Farm production function revealed that land, labour and purchased inputs had a positive relationship with the output of the enterprises. SPSS was used to run data for linear regression model (OLS). It was suggested that extension services and private organizations assist farmers especially the emerging ones via provision of training, processing and storage facilities. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of soil and water quality as well as ground water table was recommended, in order to ensure sustainability of Ncora irrigation in the area.
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Books on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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Lascano, R. J., and R. E. Sojka, eds. Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Irrigation of Vegetable Crops. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Irrigation scheduling for fruit crops. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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Rob, Lockwood, and Knox, J. W. (Jerry W.), eds. Advances in irrigation agronomy: Plantation crops. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Hansen, Hugh J. Irrigation runoff control strategies. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Cooperative Extension, University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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Lee, Teang Shui. Water quality, soil and managing irrigation of crops. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012.

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Cuenca, Richard H. Oregon crop water use and irrigation requirements. Corvallis, Or: Water Resources Engineering Team, Oregon State University, 1992.

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Stevens, Daryl, Jim Kelly, Mike McLaughlin, and Murray Unkovich. Growing crops with reclaimed wastewater. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Pub., 2006.

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Ley, Thomas W. Simple irrigation scheduling using pan evaporation. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1987.

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Buchheim, J. F. Calibration of irrigation requirements. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Office, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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Shock, C. C., A. B. Pereira, B. R. Hanson, and M. D. Cahn. "Vegetable Irrigation." In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 535–606. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c15.

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Keller, Wesley, and Carl W. Carlson. "Forage Crops." In Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 605–21. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr11.c32.

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Vittum, M. T., and W. J. Flocker. "Vegetable Crops." In Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 674–85. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr11.c38.

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Buchleiter, Gerald W. "Irrigation System Automation." In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 181–93. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c6.

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Sojka, R. E., D. L. Bjorneberg, and T. S. Strelkoff. "Irrigation-Induced Erosion." In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 237–75. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c8.

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Ouda, Samiha, Tahany Noreldin, and Abd El-Hafeez Zohry. "Field Crops and Deficit Irrigation in Egypt." In Deficit Irrigation, 59–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35586-9_4.

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Ouda, Samiha, Tahany Noreldin, and Abd El-Hafeez Zohry. "Vegetable Crops and Deficit Irrigation in Egypt." In Deficit Irrigation, 85–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35586-9_5.

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Henderson, D. W. "Sugar, Oil, and Fiber Crops: Part III-Oil Crops." In Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 655–60. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr11.c36.

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Waller, Peter. "Turf and Landscape Irrigation." In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 337–61. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c10.

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Letey, J., G. E. Cardon, and Iddo Kan. "Irrigation Efficiency and Uniformity." In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 117–32. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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O’Connell, M. G., D. M. Whitfield, A. T. McAllister, L. McClymont, M. Abuzar, and K. J. Sheffield. "Satellite based yield and water use targets for horticultural crops grown in SE Australia." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si120231.

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Sangster, Nadine, Aneil Ramkhalawan, Aatma Maharajh, Jorrel Bisnath, Edward Cumberbatch, Ronnie Bickramdass, David Edwards, and Prakash Persad. "SMART IRRIGATION ESTIMATOR." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/fsnx6661.

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Many of the agricultural plots within Trinidad and Tobago remain in a state of dormancy due to a critical lack of infrastructure needed for their development. This has contributed to the increasing food import bill which was some TT$5.6 billion over the last couple of years. This overall crop irrigation project aims at assisting the farmers in setting up a proper infrastructure that will utilize natural resources. The lack of pipe water will be substituted by rainwater capture, storage and distribution via drip irrigation. The lack of power for water distribution by irrigation will be obtained by the use of solar power for the pumps. The project will be done in phases. This phase involved at creating a smart estimator to determine the water requirement and the planting land area for the 2-acre plot when the number of plants, type of plants, and the month in which the farmer chooses to start planting are chosen. It will estimate the water storage volume required for the various crops chosen based on the rainfall patterns, crop cycle and the crop water requirement. These output estimates will be based on the land area input, estimated water storage size, estimated tool shed size and produce storage area, and the type or types of crops chosen to farm by the farmer for the plot. The input parameters in the estimator can then be varied by the farmer, to help find an estimated or optimum balance of the number and type of crops, the planting land area, and the water captured and stored, based on the rainfall patterns and the unused land area. The outputs required can be similarly obtained through the use of existing models and software packages, but the tools are not ‘Farmer User Friendly and readily available’.
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Kremenskoy, V. I., and A. M. Dzhaparova. "Improvement of intra-soil and drip irrigation of agricultural crops." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-131-1.

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The work is devoted to the development and improvement of subsurface and drip irrigation systems for agricultural crops in the Crimea. The analysis of the stages of micro-irrigation development is carried out. In our research, we used general scientific methods for collecting and systemizing information on irrigation systems. The efficiency and reliability of the operation of individual units of subsurface and drip irrigation systems have been revealed. The main directions of improvement of micro-irrigation systems were determined.
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Peraka, Shyam, Reddy Sudheer, Bandi Narasimha Rao, Allu Ravi Teja, and Esai Naveen Kumar. "Smart Irrigation based on Crops using IoT." In 2020 IEEE 15th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciis51140.2020.9342736.

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Roux, A. S. "Promoting the effective use of water in the irrigation of permanent crops in the Western Cape Province of South Africa." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si060321.

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Skazhennik, M. A., V. N. Chizhikov, and A. V. Shechenko. "RICE BASED IRRIGATION SYSTEM MONITORING REMOTE SENSING." In «Breeding, seed production, cultivation technology and processing of agricultural crops». Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Rice Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33775/conf-2021-258-260.

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"Does Deficit Irrigation of Field Crops Increase Water Productivity?" In 2015 ASABE / IA Irrigation Symposium: Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Irrigation - A Tribute to the Career of Terry Howell, Sr. Conference Proceedings. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/irrig.20152143372.

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Kaur, Sandeep, and Deepali. "An automatic irrigation system for different crops with WSN." In 2017 6th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrito.2017.8342460.

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Isik, Sabahattin, and Latif Kalin. "Optimal Dynamic Water Allocation for Irrigation of Multiple Crops." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.172.

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Jin, Jian-hua, and Yang-ren Wang. "Research on increasing production benefit of economic crops under irrigation." In 2016 5th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2016.7577647.

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Reports on the topic "Crops irrigation"

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Alemu, Dawit, and Tirhas Kinfe. Responses of Rice Farmers Engaged in Vegetable Production: Implications of the Collapse of Vegetable Prices in the Fogera Plain. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.017.

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Since the early 1980s, the Fogera Plain has been one of Ethiopia's major rice production areas. The introduction of rice, its commercialisation and the subsequent increased surplus production has led to the ability of smallholder rice farmers to intensify their production through diverse investments, mainly in supplementary irrigation. This has also enabled rice farmers to diversify crop production, mainly during the off-season, through the production of high-value crops like vegetables. Despite this expansion, a recent visit to the Fogera Plain by the authors revealed that most smallholder rice farmers were not able to sell their onions due to the collapse of local markets. To investigate this collapse further, this paper follows the authors' investigation of farmer investments in producing onion, their responses to the collapse of the onion market, and the implications for rural livelihood improvement within the Fogera Plain.
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Schattman, Rachel, and Joshua Faulkner. How much is enough? Dialing in irrigation on Northeast diversified vegetable farms. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2019.6848335.ch.

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Knight, Lynn, and Suzy Hodgson. Irrigation Pays in Protecting Vegetable Crop Revenues in the Northeast U.S. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6956538.ch.

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Climate records show that the Northeast is experiencing more rainfall. However, much of the additional precipitation is occurring as heavy events, leaving intervening periods of hot and dry weather. With this extreme and variable wet weather taking its toll on farms, a key question is: Does crop irrigation make sense as a farm resilience strategy given_name the overall increased precipitation in the Northeast?
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Salazar, Lina, Ana Claudia Palacios, Michael Selvaraj, and Frank Montenegro. Using Satellite Images to Measure Crop Productivity: Long-Term Impact Assessment of a Randomized Technology Adoption Program in the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003604.

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This study combines three rounds of surveys with remote sensing to measure long-term impacts of a randomized irrigation program in the Dominican Republic. Specifically, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite images are used to measure the causal effects of the program on agricultural productivity, measured through vegetation indices (NDVI and OSAVI). To this end, 377 plots were analyzed (129 treated and 248 controls) for the period from 2011 to 2019. Following a Differencein-Differences (DD) and Event study methodology, the results confirmed that program beneficiaries have higher vegetation indices, and therefore experienced a higher productivity throughout the post-treatment period. Also, there is some evidence of spillover effects to neighboring farmers. Furthermore, the Event Study model shows that productivity impacts are obtained in the third year after the adoption takes place. These findings suggest that adoption of irrigation technologies can be a long and complex process that requires time to generate productivity impacts. In a more general sense, this study reveals the great potential that exists in combining field data with remote sensing information to assess long-term impacts of agricultural programs on agricultural productivity.
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Terry Brown, Jeffrey Morris, Patrick Richards, and Joel Mason. Effects of Irrigating with Treated Oil and Gas Product Water on Crop Biomass and Soil Permeability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1007996.

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Ragasa, Catherine, Kristi Mahrt, Zin Wai Aung, Isabel Lambrecht, and Jessica Scott. Gender, crop diversification, and nutrition in irrigation catchment areas in the central dry zones in Myanmar: Implications for agricultural development support. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133802.

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Shallow ground-water quality beneath row crops and orchards in the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project area, Washington. US Geological Survey, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri974238.

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