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Journal articles on the topic 'Crops irrigation'
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1
Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.
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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.
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Bajwa, M. S., and A. S. Josan. "Effects of Alternating Sodic and Non-sodic Irrigations on the Build-up of Sodium in the Soil and on Crop Yields in Northern India." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (April 1989): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016707.
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SUMMARYIn a field experiment, the effects of irrigating crops alternately with sodic water (high in sodium adsorption ratio and ) and good quality canal water were investigated for six years on a well drained sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept). The irrigation treatments included: irrigation with non-sodic canal water (CW), irrigation with sodic water (SW), CW irrigation alternating with one or two SW irrigations, and two CW irrigations alternating with one SW irrigation. The results showed that the use of sodic water increased the sodium saturation of the soil and decreased rice and wheat yields. The build-up of sodium depended on the number of SW irrigations during the season. The increase in sodium saturation and decline in crop yields were progressive over the years. The improvements in yield due to alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations compared with the use of sodic water alone increased over the years. Alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations could therefore be considered a practical way to alleviate the problems caused by sodic water. The number of sodic irrigations during a season should, however, be kept to a minimum and the build-up of sodium in the soil over time should be monitored.
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Hanson, Blaine R., Donald M. May, and Larry J. Schwankl. "Effect of Irrigation Frequency on Subsurface Drip Irrigated Vegetables." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0115.
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The effect on crop yield of drip-irrigation frequencies of two irrigations per day (2/d), one irrigation per day (1/d), two irrigations per week (2/week), and one irrigation per week (1/week) was investigated for lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and onion (Allium cepa) grown on sandy loam and processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown on silt loam during experiments conducted during 1994 to 1997. All treatments of a particular crop received the same amount of irrigation water per week. Results showed that the 1/week frequency should be avoided for the shallow rooted crops in sandy soil. Irrigation frequency had little effect on yield of tomato, a relatively deep-rooted crop. These results suggest that drip irrigation frequencies of 1/d or 2/week are appropriate in medium to fine texture soils for the soil and climate of the project site. There was no yield benefit of multiple irrigations per day.
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Burnett, Stephanie, and Donglin Zhang. "Using Active Learning to Teach Irrigation Concepts in Greenhouse Management." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1003B—1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1003b.
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In the past, horticulture students at the University of Maine have been taught to irrigate plants using only hand irrigation. It is becoming increasingly important to irrigate and fertilize efficiently in commercial greenhouses in order to reduce water waste and nutrient leaching. In 2004 and 2006, greenhouse management or plant production students were exposed to alternate methods of irrigating Dendranthema ×morifolium (chrysanthemum) in greenhouses to train students more effectively in irrigation techniques. In 2004, students measured the quantity of water applied to chrysanthemums once they reached the permanent wilting point from 26 Sept. until 30 Oct. The irrigation frequency generally increased as crops grew, but, the quantity of water applied upon irrigation was not significantly different. This experience provided students with a tangible idea of how irrigation frequency and timing change as crops grow, which could be applied to irrigation timing decisions in the future. In 2006, students grew a crop of chrysanthemums using alternate methods of irrigation (hand watering vs. drip irrigation) and fertilization. Student surveys in 2006 indicated that only 25% of students with previous experience working in a greenhouse or nursery had grown crops using drip irrigation, but all students with prior experience had irrigated by hand. Expanding student experiences with irrigation in the greenhouse uses active learning to instill students with more knowledge of irrigation and provide them with practical skills for irrigating efficiently and conservatively in the future.
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Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Nikolaos Katsoulas, and Constantinos Kittas. "Irrigation of Greenhouse Crops." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010007.
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Precision agricultural greenhouse systems indicate considerable scope for improvement of irrigation management practices, since growers typically irrigate crops based on their personal experience. Soil-based greenhouse crop irrigation management requires estimation on a daily basis, whereas soilless systems must be estimated on an hourly or even shorter interval schedule. Historically, irrigation scheduling methods have been based on soil or substrate monitoring, dependent on climate or time with each having both strengths and weaknesses. Recently, plant-based monitoring or plant reflectance-derived indices have been developed, yet their potential is limited for estimating the irrigation rate in order to apply proper irrigation scheduling. Optimization of irrigation practices imposes different irrigation approaches, based on prevailing greenhouse environments, considering plant-water-soil relationships. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with irrigation scheduling approaches applied for soil and soilless greenhouse production systems. Irrigation decisions are categorized according to whether or not an automatic irrigation control has the ability to support a feedback irrigation decision system. The need for further development of neural networks systems is required.
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Stewart, B. A., and D. R. Nielsen. "Irrigation of Agricultural Crops." Soil Science 152, no. 2 (August 1991): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199108000-00013.
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Ingram, Keit T. "Irrigation of agricultural crops." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 4 (February 1992): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(92)90007-j.
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Shaglouf, Mohamed M., Mostafa A. Benzaghta, Hassin AL. Makhlof, and Moftah A. Abusta. "Scheduling Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Crops using Intelligent Irrigation System." Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences, no. 01 (October 6, 2019): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.19.
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The expansion of agriculture to provide the necessary food is related to the availability of water, but the limited availability of irrigation requires research on techniques to reduce water losses. This paper presents an application of a prototype design of microcontroller based on an intelligent irrigation system which will allow irrigation to take place in the areas. This method can be applied to the system of drip irrigation and its impact on the quantities of water used in irrigation as its application is part of the solution to the problem of water shortage suffered by Libya in addition to reducing the amount of water wasted while irrigating crops. In this study, a network of smart irrigation system was designed for a 5-hectare farm in AL-Sawawa area, located to the east, at about 20 km from Sirte city. The farm was divided into two parts, a vegetable crops section with an area of 3ha and the other section of 2 ha for olive trees. The intelligent irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and the temperature of the air through the sensors and turns on or off the water pumps using the relays to carry out this procedure. The main advantage of using this irrigation system is to minimize human intervention and ensure proper irrigation. The microcontroller serves as the main unit of the entire irrigation system, Photovoltaic cells are used to provide solar energy as an energy supply for the whole system. The system is controlled by the microcontroller; it obtains data from the sensors, it compares the data as pre-programmed, and the output signals activate the relays to operate the pumps to start the irrigation process.
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Sohou, Laurenda Rose, Christel Kénou, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, Luc Ollivier Sintondji, Euloge Kossi Agbossou, and Guy Apollinaire Mensah. "Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides Tropicales." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p152.
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Water management for agriculture is a worry in the world. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on water control’s technologies for the crops in wetlands. Comparison research work carried out on different irrigation systems revealed that drip irrigation can lead to 28-35% of water saving in relation to irrigation surface technic. Surface irrigation offers higher yield in relation to drip irrigation. It’s necessary to improve knowledge and local communities’ technics on different water control technologies in order to provide irrigation’s functions in developing countries. Research efforts on three important concepts are necessary such as : (i) local communities perceptions on crops water need and the responses of differents crops technologies on crops yield ; (ii) interactions between agricultures prospects, water controls innvations and economics benefits of theses technologies.
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Harding, Keith J., Tracy E. Twine, and Yaqiong Lu. "Effects of Dynamic Crop Growth on the Simulated Precipitation Response to Irrigation*." Earth Interactions 19, no. 14 (November 1, 2015): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0030.1.
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Abstract The rapid expansion of irrigation since the 1950s has significantly depleted the Ogallala Aquifer. This study examines the warm-season climate impacts of irrigation over the Ogallala using high-resolution (6.33 km) simulations of a version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model that has been coupled to the Community Land Model with dynamic crop growth (WRF-CLM4crop). To examine how dynamic crops influence the simulated impact of irrigation, the authors compare simulations with dynamic crops to simulations with a fixed annual cycle of crop leaf area index (static crops). For each crop scheme, simulations were completed with and without irrigation for 9 years that represent the range of observed precipitation. Reduced temperature and precipitation biases occur with dynamic versus static crops. Fundamental differences in the precipitation response to irrigation occur with dynamic crops, as enhanced surface roughness weakens low-level winds, enabling more water from irrigation to remain over the region. Greater simulated rainfall increases (12.42 mm) occur with dynamic crops compared to static crops (9.08 mm), with the greatest differences during drought years (+20.1 vs +5.9 mm). Water use for irrigation significantly impacts precipitation with dynamic crops (R2 = 0.29), but no relationship exists with static crops. Dynamic crop growth has the largest effect on the simulated impact of irrigation on precipitation during drought years, with little impact during nondrought years, highlighting the need to simulate the dynamic response of crops to environmental variability within Earth system models to improve prediction of the agroecosystem response to variations in climate.
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Siswoyo, Hari, Pitojo Tri Juwono, and Mohammad Taufiq. "Model Indeks Kualitas Air Tanah sebagai Dasar Penentuan Alternatif Jenis Tanaman Pertanian pada Lahan Irigasi Air Tanah di Kabupaten Mojokerto." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.1.1-14.
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The utilization of groundwater potential for irrigation has consequence for the high operational and maintenance costs of groundwater irrigation systems. One solution to these problems is the selection of high economic value crop types cultivated in groundwater irrigation lands. This study aims to determinate the alternative of types of agricultural crops that can be cultivated on groundwater irrigation land based on the quality of groundwater used as irrigation water based on the procedure: determination of groundwater quality index for irrigation, determination of types of agricultural crops based on criteria for tolerance to salt, adjustment of types of crop that have been determined with the criteria of high economic value crops, and adjustment to the types of crops that have been commonly cultivated by farmers in the local area. This procedure can be used as a solution to the absence of guidelines that can be used to determine alternative of types of agricultural plants on groundwater irrigation land. The results of this research showed the potential of ground water used as a source of irrigation water in the study site was dominated by groundwater with an index value of 70-85, where agricultural crops that could be recommended for planting were tolerant crops, moderately tolerant crops, and moderately sensitive crops to salt. The index value of groundwater quality for irrigation was mapped so obtained that zoning model of groundwater quality for irrigation and its suitability for the type of agricultural crops that can be cultivated.
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Dukes, Michael D., Lincoln Zotarelli, and Kelly T. Morgan. "Use of Irrigation Technologies for Vegetable Crops in Florida." HortTechnology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.133.
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Major horticultural crops in Florida are vegetables, small fruit, melons, and tree fruit crops. Approximately half of the agricultural area and nearly all of the horticultural crop land is irrigated. Irrigation systems include low-volume microirrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation. The present review was divided into two papers, in which the first part focuses on vegetable crop irrigation and the second part focuses on fruit tree crop irrigation. This first part also provides an overview of irrigation methods used in Florida. Factors affecting irrigation efficiency and uniformity such as design and maintenance are discussed. A wide range of soil moisture sensors (e.g., tensiometers, granular matrix, and capacitance) are currently being used in the state for soil moisture monitoring. Current examples of scheduling tools and automated control systems being used on selected crops in Florida are provided. Research data on the effect of irrigation scheduling and fertigation on nutrient movement, particularly nitrate, are reviewed. Concluding this review is a discussion of potential for adoption of irrigation scheduling and control systems for vegetable crops by Florida growers and future research priorities.
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Bryla, David R., Thomas J. Trout, and James E. Ayars. "Weighing Lysimeters for Developing Crop Coefficients and Efficient Irrigation Practices for Vegetable Crops." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1597.
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Large, precision weighing lysimeters are expensive but invaluable tools for measuring crop evapotranspiration and developing crop coefficients. Crop coefficients are used by both growers and researchers to estimate crop water use and accurately schedule irrigations. Two lysimeters of this type were installed in 2002 in central California to determine daily rates of crop and potential (grass) evapotranspiration and develop crop coefficients for better irrigation management of vegetable crops. From 2002 to 2006, the crop lysimeter was planted with broccoli, iceberg lettuce, bell pepper, and garlic. Basal crop coefficients, Kcb, defined as the ratio of crop to potential evapotranspiration when the soil surface is dry but transpiration in unlimited by soil water conditions, increased as a linear or quadratic function of the percentage of ground covered by vegetation. At midseason, when groundcover was greater than 70% to 90%, Kcb was ≈1.0 in broccoli, 0.95 in lettuce, and 1.1 in pepper, and Kcb of each remained the same until harvest. Garlic Kcb, in comparison, increased to 1.0 by the time the crop reached 80% ground cover, but with only 7% of additional coverage, Kcb continued to increase to 1.3, until irrigation was stopped to dry the crop for harvest. Three weeks after irrigation was cutoff, garlic Kcb declined rapidly to a value of 0.16 by harvest. Yields of each crop equaled or exceeded commercial averages for California with much less water in some cases than typically applied. The new crop coefficients will facilitate irrigation scheduling in the crops and help to achieve full yield potential without overirrigation.
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Fereres, E. "IRRIGATION SCHEDULING OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 449 (August 1997): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.449.36.
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Assouline, S., S. Cohen, D. Meerbach, T. Harodi, and M. Rosner. "Microdrip Irrigation of Field Crops." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 1 (2002): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.0228.
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Assouline, S., S. Cohen, D. Meerbach, T. Harodi, and M. Rosner. "Microdrip Irrigation of Field Crops." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 1 (January 2002): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.2280.
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Murodov Otabek Ulugbekovich, Kattayev Bobir Sobirovich, Saylixanova Maftuna Komiljonovna, and Ibodov Islom Nizomiy o`g`li. "Smart irrigation of agricultural crops." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 3 (August 9, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.3.16.
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This article provides an overview of the concept of “smart irrigation” and a review of the results of research conducted abroad on smart irrigation. Therefore, research has been analyzed both analytical and practical aspects of the crops. It makes analyses on different research points to get more detailed information as a whole.
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Musazura, W., A. O. Odindo, I. B. Bame, and E. H. Tesfamariam. "Effect of irrigation with anaerobic baffled reactor effluent on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cicla.) yield, nutrient uptake and leaching." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): 592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.011.
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The disposal of treated wastewater from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent into water bodies can cause pollution. Treated wastewater management through irrigation of crops has the potential of increasing crop production through nutrient uptake while reducing the risks of environmental pollution. However, this study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation with ABR effluent on Swiss chard yield, nutrient (N and P) uptake and leaching. Field experiments were done over three seasons at Newlands, Durban, South Africa. The experiments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three treatments: ABR effluent irrigation (ABR), tap water irrigation with fertiliser (TWF) and rain-fed with fertiliser (RFF). Data were collected on nutrient (N and P) leaching at 30 and 50 cm depths, crop growth, soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake. Effects of irrigation with ABR effluent on soil chemical properties, Swiss chard growth, plant nutrient uptake and leaching were comparable to TWF and RFF treatments. This implies that irrigating crops with ABR effluent is a potential method for wastewater management in a manner that will not cause environmental pollution while benefiting peri-urban farmers.
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Shadskikh, Vladimir, Vera Kizhaeva, and Olga Rasskazova. "Optimization of the irrigation regime of agricultural crops for different areas of the Saratov region." Melioration and Water Management, no. 6 (May 18, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32962/0235-2524-2019-6-4-9.
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In the conditions of the Volga region, the zone of risky agriculture, the stability of crop production directly depends on the degree of moisture supply of crops [1, 2, 12]. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of irrigation regime on crops with differentiated irrigation.
Studies of irrigation regimes of agricultural crops on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of agro-climatic conditions allowed to establish environmentally sound differentiated irrigation rates of major crops for different natural areas of the Saratov region, depending on the degree of aridity of the year.
Recommended irrigation norms were 300–350 m3/ha at the beginning of vegetation and no more than 450–500 m3/ha during the period of maximum water consumption. The use of differentiated irrigation norms for the main crops will allow to control the development of erosion processes on irrigated lands and provide resource saving in irrigated agriculture.
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Pavione, D. M. S., R. K. X. Bastos, and P. D. Bevilacqua. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment applied to irrigation of salad crops with waste stabilization pond effluents." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 6 (March 1, 2013): 1208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.674.
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A quantitative microbial risk assessment model for estimating infection risks arising from consuming crops eaten raw that have been irrigated with effluents from stabilization ponds was constructed. A log-normal probability distribution function was fitted to a large database from a comprehensive monitoring of an experimental pond system to account for variability in Escherichia coli concentration in irrigation water. Crop contamination levels were estimated using predictive models derived from field experiments involving the irrigation of several crops with different effluent qualities. Data on daily intake of salad crops were obtained from a national survey in Brazil. Ten thousand-trial Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate human health risks associated with the use of wastewater for irrigating low- and high-growing crops. The use of effluents containing 103–104E. coli per 100 ml resulted in median rotavirus infection risk of approximately 10−3 and 10−4 pppy when irrigating, respectively, low- and high-growing crops; the corresponding 95th percentile risk estimates were around 10−2 in both scenarios. Sensitivity analyses revealed that variations in effluent quality, in the assumed ratios of pathogens to E. coli, and in the reduction of pathogens between harvest and consumption had great impact upon risk estimates.
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Jacobs, J. L., G. N. Ward, F. R. McKenzie, and G. Kearney. "Irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser effects on dry matter yield, water use efficiency and nutritive characteristics of summer forage crops in south-west Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 9 (2006): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05122.
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Summer forage crops form an integral component of feed rations to meet the dietary requirements of dairy cows in south-west Victoria. Irrigation of such crops has the potential to increase the availability of feed of high nutritive value. The effect of irrigation strategies and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on forage crop accumulation rates, dry matter yield, water use efficiency and nutritive characteristics was determined at each harvest over 2 summers. The crops used were Hunter (Brassica campestris L. × Brassica napus L.), Graza (a complex hybrid of Raphanus sativus L. with introgression from Raphanus maritimus L. and Brassica oleracea L.) and Shirohie millet (Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno). Irrigation treatments were dryland control, weekly irrigation to 100% of estimated requirements, weekly irrigation to 50% of estimated requirements and 25% of estimated requirements every second week. Following sowing and after each harvest, N was applied at either 50 or 100 kg N/ha (brassica crops, 3 applications; millet, 2 applications). In both years, fully irrigated crops produced higher dry matter yields than the dryland crops for all species. For Hunter and Graza, full irrigation also resulted in higher dry matter yields than irrigating every second week. Nitrogen at the higher application rate led to higher dry matter yields for Graza in both years and for millet in year 1. Irrigation had inconsistent effects on the nutritive characteristics of all species. Metabolisable energy content ranged from 10.1 to 13.6, 9.8 to 13.3 and 8.2 to 11.3 MJ/kg dry matter for Hunter, Graza and millet, respectively. Nitrogen application at 100 kg N/ha resulted in higher crude protein content for Hunter and Graza at the second and third harvests and for millet at the second harvest at 50 kg N/ha in both years. Water use efficiencies (irrigation plus effective rainfall) varied according to species with all dryland crops having higher water use efficiencies than the irrigated crops. Total water use efficiencies ranged from 21 to 55, 17 to 39 and 28 to 86 kg dry matter/ha.mm for Hunter, Graza and millet, respectively. In contrast, water use efficiencies from applied irrigation water ranged from 0 to 18 kg dry matter/ha.mm for Hunter, 5 to 18 kg dry matter/ha.mm for Graza and 3 to 33 kg dry matter/ha.mm for millet. Economic assessments indicated average costs for dryland Hunter, Graza and millet to be AU$94, $124 and $76/t dry matter and average costs for fully irrigated crops to be $57, $67 and $51/t dry matter, respectively. This study indicates there is potential to economically irrigate these species to provide additional dry matter of medium to high nutritional value to feed lactating dairy cows through late spring and summer. The data also indicate that for the irrigation of summer forage crops in this environment, the most efficient use of limited water supplies is likely to be a weekly application of water at 50% of the estimated perennial pasture requirements.
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Al-Shammari, Musa Habib Jassim, Hayder Algretawee, and Ali H. Al-Aboodi. "Using Eight Crops to Show the Correlation between Paucity Irrigation and Yield Reduction of Al-Hussainiyah Irrigation Project in Karbala, Iraq." Journal of Engineering 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4672843.
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Efficiency of water use in irrigation field always motivates researchers to find a way which could reduce irrigation quantity and obtain approximately the same crop yields. This study estimated the relationship between the paucity irrigation with the reduction in yield for eight crops (cotton, maize, alfalfa, small grain, summer vegetable, sesame, sunflower, and palms) by using various paucity irrigation stages from evapotranspiration of crops (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) as an indication of all crop outgrowth using medium soil. This study selected the project of Al-Hussainiyah irrigation that lies in Karbala province, which is close to Baghdad relative to the South. Also, the project has high importance because most dwellers have used the province for agriculture and drinking purposes. These are reasons of choosing it as a case study to implement paucity irrigation strategy on most crops (eight crops) within the project. The necessary records related to this study were obtained from specialized offices in Iraq, particularly water resources and agriculture ministries. Computer programs such as CROPWAT version 8.0, statistical program SPSS statistics version 20, and table curve 2D version 5.0 are considered the software for solving this model. This model was tested for its application and sensitivity by changing paucity levels for each crop. The comparison between the available and the estimated water demand showed that the paucity in irrigation water demand was very clear during the period from February to December for the average present state of agriculture. The correlation analysis gives a result that the paucity irrigation level with yield reduction manifested that the yield reduction rate of maize recorded higher than the other crops, while cotton recorded lower yield reduction rate than the other crops during all paucity stages.
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GOENAGA, R., and H. IRIZARRY. "YIELD OF BANANA GROWN WITH SUPPLEMENTAL DRIP-IRRIGATION ON AN ULTISOL." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004062.
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A three-year study was conducted on an Ultisol to determine the water requirement, yield and fruit-quality traits of three ratoon crops (R1, R2, R3) of ‘Grande Naine’ banana (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA group) subjected to four levels of irrigation. The irrigation treatments were based on Class A pan factors ranging from 0.0 (rainfed) to 1.0 in increments of 0.25. When needed, drip irrigation was supplied three times a week on alternate days. Results showed significant (p < 0.01) irrigation treatment and crop effects on bunch weight, yield, bunch mean hand weight, weight and fruit diameter of the third and last hands, and length of fruits of the third hand. Highest marketable yield (47.9 t ha−1) was obtained from the R2 crop with water application according to a pan factor of 1.0. It was concluded that irrigating the crop according to a pan factor of 1.0 was sufficient to justify the investment of a drip-irrigation system for a farm in the mountain region.
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Popp, Michael, Lanier Nalley, and Gina Vickery. "Irrigation Restriction and Biomass Market Interactions: The Case of the Alluvial Aquifer." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 1 (February 2010): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003308.
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The U.S. Geological Survey has determined that irrigation in Arkansas' Delta is unsustainable. This study examines how irrigation restrictions would affect county net returns to crop production. It also considers the effect of planting less water-intensive bioenergy crops—switchgrass and forage sorghum—in the event biofuel markets become a reality. Results suggest that sustainable irrigation restrictions without bioenergy crops would decrease producer returns by 28% in the region. Introducing these alternative crops would both reduce groundwater use and may restore state producer returns, albeit with significant spatial income redistribution to crop production throughout the state.
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Aziz, Elina, Md Younus Mia, and Nowara Tamanna Meghla. "Exploration of physico-chemical parameters and ionic constituents from groundwater used in irrigation of Tangail district, Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i1.27865.
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The study was conducted for exploration of physico-chemical parameters and ionic constituents of groundwater used in irrigation of four upazilas namely Tangail Sadar, Kalihati, Delduar and Nagarpur upazila of Tangail district during the months of March, April and May of 2015. The physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC and TDS), ionic constituents (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, PO43- and SO42-) and trace metal (Fe and Mn) were analyzed to assess the quality of irrigation in relation to soil properties and crop growth. The pH of groundwater indicates slightly alkaline in nature. As regards to EC the groundwater was in good class and medium salinity hazards in quality for irrigation and the concentration of TDS indicates water as fresh water. The concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, PO43- and SO42- of groundwater were recorded within the permissible limit for irrigation and these ions might not create hazardous impact on soil ecosystem for growing crops. The trace amount of Fe and Mn was detected in irrigation water. In the study area, the groundwater was within the recommended limit and would not create problem for irrigation and that have not long term effects on irrigating agricultural crops which could be safely used for irrigation purposes.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 115-119, April 2016
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Panfilov, Andrey Vladimirovich, Vladimir Petrovich Belogolovtsev, Valery Genadievih Popov, Lyusya Aleksandrovna Ter-Sarkisova, Evgeny Nikolaevich Martynov, and Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Barbashin. "Mineral nutrition in the cultivation of agricultural crops in the crop rotation." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i12pp34-36.
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The article deals with the production of crops in agriculture using mineral nutrition. A fertilizer system that provides high-quality crop yields with the lowest cost per unit of production, steadily increases the fertility of irrigated soils. When developing the issue of crop planning, it is important to establish scientifically based doses of fertilizers. Stable yields of alfalfa are possible under the conditions of irrigation, fertilizers, plant protection products – a high crop of agriculture. An important stabilizing factor in crop irrigation is forest strips that allow you to maintain the timing of irrigation at wind speeds exceeding the permissible values for sprinklers. Optimal seeding rates and design of forest strips for obtaining high yields of alfalfa on irrigation have been established.
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AZAIEZ, M. N. "AN INTEGRATED DP-MIP MODEL FOR OPTIMAL CROP MIX SELECTION WITH DEFICIT IRRIGATION." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 25, no. 05 (October 2008): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595908001924.
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We consider a region suffering from irrigation water scarcity. Candidate crops differ widely in their growth cycles, economic values and water consumption. We develop an integrated dynamic programming-mixed integer programming model to solve for optimal land exploitation over a one year horizon for multiple crops. The model applies deficit irrigation in order to increase the irrigated area at the expense of reducing crop yield per unit area. The dynamic program (DP) guarantees that deficit irrigation is only considered when it is economically efficient. Moreover, it provides optimal combinations of irrigation levels for each growth stage of candidate crops, accounting for the varying impact of water stress over time and the seasonal supply of irrigation water. The output of the DP serves as input to the mixed integer program (MIP). The MIP selects the most profitable crops in the right sequence to benefit the most from the crop-yield dependence on crop predecessor and allocates water and land optimally to maximize total profit. The objective function accounts for the attitude of the decision-maker toward risk by incorporating in its expression a risk-aversion coefficient.
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Kuschel-Otárola, Mathias, Diego Rivera, Eduardo Holzapfel, Niels Schütze, Patricio Neumann, and Alex Godoy-Faúndez. "Simulation of Water-Use Efficiency of Crops under Different Irrigation Strategies." Water 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102930.
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Irrigation management is a key factor in attaining optimal yields, as different irrigation strategies lead to different yields even when using the same amount of water or under the same weather conditions. Our research aimed to simulate the water-use efficiency (WUE) of crops considering different irrigation strategies in the Central Valley of Chile. By means of AquaCrop-OS, we simulated expected yields for combinations of crops (maize, sugar beet, wheat), soil (clay loam, loam, silty clay loam, and silty loam), and bulk density. Thus, we tested four watering strategies: rainfed, soil moisture-based irrigation, irrigation with a fixed interval every 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and an algorithm for optimal irrigation scheduling under water supply constraints (GET-OPTIS). The results showed that an efficient irrigation strategy must account for soil and crop characteristics. Among the tested strategies, GET-OPTIS led to the best performance for crop yield, water use, water-use efficiency, and profit, followed by the soil moisture-based strategy. Thus, soil type has an important influence on the yield and performance of different irrigation strategies, as it provides a significant storage and buffer for plants, making it possible to produce “more crop per drop”. This work can serve as a methodological guide for simulating the water-use efficiency of crops and can be used alongside evidence from the field.
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Fereres, Elias, David A. Goldhamer, and Larry R. Parsons. "Irrigation Water Management of Horticultural Crops." HortScience 38, no. 5 (August 2003): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.5.1036.
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Bastos, R. K. X., P. D. Bevilacqua, C. A. B. Silva, and C. V. Silva. "Wastewater irrigation of salad crops: further evidence for the evaluation of the WHO guidelines." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.244.
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This paper presents the results of an experiment on salad crop irrigation with waste stabilisation pond effluents, conducted in Southeast Brazil. Over about 18 months several trials were carried out using different effluent qualities to irrigate lettuce, kale, arugula, spinach, and green pepper. Equations for predicting the bacterial quality of irrigated crops (E.coli per gram) based on the irrigation water quality (E.coli per 100 mL) were derived for low and high growing crops. The quantitative microbial risk analysis (QMRA) technique, using pathogen-ingestion scenarios based on these field data and on official statistics of vegetables consumption in Brazil, was used to estimate infection risks arising from the consumption of wastewater irrigated crops. It is inferred that irrigation with effluents complying with the WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation should result in salad crops acceptable for consumption.
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Vafoev, Safo, Ilkhomjon Turdibekov, Rustam Vafoev, and Ozoda Vafoeva. "Initial results of watering plants via sub-irrigation technology." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403056.
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In this developing world, saving water is the main problem for agricultural sciences. So, in this field, scientists are using many methods to save water-for instance, traditional irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and others. Solving irrigation and the problems in this article demonstrated the sub-irrigation method for agriculture plants in the Uzbekistan regions. According to watering theory in the field condition and compared to drip irrigation in the region, scientifically experiment was done. According to the results of the study, this method will automate the stability of soil moisture in the irrigation of agricultural crops: save 4 … 5 times water and prevent soil salinization; the cost of processing plants and fuels and lubricants with the help of technical means is sharply reduced; land use coefficient increases; hardening of crop rows and the number of their processing is sharply reduced; it is guaranteed to increase crop yields by mixing the juice with water; environmental pollution and soil salinity are sharply reduced. In the case of drip irrigation of agricultural crops, flexible plastic pipes with a diameter of 16… 20 mm are laid on the soil near the crop stalks, from which water holes or cracks are formed at certain intervals, from which water drips and irrigates crops. It is also possible to mix the juice of chemical and local fertilizers with water.
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Shock, Clinton C., and Feng-Xin Wang. "Soil Water Tension, a Powerful Measurement for Productivity and Stewardship." HortScience 46, no. 2 (February 2011): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.2.178.
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A fundamental way to schedule irrigation is through the monitoring and management of soil water tension (SWT). Soil water tension is the force necessary for plant roots to extract water from the soil. With the invention of tensiometers, SWT measurements have been used to schedule irrigation. There are different types of field instruments used to measure SWT, either directly or indirectly. Precise irrigation scheduling by SWT criteria is a powerful method to optimize plant performance. Specific SWT criteria for irrigation scheduling have been developed to optimize the production and quality of vegetable crops, field crops, trees, shrubs, and nursery crops. This review discusses known SWT criteria for irrigation scheduling that vary from 2 to 800 kPa depending on the crop species, plant product to be optimized, environmental conditions, and irrigation system. By using the ideal SWT and adjusting irrigation duration and amount, it is possible to simultaneously achieve high productivity and meet environmental stewardship goals for water use and reduced leaching.
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Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.
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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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Dalias, Panagiotis, Anastasis Christou, and Damianos Neocleous. "Adjustment of Irrigation Schedules as a Strategy to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Cyprus." Agriculture 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010004.
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The study aimed at investigating eventual deviations from typical recommendations of irrigation water application to crops in Cyprus given the undeniable changes in recent weather conditions. It focused on the seasonal or monthly changes in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and net irrigation requirements (NIR) of a number of permanent and annual crops over two consecutive overlapping periods (1976–2000 and 1990–2014). While the differences in the seasonal ETc and NIR estimates were not statistically significant between the studied periods, differences were identified via a month-by-month comparison. In March, the water demands of crops appeared to be significantly greater during the recent past in relation to 1976–2000, while for NIR, March showed statistically significant increases and September showed significant decreases. Consequently, the adjustment of irrigation schedules to climate change by farmers should not rely on annual trends as an eventual mismatch of monthly crop water needs with irrigation water supply might affect the critical growth stages of crops with a disproportionately greater negative impact on yields and quality. The clear increase in irrigation needs in March coincides with the most sensitive growth stage of irrigated potato crops in Cyprus. Therefore, the results may serve as a useful tool for current and future adaptation measures.
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Gong, Chengqi, Lishan Lin, Yangren Wang, Hao Wang, and Yuan Wang. "Research on Economic Irrigation Scheduling of Crops for Drip Irrigation in Greenhouse." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913601018.
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Aiming at the problem of water waste in the traditional greenhouse vegetable irrigation, economic irrigation schedule of three kinds of vegetables (tomato, cucumber and eggplant) were studied. The experiment was carried out in the North Country Spring Agricultural Demonstration Park in Wuqing District, Tianjin, from April 2018 to December 2018. Three vegetables were tested in 100% (no drought) and 50% (drought) irrigation. The water balance method was used to simulate the change of soil moisture content under greenhouse drip irrigation. The crop coefficient parameters, the temperature stress index, water stress index and dry matter conversion factor were determined using the measured data. The results show that the parameters have good applicability and can be used to describe the effects of water and temperature stress on crop growth and yield. Based on the objective of maximum economic benefit per unit area, the economic irrigation schedule of crops was determined. The analysis showed that the use of the economic irrigation schedule can save the irrigation water and increase production.
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Allahverdiyev, E. R., and D. A. Isayeva. "Influence of irrigation and fertilizer rate on changing the nutritional regime of mixed crops (sorghum and pea) soil on stubble." Agrarian science 344, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-344-1-136-139.
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Relevance. The article quotes questions of the influence of fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on the change in the nutrient regime of the soil when growing mixed crops of pea and sorgho in the conditions of the Karabakh zone of Azerbaijan. In this regard, one of the main issues considered was the development on a scientific and practical basis of the nature of changes in the nutrient regime of the soil and the effect of optimal fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on crop yields in mixed crops in long-irrigated gray meadow soils.Methods. To study the effect of irrigation and fertilizer rates in mixed crops on changes in the nutrient regime of the soil, soil samples were taken from two soil layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) after cutting. In the soil samples taken, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are readily absorbed by plants were analyzed.Results. Analysis of soil samples shows that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers against the background of different amounts of irrigation fundamentally affects the effective fertility of the soil. In general, in the phase of flowering and panicle formation under the influence of irrigation and fertilizers, effective soil fertility was observed compared to the control variant without fertilizing, which remained at a sufficient amount. And this indicates that the plant showed a high demand for this nutrient. The decrease in the number of nutrients in the panicle formation phase indicates its connection with the removal of high yields. Analysis of soil samples during the study shows that the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers against a background of varying amounts of irrigation has fundamentally affected the effective soil fertility.
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Choi, C., I. Song, S. Stine, J. Pimentel, and C. Gerba. "Role of irrigation and wastewater reuse: comparison of subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0089.
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Two different irrigation systems, subsurface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation, are tested to investigate the level of viral contamination and survival when tertiary effluent is used in arid and semi-arid regions. The effluent was injected with bacteriophages of PRD1 and MS2. A greater number of PRD1 and MS2 were recovered from the lettuce in the subsurface drip-irrigated plots as compared to those in the furrow-irrigated plots. Shallow drip tape installation and preferential water paths through cracks on the soil surface appeared to be the main causes of high viral contamination in subsurface drip irrigation plots, which led to the direct contact of the lettuce stems with the irrigation water which penetrated the soil surface. The water use efficiency of the subsurface drip irrigation system was higher than that of the furrow irrigation system. Thus, subsurface drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation method for vegetable crops in arid and semi-arid regions if viral contamination can be reduced. Deeper installation of drip tapes, frequent irrigations, and timely harvests based on cumulative heat units may further reduce health risks by ensuring viral die-off under various field conditions.
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Massimi, Mohunnad. "Mathematical modelling of surface irrigation for field crops in Jordan based on soil hydrological-physical properties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/8341.
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Jordan suffers from drought and depletion of water resources. In-field crop management, the issue of irrigation scheduling is important and influential. In this research note, a simple method was developed for scheduling surface irrigation of field crops based on inputs of crop ecology, effective root depth, soil texture, soil hydrology, and logical mathematics. It was concluded that the science of mathematics has succeeded to meet academic irrigation scheduling in terms of surface irrigation for field crops based on both soil hydrological and physical traits. Extension scholar has a decision to choose mathematical irrigation model depends on the traditional inputs or updating the model by searching for renewable inputs such as different varieties root depths, optimum row spacing of each crop, drip irrigation mathematical modelling, and digital sensing. In both cases, the input related to the effective root depth is a major and basic factor in mathematical irrigation scheduling. It is, therefore, recommendable that extension research-based systems should focus on basic mathematics to capacitate the complementary role of academics, research, and extension in irrigation modelling, and rural development.
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Trout, Thomas J., Terry A. Howell, Marshall J. English, and Derrel L. Martin. "Deficit Irrigation Strategies for the Western U.S." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14114.
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HighlightsDeficit irrigation may maximize net income when irrigation water supplies are limited or expensive.Water production functions are used with economic parameters to maximize net income with deficit irrigation.Net income may be insensitive to the amount of deficit irrigation if production costs are appropriate for anticipated yield.Deficit irrigation increases risk.Abstract. Competition for, regulation of, and depletion of water supplies in the western U.S. has resulted in reduced water available for irrigating crops. When the water supply is expensive or inadequate to meet full crop water requirements, deficit irrigation (DI) may maximize net income (NI) by reducing use of expensive water or irrigating more land with limited irrigation supplies. Managed DI entails rational planning and strategic water allocation to maximize NI when water supplies are constrained. Biophysical and economic relationships were used to develop NI models for DI and determine water allocation strategies that maximize NI under three types of water supply constraints. The analyses determined that potential benefits of DI are greatest when water is expensive, irrigation efficiency is low, the water supply is flexible, and rainfed production is not economically viable. When production costs are appropriate for anticipated yields, NI is less sensitive to DI planning decisions. Deficit irrigation will become more important as irrigation water supplies continue to decline in the future. Net income analysis can assist growers in making rational DI decisions. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Economic analysis, Irrigation management, Net income, Optimization, Water productivity.
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UL-ALLAH, SAMI, ASIF ALI KHAN, THOMAS FRICKE, ANDREAS BUERKERT, and MICHAEL WACHENDORF. "EFFECT OF FERTILISER AND IRRIGATION ON FORAGE YIELD AND IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF PAKISTAN." Experimental Agriculture 51, no. 4 (February 11, 2015): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971400043x.
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SUMMARYIn many parts of Pakistan, availability of green forage is critical to livestock farmers. Forage production is often conducted with two succeeding crops grown within one year and it is highly affected by uncertain availability of irrigation water and low levels of applied mineral fertilisers. The objectives of the present study were to (i) evaluate the effects of crop species, fertiliser type and irrigation level on yield, (ii) determine the corresponding water use efficiency and (iii) investigate relationships between chlorophyll content and crop yield as a basis for a simple sensor-based prediction of crop yield for on-farm use. To this end a two-year field experiment was conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan, with a completely randomised design with four replications in a split plot arrangement. A combination of fertiliser treatment (control, farm yard manure and mineral fertiliser) and irrigation (recommended irrigation, half recommended irrigation) were assigned to main plot whereas subplots were assigned to cropping systems (common (CCS): Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) followed by corn (Zea mays L.), drought-adapted (DACS): Oat (Avena sativa L.) followed by Sudangrass (Andropogon sorghum subsp. drummondii). Yield and irrigation water use efficiency of DACS was higher than CCS (14.8 and 26% respectively), the differences were bigger with reduced irrigation and fertilised crops used the available water better than the control. Positive linear relationships were found between chlorophyll concentration estimated by a chlorophyll meter and yield for all crops (r2 = 0.63–0.96), suggesting this technique as a fairly accurate approach to predict yields of crops in vegetative growth stage.
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Awal, Ripendra, Ali Fares, and Haimanote Bayabil. "Assessing Potential Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Requirements of Major Crops in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas." Water 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111610.
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In order for the agricultural sector to be sustainable, farming practices and management strategies need to be informed by site-specific information regarding potential climate change impacts on irrigation requirements and water budget components of different crops. Such information would allow managers and producers to select cropping systems that ensure efficient use of water resources and crop productivity. The major challenge in understanding the link between cropping systems and climate change is the uncertainty of how the climate would change in the future and lack of understanding how different crops would respond to those changes. This study analyzed the potential impact of climate change on irrigation requirements of four major crops (cotton, corn, sorghum, and winter wheat) in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas. The irrigation requirement of crops was calculated for the baseline period (1980–2010) and three projected periods: 2020s (2011–2030), 2055s (2046–2065), and 2090s (2080–2099). Daily climate predictions from 15 general circulation models (GCMs) under three greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) were generated for three future periods using the Long Ashton Research Station–Weather Generator (LARS-WG) statistical downscaling model. Grid-based (55 grids at ~38 km resolution) irrigation water requirements (IRRs) and other water budget components of each crop were calculated using the Irrigation Management System (IManSys) model. Future period projection results show that evapotranspiration (ET) and IRR will increase for all crops, while precipitation is projected to decrease compared with the baseline period. On average, precipitation meets only 25–32% of the ET demand, depending on crop type. In general, projections from almost all GCMs show an increase in IRR for all crops for the three future periods under the three GHG emission scenarios. Irrigation requirement prediction uncertainty between GCMs was consistently greater in July and August for corn, cotton, and sorghum regardless of period and emission scenario. However, for winter wheat, greater uncertainties between GCMs were observed during April and May. Irrigation requirements show significant variations across spatial locations. There was no consistent spatial trend in changes of IRR for the four crops. A unit change in precipitation is projected to affect IRR differently depending on the crop type.
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Jie, Fei-long, Liang-jun Fei, Yun Zhong, Li-hua Liu, and Shou-xuan Kang. "Wetting Body Characteristics and Infiltration Model of Film Hole Irrigation." Water 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051226.
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Film hole irrigation is a relatively low cost and high efficiency irrigation method, which can significantly improve the efficiency of agricultural water use. In order to establish the quantitative model of film hole irrigation between cumulative infiltration and the wetting body and the irrigation volume model of crops, the infiltration process and wetting body characteristics of four different soils (Xi’an silt loam, silt, silt loam and loam) were studied in laboratory experiments and numerical HYDRUS simulation experiments. The relationship between cumulative infiltration and wetting body radius was established using a mathematical method, and a crop irrigation volume model was proposed based on the root distribution and the required water content of different crops. The experimental results showed that the shape of the wetting body of film hole irrigation is approximately half of the rotating ellipsoid, and the curve shape of the wetting front can be expressed using an elliptic equation. From the center of the film hole to the surface of the wetting front, the soil water content of the wetting body gradually decreases, and the change rate of water content gradually increases, reaching its maximum value near the wetting front. Furthermore, the distribution of water content in the wetting body can be accurately expressed using an elliptic curve equation. The cumulative infiltration of film hole irrigation is proportional to the third power of the equivalent radius of the wetting body, and the equivalent radius is equal to the geometric mean of the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front. In addition, based on the distribution of crop roots and the demand of crop roots on soil water content, the irrigation model of crops was established. This study provides a theoretical basis for the calculation of the irrigation volume for film hole irrigation under the condition of experiment, and has a guiding significance for the field experiment and application of film hole irrigation in different crops in future.
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Mirás-Avalos, José, José Rubio-Asensio, Juan Ramírez-Cuesta, José Maestre-Valero, and Diego Intrigliolo. "Irrigation-Advisor—A Decision Support System for Irrigation of Vegetable Crops." Water 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112245.
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Climate change will intensify water scarcity, and therefore irrigation must be adapted to save water. Operational tools that provide watering recommendations to end-users are needed. This work presents a new tool, Irrigation-Advisor (IA), which is based on weather forecasts and is able to separately determine soil evaporation and crop transpiration, and thus is adaptable to a broad range of agricultural situations. By calculating several statistical indicators, IA was tested against the FAO-56 crop evapotranspiration (ETcFAO) methodology using local crop coefficients. Additionally, IA recommendations were compared with current standard practices by experienced farmers (F). Six field experiments with four widely cultivated species (endive, lettuce, muskmelon and potato) were performed in Southeast Spain. Irrigation water applied, crop yield, aboveground biomass and water productivity were determined. Crop water needs underestimations (5%–20%) were detected when comparing IA against ETcFAO, although the index of agreement proved reasonable adjustments. The IA recommendations led to water savings up to 13% when compared to F, except for lettuce, with a 31% surplus in irrigation when using IA. Crop yield was not compromised and water productivity was increased by IA. Therefore, IA mimicked the farmers′ irrigation strategies fairly well without deploying sensors on-site. Nevertheless, improvements are needed for increasing the accuracy of IA estimations.
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Smidt, Samuel, Anthony Kendall, and David Hyndman. "Increased Dependence on Irrigated Crop Production Across the CONUS (1945–2015)." Water 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2019): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071458.
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Efficient irrigation technologies, which seem to promise reduced production costs and water consumption in heavily irrigated areas, may instead be driving increased irrigation use in areas that were not traditionally irrigated. As a result, the total dependence on supplemental irrigation for crop production and revenue is steadily increasing across the contiguous United States. Quantifying this dependence has been hampered by a lack of comprehensive irrigated and dryland yield and harvested area data outside of major irrigated regions, despite the importance and long history of irrigation applications in agriculture. This study used a linear regression model to disaggregate lumped agricultural statistics and estimate average irrigated and dryland yields at the state level for five major row crops: corn, cotton, hay, soybeans, and wheat. For 1945–2015, we quantified crop production, irrigation enhancement revenue, and irrigated and dryland areas in both intensively irrigated and marginally-dependent states, where both irrigated and dryland farming practices are implemented. In 2015, we found that irrigating just the five commodity crops enhanced revenue by ~$7 billion across all states with irrigation. In states with both irrigated and dryland practices, 23% of total produced area relied on irrigation, resulting in 7% more production than from dryland practices. There was a clear response to increasing biofuel demand, with the addition of more than 3.6 million ha of irrigated corn and soybeans in the last decade in marginally-dependent states. Since 1945, we estimate that yield enhancement due to irrigation has resulted in over $465 billion in increased revenue across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Example applications of this dataset include estimating historical water use, evaluating the effects of environmental policies, developing new resource management strategies, economic risk analyses, and developing tools for farmer decision making.
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Chand, Prem, Rajni Jain, Subhash Chand, Prabhat Kishore, Lungkudailiu Malangmeih, and Sulakshana Rao. "Estimating Water Balance and Identifying Crops for Sustainable Use of Water Resources in the Bundelkhand Region of India." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 1 (2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13429.
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HighlightsA crop suitability index was constructed for the Bundelkhand region of India.The cropping pattern in the region has shifted from cereals to oilseeds and pulses.Nearly 33% more water is needed to meet the total irrigation water requirement of the region.Pearl millet, sesame, and soybean were found to be the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources. ABSTRACT.The Bundelkhand region of India is characterized by acute shortages of water due to recurrent failures of the monsoon. This study estimated the water availability, water requirement, and water deficit in the Bundelkhand region using geographic information system (GIS) data. The study identified suitable crops that can be promoted for sustaining the water resources in the region. Total water availability is estimated to be 17.48 billion cubic meters (BCM), of which 91.3% is available for irrigation. The irrigation water deficit is estimated to be 5.31 BCM, which is 1/4 of the crop water requirement. Farmers in the region give high priority to irrigation of water-guzzling cereal crops instead of pulses and oilseed crops, which have lower water requirements. A crop suitability index revealed that pearl millet, sesame, and soybean are the most suitable crops for sustainable use of water resources in the region. An optimum cropping plan to allocate existing land and water resources, coupled with efficient modern technology such as direct-seeded rice, micro-irrigation, etc., can be the best solution to sustain the natural resources and the income of farmers in the study region. Keywords: Bundelkhand, Crop suitability index, Geographical information system, Water.
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Melikhova, E. V. "TECHNOLOGY OF COMBINED IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-2-84-87.
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There are no doubts about the advantages of using drip irrigation, however, it does not solve the problem of regulating plant phytoclimate in open ground during periods of high temperatures in the Lower Volga region when the biological development of vegetable crops is inhibited, which leads to a decrease in yield. The use of combined irrigation in the combination of drip and fine solves the problem of reducing thermal stress and increases moisture on the soil surface. Based on the research and publications of Russian scientists, the main requirements for the functioning of combined irrigation systems have been identified. These include the provision of drip and fine (aerosol) irrigation, the system should work both jointly and separately, the regulation of plant phytoclimate, the possibility of using foliar feeding and chemical protection, etc. To solve this problem, a number of technical solutions have been considered, which will allow to partially or fully satisfy all the requirements for the stability of the technological process of growing crops under combined irrigation and eliminate the above-mentioned negative environmental conditions of the Lower Volga region. The FGBNU VNII “Raduga” developed the KAU-1M aerosol humidification kit, and the scientists of the Volgograd State Agrarian University developed technical solutions Spray Nozzle of the Combined Irrigation System for Cultivation of Vegetable Crops). The proposed technical solutions for the combined irrigation system will improve operational reliability, provide the plants with soil moisture, control the temperature, nutritional regime of the plants, which will make it possible to obtain stable yields of agricultural crops and environmental safety of the environment.
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Sorensen, R. B., and C. L. Butts. "Peanut Response to Crop Rotation, Drip Tube Lateral Spacing, and Irrigation Rates with Deep Subsurface Drip Irrigation." Peanut Science 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps13-19.1.
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ABSTRACT Long term crop yield with various crop rotations irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is not known for US southeast. A SSDI system was installed in 1998 on Tifton loamy sand soil with five crop rotations, two drip tube lateral spacings, and three irrigation levels. Crop rotations ranged from continuous peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) to four years between peanut. Laterals were installed beneath each crop row (0.91-m) and alternate row middles (1.83-m). Crops were irrigated daily at 100, 75 and 50% of estimated crop water use. Laterals spaced at 1.83 m had the same yield as laterals spaced at 0.91-m in nine out of ten years. The 50, 75, and 100% irrigation treatments averaged 3263, 3468, and 3497 kg/ha, respectively. There was no yield difference between the 75 and 100% irrigation treatments implying 25% water savings. Crop rotation affected peanut yield seven out of eight years and continuous peanut had lowest yield across all years. As time between peanut crops increased peanut yield increased. Irrigation treatment had no effect on total sound mature kernels (TSMK). Lateral spacing affected TSMK 20% of the time and crop rotation affected TSMK 90% of the time. Continuous peanut rotation had the lowest TSMK with higher TSMK occurring as time between peanut crops increased. There was no evidence of any one crop rotation negatively affecting kernel size distribution except for continuous peanut. When using SSDI, it is possible to save 25% irrigation water, install drip laterals in alternate row middles, and rotate with peanut every three years without negatively affecting peanut yield or grade.
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Kurbanov, S. A., M. M. Dzhambulatov, V. V. Borodychev, and D. S. Magomedova. "Water supply intensity during drip irrigation of vegetable crops." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128205008.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the materials of field research on the study of the regularities of the development of moisture outlines on light soils during drip irrigation of vegetable crops. The correlation is found between the depth of the moistened layer and the area of the moistening outlines on the pre-irrigation threshold of the moisture content of the active soil layer, irrigation standards and the flow rate of drippers, which gives an opportunity to decline the unproductive water consumption for filtration. It is found that in light loamy and sandy loam light chestnut soils, for guaranteed rule of the moisture regime, on onion crops, it is essential to maintain the pre-irrigation threshold of 80% HB with the irrigation rate of 200 m3 / ha with the flow rate of drip water outlets of 2.8 l / h, and the depth of irrigation of 120 m3/ha with the flow rate of discharge outlets of 1.7 l/h, correspondingly. In irrigation of tomatoes grown on light-loamy light-chestnut soils, it is appropriate to apply the irrigation rate of 180 m3 / ha, which provides the level of pre-irrigation humidity in the layer of 0.6 m not lower than 80% HB, the formation of the required characteristics of the moisture contour (depth of 0.62 m and diameter of 0.37 m), as well as an enhance in the efficiency of irrigation water use by 11.1%. The results can be applied in the design of drip irrigation systems for vegetable crops.
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Muchow, R. C., and B. A. Keating. "Assessing irrigation requirements in the Ord Sugar Industry using a simulation modelling approach." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 4 (1998): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98023.
Full textAbstract:
Summary. Sustainable irrigation guidelines that maximise profitability and minimise water losses and accession to the watertable are required for the new Ord Sugar Industry. In addition, knowledge on crop water requirements is needed to guide water allocation and costing policies for the expanding Ord Irrigation Area where sugarcane is likely to be a dominant crop. Field data indicating water requirements for sugar in the Ord Irrigation Area are few and this paper deploys a modelling approach to extrapolate from knowledge of water requirements in other parts of the world. The approach links long-term climatic data with soil water characteristics of the main soil type, with a cropping systems model, to develop indicative estimates of irrigation water requirement and yield consequences for different management options for sugarcane production in the Ord. Analyses of the growth of 12-month old ratoon crops were conducted using the APSIM–Sugarcane model with historical climatic data from 1960 to 1985 and either a deep (188 mm available water to 160 cm depth) or shallow (144 mm of water to 120 cm depth) Cununurra clay soil. Under maximum attainable growth conditions where crops were irrigated after half the soil water supply was depleted, average sucrose yield ranged from 26.7 to 29.0 t/ha, and the irrigation requirement (assuming 100% application efficiency) ranged from 22.7 to 23.8 ML/ha depending on ratooning date. Soil water holding capacity had a major effect on the number of irrigations and the interval between irrigation for a given irrigation schedule but little effect on yield or irrigation requirement. Varying the irrigation schedule by changing the level of soil water depletion before irrigation and thus the irrigation frequency, showed the tradeoff between yield and irrigation requirement with the most profitable irrigation schedule depending on the price of sucrose and the cost of irrigation relative to other costs. Most of the year-to-year variation in irrigation water requirement could be explained by the highly variable effectiveness in soil storage of rainfall which ranged from 44 to 93%. This study has provided insight and indicative estimates of the yield and irrigation requirements for different irrigation management options for use in the establishment of an Ord River sugar industry. These estimates will be further refined as field data become available.
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De Souza Padilha, Neriane, Gessí Ceccon, Valdecir Batista Alves, Antonio Luiz Neto Neto, Juslei Figueiredo da Silva, and Priscila Akemi Makino. "Soybean yield in succession to single and intercropping corn and brachiaria and submitted to differents irrigation intervals." Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - Reveng 29 (June 8, 2021): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.11225.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment was performed at a non-acclimatized protected screened environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence predecessor crops of single and intercropping corn and brachiaria on soybean yield submitted to irrigation intervals. The experimental design adopted was in a split split-plot randomized block design with four repetitions. Two soil classes (dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol) were evaluated in the plots, three intervals between irrigations were used during the soybean flowering (each one day, two days and three days) in the subplots and three types straw in the crops autumn-winter (single corn, single brachiaria, intercropping corn and brachiaria) in the sub-subplots. The two soybean plants cultivated in polyethylene pots containing 20 liters of dystroferric Red Latosol or dystrophic Red Latosol corresponded to each repetition, according to the treatment. The irrigation intervals of three and two days, in dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol, respectively, with single brachiaria at the previous crop provided greater number and weight of pods, higher number of grains and higher soybean yield. Irrigation every three days with single corn at the previous crop in dystroferric Red Latosol and dystrophic Red Latosol, resulted in the lower soybean performance.