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Journal articles on the topic 'Crops postharvest losses prevention'
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1
Kader, Adel A. "655 Role of Postharvest Storage in Meeting World Food Needs." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 511B—511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.511b.
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Postharvest losses of horticultural perishables between the production and retail distribution sites are estimated to range from 2% to 23%, depending on the commodity, with an overall average of about 12% of what is shipped from U.S. production areas to domestic and export markets. Estimates of postharvest losses in developing countries are two to three times the U.S. estimates. Losses in dried grains, legumes, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and herbs and spices range from 1% to 10%, depending on their moisture content, temperature and relative humidity of transport and storage facilities, and protection against pathogens and insects. Reduction of these losses can increase food availability to the growing population, decrease the area needed for production, and conserve natural resources. Strategies for loss prevention include use of genotypes that have longer postharvest-life, use of an integrated crop management system that results in good keeping quality of the commodity, and use of the proper postharvest handling system that maintains quality and safety of the products. Biological (internal) causes of deterioration include respiration rate, ethylene production and action, rates of compositional changes, mechanical injuries, water loss, sprouting, physiological disorders, and pathological breakdown. The rate of biological deterioration depends on several environmental (external) factors, including temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and concentrations of carbon dioxide, ethylene, and oxygen. Socioeconomic factors that contribute to postharvest losses include governmental regulations and policies, inadequate marketing and transportation systems, unavailability of needed tools and equipment, lack of information, and poor maintenance of facilities. Although minimizing postharvest losses of already produced food is more sustainable than increasing production to compensate for these losses, less than 5% of the funding of agricultural research is allocated to postharvest research areas. This situation must be changed to increase the role of postharvest loss reduction in meeting world food needs.
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Stathers, Tanya E., Sarah E. J. Arnold, Corinne J. Rumney, and Clare Hopson. "Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea." Food Security 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00997-w.
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AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.
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Gautam, Shriniwas, Antonio L. Acedo Jr, Pepijn Schreinemachers, and Bhishma P. Subedi. "Volume and value of postharvest losses: the case of tomatoes in Nepal." British Food Journal 119, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2016-0632.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a straightforward method to quantify volume and value of postharvest losses in the tomato postharvest value chain in Nepal and estimate the monetary loss shouldered by value chain actors. Design/methodology/approach The study combines interview data to quantify volume and prices with produce sampling to quantify quality losses, and does this at four nodes of the tomato value chain in Nepal: farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers to estimate volume and value of postharvest losses. Findings Almost one-fourth of the total tomato harvest weight that enters the value chain is lost before it reaches consumers, and other one-fifth is traded by the value chain actors at reduced price due to quality damage. The total volume of postharvest loss (weight and quality loss) is not the same for all value chain actors and the average monetary loss ranges from 4 percent of gross revenues for farmers to 12 percent for wholesalers. Practical implications A standard method to account for both physical weight losses and quality losses of horticultural produce is lacking in estimates of the monetary value of postharvest losses for horticultural crops. Knowing such losses is essential for postharvest technology generation, promotion, and adoption. This study provides a framework that can be adopted and improved in future loss assessment studies for estimating the volume and value of postharvest losses in a horticultural value chain. Originality/value The uniqueness of the method used in this study is that it combines interview data to estimate price and volume with produce sampling to quantify quality losses, and does this at four nodes of the value chain: farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers. This method could become a standard approach for assessment of postharvest weight and quality losses and to estimate the monetary value of total postharvest losses in the value chain for horticultural crops.
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Çelikel, Fisun Gürsel. "Organik Bahçe Ürünlerinin Hasat Sonrası Kalitelerinin Korunması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (March 3, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i2.175-182.1532.
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Not only cultural treatments in orchard but also postharvest handling affect the taste, shelf life and nutritional quality of organic fruits and vegetables. Organic crops are mostly harvested at ripe stage or close to ripen, thus, their shelf life is shorter and they are more perishable. Postharvest physiology and requests of crops should be considered during postharvest handling in order to maintain their high quality and prevent postharvest losses. The main aim in postharvest concept is to slow down the metabolism of fresh crops continue to live after harvest. The most important factor is temperature. The fruits and vegetables should be protected from high temperatures and cooled immediately after harvest. The cold chain should be kept until consumer. In addition, diseases can be prevented by controlling environment. Sanitation is another rule to consider. All these rules are important for all growers; however they are of special importance for organic horticulture which allows limited postharvest technologies. In this review, the allowed postharvest treatments of certificated organic fruits and vegetables are given. Preharvest factors, harvest, postharvest factors, cooling methods, cold storage, sanitation methods and products, ethylene and its control, and other specific postharvest subjects are discussed.
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Kudzai Mukumbi, Fungisai Chebanga, and Moses Mutetwa Tuarira Mtaita. "Postharvest losses to agricultural product traders in Mutare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Scientific Agriculture 2 (January 26, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2018.v2.892.
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The study examined the nature and causes of postharvest losses incurred by formal and informal traders in Mutare urban. A survey was conducted where questionnaires were administered to various respondents in the formal and informal sector of fruits and vegetables. The research study assessed the profitability of trading in fruits and vegetables to formal and informal traders. It also assessed traders’ perception of the losses of fruits and vegetables and further determined the possible ways of reducing these postharvest losses so as to enhance profitability in the sector. The study from a sample of 34 respondents revealed that both formal and informal traders experience losses during storage and transportation of goods. Losses incurred during storage were due to the unavailability of proper storage facilities specifically to informal traders. Furthermore, postharvest losses were also resulting from excessive exposure of crops to sunlight, poor packaging, poor carrying containers, attacks by insect pests as well as microbial or disease attacks. Postharvest losses affect profitability and growth of the fruits and vegetables sectors. There is need for farmers to improve on the quality of their produce and harvesting practices as emphasized by traders as they suffered losses as a result of poor quality goods supplied. Further postharvest practices should be improved by traders with special emphasis on adequate storage, handling and proper transportation of goods.
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Nxumalo, Kwanele Andy, Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu, and Olaniyi Amos Fawole. "Potentials of Medicinal Plant Extracts as an Alternative to Synthetic Chemicals in Postharvest Protection and Preservation of Horticultural Crops: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 5897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115897.
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Horticultural crops undergo various physiological and biochemical changes that lead to undesirable physiological disorders, decay and subsequent economic losses during storage. Quality degradation of horticultural crops is mainly caused by postharvest pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp., etc. The application of synthetic fungicides remains the most effective method to control postharvest pathogens. However, their use is becoming increasingly restricted internationally due to health concerns and consumers’ requests for safe and natural alternatives. This has led researchers to investigate natural flora as one of the alternatives to be used in crop protection and preservation. Various medicinal plant parts have different phytochemicals and antioxidants that can be used in crop protection and preservation. Extracts from plants such as Ruta chalepensis, Eucalyptus globulus, etc., have proven to be effective in controlling postharvest pathogens of horticultural crops and increased their shelf life when used as a substitute for synthetic chemicals. Furthermore, extracts from neem and other medicinal plants contain a predominant and insecticidal active ingredient. The application of medicinal plant extracts could be a useful alternative to synthetic chemicals in the postharvest protection and preservation of horticultural crops. This review paper details the application of medicinal plant extracts for postharvest protection and preservation of horticultural crops.
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McCollum, T. G. "661 Molecular Biology of Host–Pathogen Interactions in Harvested Horticultural Crops." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 512C—512. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.512c.
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Decay caused by fungal pathogens accounts for significant postharvest losses. Although the application of synthetic fungicides can reduce postharvest decay, increasing public concern over using fungicides as well as the resistance that develops to them indicate that alternative means of decay control are needed. Freedom from disease before harvest is the norm rather than the exception. Numerous defense mechanisms, both preformed and inducible, are involved in plant resistance to fungal pathogens. Understanding how natural defense mechanisms are regulated and how to maintain them in harvested products may provide the basis for new strategies to reduce postharvest losses caused by pathogens. Host–pathogen interactions have been well studied in growing plants but much less extensively in harvested organs. The interaction between host and pathogen is dynamic; changes in both organisms are required for disease development. Following harvest, the incidence of decay increases indicating that changes in the host render it more susceptible to pathogen development. Recent studies by plant physiologists and pathologists have contributed to our understanding of changes in harvested tissues that render them less resistant to decay as well as changes in the host that are induced in response to fungal infection.
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Yeshiwas, Yebirzaf, and Esubalew Tadele. "An Investigation into Major Causes for Postharvest Losses of Horticultural Crops and Their Handling Practice in Debre Markos, North-Western Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1985303.
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In developing countries, food systems are mainly characterized by unorganized, traditional supply chains, and limited market infrastructure. Bulk quantity of the harvested produce is lost every year because of the absence of proper postharvest handling and management practices. The current study was conducted to estimate and identify the major causes for postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables in Debre Markos, north-western Ethiopia. Forty respondents who were retailing fruits and vegetables were randomly selected and qualitative and quantitative data were collected by using direct market observation and semistructured questioners. The result of the present study revealed significant differences between sociodemographic factors, handling practices, and postharvest loss. Educational status, selling experience, and packaging material have a significant relationship with postharvest loss. A significant difference was obtained among the transportation methods used, the selling place, storage methods, and materials. The result also indicated that fewer than 20 percent of respondents practiced selling fruits and vegetables in the resident mini shop. The majority of damaged produce was sold at a discount price. Retailers do not have formal knowledge of postharvest handling practices. The average postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables were estimated to be five to eighty-three percent of the market share. Mainly, during retailing, rotting, mechanical damage, poor handling, improper management of temperature and relative humidity, and hygiene problems during handling are among the major causes of postharvest losses. To reduce the high postharvest loss and supply quality products for consumers throughout the year, intervention activities such as the construction of permanent selling place for perishables, practicing various evaporative cooling technologies, outset training, awareness creation, and infrastructures should be effectively and urgently addressed.
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Buescher, Ron. "Changes in Nutritional Value of Horticultural Food Crops Affected by Handling, Storage, and Processing." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 697a—697. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.697a.
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Postharvest handling, storage, and processing greatly affect retention and bioavailability of nutrients in horticultural food crops. Although there are a few exceptions, concentrations of most nutrients are reduced by all postharvest operations. Losses of certain nutrients may range from 5% to 100%, depending on their chemical stability, solubility, and postharvest treatment. Therefore, the amount of a particular nutrient in a horticultural food at the time of harvest may not reflect the amount present when the raw or cooked food is consumed. Most vitamins are susceptible to oxidation catalyzed by enzymes, light, pro-oxidant metals, and active oxygen species. Also, nutrient retention and stability are affected by heat, leaching, and certain preservatives, such as sulfites. Physical injuries during handling, processing, and preparation for consumption accelerate vitamin degradation. Therefore, nutrient losses may be very large in minimally processed and food service products that are marketed in peeled, sliced, or shredded forms. Other processing methods, such as dehydration, fermentation, freezing, and canning usually result in significant losses in nutrient concentrations. Although processing generally contributes to loss of nutrient content of foods, certain processing methods improve the bioavailability of some minerals and vitamins, which may increase the actual nutritional value of the food. Methods to reduce inhibitors and antagonists of nutrient availability should receive major emphasis in efforts to improve nutritional value, along with efforts to improve the amount and retention of nutrients in horticultural food crops.
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Prusky, Dov B., and Edward Sionov. "Special Issue “Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits”." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030553.
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The interplay between fungal pathogens and harvest crops is important in determining the extent of food losses following the storage and transport of crops to consumers. The specific factors modulating the activation of colonization are of key importance to determining the initiation of fungal colonization and host losses. It is clear nowadays from the wide number of transcription studies in colonized fruits that pathogenicity in postharvest produce is not only the result of activation of fungal pathogenicity factors but is significantly contributed to fruit maturity and ripening. In this editorial summary of the Special Issue “Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits”, we present a short summary of future research directions on the importance of the interplay between fruit and pathogens and nine published papers (one review and eight original research papers), covering a wide range of subjects within the mechanism of pathogenicity by postharvest pathogens, including transcriptome analysis of pathogenesis, pathogenicity factors, new antifungal compounds and food toxin occurrence by pathogens. This summary may lead the reader to understand the key factors modulating pathogenicity in fruits.
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Henz, Gilmar Paulo. "Postharvest losses of perishables in Brazil: what do we know so far?" Horticultura Brasileira 35, no. 1 (March 2017): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620170102.
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ABSTRACT Although difficult to pin down an exact figure, the idea that postharvest losses (PHL) of perishables in Brazil stand at 30-45% has been widely accepted. In spite of the modernization of production systems and the logistics and distribution of perishables in the last decades, postharvest losses continue to be a persistent and relevant problem. However, little is known about what has already been published on the subject. This work addresses precisely this issue, based on a comprehensive survey of publications on PHL of fruits and vegetables. Bibliographic searches were performed at the Embrapa’s library system, Google Scholar and SciELO. Several publications on PHL of fruits and vegetables were reviewed and grouped according to their scope and objectives into three major categories: (1) PHL studies: estimates, measurements, research projects, reviews; (2) postharvest technologies: application of technologies, studies of postharvest physiology, diseases and/or mechanical damage; (3) economics: studies of economics, logistics and management. Results of this analysis are discussed in a historic perspective and mainly in what they reveal of the impact of social and technological development on the studies of PHL in horticultural crops.
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Sugri, Issah, Bonaventure Kissinger Maalekuu, Eli Gaveh, Francis Kusi, and Salim Lamini. "Assessment of Low-cost Postharvest Techniques to Reduce Storage Losses in Sweet Potato." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n4p17.
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Sweet potato is now classified among the high-priority crops targeted at reducing food insecurity and malnutrition in many countries. Despite this growing interest, high postharvest losses caused by poor handling, physiological weight loss, sprouting, weevil (Cylas spp.) damage and microbial decay remain a challenge. Decay losses due to tip rot and other pathogenic fungi are a challenge in Ghana. Incidence of tip rot, which is characterized by a dry decay at either or both ends of roots, is severe due to late harvesting of roots which are intended for storage. This study evaluated a series of postharvest techniques which can be integrated to extend shelf-life in small scale storage. These include harvest maturity, root tip coppicing, hot water treatment, honey waxing and sanitizing in postharvest chemicals. Tip coppicing significantly (P<0.001) reduced the incidence of tip rot across the varieties when stored for 8 weeks, but dipping roots in different oils did not significantly (P<0.05) reduce tip rot incidence. Decay losses in the control and hot water treated roots were similar during the first 4 weeks after storage, but later losses were significantly severe in hot water treated roots. The range of fungi genera identified in this study are generally fungal endophytes; often symptomless in roots but become pathogenic when conditions are favourable. Due to the root thin skin, mechanical injuries during harvesting and handling become infection pathways for such pathogens. Therefore, integration of best practices at each step of harvesting and postharvest handling operations can significantly minimize decay losses.
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Ko, Y., C. W. Liu, C. Y. Chen, S. Maruthasalam, and C. H. Lin. "First Report of Stem-End Rot of Mango Caused by Phomopsis mangiferae in Taiwan." Plant Disease 93, no. 7 (July 2009): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0764a.
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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is grown on approximately 20,000 ha in Taiwan. It is an economically important crop and the income of many fruit farmers comes primarily from mango production. During 2006 and 2007, a stem-end rot disease was observed 1 week after harvest on 28 to 36% of stored mangoes picked from six orchards in the Pingtung, Tainan, and Kaoshiung regions. Two popular mango cultivars, Keitt and Irwin, showed greater susceptibility to this disease, while ‘Haden’ was found to be moderately susceptible. In storage, symptoms initially appeared as light-to-dark brown lesions surrounding peduncles. Rot symptoms advanced slowly but eventually penetrated the mesocarp, which consequently reduced the commercial value of fruits. The fungus formed abundant pycnidia (0.1 to 0.6 mm in diameter) on infected fruits in advanced stages of symptom development. Pieces of symptomatic fruits plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 1°C consistently yielded the same fungus. A single conidial isolate was cultured. Pycnidia developed on PDA after continuous exposure to light for 9 to 14 days. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Phomopsis mangiferae L. (2,3). Pycnidia released two types of conidia: α-conidia (5 to 10 × 2.3 to 4.0 μm) were hyaline and oval to fusoid; and β-conidia (15.0 to 37.5 × 1.3 to 2.5 μm) were hyaline and filiform with characteristic curves. Conidiophores were hyaline, filiform, simple or branched, septate, and 15 to 75 μm long. Cultures incubated under continuous fluorescent light (185 ± 35 μE·m–2·s–1) at 25°C for 3 days were used as inoculum for pathogenicity tests. Five fruits from ‘Keitt’ were wounded with a sterilized scalpel and each wound (2 × 2 × 2 mm) was inoculated with either a 5-mm mycelium agar plug or a 0.5-ml spore suspension (105 conidia per ml) of the fungus. Five wounded fruits inoculated with 5-mm PDA plugs or sterile water alone served as controls. Inoculated areas were covered with moist, sterile cotton. Fruits were enclosed in plastic bags and incubated at 24°C for 3 days. The test was performed three times. The same symptoms were observed on all inoculated fruits, whereas no decay was observed on control fruits. Reisolations from the inoculated fruits consistently yielded P. mangiferae, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This disease has previously been reported in Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Malaysia, and the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. mangiferae causing stem-end rot disease on mangoes in Taiwan. Our report necessitates taking preventive strategies in the field, prior to or after harvest, to contain postharvest losses in mangoes. References: (1) G. I. Johnson. Page 39 in: Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. R. C. Ploetz et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1994. (2) R. C. Ploetz, ed. Page 354 in: Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2003. (3) E. Punithalingam. No. 1168 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1993.
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Musita, Consolata Nolega, Michael Wandayi Okoth, and George Ooko Abong’. "Postharvest Handling Practices and Perception of Potato Safety among Potato Traders in Nairobi, Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (April 28, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2342619.
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Postharvest handling of the potato is an important factor not only in preventing postharvest losses but also in maintaining its safety and nutritional quality. Exposure of the potato to unfavorable conditions such as light, extreme temperatures, and bruising can result in accumulation of glycoalkaloids, which are toxic substances. This study was a cross-sectional survey which aimed to investigate the postharvest handling practices of potatoes and perception of potato safety among open air market traders in Nairobi County, Kenya. Information was collected from 100 potato traders using a semistructured questionnaire that assessed postharvest handling practices such as potato transportation, exposure to sunlight, and storage. Results indicated that most of the potatoes (88%) took one day to be transported to the market, with the storage period at the market ranging from 2 to 3 days for most traders (42%). Forty-seven percent (47%) of the vehicles and hand-pulled carts used to transport potatoes had open backs, while 53% had closed backs. Over half (69%) of the potatoes in the markets were directly exposed to sunlight, with 75% of the traders leaving their potatoes in the open covered with a polythene bag after the day’s activities. Greening, sprouting, or bruised potatoes were mostly sold as seed, sold to restaurants and French fries vendors, or sold to consumers at a lower price. More than half of the traders did not think that consumption of greened potatoes is harmful to health. The results clearly show that there is poor handling of the potatoes by the traders which increases the risk of consumer exposure to glycoalkaloids. There is, therefore, a need to create awareness among traders on appropriate postharvest handling of potatoes to protect consumer health and reduce economic losses as well.
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Nath, Prem, and Sundari Velu. "(9) Cucurbitaceous Crops in Asia." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1016B—1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1016b.
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Among the vegetables, the cucurbitaceous crops form one of the largest groups with their wide adaptation from arid climates to the humid tropics. In Asia, about 23 edible major and minor cucurbits are grown and consumed. Though the data on cucurbits alone are not easily available, the production of watermelon was reported to be 69.7 million tons in Asia, 9.0 million tons in the Near East, 2.7 million tons in North and Central America, and 2.4 million tons in Latin America and the Caribbean (2003). Cucurbits demonstrate wide adaptability, which allows the crops to grow in varied agroclimatic conditions. Among food crops, cucurbits are the largest producers of biological water and are easily digestible. The cucurbits contain 80% to 95% water and also contain nutritive elements, such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamins A and C, calcium, lycopene, phosphorus, potassium, and other properties, in addition to medicinal values. They are common crops in rural, urban, and peri-urban areas, and are accessible to both rich and poor. Even with the gradual increase in production and consumption, the production of cucurbits is plagued by the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, inadequate availability of quality seeds, lack of maintenance of genetic varieties and of naturally occurring biodiversities, and the lack of knowledge on the international standard of quality production and postharvest handling. The thrust areas of development, as identified, are: harnessing new sciences; diversification in cropping patterns; utilization of available genetic diversities; reversal of postharvest losses; and value addition in food products. Cucurbits hold promise as supplementary food for the common masses.
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Kahramanoğlu, İbrahim, Muhammad Farrukh Nisar, Chuying Chen, Serhat Usanmaz, Jinyin Chen, and Chunpeng Wan. "Light: An Alternative Method for Physical Control of Postharvest Rotting Caused by Fungi of Citrus Fruit." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821346.
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Solar light has fundamental roles in vast chemical, biochemical, and physical process in biosphere and hence been declared as “source of life.” Solar light is further classified into a broad range of electromagnetic waves, and each region in the solar spectrum bears its unique actions in the universe or biosphere. Since centuries, solar light is believed as a potent source of killing pathogens causing postharvest losses on food products as well as human skin diseases. Citrus fruit crops are widely produced and consumed across the world, but due to their higher juicy contents, Penicillium italicum (blue mold) and Penicillium digitatum (green mold) make their entry to decay fruits and cause approximately 80% and 30% fruit losses, respectively. Agrochemicals or synthetic fungicides are highly efficient to control these postharvest fungal pathogens but have certain health concerns due to toxic environmental residues. Therefore, the scientific community is ever looking for some physical ways to eradicate such postharvest fungal pathogens and reduce the yield losses along with maintaining the public health concerns. This review article presents and discusses existing available information about the positive and negative impacts of different spectrums of solar light exposure on the postharvest storage of citrus fruits, especially to check citrus postharvest rotting caused by Penicillium italicum (blue mold) and Penicillium digitatum (green mold). Moreover, a special focus shall be paid to blue light (390–500 nm), which efficiently reduces the decay of fruits, while keeping the host tissues/cells healthy with no known cytotoxicity, killing the fungal pathogen probably by ferroptosis, but indepth knowledge is scanty. The study defines how to develop commercial applications of light in the postharvest citrus industry.
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Deshi, S. N., D. L. Wonang, and B. S. Dafur. "Control of Rots and Spoilage of Agricultural Products: A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 18 (July 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.18.63.
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The most important losses in agricultural production which involve the greatest costs on the farm economy occur postharvest. It is estimated that worldwide between 10 and 40% losses of agricultural produce occur postharvest. Losses are more severe in developing than developed nations of the world. Several species of fungi and in some cases bacteria participate in postharvest deterioration and rots of tubers and agro- produce. These include species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Macrophomina, Penicillium and Rhizopus amongst several others. In a bid to control these storage diseases several control techniques including physical, biological, and chemical and in recent times plant-based pesticides are employed. Chemical control has been identified as the most popular and most effective means of controlling plant diseases. However, it is being de-emphasized due largely to mammalian toxicity occasioned by chemical residues in crops. This in addition to many other demerits on ecological health and build-up of pathogens’ resistance to some of the most effective fungicides have prompted search for alternatives. Recently in plant pathology many tropical plants are being screened for fungitoxic properties. This review presents highlights of the different control techniques for control of myco- induced storage rots of tubers and agricultural products in the tropics.
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Lurie, Susan. "Prestorage heat stress to improve storability of fresh produce: a review." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2016.1159411.
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Postharvest decay and insect infestation are two major causes of postharvest losses along the fresh produce supply chain. Although these problems can usually be controlled with pesticide applications, the use of chemicals postharvest is becoming limited due to increasingly strict regulations enforced by importing countries. Heat treatments are environmentally friendly and are being increasingly used for disinfestation and disinfection of a variety of crops. These treatments help to eradicate pathogens or pests on the fruit while maintaining the overall quality of the fresh produce during storage, shipment and marketing. Treatment times and temperatures range widely, from days at 35–39°C in hot air, up to 63°C in hot water for a few seconds. This review will discuss the heat treatments developed in the Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center Israel, for fresh produce to control fungal decay, insect damage and maintain produce quality during storage and marketing.
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Kumar, Deepak, and Prasanta Kalita. "Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries." Foods 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods6010008.
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Wan, Chunpeng, İbrahim Kahramanoğlu, and Volkan Okatan. "Application of plant natural products for the management of postharvest diseases in fruits." Folia Horticulturae 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0016.
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Abstract Prevention of postharvest losses has been a very important concern in the scientific world for many centuries, since adoption of an effective means to curtail such losses is believed to help in reaching sustainability in horticultural production and prevention of hunger around the world. The main means of deterioration in fruits, which may occur after harvest, include physiological changes/losses, physical losses, biochemical changes, changes in enzymatic activities and pathological deterioration. Among these, diseases cover the most important part; the losses due to diseases range from 5% to 20%, and this figure may extend up to >50% in the cases of certain susceptible cultivars. Fungicides have been the most important tool for the management of postharvest diseases for many years, together with hygiene, cold storage and packaging. However, due to the scientifically confirmed hazards of agro-chemicals on environment and human health, the acceptability of agro-chemicals decreased and scientists turned their attention towards natural alternatives. Most tropical and subtropical fruits contain a superficial cuticle, which helps them to regulate respiration and transpiration and protects against microbial decay. However, the waxy cuticle is generally being removed or damaged during washing or other handling practices. Therefore, the application of protective coatings (including wax) has been used in the fruit industry since the twelfth century, against microbial decay and for maintaining an acceptable standard of postharvest quality. This review aims to summarise and discuss the main natural products used for this purpose, to provide a broad-in-scope guide to farmers and the fruit storage sector.
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Abubakar, M. M., M. Norida, M. Y. Rafii, and J. J. Nakasha. "Effects of post-harvest hot water treatments on the fungi contamination, physiology and quality of rock melon fruit." JULY 2020, no. 14(7):2020 (July 20, 2020): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.07.p2218.
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During the postharvest management of fruits and vegetables, the losses range from 10 to 30% of the entire production. This is due to numerous causes, but the most important reason is infestation by fungi. Many synthetic fungicides are employed for postharvest treatment of fruit and vegetables throughout the world. However, fungicidal residues often represent a significant threat to human health. The current study examined the use of hot water treatments on rock melon fruit. Hot water treatments at 55℃ was arranged into four treatments of different dipping periods of 0 minutes (control), 1 minute, 2 minutes, and 3 minutes. The postharvest hot water treatments on rock melon fruit were found to increase the shelf life up to 21 days by minimizing the weight loss, maintaining firmness, preventing the damage of sucrose, retaining the rind size, maintaining the fruit appearance, and reducing fungal infection. The one-minute dip was more effective than other treatments. The treatment successfully extends the shelf life of rock melon fruit quality for the market until three weeks of storage at 21 ± 1 ℃ compared with the control, which was only stored for one week. The results showed the importance of hot water treatments as an alternative to fungicides or chemical treatments, which have a high risk to the health of consumers. Hot water treatment is economical and easier to access than the chemical treatments.
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ROSADO, ANDRÉ W. C., FÁBIO A. CUSTÓDIO, DANILO B. PINHO, ANA PAULA S. FERREIRA, and OLINTO L. PEREIRA. "Cladosporium species associated with disease symptoms on Passiflora edulis and other crops in Brazil, with descriptions of two new species." Phytotaxa 409, no. 5 (July 15, 2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.409.5.1.
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Fungi belonging to the genus Cladosporium are cosmopolitan occurring in various substrate or hosts. Cladosporium spp. are responsible for economic losses in numerous agricultural crops, causing leaf spots, scab, postharvest rots and other disease symptoms. The etiology of many diseases associated with these symptoms is still uncertain. The aim of this research was to determine the identity of Cladosporium isolates associated with passionfruit scab and some postharvest rots on different crops in Brazil, based on phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that all samples belong to the C. cladosporioides complex. Three previously described Cladosporium species were identified: Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides (on kiwi, passionfruit and taro), C. subuliforme (on passionfruit) and C. tenuissimum (on cashew fruit, papaya and passionfruit). In addition, four putative new species were found: Cladosporium passiflorae sp. nov., C. passifloricola sp. nov., Cladosporium sp. 1 and Cladosporium sp. 2, all occurring on passionfruit. This study is the first report of the presence of seven different species of Cladosporium associated with diseased passionfruit. Moreover, this paper represents the first report of C. pseudocladosporioides associated with postharvest rot on kiwi and taro and C. tenuissimum on cashew fruit in Brazil. This study contributes with several taxonomic novelties for the knowledge about the diversity of Cladosporium cladosporioides complex, especially those associated with plant diseases.
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Njoroge, Anastasia W., Ibrahim Baoua, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "Postharvest Management Practices of Grains in the Eastern Region of Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p33.
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Cereals and legumes play a major role in the production systems and diets of farmers in the semi-arid eastern region of Kenya. Efficient postharvest management can tremendously contribute to food security in these regions. A study was carried out in three counties in eastern Kenya to assess pre and postharvest management practices among farmers. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires designed and administered using Kobo Toolbox via android tablets. Results showed that farmers cultivated three main crops: maize (98%), beans 66%), and pigeon peas (28%). The most saved seed crops were beans (80%) and pigeon peas (50%). Majority of the farmers (80%) experienced pre-drying losses due to insects (48%), rodents (40%) and birds (39%). Farmers stored grain for consumption (80%) and for sale (19%). About 48% of farmers stored the grain for more than 9 months. Challenges during grain storage were insects (57%) and rodents (43%). Primary methods of grain preservation included hermetic methods (61%) followed by insecticides (33%). While progress is being made in addressing storage challenges, there still a need to continue building awareness about improved storage technologies and find solutions for pest infestations in the field and drying after harvest.
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Villers, Philippe. "Food Safety and Aflatoxin Control." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n2p38.
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This paper examines the prevention of the exponential growth of aflatoxin occurring in multi-month, postharvest storage in tropical countries, with examples from field experience and scientific data. Four approaches to modern, safe, postharvest storage methods are described, the most successful being the use of flexible, UltraHermetic™ airtight structures that create an unbreatheable atmosphere (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide) through insect and microorganism respiration alone, without use of chemicals, fumigants, vacuum, or refrigeration.The increase in aflatoxin levels during multi-month, postharvest storage is a serious health hazard affecting several major crops. During postharvest crop storage by conventional methods in tropical conditions, molds existing within crops can produce aflatoxin levels many times greater than at harvest, often vastly exceeding the international safety standards of 20 ppb (parts per billion). For example, field data from Mali documents that during just two months of conventional peanut storage, average aflatoxin levels rose 200%. In Uganda, aflatoxin levels in conventionally stored maize rose 300% in three months. By contrast, laboratory and field data from Mali and Uganda show that the organically modified atmosphere created using various forms of sufficiently hermetic (airtight) storage containers (ranging from 25kg to 1000-tonne capacity) prevents the exponential growth of aflatoxin-producing molds in various grains, peanuts, and seeds.
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Sharma, Archana, and Amod Sharma. "Postharvest Losses during the Marketing of Large Cardamon and Ginger Spices Crops in East District of Sikkim." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 05 (May 10, 2019): 1274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.145.
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Quellhorst, Hannah E., Anastasia Njoroge, Taisha Venort, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "Postharvest Management of Grains in Haiti and Gender Roles." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 4608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114608.
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Food security is a continuing challenge in Haiti. The demand for food far exceeds local supply. As a result, Haiti imports nearly 50% of its national food needs. Postharvest management is an often neglected link in the grain value chain that has potential to improve food availability. We interviewed 214 farmers in three departments in July–August 2017 to assess postharvest handling and storage of grains and gender roles in Haiti. Results showed that among the respondents: 64% were male; 55% were over the age of 40 years; and about half had attended secondary school. Maize and beans were the most grown and stored crops. The average production for maize and beans was 288 kg and 88 kg, respectively. About 75% of the respondents stored less than 100 kg of either crop. Rodents and insects were the main causes of loss during storage. Farmers who produced more grain, stored longer, and experienced losses during drying and seed storage were more likely to use insecticides on stored products. Postharvest management practices were gendered at the lower end of the value chain; where women played a key role in marketing the grain. Addressing postharvest management challenges, through targeted interventions, to increase food availability while investing in maize and bean production can improve food security in Haiti.
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Szczerbanik, M., J. Jobling, S. Morris, and P. Holford. "Essential oil vapours control some common postharvest fungal pathogens." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05236.
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Diseases caused by fungal pathogens cause substantial postharvest losses to most perishable food crops. Fungal diseases are currently controlled with fungicides; however, reliance on this single control strategy leads to problems such as environmental damage and fungal resistance to fungicides. There is increasing pressure from consumers to find more natural methods of disease control. A possible alternative to fungicides may be essential oils, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of several fungi and are seen as natural compounds. The present study examined the effect of the vapour phase of spearmint, tea tree, pine and cinnamon oils and an antifungal blend on the growth of eight common postharvest fungal pathogens growing in vitro. It was found that the antifungal, spearmint and tea tree oils controlled the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum sp., Geotrichum candidum, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium cladosporiodes more effectively than pine or cinnamon oil but were less effective against Penicillium digitatum. Antifungal, spearmint and tea tree oils appeared to reduce sporulation in P. digitatum, A. niger and R. oryzae and inhibited spore germination by A. niger. This work shows that the antifungal, spearmint and tea tree oil vapours may provide an alternative means of controlling postharvest pathogens. All of the oils had a fungistatic mode of action and their use would require the development of commercial treatment methods applicable throughout the postharvest handling chain.
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Yaghmour, Mohammad A., Richard M. Bostock, James E. Adaskaveg, and Themis J. Michailides. "Propiconazole Sensitivity in Populations of Geotrichum candidum, the Cause of Sour Rot of Peach and Nectarine, in California." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0796.
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The sour rot pathogen of peach (Prunus persica var. persica) and nectarine (P. persica var. nectarina) fruit, Geotrichum candidum, can cause significant postharvest losses in California fruit production. Harvested peach and nectarine fruit, treated with fungicide at the packinghouse but culled after inspection because of disease and defects, were collected for further assessment and pathogen isolation. The incidence of fruit with sour rot was 3.4 ± 1.0 to 26.1 ± 2.3%. Culled fruit that had been treated with postharvest fungicides from five different orchards had a significantly higher incidence of sour rot when compared with nontreated fruit. Since August 2006, propiconazole has been used as a postharvest treatment to protect peach and nectarine fruit against sour rot. The mean effective concentration that inhibits 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) value of 57 isolates of G. candidum to propiconazole collected before and during 2006 was 0.072 μg/ml. However, 61 isolates from propiconazole-treated, diseased fruit collected from 2007 to 2009 had a mean EC50 value for mycelial growth of 0.378 μg/ml, a fivefold shift in mean sensitivity. Propiconazole applied as either a protective or curative treatment significantly reduced disease severity and decay development in fruit inoculated with a propiconazole-sensitive isolate. The fungicide was significantly less effective when applied as a preventive or a curative application to fruit that were inoculated with a less-sensitive isolate of G. candidum. Under laboratory conditions, isolates of the pathogen less sensitive to propiconazole were stable over multiple transfers on fungicide-free medium. The potential for the development of G. candidum populations with reduced sensitivity to propiconazole and the increased risk of crop loss due to the practice of returning culled fruit to production orchards are discussed.
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Stathers, Tanya, Deirdre Holcroft, Lisa Kitinoja, Brighton M. Mvumi, Alicia English, Oluwatoba Omotilewa, Megan Kocher, Jessica Ault, and Maximo Torero. "A scoping review of interventions for crop postharvest loss reduction in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 10 (October 2020): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00622-1.
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Abstract Reducing postharvest losses (PHLs) of food crops is a critical component of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity. Many PHL reduction interventions have been tested, but synthesized information to support evidence-based investments and policy is scarce. In this study, PHL reduction interventions for 22 crops across 57 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia from the 1970s to 2019 were systematically reviewed. Screening of the 12,907 studies identified resulted in a collection of 334 studies, which were used to synthesize the evidence and construct an online open-access database, searchable by crop, country, postharvest activity and intervention type. Storage technology interventions mainly targeting farmers dominated (83% of the studies). Maize was the most studied crop (25%). India had the most studies (32%), while 25 countries had no studies. This analysis indicates an urgent need for a systematic assessment of interventions across the entire value chain over multiple seasons and sites, targeting stakeholders beyond farmers. The lack of studies on training, finance, infrastructure, policy and market interventions highlights the need for interventions beyond technologies or handling practice changes. Additionally, more studies are needed connecting the impact of PHL reductions to social, economic and environmental outcomes related to Sustainable Development Goals. This analysis provides decision makers with data for informed policy formulation and prioritization of investments in PHL reduction.
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Guo, Baozhu, Jiujiang Yu, C. Corley Holbrook, Thomas E. Cleveland, William C. Nierman, and Brian T. Scully. "Strategies in Prevention of Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts: Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetics and Genomics." Peanut Science 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/at07-001.1.
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Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), or groundnut, is an important crop economically and nutritionally in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is also one of the most susceptible host crops to Aspergillus flavus resulting in aflatoxin contamination. The prevention or elimination of aflatoxin contamination in preharvest and postharvest crops is a serious challenge facing scientists. The recent International Conference on Groundnut Aflatoxin Management and Genomics held in Guangzhou, China, provided an international forum for discussions on the latest accomplishments, the development of strategies, and the initiation of cooperative research for the prevention of aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the progress in genetic and genomic research of peanuts and the toxin-producing fungus A. flavus. In particular, the pathway for production and the genetic regulation of afaltoxin, and the peanut-Aspergillus interaction are discussed. The use of a peanut-Aspergillus microarray will help scientists to study the crop-pathogen interaction; aids in the identification of genes involved in both fungal invasion and crop resistance, and ultimately enhance research to find solutions that prevent aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities.
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Zakaria, Latiffah. "Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease in Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040297.
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In tropical fruit crops, anthracnose is mainly caused by species belonging to the fungal genus, Colletotrichum. These phytopathogens can infect several parts of the fruit crops; however, infection during postharvest or ripening stages is responsible for major economic losses. Due to the formation of black to dark brown sunken lesions on the fruit surface, anthracnose reduces fruit quality and marketability. Among the most common tropical fruit crops susceptible to anthracnose are mango, papaya, banana, avocado, guava, and dragon fruit; these are economically relevant products in many developing countries. It is important to document that the newly recorded Colletotrichum spp. associated with fruit anthracnose can infect multiple hosts, but some species may be host-specific. By using multiple markers, many phylogenetic species of Colletotrichum have been reported as anthracnose-causing pathogens. Taking into account that disease management strategies strongly rely on adequate knowledge of the causative agents, updated information on Colletotrichum species and the hazard posed by the most recently identified species in tropical fruit plantations and harvested fruits becomes vital. Besides, the newly recorded species may be important for biosecurity and should be listed as quarantine pathogens, considering that tropical fruits are traded worldwide.
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Pèrez-Brennan, Rufino. "457 Postharvest Research and Training: A Powerful Development Tool in Developing Countries." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 472E—472. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.472e.
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During the past 30 years, numerous studies undertaken in developing countries, such as the region of the Caribbean, have consistently demonstrated that the returns on agricultural research investments are superior to any other alternate use of resources in agriculture. It has been reported that investment in agricultural research has contributed to an increase in productivity of ≈40% in pilot areas. In spite of this figure, countries such those in the Caribbean region still do not consider research as a development tool that could be used to solve problems such as postharvest losses of perishable crops. During the past decade, international cooperation organizations have been supporting research and training activities to help developing countries to be able to compete economically and access international markets. The main idea of these cooperation programs is to make agribusinesses understand that investing in research and training activities in areas such as postharvest and food distribution is one of the most powerful development tools that would help these countries to access better and more markets. It is hard to see a continuous and progressive increase in productivity and competitiveness without the corresponding technological development that would make products fulfill international standards.
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Rajashekar, Yallappa, Nandagopal Bakthavatsalam, and Thimmappa Shivanandappa. "Botanicals as Grain Protectants." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/646740.
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Prevention of food losses during postharvest storage is of paramount economic importance. Integrated pest management is now a widely accepted strategy in pest control including postharvest infestation control which involves the use of chemical (contact/residual) insecticides along with fumigants. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides is either not permitted or used restrictively because of the residue problem and health risks to consumers. In view of the above, there is a need for plants that may provide potential alternatives to the currently used insect control agents as they constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules. Available literature indicates that plant could be source for new insecticides. Therefore, there is a great potential for a plant-derived insecticidal compounds. This paper focuses on the current state of the botanical insecticides as grain protectants and its mode of action.
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Adeniyi, Sanyaolu A. A., Adekunle A. Adedotun, and Osuntoki Akinniyi. "The Effects of Post Harvest Mycodeterioration on the Proximate Composition of Irvingia Gabonensis Seeds." International Journal of Phytopathology 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.003.01.0613.
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Postharvest losses of produce occasioned by microorganisms can be either in quantitative or qualitative terms. Both way, and on a global scale, fungal pathogens have been indicted as one of the most important agents responsible for postharvest losses of crops. Fungi associated with diseased Irvingia gabonensis (Baill) seeds were isolated bimonthly from these seeds from four open markets in the Lagos metropolis over a two year period. In terms of number and species abundance, Alayabiagba Market in Ajegunle area had the highest fungal occurrence while Aspergillus niger had a higher percentage occurrence from each, and all of the experimental sites combined. Visually healthy seeds of Irvingia gabonensis were also inoculated with one of the pathogenic fungal species (Aspergillus oryzae) isolated from the diseased seeds and left for between 8-10 days after. Both the visually healthy and Aspergillus oryzae infected (diseased) seeds of Irvingia gabonenesis were subjected to a proximate analysis, considering nutrients such as moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate and energy. The results from this mycodeterioration studies showed that the Aspergillus oryzae caused some significant reduction in the amount of most of the nutritional parameters in the Irvingia gabonensis seed. This work is probably a first report on pathogenic fungal species associated with the diseased seeds of Irvingia gabonensis in the open market as well as the effect of one of these species on the proximate composition of this seed.
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Porat, Ron, Amnon Lichter, Leon A. Terry, Roger Harker, and Jean Buzby. "Postharvest losses of fruit and vegetables during retail and in consumers’ homes: Quantifications, causes, and means of prevention." Postharvest Biology and Technology 139 (May 2018): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.019.
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Mamo, Dejen Ketema, and Dejene Shewakena Bedane. "Modelling the Impacts of Early Intervention on Desert Locust Outbreak Prevention." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538300.
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To preserve crop production losses, monitoring of desert locust attacks is a significant feature of agriculture. In this paper, a mathematical model was formulated and analyzed to protect crops against desert locust attack via early intervention tactics. We consider a triple intervention approach, namely, proaction, reaction, and outbreak prevention. The model integrates a stage-structured locust population, logistics-based crop biomass, and blended early intervention via pesticide spray. We assume that the amount of pesticide spray is proportional to the density of the locust population in the infested area. Conventional short residual pesticides within ultralow volume formulation and equipment control operations are considered. The trivial and locust-free equilibrium of the model is unstable, whereas the interior equilibrium is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results of the model. In the absence of intervention measures, desert locust losses are approximately 71% of expected crop production. The model projection shows that effective proactive early intervention on hopper stage locust contained locust infestation and subdued public health and environmental hazards. Relevant and up-to-date combined early interventions control desert locust aggression and crop production losses.
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Daughtrey, Margery L., Robert L. Wick, and Joseph L. Peterson. "Botrytis Blight of Flowering Potted Plants." Plant Health Progress 1, no. 1 (January 2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0605-01-hm.
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Botrytis blight is very common in greenhouse crops. Control of B. cinerea is challenging because of its abilities to survive as a saprophyte, rapidly invade host tissues, and quickly produce abundant conidia. Sanitation alone is not sufficient for minimizing losses. A management program should focus on prevention and combine environmental management, cultural practices, and fungicides. Posted 5 June 2000.
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Focker, M., H. J. van der Fels-Klerx, N. Magan, S. G. Edwards, M. Grahovac, F. Bagi, D. Budakov, et al. "The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2588.
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The presence of mycotoxins in cereals has led to large economic losses in Europe. In the course of the European project MyToolBox, prevention and control measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals were developed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of these prevention and control measures on both the reduction in crop losses and the increased volume of crops suitable for food and/or feed. It focused on the following measures: the use of fungicides during wheat cultivation, the use of resistant maize cultivars and/or biocontrol during maize cultivation, the use of real time sensors in storage silos, the use of innovative milling strategies during the pasta making process, and the employment of degrading enzymes during the process of bioethanol and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) production. The impact assessment was based on the annual volume of cereals produced, the annual levels of mycotoxin contamination, and experimental data on the prevention and control measures collected in the course of the MyToolBox project. Results are expressed in terms of reduced volumes of cereals lost, or as additional volumes of cereals available for food meeting the current European legal limits. Results showed that a reduction in crop losses as well as an increase in the volume of crops suitable as food and/or feed is feasible with each proposed prevention or control measure along the supply chain. The impact was the largest in areas and in years with the highest mycotoxin contamination levels but would have less impact in years with low mycotoxin levels. In further research, the impact assessment may be validated using future data from more years and European sites. Decision makers in the food and feed supply chain can use this impact assessment to decide on the relevant prevention and control strategies to apply.
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Kandel, Pragya, Kabita Kharel, Anastasia Njoroge, Bradley W. Smith, Jorge R. Díaz-Valderrama, Ram H. Timilsina, Gokul P. Paudel, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "On-Farm Grain Storage and Challenges in Bagmati Province, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147959.
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Farmers in Nepal lose up to one-third of stored grain to pests and diseases. This results in food insecurity and loss of income. To mitigate these losses, farmers use several approaches including pesticide applications on stored grains. We interviewed 241 farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, to assess the current on-farm grain storage practices and challenges to improve postharvest management. The results show that rice was the most stored crop (median 1150 kg). About half of farmers stored for at least nine months and grain was mainly used for home consumption. Grain was stored by 66.5 and 69.8% of farmers in granaries (rice) and plastic drums (legumes), respectively. Insects were the most important challenge during storage, and farmers used pesticides to control them. Farmers were more likely to use insecticide on grain (p = 0.000) if they stored rice, used traditional granaries, and had insect damage during storage. The use of improved storage methods (e.g., hermetic bags) was very low for rice (3.5%). There is a need to improve on-farm grain storage by disseminating storage innovations to address postharvest challenges in important crops such as rice.
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Vaughn, Steven F., and Gayland F. Spencer. "FRUIT ODOR COMPOUNDS INHIBIT POSTHARVEST FUNGAL DECAY OF STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 677a—677. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.677a.
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The shelf-life of strawberries and raspberries is limited primarily due to losses from fungal decay. During ripening, these fruits release numerous volatile compounds, some of which have been shown to have antifungal activities. We examined fifteen volatiles released by both fruits for the prevention of postharvest fungal decay. Benzaldehyde, 1-hexanol and 2-nonanone completely inhibited all fungal growth on fruit at gas headspace concentrations of 0.1 μl/ml, while causing little damage to the fruit. However, greater levels of these compounds, although completely inhibiting fungi, generally caused some fruit damage. Headspace concentrations of these compounds at 0.04 μl/ml or greater completely inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in culture but higher levels were required to inhibit Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizopus stolonifer. These results suggest that these compounds could be used to effectively prevent fungal decay if constant, low levels could be maintained in the headspace surrounding the fruit.
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Wainwright, Henry. "Improving the Utilization of Cooking Bananas and Plantains." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 3 (September 1992): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100305.
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Cooking bananas and plantains are traditional starch staple crops of considerable importance in the humid tropics. The prominence of cooking bananas and plantains in the diet is, however, threatened by several factors, in particular crop losses due to pests and diseases, and difficulties in transporting and handling bulky, irregularly shaped, perishable fruit for growing distant urban centres. The challenge to the postharvest technologist is to maintain and increase the utilization of the crop. This is currently being achieved by improved handling using appropriate technology, assisting breeders in the selection of less perishable fruit and the development of processed forms of cooking banana and plantains that are easily produced and acceptable to the consumer. Convenient processed forms are particularly important to increase utilization by consumers in the urban centres where traditional methods of preparing the raw product may not be practical.
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Amin, M. N., M. A. Hossain, and M. A. Monayem Miah. "A Baseline Survey on Postharvest Handling of Selected Vegetables at Different Locations of Bangladesh." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119898027.
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Proper postharvest processing and handling are important parts of modern agricultural production. The adoption of improved postharvest practices can reduce a substantial amount of food losses, improve overall food quality and safety, enhance consumers’ acceptance, and thus add to the value of the marketable products. A baseline survey was conducted on vegetable production, sorting, washing and packaging at four vegetable growing districts such as Narsingdi District, Bogra, Jashore District and Pabna to generate some baseline indicators which will help developing a mechanical device for vegetable washing. Two upazilas from each district were purposively selected based on the existence of primary and secondary vegetable markets. Primary data were collected from randomly selected 71 farmers, 30 Beparis/Paikers and 20 retailers. The study revealed that vegetable washing is generally practiced by farmers and Paikers and it varied from location to location. Sorting and grading of vegetables were done by either farmers or Beparis/Paikers. In all locations, red amaranth and root crops (carrot and radish) were washed by farmers to get a better price. Farmers and traders used bamboo basket, plastic crate, plastic bag and jute sack for packaging of selected vegetables. Washing and grading of vegetables was a profitable activity for the farmers.
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Zainal-Abidin, Rabiatul-Adawiah, Insyirah-Hannah Ruhaizat-Ooi, and Sarahani Harun. "A Review of Omics Technologies and Bioinformatics to Accelerate Improvement of Papaya Traits." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071356.
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Papaya (Carica papaya) is an economically important fruit crop that is mostly planted in tropical and subtropical regions. Major diseases of papaya, such as the papaya dieback disease (PDD), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) disease, and papaya sticky disease (PSD), have caused large yield and economic losses in papaya-producing countries worldwide. Postharvest losses have also contributed to the decline in papaya production. Hence, there is an urgent need to secure the production of papaya for a growing world population. Integration of omics resources in crop breeding is anticipated in order to facilitate better-designed crops in the breeding programme. In papaya research, the application of omics and bioinformatics approaches are gradually increased and are underway. Hence, this review focuses on addressing omics technologies and bioinformatics that are used in papaya research. To date, four traits of the papaya have been studied using omics and bioinformatics approaches, which include its ripening process, abiotic stress, disease resistance, and fruit quality (i.e., sweetness, fruit shape, and fruit size). This review also highlights the potential of genetics and genomics data, as well as the systems biology approach that can be applied in a papaya-breeding programme in the near future.
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Oliveira, Silvana Pimentel de, Jefferson Costa Santos, Bruna Nogueira Leite, Géssica Aline Nogueira dos Santos, and José Ferreira da Silva. "Critical period of weeds interference in pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) crops." BASE, no. 2 (2021): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18985.
Full textAbstract:
Description of the subject. In crop-weed competition, some periods are critical because they may interfere with the crop production capacity. Therefore, knowing these periods is crucial when deciding on the best time for control and preparation of the Integrated Management Program. Objectives. To determine the Period Prior to Interference, Total Period for Interference Prevention, and the Critical Interference Period in pineapple cultivation. Method. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in 2 x 15 factorial arrangement, four replications, and two management systems: weeds control and crop-weeds coexistence; 15 increasing periods of 30 days each after planting: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420. In the control treatments, since planting, manual weeding (with hoe) and mechanical weeding (with brush cutter) were done during increasing periods of time, and in the coexistence treatments, the weeds lived together with pineapple plants and, at the end of each period, weeds control was made with mechanical and chemical weeding. Results. The best yields were achieved in the periods of less coexistence with weeds. The critical periods for interference prevention with 5 and 10% of yield losses were 259 and 204 days, respectively. Conclusions. The critical period for interference prevention lasted 14-259 days after planting of the pineapple offsets.
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Rana, Ruhul Amin, Md Nurealam Siddiqui, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Akbar Hossain, Emrul Kayesh, Marek Popov, et al. "Prospects of Nanotechnology in Improving the Productivity and Quality of Horticultural Crops." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100332.
Full textAbstract:
Nanotechnology shows high promise in the improvement of agricultural productivity thus aiding future food security. In horticulture, maintaining quality as well as limiting the spoilage of harvested fruit and vegetables is a very challenging task. Various kinds of nanomaterials have shown high potential for increasing productivity, enhancing shelf-life, reducing post-harvest damage and improving the quality of horticultural crops. Antimicrobial nanomaterials as nanofilm on harvested products and/or on packaging materials are suitable for the storage and transportation of vegetables and fruits. Nanomaterials also increase the vitality of the cut flower. Nanofertilizers are target-specific, slow releasing and highly efficient in increasing vegetative growth, pollination and fertility in flowers, resulting in increased yield and improved product quality for fruit trees and vegetables. Formulated nanopesticides are target-specific, eco-friendly and highly efficient. Nanosensors facilitate up-to-date monitoring of growth, plant disease, and pest attack in crop plants under field conditions. These novel sensors are used to precisely identify the soil moisture, humidity, population of crop pests, pesticide residues and figure out nutrient requirements. This review aimed to provide an update on the recent advancement of nanomaterials and their potential uses for enhancing productivity, quality of products, protection from pests and reduction of the postharvest losses of the horticultural crops. This study reveals that nanotechnology could be used to generate cutting-edge techniques towards promoting productivity and quality of horticultural crops to ensure food and nutritional security of ever-increasing population of the world.
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Ksenija, Nešić. "Mycotoxins – climate impact and steps to prevention based on prediction." Acta Veterinaria 68, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2018-0001.
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Abstract Although mycotoxins occur worldwide and represent a global public health threat, their prevalence and quantities in food and feed may vary due to geographic and climatic differences. Also, in accordance with climate change, outside temperatures that are anticipated to rise and rainfall patterns modify the usual mycotoxicological scheme transforms and unexpectedly extreme events happen in practice more often. Such weather conditions increase fungal occurrence and mycotoxin concentrations in crops. Consequently, the risk to human and animal health grows, and strategies to alleviate adverse effects become more complex. This also elevates economic losses. Therefore, the task of mycotoxin prediction has been put in front of the multidisciplinary scientific community recently, and a targeted prevention has become more important. This paper is a review of the latest achievements in this field prepared with the aim to summarize and integrate available data.
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Biesdorf, Evandro Marcos, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, Elivelton Maciel Biesdorf, Angélica Fátima de Barros, Charles de Araújo, and Leonardo Duarte Pimentel. "Can the Nitrogen and Silicon Increase the Productivity and Yield in Rice Crops in the Rainfed Environment?" Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 18 (November 15, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n18p117.
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There is much doubt as to whether, in fact, the combination of nitrogen and silicate fertilization can increase yield and post-harvest yield in rainfed rice. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silicate and nitrogen fertilization on the development, quality, yield and post-harvest yield of rice cultivated in the rainfed environment. A field experiment was carried out in the 2014/2015 harvest in a 4 × 4 randomized block design with four replications. The first factor corresponded to the nitrogen doses (0; 50; 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of N), in the form of urea, and the second factor at silicon doses (0; 7.5; 15 and 30 kg ha-1 Si), in the form of calcium silicate. Si affected the chlorophyll content at 45 days after sowing (DAS) suggesting being important in floral differentiation. The increase in N doses caused higher levels of chlorophyll in rice leaves at 55, 65 and 85 DAS, regardless of whether they supplied Si. Plant height, number of tillers, weight of one thousand seeds, total grain yield and of whole grains were not influenced by the Si supply. However, Si doses reduced the yield of broken grains, thus reducing postharvest losses and, consequently, improving grain quality in the beneficiation process.
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Kostyukovsky, Moshe, Anatoly Trostanetsky, and Elazar Quinn. "Novel approaches for integrated grain storage management." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2016.1159410.
Full textAbstract:
The solution of the global food crisis and improvement of the food security situation may be reached by increasing food production and prevention of losses during the food supplying chain. Most of the scientific efforts so far have aimed to increase the yield of agricultural crops. However, food losses during storage and the supply chain may reach levels of 20–40%. One of the most significant factors responsible for the global food crisis is grain losses during storage that are largely caused by pest insects. Today, there are two main chemical methods used for stored product insect pest control: fumigation and grain protection by contact insecticides. For both these methods phyto-sanitarian, health, and ecological disadvantages are well documented. Therefore, the global current tendency is to prevent/decrease the common wide use of chemical insecticides with high toxicity to humans for pest control in foods. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of alternative eco-friendly approaches for insect pest control in order to prevent grain quantity losses and the quality degradation of stored grain and dry food caused by insect pests. In this article, we propose an integrated protection approach which includes prevention measures, systematic inspection and monitoring for grain storage risk factors; use of eco-friendly protectants and volatiles; and improved technologies for currently used fumigants. Implementation of this approach in Israel resulted in a dramatic reduction in grain losses to less than 0.5%.
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QUAMME, HARVEY A. "LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-153.
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Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection
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Gramss, Gerhard, and Klaus-Dieter Voigt. "Turnover of Minerals and Organics in the Postharvest Herbage of Annuals and Perennials: Winter Wheat and Goldenrod." Agriculture 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110170.
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Crossing annual cereals, legumes, and oilseeds with wild rhizomatous relatives is used to create perennial lines that fruit over 2–3 seasons. Contrary to annual crops, the year-round vegetation cover should contribute to carbon sequestration, soil formation, and root mineral preservation. Soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and labor expenses may be reduced. While deep-rooted grasses actually inhibit nitrate leaching, advantages in nutrient storage and soil formation are not yet shown. Therefore, the turnover of organics and minerals in the perennial goldenrod was compared with that of winter wheat between blooming and resprouting (28 February) by gravimetry and ICP-MS. From blooming (23 August) to harvest (13 November), goldenrod stalks of 10,070 (given in kg ha−1) lost 23% by dry weight (DW) and released 14.9/9.6/65.7 in NPK and 2193 in water-soluble organics via leaching and root exudation. Apart from a transient rise of 28.8 in N around 13 November, the stubble/rhizome system held CaKMg(N)P stable at a level avoiding metal stress from 23 August to 28 February. Filling seeds in wheat excluded net losses of minerals and organics from anthesis to harvest (23 July). Stubbles (16 cm) and spilt grains of 2890 represented 41.8/2.91/62.5 in NPK and lost 905 in biomass with 25.4/1.8/59.8 in NPK to the soil by 28 February. In wheat-maize rotations, ploughing was avoided until early March. Weeds and seedlings emerged from spilt grains replaced losses in stubble biomass, N, and P but left 40.5 in K unused to the soil. In wheat-wheat rotations, organics and minerals lost by the down-ploughed biomass were replenished by the next-rotation seedlings that left only 18.3 in K to the soil. In summary, off-season goldenrod rhizomes did not store excess minerals. The rate of mineral preservation corresponded with the quantity of the biomass irrespective of its perennial habit. Released water-soluble organics should foster microbial carbon formation and CO2 efflux while soil improving gains in humate C should depend on the lignin content of the decaying annual or perennial biomass. Clues for NPK savings by perennials were not found.