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Journal articles on the topic 'Crops seasons'
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1
Attarod, P., and M. Aoki. "Measurements of the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of summer and winter seasons crops in Japan." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 3 (April 6, 2009): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/324-pse.
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The main goal was to understand the trends of actual evapotranspiration (AET) and crop coefficient (<I>K<sub>c</sub></I>) in summer and winter seasons crops in Japan, maize, soybean, wheat and Italian rye-grass. Bowen ratio energy balance technique (BREB) was applied to measure the AET and heat flux between ground surface and atmosphere. Measurements were carried out using an automatic weather station (AWS) installed seasonally in the experimental farm of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT). Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<SUB>0</SUB>) and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> was obtained from the ratio of AET to ET<SUB>0</SUB>. The results indicated that the average amount of daytime AET in the winter and summer seasons crops were approximately 2.5 and 3.5 mm, respectively monthly daytime. Daytime AET varied between 1.3 and 5.7 mm in winter season crops and between 1.4 and 6.5 mm in summer season crops. No significant differences between daily average values of AET for winter season as well as for summer season crops were found at 5% level of confidence (<I>t</I> = 0.9278, wheat and Italian rye-grass and <I>t</I> = 0.6781, soybean and maize). Average <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> values of summer season crops were found to be slightly higher than those of winter seasons crops. For planning the irrigation scheduling, it is quite necessary to understand the behaviors of AET and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> during the growing season.
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Bafdal, Nurpilihan, and Sophia Dwiratna. "Management of Runoff Harvesting as a Source of Irrigation Water in Dry Land Agriculture on Steep Land Slope." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1039.
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In tropical country such as Indonesia, the production for crops in dry land always depend on climatic condition especially rainfall for crop growth. Since the availability of the water is limited, therefore cultivation of crops is investigated. Indonesia has two seasons which are dry season and wet season. During dry season crops in dry land is of limited water supply, therefore crops meet its water requirement from soil water only. Heavy rainfall in the wet season, indicates water cannot fully conserved in the soil and some surface water lost as a runoff. This research was conducted with descriptive analysis method for analyzing the potential rainfall on the research center, and field observation method for calculating the potential of runoff water. Results showed that runoff on the area planted with single seasonal crop is greater than that planted with mixed seasonal crop. Also note that about 60 cubic meter of runoff that is stored in the storage pond can be used to irrigate of 70 square meters the area planted with sweet corn + sweet potato for two planting seasons. The harvesting runoff on dry land can increase cropping intensity from one to three times of planting per year. It can be said that the runoff harvesting is able to improve dry land farmers welfare. Keywords: Runoff harvesting, multiple cropping, irrigation
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Gregory, P. J. "Alternative crops for duplex soils: growth and water use of some cereal, legume, and oilseed crops, and pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 1 (1998): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97053.
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Lupin is the major break crop used by farmers in Western Australia but neither lupin nor wheat uses much water from the B horizon of the widespread duplex soils. This study investigated the productivity and water use of a range of crops and pastures during 2 seasons on a shallow duplex soil, with a sandy layer 30-40 cm deep, at East Beverley, WA. The aims of the work were to evaluate the crops as alternative break crops to lupin on these soils, and to establish whether roots could proliferate in the clay layer, promoting both water extraction from the subsoil by that crop and improving yields of subsequent wheat crops. During the winter of the first season, a perched watertable developed for almost 3 months and some crops (especially lentil) grew poorly. Yields in the second season were generally good (lupin was close to the calculated potential yield and canola and Indian mustard were >2 t/ha), establishing that successful crops of oilseeds and grain legumes can be grown on this soil provided that there is adequate water without topsoil waterlogging. Yields of subsequent wheat crops were largest when following legume crops (40% in one season and 135% in the second compared with wheat following wheat or barley) but were also significantly greater following oilseeds (22% and 102%). Roots of cereals and pastures reached 80 cm in both seasons, whereas those of the oilseeds reached 60-80 cm depending on crop and season. Rooting depth of legumes varied from 70-80 cm for field pea to 30-50 cm for chickpea and faba bean, with lupin extending to 60 cm in both seasons. As with shoot mass, root mass differed between seasons, although on average, in mid September cereals and oilseeds had a smaller proportion (0·12 and 0·14) of total mass below ground than the legumes (0·24) and pasture species (0·18). Only a few millimetres of water was extracted from the subsoil by any crop in either season and there was no evidence that tap-rooted legumes or oilseeds were better able than other crops either to exploit subsoil water for their own use or to create pores that subsequent wheat crops might exploit.
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Gill, Kabal S., and Surinder K. Jalota. "Previous and Current Crop Effects on Early-Season Root Growth and Growing Season’s Soil Moisture Under Dryland Agriculture in Temperate Climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n5p50.
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Understanding the root growth and changes in soil moisture content during the growing season for dryland agriculture crops can improve crop production. It was hypothesized that early-season root growth might be influenced by previous crop and current crops, and soil moisture content and depletion pattern during the growing season and residual soil moisture may be affected by the crop type. A study was conducted on the early-season root growth of canola (Brassica napus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in 2015; and changes in soil water content during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons under canola, flax, wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.). Early-season root growth of the canola and flax crops was better on wheat than canola stubble, while for wheat it was similar on the stubbles of both wheat and canola. Soil moisture depletion started relatively earlier under the barley and wheat and later under the flax compared to the canola and pea crops. Flax continued to deplete soil moisture for a longer period than the other crops. With some exceptions, all crops could deplete soil moisture to a similar level (down to about 15% or somewhat lower) by the end of their growing seasons. Generally, almost equal amounts of residual soil moisture remained after the different crops.
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Janket, Anon, Nimitr Vorasoot, Banyong Toomsan, Wanwipa Kaewpradit, Sanun Jogloy, Piyada Theerakulpisut, C. Corley Holbrook, Craig K. Kvien, and Poramate Banterng. "Starch Accumulation and Granule Size Distribution of Cassava cv. Rayong 9 Grown under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions Using Different Growing Seasons." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030412.
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Although cassava can be planted throughout the year, its starch qualities may vary based on the date of planting. Seasonal variation on starch content, starch yield, starch granule size and amylose content of cassava cv. Rayong 9 grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions were studied for four planting dates in Thailand. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used in each planting. Planting dates consisted of hot-dry (20-Apr), early-rainy (30-Jun), late-rainy (5-Oct) and cool seasons (15-Dec). At final harvest, planting date accounted for the largest variations for starch yield (60.8%), starch granule size (38.2%), amylose content (50.5%) and ratio of amylose to amylopectin (53.7%), whereas starch content was affected more by water regime (52.1%). Supplemental irrigation did not significantly increase starch yield and other parameters for most planting dates, except for starch yield of the crop planted in the hot-dry season. This indicated that irrigation at the late-growth stages (during Sep to Mar) for the crop planted in the hot-dry season helped to increase starch yield; however, irrigation was unnecessary for other planting dates once cassava was established. The crops planted in the late-rainy and cool seasons had a greater starch content and starch yield than other planting dates for both irrigated and rainfed crops, whereas the crop planted in the hot-dry season had high starch yield for the irrigated crops only. In this study, the crops planted in the early-rainy season showed the worst performances for starch content and starch yield for both irrigated and rainfed crops. The data provided information on the responses of starch yield and its characteristics under irrigated and rainfed conditions at different planting dates, which can be useful for designing cultural practices with respect to water management and planting period in order to obtain optimum starch yield and qualities.
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Hochmuth, George, Dan Cantliffe, Craig Chandler, Craig Stanley, Eric Bish, Eric Waldo, Dan Legard, and John Duval. "Fruiting Responses and Economics of Containerized and Bare-root Strawberry Transplants Established with Different Irrigation Methods." HortTechnology 16, no. 2 (January 2006): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0205.
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Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) crops were transplanted in two seasons in central Florida with bare-root and containerized (plug) plants under three transplant establishment-period irrigation methods to evaluate crop fruiting responses and production economics associated with the various establishment systems. Irrigation was not required to establish plug transplants in the field. Early (first 2 months) fruit yield with nonirrigated plug plants was greater than early yield with sprinkler-irrigated bare-root plants (the current commercial system) in one of two seasons and equal in a second season. Total-season yields were similar in each season between the two establishment systems. Large or medium plug plants led to greatest early fruit yields in one season while large plug plants resulted in greatest early yield in a second season. Total yield was greatest with medium plants in one season and large plants in another season. The extra cost for the plug plant system was $1853/acre. In one out of two seasons there was increased net income amounting to $1142/acre due to greater early yield associated with the plug plant cultural system. Strawberry plug transplants showed promise for earlier and more profitable crops in addition to substantial savings in water used for plant establishment in the field. The ability to establish strawberry crops without irrigation will be important in areas where growers are required to reduce farm water consumption.
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Omer, Eltahir A., Mohammed D. Fator, Wael A. Marajan, and Esam Eldin M. Ali. "Effect of intercropping on growth and yield of some Leguminous and Cereal forage crops in El Kadaru Area." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 5, no. 01 (June 15, 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2020.5.1.7.
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Intercropping is not a common practice in forage production in Sudan, in spite of its importance; farmers don’t know the potentiality of this type of cultivation and more experiments needed to adopt this type of cropping system and it is an example of biological interaction. A field experiment was conducted under irrigation for two consecutive seasons during 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 in the demonstration farm, college of Animal production, University of Bahri, Sudan to study the effect of intercropping of two leguminous forage crops (clitoria and phillipesara) cultivated with one non leguminous crop (Sorghum). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used. Yield of sole crops produced more forage, but the total yield (Over yielding) of the intercropped plants as revealed by land equivalent ratio was higher compared with the individual crops. Clitoria growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter) were not significantly affected by intercropping, but there was significant difference in plant population in the two seasons. Intercropping did not significantly affect growth parameters during the two seasons of Phillipesara except plant population and the first reading of plant height. Sorghum showed significant differences in plant population and some readings during the two seasons (the fourth reading of plant height in the first season, the first reading of number of leaves in first season, the fourth reading of stem diameter in the first season and the first reading of stem diameter in the second season).
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GOMES, F., and M. K. V. CARR. "EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY AND VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SWEET POTATO IN SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE. II. CROP WATER USE." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702001047.
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In Mozambique, the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is grown in the dry season in areas with a high water table, or as an irrigated crop. It is also grown in the rainy season when short-term droughts can occur. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to evaluate the effects of water availability and vine-harvesting practices on actual crop water use (cv. TIS 2534), during two contrasting seasons in the south of the country. Rain-fed crops extracted water to soil depths (variable sandy loam) of 0.75 m, with most (90%) taken from the top 0.25 m. Well-irrigated crops apparently obtained some (10%) water from below 0.75 m, but most (75%) came from the upper 0.25 m. Total water use from well-watered crops was about 800 mm during the rains, and 550 mm during the dry season. The corresponding values for rain-fed crops were 360 and 180 mm respectively. Peak rates of water use averaged 8 mm d−1 in the rainy season, and 5–6 mm d−1 in the dry season. Water use was not modified by the frequency of vine harvests. Actual rates of evapotranspiration fell below maximum values when the soil water deficit exceeded only 20 mm. By comparison, the maximum depth of extractable water in the root zone was 80–90 mm. The crop coefficients (Kc) for each stage of growth were consistent over both seasons and estimated to be: 0.55–0.7 (crop establishment), 1.1–1.2 (mid-season), and 0.8 (end-season).
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O'Connor, John, Maria J. Santos, Karin T. Rebel, and Stefan C. Dekker. "The influence of water table depth on evapotranspiration in the Amazon arc of deforestation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 3917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3917-2019.
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Abstract. The Amazon rainforest evapotranspiration (ET) flux provides climate-regulating and moisture-provisioning ecosystem services through a moisture recycling system. The dense complex canopy and deep root system creates an optimum structure to provide large ET fluxes to the atmosphere, forming the source of precipitation. Extensive land use and land cover change (LULCC) from forest to agriculture in the arc of deforestation breaks this moisture recycling system. Crops such as soybean are planted in large homogeneous monocultures and the maximum rooting depth of these crops is far shallower than forest. This difference in rooting depth is key as forests can access deep soil moisture and show no signs of water stress during the dry season, while in contrast crops are highly seasonal with a growing season dependent on rainfall. As access to soil moisture is a limiting factor in vegetation growth, we hypothesised that if crops could access soil moisture, they would undergo less water stress and therefore would have higher evapotranspiration rates than crops which could not access soil moisture. We combined remote-sensing data with modelled groundwater table depth (WTD) to assess whether vegetation in areas with a shallow WTD had higher ET than vegetation in deep WTD areas. We randomly selected areas of forest, savanna, and crop with deep and shallow WTD and examined whether they differ on MODIS Evapotranspiration (ET), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), from 2001 to 2012, annually and during transition periods between the wet and dry seasons. As expected, we found no differences in ET, LST, and EVI for forest vegetation between deep and shallow WTD, which because of their deep roots could access water and maintain evapotranspiration for moisture recycling during the entire year. We found significantly higher ET and lower LST in shallow WTD crop areas than in deep WTD during the dry season transition, suggesting that crops in deep WTD undergo higher water stress than crops in shallow WTD areas. The differences found between crop in deep and shallow WTD, however, are of low significance with regards to the moisture recycling system, as the difference resulting from conversion of forest to crop has an overwhelming influence (ET in forest is ≈2 mm d−1 higher than that in crops) and has the strongest impact on energy balance and ET. However, access to water during the transition between wet and dry seasons may positively influence growing season length in crop areas.
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BITHELL, S. L., A. C. McKAY, R. C. BUTLER, and M. G. CROMEY. "Consecutive wheat sequences: effects of contrasting growing seasons on concentrations of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici DNA in soil and take-all disease across different cropping sequences." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961500043x.
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SUMMARYThe extent and severity of wheat take-all (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)) can vary considerably between growing seasons. The current study aimed to identify climatic factors associated with differing concentrations of Ggt DNA in soil and take-all disease at different stages of a sequence of wheat crops. Pre-sowing soil Ggt DNA concentrations and subsequent take-all disease in consecutive wheat crop sequences were compared across six seasons in 90 commercial cropping fields in Canterbury and Southland, New Zealand, between 2003 and 2009. Disease progress was assessed in additional fields in 2004/05 and 2005/06. While a general pattern in inoculum and disease fluctuations was evident, there were exceptions among wheat crop sequences that commenced in different years, especially for first wheat crops. In three consecutive growing seasons, there was very low inoculum increase in the first wheat crop, while increases in first wheat crops during the following three seasons was much greater. Low spring–summer rainfall was associated with low build-up of inoculum in first wheat crops. The inoculum derived from the first wheat then determined the amount of primary inoculum for the subsequent second wheat, thereby influencing the severity of take-all in that crop. Differing combinations of weather conditions during one wheat crop in a sequence and the conditions experienced by the next crop provided explanations of the severity of take-all at grain fill and the resulting post-harvest soil Ggt DNA concentrations in second wheat crops. Examples of contrasting combinations were: (a) a moderate take-all epidemic and high post-harvest inoculum that followed high rainfall during grain fill, despite low pre-sowing soil Ggt DNA concentrations; (b) severe take-all and moderate to high inoculum build-up following high pre-sowing soil Ggt DNA concentrations and non-limiting rainfall; and (c) low spring and early summer rainfall slowing epidemic development in second wheat crops, even where there were high pre-sowing soil Ggt DNA concentrations. The importance of the environmental conditions experienced during a particular growing season was also illustrated by differences between growing seasons in take-all progress in fields in the same take-all risk categories based on pre-sowing soil Ggt DNA concentrations.
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Halilou, Oumarou, Falalou Hamidou, Boulama Katzelma Taya, Saadou Mahamane, and Vincent Vadez. "Water use, transpiration efficiency and yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) across water regimes." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 7 (2015): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14182.
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Genotypic variation in crop response to drought depends on agronomic, environmental and genetic factors, and only limited work has compared responses of crop species to water limitation. Twenty genotypes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) were tested in lysimeters under well-watered (WW) and water-stress (WS) conditions during two seasons, a post-rainy season with high evapotranspiration and a rainy season with low evapotranspiration (ET), in order to assess: (i) variability in the agronomic response to stress within and between species across the seasons; (ii) the water requirement of the two crops in each season; and (iii) the stress effect on harvest index (HI), transpiration efficiency (TE), pod yield and haulm yield. Cowpea required less water than peanut during the two seasons, and water use in cowpea varied less across seasons than in peanut. Peanut yield was more sensitive to water stress than cowpea yield, although its water use under WS was higher than in cowpea. Also, under WS conditions, TE, HI and pod yield were more stable across season in cowpea than in peanut. In the post-rainy season, the decrease in pod yield and HI under WS was higher in peanut (95% and 80%, respectively) than in cowpea (70% and 35%). In addition, TE was less affected by WS in cowpea (5%) than in peanut (24%). HI explained a large part of yield variation in both crops, especially under WS. Under WW, water use explained a large portion of the residual yield variations unexplained by HI, although TE also explained a substantial part of the variation in cowpea. Under WS, the main determinant of residual yield variations in both crops was TE. Generally, genetic variation for water use, TE and HI was found in both species across water regimes and seasons. A notable exception was the absence of variation in peanut water use and TE in the rainy season. Our results showed that cowpea, with lower water requirement and efficient water use under a high-ET season, was more resilient to water-limited and high-ET conditions than peanut.
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Martinez, Lili, Pushpa Soti, Jasleen Kaur, Alexis Racelis, and Rupesh R. Kariyat. "Impact of Cover Crops on Insect Community Dynamics in Organic Farming." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060209.
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Manipulating cover crops as an integrated pest management strategy has recently gained popularity in both traditional and organic agroecosystems. However, little information is available for producers to make informed decisions about cover crop selection, management, and their potential use as a pest management tool. To address this, we conducted a two-year, four-season field experiment on the potential of various cover crops during the summer seasons of both years, followed by monocultures of cash crops during winters. We hypothesized that the cover crop treatments would attract beneficial insects and repel damaging herbivores in a species-specific manner, and the insect community dynamics would be bridged to the cash crops in the subsequent season. In addition, we hypothesized that cash crops would suffer lower herbivory damage following specific cover crop treatments. Our design comprised of three cover crops. Our results indicate that cover crops support beneficial insects during the early summer season, while the time of growing season doesnot affect herbivore abundance. Crop-specific effects were found for herbivore abundance with possible cascading effects on insect community as well as damage levels on the subsequent cash crop, but without any impact on the growth traits of the cash crop. Together, our data suggest that cover crops, when carefully selected, can be an integral part of a pest management strategy for sustainable agriculture.
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Di Bella, Lawrence, Megan Zahmel, Lukas van Zwieten, and Terry J. Rose. "Weed Suppression, Biomass and Nitrogen Accumulation in Mixed-Species and Single-Species Cover Crops in a Tropical Sugarcane Fallow." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070640.
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While mixed-species cover crops are gaining worldwide popularity, their utility in the ‘plough-out’ period in tropical sugar cane systems has not been investigated. Field trials investigating weed suppression (one season only), biomass production and nitrogen accumulation of single-species and mixed-species cover crops were conducted over two seasons on a commercial sugarcane farm in the Australian tropics. Mixed-species cover crops showed strong weed suppression, and were among the top treatments for biomass production each year, but did not yield the highest biomass in either season. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea cv. Global sunn) produced the most biomass in the drier-than-average 2016–2017 season (>10 t dry matter ha−1), while soybean (Glycine max cv. Leichardt) produced the most biomass (5.3 t dry matter ha−1) in the wetter-than-average 2018–2019 season, highlighting the influence of seasonal conditions on species’ biomass production. The inclusion of multiple species in a short-term cover crop in the tropics where extreme weather events can occur can thus be seen as a risk mitigation strategy given the risk of failure of any given species in a given season.
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Dove, H., J. A. Kirkegaard, W. M. Kelman, S. J. Sprague, S. E. McDonald, and J. M. Graham. "Integrating dual-purpose wheat and canola into high-rainfall livestock systems in south-eastern Australia. 2. Pasture and livestock production." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14201.
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In south-eastern Australia, low winter temperatures often reduce pasture growth and thus winter herbage supply relative to livestock requirements. Grazing of vegetative grain crops in winter is one strategy that might overcome this feed gap. In a study with young sheep over two seasons near Canberra, ACT, we compared pasture-only grazing with three separate crop–livestock systems in which the sheep grazed long-season wheat, winter canola or a combination of these, for intervals over the period May–August. We measured forage biomass, sheep grazing days (SGD) and liveweight accumulated per ha. Crop-grazing treatments resulted in much more winter forage for grazing sheep (t DM ha–1): in 2010, one crop 2.5–3.0, two crops 3.5 v. pasture only 1; in 2011, one crop 2, two crops 3 v. pasture only 1.4. In the first season, grazing one crop resulted in ~2000 extra SGD ha–1 and the accumulation of more liveweight per ha than in the pasture-only treatment; grazing of two crops resulted in >3500 extra SGD ha–1. Equivalent values in the second, drier season were: one crop, ~1000 extra SGD ha–1; two crops, 2600 extra SGD ha–1. Spelling of pastures during crop grazing led to extra pasture growth, such that in each of the two seasons, 40% of the total benefit in extra SGD per ha came from the extra pasture. The results indicate that, like grazed wheat, grazed canola can provide valuable winter forage, especially when used together with wheat. The data also provide the first quantification of the effect of crop grazing on pasture spelling and subsequent pasture supply, and suggest value in the incorporation of grazing wheat and canola into grazing systems in the high-rainfall zone.
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Grahn, Charlene M., Chris Benedict, Tom Thornton, and Carol Miles. "Production of Baby-leaf Salad Greens in the Spring and Fall Seasons of Northwest Washington." HortScience 50, no. 10 (October 2015): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1467.
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Baby-leaf salad green crops such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), kale (Brassica oleracea), arugula (Eruca sativa), and mustard greens (Brassica juncea) thrive in the cool, humid climate of the maritime Pacific Northwest, particularly in the extended spring and fall seasons. To identify cultivars best suited for extended-season production in northwest Washington, nine leafy green cultivars were grown at two locations in the spring and fall seasons for 2 years. A high level of variability in crop performance was observed between seasons, locations, years, planting dates, and cultivars, indicating low-yield stability in baby-leaf salad crops across diverse environments and conditions. Overall, cultivars had a higher marketable weight in the spring than in the fall. Marketable weight was higher in Spring 2013 than in Spring 2014, and was higher in Fall 2013 than in Fall 2012. Days to harvest (DTH) were shorter in the spring than in the fall both years, and in both seasons DTH varied by ≈1 week between the two trial locations. Fresh weed biomass was almost 5.5 times higher in spring than in fall both years. Overall, pak choi ‘Joi Choi’ and mustard ‘Komatsuna’ had the highest marketable weight, lowest DTH, and lowest weed biomass across the widest range of environments and conditions, while beet ‘Bull’s Blood’ had the lowest marketable weight, relatively long DTH and highest weed biomass. These results suggest that baby-leaf salad crop cultivar selection differs for spring and fall seasons, and production can be highly variable between years and locations. Further, results suggest that growers should plant a diversity of crop cultivars each season to protect from crop loss and to achieve overall yield stability.
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Waterer, D. "Influence of soil mulches and method of crop establishment on growth and yields of pumpkins." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-060.
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Management methods that speed crop establishment, growth and maturity are essential to the efficient production of warm season vegetable crops in regions with short, cool growing seasons. This study examined the influence of method of crop establishment and the use of plastic soil mulches on yields and crop maturity of two cultivars of pumpkins over two cropping seasons in central Saskatchewan. Transplanting did not improve stand establishment over direct seeding but enhanced yields without influencing crop maturity. Plastic mulches improved stand establishment and fruit yields relative to a non-mulched control. Clear mulch was superior to black plastic in some cases. Both cropping seasons were unusually favorable for pumpkin production, which may have obscured the benefits expected for transplanting or mulching. Key words: Pumpkins, Cucumis pepo, seeding, transplanting, mulches, maturity, yields
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Brown, S. C., P. J. Gregory, P. J. M. Cooper, and J. D. H. Keatinge. "Root and shoot growth and water use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in dryland conditions: effects of sowing date and genotype." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 1 (August 1989): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084598.
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SUMMARYGrowth and water use of kabuli-type chickpea was measured during the 1982/83 and 1983/84 growing seasons in northern Syria under rainfed conditions. Winter-sown (November) and springsown (March) crops of cv. ILC 482 were grown in 1982/83 while in 1983/84 spring-sown crops of contrasting genotypes (ILC 482, ILC 1929 and ILC 3279) were compared.In 1982/83, shoot dry matter and seed yields of the winter-sown crop were almost twice those of the spring-sown crop although the water use of both crops was almost the same. Root growth of both crops was most rapid before flowering but continued until maturity (early June) in the winter-sown and until mid to late pod filling (also early June) in the spring-sown crop. Root dry weight (c. 45 g/m2) and length (c. 45 cm/cm2) were similar in both crops during pod filling.In 1983/84, shoot weight, root weight and root length were similar in all genotypes but the later maturity of ILC 3279 resulted in lower seed yield and hence harvest index, and greater water use.The root length density decreased approximately logarithmically with depth in the soil profile although comparison between seasons and with other published results showed that the relations could not be used predictively. Water use efficiency was poorer in the second, drier season and was almost doubled by winter sowing.
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Yu, Bing, and Songhao Shang. "Estimating Growing Season Evapotranspiration and Transpiration of Major Crops over a Large Irrigation District from HJ-1A/1B Data Using a Remote Sensing-Based Dual Source Evapotranspiration Model." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050865.
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Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is the largest water consumer of agriculture water in an irrigation district. Remote sensing (RS) technique has provided an effective way to map regional ET using various RS-based ET models over the past several decades. To map growing season ET of different crops and partition ET into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) at regional scale, appropriate ET models should be further integrated with crop distribution maps in different years and crop growing seasons determined for each crop pixel. In this study, a hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework-based ET Model (HTEM) fed with HJ-1A/1B data was applied in Hetao Irrigation District (HID) of China from 2009 to 2015 to map crop growing season ET and T at 30 m resolution. The HTEM model with HJ-1A/1B data performed well in estimating ET in HID, and the finer spatial resolution of model input data can improve the estimation accuracy of ET. Combined with the annual crop planting map identified in previous study, and crop growing seasons determined from fitted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) curves for crop pixels, the spatial and temporal variations of growing season ET and T of major crops (maize and sunflower) were examined. The results indicate that ET and T of maize and sunflower reach their minimum values in the southwest HID with smaller crop planting density, and reach their maximum values in northwest HID with higher crop planting density. Over the study period with a decreasing trend of available irrigation water, ET and T in maize and sunflower growing seasons show decreasing trends, while ratios of T/ET show increasing trends, which implies that the adverse effect of decreased irrigation water diversion on crop growth is diminished due to the favorable portioning of E and T in cropland of HID. In addition, the calculation results of crop coefficients show that there is water stress to crop growth in the study area. The present results are helpful to better understand the spatial pattern of crop water consumption and water stress of different crops during crop growing season, and provide the basis for optimizing the spatial distribution of crop planting with less water consumption and more crop yield.
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Runno-Paurson, Eve, Peeter Lääniste, Helina Nassar, Merili Hansen, Viacheslav Eremeev, Luule Metspalu, Liina Edesi, Astrid Kännaste, and Ülo Niinemets. "Alternaria Black Spot (Alternaria brassicae) Infection Severity on Cruciferous Oilseed Crops." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 8507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188507.
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The increase in the cultivation area of cruciferous oilseed crops and the use of short crop rotation has resulted in the enhanced spread of several major pests in Northern latitudes. There is currently limited information about incidence and severity of Alternaria black spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) on the main oilseed crop, spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in the Northern Baltics. Thus, spring oilseed rape and five alternative cruciferous oilseed crops were selected and their resistance to black spot disease was evaluated in field conditions during two growing seasons. We hypothesized that spring oilseed rape is more susceptible to Alternaria black spot disease than other alternative cruciferous oilseed crops. Both growing seasons were warmer and drier compared to the long-term average, and were thus suitable for A. brassicae development and assessments. In both years, incidence of Alternaria black spot infection was recorded on all cruciferous species, yet the disease development differed considerably among the crops. During both growing seasons, black mustard (B. nigra) plants were the most infected. Based on our observations during warm growing seasons we conclude that alternative oilseed crops such as Sinapis alba, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus are more resistant to the Alternaria black spot infection than the traditional oilseed crops and thus, possess a great potential to grow with limited chemical disease control in Northern Baltic conditions.
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OLASANTAN, F. O., and N. J. BELLO. "Optimum sowing dates for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in monoculture and mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) during the rainy season in the south-west of Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 1 (February 2004): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004010.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments to evaluate the optimum sowing date for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or in mixed stands with cassava (Manihot esculenta) were sited on free-draining sandy loam soils in southwestern Nigeria. Okra was sown at the end of July, in mid-August and early September as a late-season crop in 1999 and at the end of May, in early June and at the end of June as an early-season crop in 2000. It was sown at seed rates sufficient to achieve final population densities of 33000 and 40000 plants/ha in late-season crops (1999) and early-season crops (2000), respectively. The late-season crops had shorter growth duration, received less rainfall, and experienced cooler temperatures during establishment and the early vegetative stage, and warmer temperatures during the reproductive phase than the early-season crops. Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava, or on phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yield of okra in both seasons. However, it reduced weed growth by 35–57%, and kept both the soil and canopy environments of cassava cooler by 2·3–5·8 °C and more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture. The phenology and pod yields of the early- and late-season okra in both cropping systems were dependent on sowing date, indicating that okra production is only suitable at particular sowing dates in both seasons. July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit, but these crops controlled weeds and modified the cassava environment better than the rest, and gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns. It took okra pods longer to reach marketable size in the late season than early season (i.e. 5–9 v. 2–6 days). It is concluded that the optimal sowing date to attain maximum pod yield and economic returns from late-season okra is July or August and from early-season crop is May or early June. Bearing in mind financial constraints and production costs, the optimal season target for maximum edible pods is the early season and for maximum economic returns is the late season.
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Rao, M. R., M. N. Mathuva, E. Gacheru, S. Radersma, P. C. Smithson, and B. Jama. "DURATION OF SESBANIA FALLOW EFFECT FOR NITROGEN REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE IN PLANTED FALLOW–MAIZE ROTATION IN WESTERN KENYA." Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 2 (March 28, 2002): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702000273.
Full textAbstract:
The duration of the residual effect of sesbania (Sesbania sesban) fallow on subsequent crops will determine the interval at which sesbania must be grown to replenish N in a planted fallow–crop rotation cycle. An experiment was conducted from 1995 to 1998 (seven cropping seasons) on two farms in western Kenya, an area subject to a bimodal annual rainfall pattern. The aim was to compare the effect of a single-season sesbania fallow with continuous annual cropping with and without phosphorus fertilizer, on a P-deficient soil. Phosphorus was applied at a rate of 500 kg ha−1 in a single application to meet the phosphorus needs of subsequent crops for the next five to ten years. Sesbania was established simultaneously with maize by direct seeding in the first rainy season of 1995 and allowed to grow as a pure fallow through the second rainy season. Following the harvest of this fallow crop, sole maize in the first post-fallow season and maize-bean intercrops in the subsequent four seasons were grown with and without nitrogen at a rate of 100 kg ha−1. Added phosphorus on average increased maize yields by 3.7 times over the control, indicating that phosphorus fertilizer is essential for good yields. The amount of phosphorus recycled by sesbania fallow was inadequate to meet the crop needs in P-deficient soils. While continuously cropped maize in the presence of phosphorus responded to nitrogen in all seasons, the crop following sesbania responded only from the third season. In the first post-fallow season, sesbania increased maize grain yields over continuous maize by 1.4 t ha−1 with phosphorus fertilizer and by 1.3 t ha−1 without phosphorus fertilizer. The residual effect of sesbania with phosphorus fertilizer lasted for two seasons, while without phosphorus it lasted for only one. In these Kenyan highlands, farmers who can afford fertilizer should buy phosphorus fertilizer and rely for nitrogen on planted fallow with species such as sesbania grown for one season every two years. For farmers who cannot afford fertilizer, one-season fallow every year may be more attractive because of labour savings and the firewood produced by sesbania.
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St Aime, Ricardo, Geoffrey W. Zehnder, Christopher Talley, and Sruthi Narayanan. "Differences in Biomass Production and Water Use Efficiency among Seven Different Cover Crops in the Wet Winter Seasons of 2016/17 and 2018 in South Carolina." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040463.
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Cover crops can protect soil health and increase climate resilience of crop production systems. Agronomic crop producers in the southern USA often demand information on the best cover crops for their locality and cropping system and on the potential impacts of cover crops on stored soil water. The present research evaluated biomass production and water use efficiency (WUE) of single species and multispecies winter cover crops in South Carolina. Overall, a five-species mixture of Austrian winter pea, rye, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and oats and a single species of rye had the greatest biomass production (4600–6480 kg ha−1) at the end of the season (19 April 2017 in season-1 and 10 May 2018 in season-2). The five-species mixture also had the greatest WUE (2184–2232 g m−3). None of the cover crops depleted soil water (in 60 cm depth) greater than a weed-free fallow maintained through herbicide application and a weedy fallow (no herbicide application). Since both the seasons, in which the present study was conducted, received greater than normal rainfall, further studies should verify the applicability of the results in dry years.
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Pacheco, Leandro Pereira, Andressa Selestina Dalla Côrt São Miguel, Rayane Gabriel da Silva, Edicarlos Damacena de Souza, Fabiano André Petter, and Claudinei Kappes. "Biomass yield in production systems of soybean sown in succession to annual crops and cover crops." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 8 (August 2017): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000800003.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass (leaves and stems) production of annual and cover crops sown as second crop, and its effects on soybean yield in succession. The experiment was carried out in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons. Soybean was sown in the crop season and in the second crop, in a randomized complete block design, in nine production systems (treatments) consisting of annual crops (corn, sunflower, and cowpea) and cover crops (Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria breviflora, C. spectabilis, Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, Stylosanthes sp., and U. brizantha), which were grown in monocropping or intercropping systems, besides fallow as a control. Monocropped P. glaucum and U. ruziziensis showed a faster establishment and growth of plants, higher-total biomass and soil cover rate in the 2014 crop season. In 2015, corn intercropped with U.ruziziensis and C.spectabilis, and sunflower with U.ruziziensis stood out for total biomass production during flowering and after harvesting of corn and sunflower grains. Biomass composition in the systems showed greater proportions of stems than of leaves, and C.spectabilis stood out after senescence. Sown as a second crop, C. spectabilis promotes yield increase of soybean grown in succession in the no-tillage system.
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Babiker, Sara A., Mohammed A. M. Khair, and Izzat S. A. Tahir. "Exploitation of forage attribute-based variations in Sudan pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] collections." Plant Genetic Resources 12, no. 1 (August 28, 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262113000312.
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Triggered by the need to develop inter-seasonal, multi-cut cereal forage crops, this study aimed at the exploitation of phenotypic variations among the rich pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) collections in Sudan for possible utilization in forage-type breeding programmes. A total of 100 pearl millet accessions were used in three field trials grown in rainy, winter and summer seasons (2008–2009) at the Gezira Research Station Farm and the Gezira University Experimental Farm. Wide diversity and highly significant differences in the total dry forage yield, days to harvest, plant height, number of tillers/plant and leaf/stem ratio were found among the accessions. At an 80% morphological similarity level, the 100 accessions of pearl millet were clustered into four main groups. In the rainy and winter seasons, 71 and 56% of the accessions produced forage yield of more than 5 t/ha, respectively. In contrast, 77% of the accessions produced less than 5 t/ha in the summer season. Among the top-ranking 25 accessions, two accessions (HSD 2190 and HSD 2236) were common in dry matter yield in the three seasons, whereas 11 accessions were identified in at least two seasons. The presence of such common accessions in more than one season is encouraging for growing pearl millet as a multi-cut crop for a longer period. These results indicated the possibility of the development of forage-suited varieties of pearl millet directly through further evaluation of those common accessions or indirectly through a crop breeding programme.
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Msigwa, Anna, Hans C. Komakech, Boud Verbeiren, Elga Salvadore, Tim Hessels, Imeshi Weerasinghe, and Ann van Griensven. "Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals." Water 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2019): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122471.
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The assessment of water withdrawals for irrigation is essential for managing water resources in cultivated tropical catchments. These water withdrawals vary seasonally, driven by wet and dry seasons. A land use map is one of the required inputs of hydrological models used to estimate water withdrawals in a catchment. However, land use maps provide typically static information and do not represent the hydrological seasons and related cropping seasons and practices throughout the year. Therefore, this study assesses the value of seasonal land use maps in the quantification of water withdrawals for a tropical cultivated catchment. We developed land use maps for the main seasons (long rains, dry, and short rains) for the semi-arid Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Three Landsat 8 images from 2016 were used to develop seasonal land use land cover (LULC) maps: March (long rains), August (dry season), and October (short rains). Quantitative and qualitative observation data on cropping systems (reference points and questionnaires/surveys) were collected and used for the supervised classification algorithm. Land use classifications were done using 20 land use and land cover classes for the wet season image and 19 classes for the dry and short rain season images. Water withdrawals for irrigated agriculture were calculated using (1) the static land use map or (2) the three seasonal land use maps. Clear differences in land use can be seen between the dry and the other seasons and between rain-fed and irrigated areas. A difference in water withdrawals was observed when seasonal and static land use maps were used. The highest differences were obtained for irrigated mixed crops, with an estimation of 572 million m3/year when seasonal dynamic maps were used and only 90 million m3/year when a static map was used. This study concludes that detailed seasonal land use maps are essential for quantifying annual irrigation water use of catchment areas with distinct dry and wet seasonal dynamics.
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Anderson, Weston, Ángel G. Muñoz, Lisa Goddard, Walter Baethgen, and Xandre Chourio. "MJO teleconnections to crop growing seasons." Climate Dynamics 54, no. 3-4 (January 7, 2020): 2203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05109-0.
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AbstractWhile many Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) teleconnections are well documented, the significance of these teleconnections to agriculture is not well understood. Here we analyze how the MJO affects the climate during crop flowering seasons, when crops are particularly vulnerable to abiotic stress. Because the MJO is located in the tropics of the summer hemisphere and maize is a tropical, summer-grown crop, the MJO teleconnections to maize flowering seasons are stronger and more coherent than those to wheat, which tends to be grown in midlatitudes and flowers during the spring. The MJO significantly affects not only daily average precipitation and soil moisture, but also the probability of extreme precipitation, soil moisture and maximum temperatures during crop flowering seasons. The average influence on the probability of extreme daily precipitation, soil moisture, and maximum temperature events is roughly equal. On average the MJO modifies the probability of a 5th or 95th, 10th or 90th, and 25th or 75th percentile event by $$\sim $$∼ 2.5%, $$\sim $$∼ 4% and $$\sim $$∼ 7%, respectively. This means that an exceptionally dry (10th percentile) soil moisture value, for example, would become $$\sim $$∼ 40% more common (happening 14% of the time) during certain MJO phases. That the MJO can simultaneously dry soils and raise maximum air temperatures may be particularly damaging to crops because without available soil water during times of heat stress, plants are unable to transpire to cool leaf-level temperatures as a means of avoiding long-term damage. As a result, even though teleconnections from the MJO last only a few days to a week, they likely affect crop growth.
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Papastylianou, I. "Effect of preceding legume or cereal on barley grain and nitrogen yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 3 (June 1987): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080035.
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SummaryTwo separate short-term rotation experiments were conducted during 1982–5 in order to study the production and effect on subsequent barley of legumes grown in Cyprus. The treatment crops, seven legumes and three cereals, were grown in 1982–3 and in 1983–4 growing seasons and barley was grown in the subsequent growing seasons (1983–4 and 1984–5).Among the treatment crops, cereals gave equal or higher dry-matter yields, but equal or lower nitrogen yields compared with legumes. Barley, the test crop, which followed the treatment crops, gave lower grain and nitrogen yields when following cereals than after legumes. There were differences among legumes in their residual effect on the subsequent crop.
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Mahindawansha, Amani, Christoph Külls, Philipp Kraft, and Lutz Breuer. "Investigating unproductive water losses from irrigated agricultural crops in the humid tropics through analyses of stable isotopes of water." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 22, 2020): 3627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3627-2020.
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Abstract. Reliable information on water flow dynamics and water losses via irrigation on irrigated agricultural fields is important to improve water management strategies. We investigated the effect of season (wet season and dry season), irrigation management (flooded and non-flooded), and crop diversification (wet rice, dry rice, and maize) on soil water flow dynamics and water losses via evaporation during plant growth. Soil water was extracted and analysed for the stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O). The fraction of evaporation losses were determined using the Craig–Gordon equation. For dry rice and maize, water in shallow soil layers (0 to 0.2 m) was more isotopically enriched than in deeper soil layers (below 0.2 m). This effect was less pronounced for wet rice but still evident for the average values at both soil depths and seasons. Soil water losses due to evaporation decreased from 40 % at the beginning to 25 % towards the end of the dry season. The soil in maize fields showed stronger evaporation enrichment than in rice during that time. A greater water loss was encountered during the wet season, with 80 % at the beginning of the season and 60 % at its end. The isotopic enrichment of ponding surface water due to evaporation was reflected in the shallow soils of wet rice. It decreased towards the end of both growing seasons during the wet and the dry season. We finally discuss the most relevant soil water flow mechanisms, which we identified in our study to be those of matrix flow, preferential flow through desiccation cracks, and evaporation. Isotope data supported the fact that unproductive water losses via evaporation can be reduced by introducing dry seasonal crops to the crop rotation system.
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KENNEDY, T. F., J. G. McDONALD, J. CONNERY, and G. PURVIS. "A comparison of the occurrence of aphids and barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000304.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYWinter barley was sown by conventional-tillage (CT) and minimum-tillage (MT) cultivation over three seasons. Each cultivation treatment was split so that straw was incorporated into the soil during cultivation in one split, while the other did not receive straw. Aphid occurrences in autumn and incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in spring were compared. Similar investigations on winter wheat were made over a further three seasons. The method of cultivation affected the number of aphids on barley and wheat plants in autumn and on wheat heads in summer; MT had fewest aphids. Soil incorporation of straw during cultivation had a similar effect. Method of cultivation affected the incidence of BYDV disease, with MT having least infection. Straw-treated cereal plots had fewer aphids and less BYDV than no-straw plots. Aphids and virus reached damaging levels only in the first barley crop. In this season, MT barley had significantly fewer aphids (48% fewer) and significantly less BYDV (71% less) than CT. Straw-treated plots within the CT system had rather similar aphid infestation and BYDV incidence as no-straw plots. Barley grown in the MT system with straw added had significantly fewer aphids (68%) than in the case when no straw was added. Overall, aphids in autumn were significantly fewer on MT relative to CT cereals in three of the six seasons and significantly fewer on straw relative to no-straw plots in two seasons. Aphids on wheat heads in summer were significantly fewer in MT relative to CT plots in one of the three seasons. Aphids on heads were also significantly fewer on straw-treated plots within each system of cultivation in two seasons, while MT wheat with straw had significantly fewer aphids/head than those without straw in one season. BYDV was lower each season in MT barley and wheat when compared with CT crops. These differences were significant for two of the three seasons in which each crop was grown. There was a lower incidence of virus in straw-treated plots than in no-straw plots. This effect was significant for one of the three seasons in which barley and wheat were grown. Plant and tiller density did not differ significantly between MT and CT barley either with or without straw incorporation. Plant density of wheat in autumn was significantly lower for straw-treated plots relative to no-straw plots in one season. Wheat head density was lower for MT relative to CT in one season, while MT with straw had significantly fewer heads than CT plots with straw in two seasons. BYDV significantly reduced grain yield only in 2001/02 when incidence of the disease was high. Grain yield in 2001/02 was 0·95 t/ha (16%) greater for MT barley, due to less BYDV, than for CT. Straw-treated CT barley outyielded no-straw plots by 0·45 t/ha, while the comparable value for the MT system was 0·3 t/ha. The combined effect of MT plus straw had a 1·24 t/ha (21%) yield advantage over CT without straw.It is concluded that MT cereals sown at the same time as CT crops in autumn have a lower risk of aphid infestation and BYDV infection than CT crops. The soil incorporation of straw further enhances the beneficial impact of MT in reducing aphids and virus.
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Aryal, M., PP Regmi, RB Thapa, KR Pande, and KP Pant. "Impact of climate variables to major food crops’ yield in midhills of western development region, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 17 (May 7, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v17i0.19862.
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Climate change is threatening the agriculture sector especially on present and future food security in low income countries. Primary and secondary data collected through household survey and collected from different secondary source were used to assess the effects of climate variables on crop yield and the uniformity of effects across crops and growing seasons in Kaski district considering six major food crops as paddy, maize, wheat, millet, Barley and potato. A multivariate regression analysis, based on the first difference time series of crop yield and climate variables, is employed to estimate the empirical relationships between crop yield and climate variables. The results are discussed at district level empirically. It showed that climate variables significantly influence the crop yield, but not uniformly on all crops and in all growing seasons.
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Gökkuş, Zeynep, and Mevlüt Akçura. "An alternative statistical model for the assessment of dry matter accumulation in cool season cereals: Cox Regression." Genetika 51, no. 1 (2019): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1901313g.
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In this study, the growing behaviors of some cool season cereals (bread wheat, rye, durum wheat and barley) cereals were modeled simultaneously during the two growing seasons. For this purpose, Cox Regression was proposed as an alternative to the preferred regression methods in previous studies. In the study, based on the seasonal data of two different season growing seasons (2012-2013, 2013-2014 and both), each of which has 5 replicates 27 samples, growth rates of these cereals via dry matter accumulation quantities were explained in three different models. For this purpose, the dry matter accumulation amounts were fitted to the survival data and Cox Regression method, which uses the hazard function, the rate of occurrence of a particular event, was preferred. As a result, each model was found to be very important (p <0.000). It was determined that i) the fastest growing species was barley, ii) dry matter accumulation decreased as temperature increased, and iii) dry matter accumulation in crops changed during each growth season.
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Anderson, W. K., R. F. Brennan, K. W. Jayasena, S. Micic, J. H. Moore, and T. Nordblom. "Tactical crop management for improved productivity in winter-dominant rainfall regions: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 7 (2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19315.
Full textAbstract:
This study reviews published information on the tactical management decisions needed to maximise economic grain yield in winter-dominant rainfall regions of the Mediterranean type. Tactical decisions are defined as those relating to the period from immediately before sowing to harvest. Tactical management is the principal means by which farmers respond to changing environmental and short-term economic conditions as the season progresses. The review considers published evidence that underpins these decisions and relates to cereal crops (wheat, barley and oats), pulse crops (field pea, faba bean, chickpea and narrow-leaved lupin) and canola. The criteria used to guide management decisions during the season involve soil and tissue tests for nutrients, knowledge of weed numbers and resistance status in the current and previous seasons, weather conditions that favour disease development, and knowledge of thresholds and biology of insect pests that may warrant control measures. All of these decisions can be related to the timing of the opening rains and the length of the growing season; the crop, pasture or weeds present in the previous two seasons; the presence of pest- and disease-bearing crop residues; and the type of tillage in use. Most of these indicators require further refinement through research across environments, soil types, crop types and production systems. The likely interactions between tactical or short-term management decisions, longer term or strategic decisions, and genetic factors are discussed. The prevalent use of chemicals in the management of biotic factors that can impact the crops is noted, as is progress towards various systems of ‘integrated’ management of these threats to crop production. Most tactical decisions in rainfed cropping systems appear to be supported by adequate evidence, although some decisions are still based on practical experience and observations. Application of tactical management practices together with strategic management and use of improved genotypes provides the possibility of achieving rainfall-limited potential grain yield at a regional scale. The papers reviewed have been selected partly on the basis that the experimental treatments achieved the estimated potential grain yield. Where the potential grain yields are not being achieved in commercial crops, it remains unclear whether this is due to inadequate adoption of existing information or inadequate research to identify and address the underlying causes. We highlight the need to devise a simple decision aid to assist farmers and their advisers to respond to the variable seasonal conditions evident since the turn of the Century.
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Singh, K. M., S. K. Verma, N. Prasad, and L. B. Singh. "Doubling farmers income by cultivating inter crops in Sugarcane." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 3, no. 01 (June 14, 2018): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2018.3.1.17.
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A study was conducted for analyze the Doubling farmers income by cultivating inter crops in Sugarcane at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shahajahanpur, Uttar Pradesh for front line demonstration on various crop as inter crops with sugarcane during 2010 to 2015 in both planting seasons in jurisdiction area. FLDs on inter crop Urdbean, Moongbean, Mentha (Mentha oil) Groundnut were cultivated during spring seasons and Toria, Potato, Lentil and Vegetable Pea were cultivated during Autumn planting of Sugarcane. From the Front Line Demonstration it cane concluded that Sugarcane + Potato and Sugarcane Lentil gave higher net return in Autumn and Sugarcane + Mentha and Sugarcane + Groundnut in Spring planting Sugarcane.
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Bueckert, Rosalind A., and John M. Clarke. "Review: Annual crop adaptation to abiotic stress on the Canadian prairies: Six case studies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 3 (May 2013): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-184.
Full textAbstract:
Bueckert, R. A. and Clarke, J. M. 2013. Review: Annual crop adaptation to abiotic stress on the Canadian prairies: Six case studies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 375–385. More than half of Canada's grain crop production comes from the Canadian prairies, a region that experiences short growing seasons characterized by temperature and moisture stress. Historically, the region was dominated by temperate cereal production, but in recent decades crops have included canola (Brassica species) and pulses (chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; dry bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.; pea, Pisum sativum L.; lentil, Lens culinaris L.). Here we describe climatic conditions and the resulting abiotic stresses that are common in prairie crop production. We also showcase how specific cultivars have been successfully adapted to fit a short growing season of 95 to 120 d, and examine current strategies to improve crop performance on the Canadian prairies. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) production has been increased by incorporating stress escape through early flowering, and stress avoidance through increased seasonal water extraction, water use efficiency and reduced loss from leaves. Dry bean, a warm-season crop, has been improved by selecting for rapid emergence in cool soils. The indeterminate crops chickpea, lentil, and canola (Brassica juncea L.) have been improved through breeding for early flowering, double podding (chickpea), high harvest index, and a longer reproductive duration (lentil and canola). Enhanced drought tolerance in chickpea is in progress using early flowering for drought escape, and rooting traits that improve water extraction and canopy transpiration to avoid water and heat stress. Crops grown on the Canadian prairies have superior quality profiles and two crops, durum and lentil, have become dominant in global exports.
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Mehan, V. K., D. McDonald, and N. Ramakrishna. "Varietal Resistance in Peanut to Aflatoxin Production1." Peanut Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-13-1-3.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Rehydrated, mature, undamaged seed of 502 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were scarified, inoculated with an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus Link, and tested for aflatoxin B1 production after incubation at 25 C for 10 days. All genotypes supported production of aflatoxin B1 but significant genotypic differences in levels of aflatoxin B1 production were found. Genotypes U 4–7–5 and VRR 245 supported the lowest levels of aflatoxin B1 (< 10 μg/g seed), whereas the commonly grown Indian cultivar TMV 2 supported production of aflatoxin B1 at levels of over 150 μg/g seed. Eight genotypes with low, moderate or high capacity to support aflatoxin B1 production were further tested using seed from one rainy season crop, and two irrigated postrainy season crops. Genotypic differences in levels of aflatoxin B1 production were consistent over seasons. Production levels were slightly lower in seed from the rainy season crop than in seed from the two postrainy season crops.
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Martinov, Milan, Djordje Djatkov, and Miodrag Viskovic. "Potentials of crops residues – A case study for the province Vojvodina." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 70, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/boku-2019-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Crop residues are targeted as energy sources and feedstock for diverse products. A six-year lasting investigation, aiming to determine the yield potentials of crop residues of mostly grown field crops wheat, soybean and corn in the province Vojvodina (Serbia), was performed. The three levels of potentials were distinguished: theoretical, technical and sustainable. Two seasonal weather conditions were distinguished – common and dry, and their impact on the biomass yield was analyzed. The yields were expressed as absolute and relative to grain yield since the grain yield is always measured, and is available in national statistics. During common seasons, technical potentials were about 56% for wheat, 45% for soybean and 41 or 51% for the two considered corn stover collection procedures. For dry seasons, the technical potential of all considered crops was reduced to between 30 and 50%. On field remained aboveground residual biomass and its relative (to grain) amount, which was between 43 and 60%, was defined. It was concluded that the defining of sustainable potentials is a very complex task. Besides the aforementioned, measures aimed to preserve soil fertility, some overlooked issues in the literature and practice were listed and commented on.
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Brévault, T., J. Achaleke, S. P. Sougnabé, and M. Vaissayre. "Tracking pyrethroid resistance in the polyphagous bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the shifting landscape of a cotton-growing area." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 6 (July 1, 2008): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005877.
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AbstractIn cotton-growing areas of Central Africa, timing of host crops and pest management practices in annual rainfed cropping systems result in a shifting mosaic of habitats that influence the dynamics and resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) populations on spatial scales, both within and across seasons. From 2002 to 2006, regional and local resistance was monitored among cotton fields and among the major host plants of the bollworm. From 2002, pyrethroid resistance increased within and across cotton-growing seasons to reach a worrying situation at the end of the 2005 growing season. Cotton crops played a fundamental role in the increase in seasonal resistance, even if the intensive use of insecticides on local tomato crops strongly concentrated resistance alleles in residual populations throughout the off-season. Due to the relative stability of resistance in H. armigera populations despite a long off-season, we believe that after the dispersal of the moths southwards at the end of the growing season, reverse migration mainly accounts for the reconstitution of populations at the onset of the following growing season. In addition, local resistance monitoring in 2005 and 2006 showed that it was possible to control the increase in resistance by temporarily stopping the use of pyrethroids during the period of peak infestation of cotton by H. armigera. On the other hand, the similar resistance frequency of populations sampled from sprayed and unsprayed synchronous hosts confirmed the absence of reproductive isolation between adults. As a result, diversity in cropping systems should be encouraged by planting alternative host plants to provide a mosaic of habitats, which in return would provide insecticide-free refuges. The implications for insecticide resistance management in annual cropping systems are discussed.
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Chan, KY, and DP Heenan. "Effect of tillage and stubble management on soil water storage, crop growth and yield in a wheat-lupin rotation in southern NSW." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960479.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of tillage (conventional tillage v. direct drilling) and stubble management (stubble retained v. stubble burnt) on soil water storage, growth and yield of wheat were assessed over two seasons (1989-1990) in a wheat-lupin rotation on a red earth at Wagga Wagga, NSW. Soil water storage and efficiency of water use were different for the two seasons. Both direct drilling and stubble retention maintained the soil surface (0-0.1 m) at higher water content at sowing time. However, their effectiveness in increasing soil water storage at sowing was evident only in the 1990 season which, with average rainfall during the summer fallow, was drier than 1989. Average wheat grain yield was similar (4.02 v. 4.08 t/ha) for the two seasons even though the 1989 season had 245 mm more rain, the difference mainly occurring in March-April. Most of the excess water in seasons like 1989 was likely to have been lost by deep drainage, with implications for leaching of soluble nutrients, increasing subsoil acidity and rising watertables. Poor early growth of wheat when the stubble was retained and the crops direct drilled was season dependent. It was observed in the wheat crop only in the 1989 season which had a wet autumn. In that season, poor early growth which resulted in a significant yield reduction of 0.5 t/ha was associated with reduced water extraction before anthesis despite the availability of adequate soil water. No corresponding differences in growth and yield were observed for the lupin crop.
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Shahrajabian, Mohamad Hesam, Wenli Sun, and Qi Cheng. "Food security and sustainable crops production with considering climate change in China." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2019-14-4-423-429.
Full textAbstract:
Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops which may lead to final yield reduction. China needs to cope with the adverse effects of climate change by developing heat and drought resistant high yielding varieties and cultivars to ensure food security in China. Farmers should adapt to climate change strategies which integrate traditional experience and indigenous knowledge with scientific researches and government polices as key factors. Climate change will extend growing seasons for some crops and make shorter growing seasons for other crops in Northern part of China and will bring less reliable rains, soils that retain less water, the spread of dangerous pests and unwanted weeds. The catastrophic consequences of climate change can be avoided if all countries work and cooperate together towards significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.
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Goparaju, Laxmi, and Firoz Ahmad. "Seasonal (Kharif, Rabi and Zaid) Precipitation, Potential Evapotranspiration and Aridity Index with Respect to Various Agro Ecological Zones of India." Scientific Bulletin 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2019-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Climate change has very significant impact on livelihoods and food security. The geospatial technology provides a better understanding of various themes related to climate change. This study examined the seasonal (kharif, rabi and zaid) long term (1970-2000) monthly climatic parameters such as precipitation, potential evapotranspiration over the country of India. The seasonal Aridity Index was computed and analyzed with respect to various agro-ecological zones of India. The analysis of long term mean precipitation (mm) during kharif, rabi and zaid season was found to be in the range of (14-7463), (0-914) and (0-1722) respectively. The analyses of the long term mean potential evapotranspiration in all seasons was found notable high in arid/semiarid zones. The Aridity Index during kharif, rabi and zaid seasons was found to be in the range of (0.19-4.27), (0.03-0.73) and (0.01-1.48) respectively. The seasonal Aridity Index in some of the agro-ecological zones of the central India in the arid and semiarid regions was found to be notably low. A concrete plan with synergic approach including integrated watershed management and traditional ecological practices will help to fulfill crop water demand and maintain adequate soil moisture for the present and future crops.
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Kwaku Onwona-Hwesofour Asante, Simon Abugri, Nana Sarfo Agyemang Derkyi, and Daniel Sarfo Akoto. "Gypsum amendment and seasonal variability: effect on soil quality, fruit characteristics and toxicological responses of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus l.) in the Ahafo-Kenyasi Mining Area of Ghana." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.3.0053.
Full textAbstract:
Depending on soil, climate and crop characteristics exposed subsoils can be amended with gypsum for agricultural activities when topsoil is inadequate as a result of natural and geophysical activities. To determine how exposed subsoil amendment with gypsum interact with weather patterns to influence soil chemical properties, cucumber growth, fruit characteristics and heavy metal concentration, a two-seasonal experiment was conducted in the major and minor rainy season of 2020 in the Ahafo-Kenyasi Mining Area in Ghana. The experiment was laid out as a 6x2 factorial arranged in randomized complete block design, consisting of 6 gypsum application rates (20 ton/ha, 40 ton/ha, 60 ton/ha, 80 ton/ha, 0 ton/ha (subsoil control) and 0 ton/ha (topsoil control)) in two rainy seasons and replicated three times. The results show that gypsum application and rainy seasons interact to significantly influence soil chemical properties, cucumber growth and fruit characteristics. Increasing gypsum application resulted in decreased organic carbon, increased calcium, increased available P, increased exchangeable magnesium (Mg), increased pH during both major and minor rainy seasons. Vine length, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight of cucumber were increased with increasing gypsum application during the minor rainy season. In spite of exceeding permissible limits in soils and crops, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) showed similar concentrations (below 2 mg/kg) in cucumber during the minor and major rainy seasons across gypsum treatments. Lead (Pb) concentration in cucumber was significantly higher in the major season across treatments. There was no difference in lead (Pb) concentration for treated vs untreated, and no increase across the amendment range. Further studies on how heavy metals in soil and plants interact with plant phytochemicals in ecosystems and living tissues are recommended.
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Ponce, Juan Pablo, Oscar Alberto Siliquini, and Romina Fernández. "COVER CROPS AS PREDECESSOR OF PUMPKIN CROP IN THE SEMIARID PAMPA REGION." Semiárida Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía UNLPam 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2020(02).51-61.
Full textAbstract:
The objective was determine the effect of cover crops on the water use efficiency and total yield of the pumpkin crop. The study was carried out on a soil called petrocalcic Paleustoll, located in the south of the rugged plain of the semiarid Pampa region. In the same lot for three consecutive seasons, Rye (C) and rye + vetch (CV) were sown and fallow was established without cover cultivation. In this way, 6 management treatments for pumpkin cultivation were established: T1: without CC predecessor, with tillage prior to pumpkin planting, and without weed control during the pumpkin cycle. T 2: without predecessor CC with tillage prior to planting the pumpkin, with weed control (tillage and herbicide), during the pumpkin cycle. C H: Rye ancestor used as CC, with growth arrest by herbicide. C R: Rye ancestor used as CC, with growth arrest by rolling. CV H: Rye + Vetch ancestor used as CC, with growth arrest by herbicide. CV R: Rye + Vetch ancestor used as CC, with growth arrest by rolling. The results showed that on average in the 3 seasons C was higher than C V, in 22, 19 and 6% with respect to the total biomass, for the first, second and third seasons, respectively. Cover crops had higher fallow efficiency with respect to treatments without prior CC (T1 and T2). The highest pumpkin yields were over the CC, these being the ones with the lowest UC and the highest EUAt
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Whitbread, A. M., C. W. Davoren, V. V. S. R. Gupta, R. Llewellyn, and the late D. Roget. "Long-term cropping system studies support intensive and responsive cropping systems in the low-rainfall Australian Mallee." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14136.
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Continuous-cropping systems based on no-till and crop residue retention have been widely adopted across the low-rainfall cereal belt in southern Australia in the last decade to manage climate risk and wind erosion. This paper reports on two long-term field experiments that were established in the late 1990s on texturally different soil types at a time of uncertainty about the profitability of continuous-cropping rotations in low-rainfall environments. Continuous-cereal systems significantly outyielded the traditional pasture–wheat systems in five of the 11 seasons at Waikerie (light-textured soil), resulting in a cumulative gross margin of AU$1600 ha–1 after the initial eight seasons, almost double that of the other treatments. All rotation systems at Kerribee (loam-textured soil) performed poorly, with only the 2003 season producing yields close to 3 t ha–1 and no profit achieved in the years 2004–08. For low-rainfall environments, the success of a higher input cropping system largely depends on the ability to offset the losses in poor seasons by capturing greater benefits from good seasons; therefore, strategies to manage climatic risk are paramount. Fallow efficiency, or the efficiency with which rainfall was stored during the period between crops, averaged 17% at Kerribee and 30% at Waikerie, also indicating that soil texture strongly influences soil evaporation. A ‘responsive’ strategy of continuous cereal with the occasional, high-value ‘break crop’ when seasonal conditions are optimal is considered superior to fixed or pasture–fallow rotations for controlling grass, disease or nutritional issues.
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Boukari, Wardatou, Claudia Kaye, Chunyan Wei, Martha Hincapie, Chris LaBorde, Michael Irey, and Philippe Rott. "Field Infection of Virus-Free Sugarcane by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus and Effect of Yellow Leaf on Sugarcane Grown on Organic and on Mineral Soils in Florida." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-19-0199-re.
Full textAbstract:
Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), the causal agent of yellow leaf, is widespread in Florida. Two field trials were set up, one on organic soil and one on mineral soil, to investigate the rate and timing of sugarcane infection by SCYLV under field conditions and the effect of the virus on yield. Each trial consisted of plots planted with healthy or SCYLV-infected seed cane of two commercial cultivars. Virus prevalence varied from 83 to 100% in plots planted with infected seed cane regardless of cultivar, location, and crop season. On organic soil, plants of virus-free plots became progressively infected in plant cane and first ratoon crops. On mineral soil, healthy sugarcane became initially infected in the first ratoon crop. After three crop seasons, the highest SCYLV prevalence rates were 33 and 7% on organic and mineral soils, respectively. No significant negative effect of SCYLV on yield was found in plant cane crop regardless of cultivar and soil type. However, yield reductions in ratoon crops varied from nonsignificant to 27% depending on cultivar and soil type. Low virus prevalence observed after three crop seasons suggested that planting virus-free seed cane should limit the impact of SCYLV on sugarcane production in Florida.
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Muoni, Tarirai, Eric Koomson, Ingrid Öborn, Carsten Marohn, Christine A. Watson, Göran Bergkvist, Andrew Barnes, Georg Cadisch, and Alan Duncan. "Reducing soil erosion in smallholder farming systems in east Africa through the introduction of different crop types." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000280.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOn low-input smallholder farms of Kenyan upland landscapes, erosion of nutrient-rich topsoil strongly affects crop yields. Where maize (Zea mays) is intercropped on erosion-prone slopes, intercropping can potentially reduce soil erosion. The objective of this research was to quantify the contribution of crops and crop mixtures of different growth habits to erosion control and their influence on above-ground biomass and earthworm abundance as indicators of soil function in smallholder farming systems under a bimodal rainfall pattern in Western Kenya. The experiment involved five treatments, namely maize (Z. mays)/common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercrop (maize intercrop), maize/common bean intercrop plus Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) hedgerows and Calliandra mulch (Calliandra), sole Lablab (Lablab purpureus), sole Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropped with maize (during the short rains). The experiment was conducted over three consecutive cropping seasons and the cropping system had significant effects on soil loss, runoff, water infiltration, earthworm abundance and above-ground biomass and crop grain yield. The Calliandra treatment had the lowest runoff (11.6–17.2 mm ha−1) and soil erosion (31–446 kg ha−1 per season) in all the seasons, followed by the Mucuna treatment. Lablab was affected by disease and showed the highest soil erosion in the last two seasons. Infiltration was highest in Calliandra treatment, and earthworm abundance was higher under Mucuna and Calliandra treatments (229 and 165 earthworms per square metre, respectively) than under other crops. Our results suggest that including sole crops of herbaceous species such as Mucuna, or tree hedgerows with mixtures of maize and grain legumes has the potential to reduce runoff and soil erosion in smallholder farming. Additionally, these species provide a suitable habitat for earthworms which stabilise soil structure and macropores and thus potentially increase infiltration, further reducing soil erosion.
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CLOVER, G. R. G., K. W. JAGGARD, H. G. SMITH, and S. N. AZAM-ALI. "The use of radiation interception and transpiration to predict the yield of healthy, droughted and virus-infected sugar beet." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 2 (March 2001): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960100853x.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports an analysis of the yield of sugar beet crops grown under experimental conditions between 1993 and 1995 in the UK. Crops were either healthy (unstressed) or subjected to drought, infection with Beet yellows virus (BYV) or a combination of both. The study investigated whether the large differences in yield between the crops grown in different seasons and subjected to different stresses could be accounted for by simple relationships between total biomass and radiation interception (εs), transpiration (εw) or εs and εw adjusted for mean saturation deficit (Ωs and Ωw respectively). Mean values of εs, εw, Ωs and Ωw in healthy crops were 1·42 g/MJ, 0·89 g/kg, 6·76 g/kPa/MJ and 4·29 g/kPa/kg respectively. Variations in the dry matter yield between seasons were best accounted for by Ωw and less well by εw or εs. Ωs accounted for least variation in yield between seasons. None of these relationships remained constant in stressed plants; both drought and BYV-infection decreased εs (and Ωs) but Ωw was increased by drought and decreased by BYV-infection. However, in common with healthy crops, seasonal variation in yields was best accounted for by Ωw. Mean values of εs, Ωs, εw and Ωw for all healthy, infected and droughted crops accounted for 61, 50, 88 and 97% of the variation in dry matter yield between experiments respectively. Accurate prediction of the yield of stressed plants requires a knowledge of their infection and drought status. If this information is unavailable then the mean value of Ωw for healthy, infected and droughted crops will provide a reasonable prediction of the yield of such crops.
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Gregory, PJ, and J. Eastham. "Growth of shoots and roots, and interception of radiation by wheat and lupin crops on a shallow, duplex soil in response to time of sowing." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960427.
Full textAbstract:
Crops of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Gungurru) and wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Kulin or Spear) sown close to the break of the season and 3-6 weeks later were grown on a duplex soil at East Beverley, WA, over 3 seasons. The overall aim of the work was to examine the influence of time of sowing on growth and water use of the crops, and this paper reports their growth and yield. Early sowing resulted in greater shoot weight of all crops (up to 2.8 t/ha for lupin and 1.7 t/ha for wheat at maturity) and grain yield of lupin, but grain yield of wheat was increased in only 1 of the 3 seasons. The principal effect of the delayed sowing was to reduce the duration of linear growth; the rate of the initial exponential phase was slightly reduced by later sowing as was the rate of growth during the linear phase in lupin (by about 1.5 g/m2day) but not in wheat. Late sowing generally reduced both the number of pod/ears per unit area and the number of grains per pod/ear. Doubling the density of sowing in one of the seasons had no effects on the shoot weight and grain yield of lupin with early or late sowing but decreased those of wheat. Downward root growth of early-sown crops averaged 5.2 mm/day for lupin and 8.7 mm/day for wheat in the 3 seasons and ceased at about 0.8 m; time of sowing had no effect on these measures. Root weight at flowering was greater in lupin than in wheat crops, and root weight of lupin was about 0.5 of total plant weight during vegetative growth compared with 0.25-0.3 in wheat. Typically, only 5-6% of the root length of both crop species was present in the clay layer at flowering irrespective of sowing time. The proportion of radiation intercepted reached a higher maximum value for early-sown crops (about 0.75 in 1991 and 0.90 in 1992) than late-sown crops (about 0.60 in 1991 and 0.8 in 1992). The conversion coefficients of radiation to dry matter were very similar (about 1.8 g/MJ) for both species, but the greater partitioning of dry matter to roots in lupin than wheat meant that conversion coefficients for shoot dry matter were greater in wheat (1.43-1.68 g/MJ) than in lupin (0.93-1.16 g/MJ). The results demonstrate that early sowing produced larger crops of both lupin and wheat; this resulted in larger lupin yields, but yield of wheat was affected by disease and drought during grain filling.
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Krenchinski, Fábio Henrique, Victor José Salomão Cesco, Danilo Morilha Rodrigues, Leandro Paiola Albrecht, Katle Samaya Wobeto, and Alfredo Júnior Paiola Albrecht. "Agronomic performance of soybean grown in succession to winter cover crops." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 8 (August 2018): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000800005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crop species on the agronomic performance of soybean (Glycine max) cropped in succession, under a no-tillage system. The study was conducted during three crop seasons (2011/2012, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014), with the following cover crops: white oat (Avena sativa), black oat (Avena strigosa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), vetch (Vicia sativa), forage radish (Raphanus sativus), the intercrop black oat + forage radish, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) as the standard management. Forage radish and the intercrop black oat + forage radish provided greater soil cover rates after 30 days of planting, as well as dry matter production in the three crop seasons. After 45 and 90 days from desiccation, however, white oat and ryegrass showed the highest soil cover rate. Black oat and the intercrop black oat + forage radish provided higher soybean yield than the standard management with wheat, in the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. Winter cover crops can significantly affect soybean yield in succession, and black oat and the intercrop black oat + forage radish stand out for this purpose.
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Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.
Full textAbstract:
In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.
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Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.
Full textAbstract:
In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.