To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Cross-border trade.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cross-border trade'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Cross-border trade.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fadahunsi, Akinola Olatunde. "Indigenous entrepreneurship and cross-border trade in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2004.
Full textAbstract:
The study examines an aspect of indigenous Nigerian entrepreneurship, focusing on the cross-border trade in South-Western Nigeria. An almost total ignorance of how the traders go about their business, coupled with an unwelcoming trading environment, appear to have caused the antipathy of policy planners, and dearth of academic research in the area. The dearth of research is of particular concern here hence the need to "go back to basics", as it were, and focus the research in the first instance, on what the trade is in fact all about. The study focuses therefore on a descriptive analysis of the cross-border trade itself as an indigenous exporting activity, in particular the role of the small businesses who, in numerical terms at least, dominate the trade. It is expected that this will lead to future, more sector and area-specific studies on the subject. The cross-border trade takes place in an environment of illegality, corruption, and an unstable local economy, which makes trading conditions difficult, and would ordinarily seem to prevent traders from exercising their enterprise other than for mere survival on the economic fringes. Policy planners are also quick to argue that the trade is merely a smugglers' arena that contributes nothing to national development and in fact needs to be eliminated in aid of the development process. These reinforce the development literature which envisages only a limited role for indigenous entrepreneurship in economic development. The findings in this study however suggest another interpretation. It is argued that the trading environment as it is in fact provides opportunities which seem to have encouraged the emergence of an entrepreneurial class, and that though largely invisible, greater capital accumulation than is usually thought appears to be taking place, suggesting a more significant role for indigenous entrepreneurs in the development process. Between chapters 1 and 5, a case is presented for why existing trade and development theories have only a limited application to the development process in less developed countries like Nigeria. Chapters 6 and 7 introduce the surveys which indicate the performance and strategy of a sample of producers and traders. Subsequently relying mainly, but not exclusively on anthropologically-oriented material, the study focuses, in chapters 8 and 9, on the actors and activities in three cross-border trade routes, exploring the ways in which the traders relate to one another and to other participants in the trade. Further attention is paid to the ways in which the trade survives, evolves and develops, in spite of considerable environmental difficulties. While the study does not dispute that there are several smugglers and other law-breakers in the cross-border trade traffic, it argues further that considerable legitimate, but unrecorded trade goes on across the borders by several dedicated producers and traders. Certain theoretical implications arising from the study are discussed as areas for further study, while other, more practical recommendations, are suggested to policy planners, which may be beneficial both to them and to the traders in the future developments of the trade.
2
Weyulu, Victoria. "The Reform of Namibia’s Cross-Border Insolvency Framework." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4773.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLMThis paper argues that there is a need for an improved cross-border insolvency regime as the common law principles applied in Namibia are outdated and thus ill-equipped to deal with present-day complex issues of cross-border insolvency. The lack of literature on issues of crossborder insolvency belies the importance of cross-border insolvency in African developing countries like Namibia who seek to encourage trade and investment in the hope of achieving economic development. In the final section of chapter one, the paper will consider the Model Law as the basis needed to develop clear, fair and predictable rules to effectively deal with the various aspects of cross-border insolvencies in Namibia.
3
Chani, Chivimbiso. "Informal cross-border trade: a review of its impact on household poverty reduction (Zimbabwe)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/167.
Full textAbstract:
This study endeavors to explore the value of informal cross-border trade to household poverty reduction. Informal cross-border trade has become a panacea to most Zimbabweans both employed and unemployed in the middle of the socio-economic crisis which has eroded the standards of living in Zimbabwe. This study is an eye opener to those who view informal cross-border trade as merely a survival strategy. It explores the efficacy of informal cross-border trade as a poverty reduction strategy looking at its viability and sustainability despite criticism by many people who associate informal cross-border trade with all kinds of negativity. It thrusts forward the agenda of participatory poverty reduction agenda within a nexus of partnerships and relationships between the government, non-governmental organization, institutions and families. Informal cross-border traders have maneuvered their way out of the chains and shackles of poverty even though it has been tough due to many obstacles from different angles. They have helped to distribute the scarce goods and products in Zimbabwe as a consequent of the socio-economic crisis. If they are given a better platform they can 5 perform much better than they are getting at present. Thus this study advocates the forging of networks between various stakeholders in both the formal and informal sector in order to fight against poverty.
4
Schoenberger, Laura. "Crossing the line : the changing nature of highlander cross-border trade in northern Vietnam." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99599.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates how changing Vietnamese state control over the Vietnam-China border has impacted cross-border trade networks and livelihoods of border residents in Lao Cai province, North Vietnam. The investigation uses information from qualitative research with 91 marketplace traders and border officials at four crossing points in the province. I find that state control over the border and cross-border trade has increased as this trade has been progressively brought within legal parameters from 1954 to 2005.By taking a commodity chain approach to investigate the trade networks of three locally produced goods that move across the border I discuss the complex interactions of state policy, social relations and location factors in shaping contemporary cross-border trade. This investigation suggests that state policy to encourage small scale cross-border trade and new tradable commodities are increasing the livelihood options available to border residents in the province.
5
Gugler, Klaus, and Adhurim Haxhimusa. "Cross-Border Technology Differences and Trade Barriers: Evidence from German and French Electricity Markets." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5222/1/wp237.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Using hourly data, we show that the convergence of German and French electricity spot prices depends
on the employed generation mix structure, on the trade (export/import) capacity between the two countries, and on
characteristics of neighbouring markets. Only when German and French electricity markets employ "similar"
generation mixes price spreads vanish, and the likelihood for congestion of electricity flows is significantly
reduced. This implies that, at least, a part of the convergence that was documented in recent literature is spurious, because it is not (only) driven by the forces of arbitrage, but by the similarity of the Generation structures. The direction of congestion matters in this regard. Furthermore, we document consistent evidence for the most important predictions of trade theory if markets are characterized by increasing marginal cost (i.e. supply) curves and limited cross-border capacities. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
6
Kimpan, Patricia Cathleen. "Cross border workers' compensation and NAFTA analysis of coverage in American and Canadian jurisdictions /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2526.
Full text
7
Moyo, Ntozakhe Mpho. "Cross border trade as a survival strategy in SADC : a study of Zimbabwean women traders." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3753.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89).This research explores the extent to which Zimbabwean national policies and more broadly SADC affect informal trade and informal traders. Whilst SADC governments claim a desire to fight poverty, the organisation at the same time is pursuing policies that are obstructive to poverty alleviation. This is, for example, reflected in its lack of recognition of informal cross border traders. The thesis argues that one of the reasons explaining this is that SADC lacks an autonomous development strategy; its integration scheme is informed by the European model.
8
Zachmann, Georg. "Empirical Evidence for Inefficiencies in European Electricity Markets: Market Power and Barriers to Cross-Border Trade?" Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25124.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation applies a variety of quantitative methods to European electricity market data to enable us to detect, understand, and eventually mitigate market imperfections. The empirical data indicate that market power and barriers to cross-border trade partially explain today’s market failures. Briefly, the five key findings of this dissertation are: First, we observe a decoupling between German electricity prices and fuel cost, even though British electricity prices are largely explained by short-run cost factors. Second, we demonstrate that rising prices of European Union emission allowances (EUA) have a greater impact on German wholesale electricity prices than falling EUA prices. Third, we reject the assumption of full integration of European wholesale electricity markets in 2002-2006; for several pairs of countries, the weaker hypothesis of (bilateral) convergence is accepted (i.e. efforts to develop a single European market for electricity have been only partially successful). Fourth, we observe that daily auction prices of scarce cross-border transmission capacities are insufficient to explain the persistence of international price differentials. Empirically, our findings confirm the insufficiency of explicit capacity auctions as stated in the theoretical literature. Fifth, we identify inefficiencies in the market behavior for the interconnector linking France and the United Kingdom (UK), for which several explanations, including market power, may be plausible.
9
Berger, Stefan. "Regulation of intellectual property rights and trade." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7591.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of three essays on the regulation of Intellectual Property
Rights (IPRs) and trade in open economies.
The rst chapter investigates the di erences in Intellectual Property Rights
between countries. The analysis of a cross-country panel reveals that the protection
of IPRs is higher in countries that are (i) richer, (ii) more productive
in R&D and (iii) more open to trade. It is then shown that the rst two facts
can be explained in a model where innovations are a global public good and
where demand for innovations is non-homothetic in income.
The second chapter addresses the third observation. If trade is driven by large
di erences in productivities across countries and sectors then having strong
IPR protection can become more bene cial for the individual country, since
a part of the associated costs are passed onto the trading partners.
The third chapter aims to explain why and when countries link agreements on
trade with agreements that regulate the provision of global public goods. It
shows that a linkage is particularly attractive if countries are di erent in size.
10
Mthembu-Salter, Gregory. "Beyond the record : the political economy of cross border trade between Cyangugu, Rwanda and Bukavu, DR Congo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5941.
Full text
11
Senalp, Umut. "Essays on firm heterogeneity and international trade." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18811.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis provides four contributions to the literature on the productivity- internationalization nexus by considering some recent developments in the literature. A well-established stylized fact is reported by this literature, which is that exporters are more productive and larger than non-exporters, and two hypotheses attempt to explain this finding. The first, often referred to as the self-selection hypothesis, suggests that more productive firms select themselves into export markets, while the learning-by-exporting hypothesis highlights the role of learning from exporting. In this thesis, first, the self-selection hypothesis is revisited, and it is shown that evidence against self-selection exists in some UK industries. Second, it is demon- strated that some UK firms experience rising marginal costs, although both tra- ditional and new trade theories assume constant marginal cost. It is then shown that the evidence against self-selection that we report can be best explained by the existence of increasing, rather than constant, marginal costs. Third, the learning by exporting hypothesis is tested empirically for UK firms. Highlighting the importance of the scale effect in total factor productivity growth, it is shown that any learning by exporting effects are predominantly attributable to a change in scale efficiency. Unlike Melitz (2003), some recent studies consider some other strategies to access foreign markets, such as foreign direct investment, and cross-border mergers. Finally, following this new branch of the literature, the productivity-internationalization nexus is examined by utilizing a two-country oligopolistic model. It is shown that more productive firm might prefer greenfield investment over cross-border merger, which contradicts the findings provided by the relevant literature.
12
Muthee, Karen Wangu. "The effect of the East African community integration process on informal cross-border trade (ICBT) : an analysis of the Customs Union Protocol." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19787.
Full textAbstract:
Informal cross border trade (ICBT) includes imports and exports that are traded across borders informally by escaping the normal border procedures like customs clearance. As a consequence of the said informality, ICBT is viewed as illegal cross border activities. Despite the fact that it is not possible to give the accurate extent of ICBT in the East African Community (EAC), it continues to grow by the day and has contributed significantly to economic and sustainable growth. It therefore has the potential to support the ongoing initiatives on poverty reduction and raise the standards of living for a majority of the people. In fact, if properly managed, it definitely has the effect of boosting the economies. The concept therefore that ICBT is illegal trade shows that legislators have not fully appreciated the benefits of this trade and the fact that they have downplayed it means overlooking a significant proportion of trade. The main aim of the study therefore is to give an overview of the nature and scope as well as the significance of ICBT in EAC. In this regard, the three major advantages are that it is a source of employment, assists in eradicating poverty and contributes immensely towards food security in the region. The study also analyzes the Customs Union Protocol and highlights opportunities that can be derived from specific articles for the benefit of the informal cross border traders and eventually comes up with policy recommendations to provide a regulatory environment that can accommodate both the formal and informal sector without harming either of the two. The research has also discussed the regional integration initiatives taken with the aim of promoting economic development in the Community and their effect on ICBT. The route taken by Africa as a whole is market integration which has not been without difficulties. As an alternative, regionalism from below could be the better way forward in the quest for regional economic integration considering ICBT has greatly supported the shrinking formal economy. This would mean tapping into this informal trade by building on those informal trade networks to create a robust economy bearing in mind that is where a substantial proportion of cross-border trade is conducted. This would ultimately lead to formalizing ICBT. While it may seem difficult, the study shows that formalizing ICBT and having its official recognition in the Customs Union Protocol would be a stepping stone to realizing economic integration within the Community. It is a kind of trade that is there to stay and as a result of the shrinking formal economy; EAC will with time have to deal with ICBT as a parallel and alternative source of employment in relation to the formal sector. Therefore, it is necessary that the Community deals with ICBT sooner rather than later considering it has become a social-economic lifestyle for a large number of EAC citizens.
13
Boonchai, Paranee. "Cross-border tourism and the emerging nation : taxonomy of the ignored shopper." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26950.
Full textAbstract:
The growth in Laos’ economy has been increasingly important in terms of consumption and tourism within Thailand. Currently, however, few studies have attempted to develop a marketing strategy for regional retailers in this emerging nation. This research is concerned with developing an appropriate marketing strategy that balances supply and demand within this regional market. Given that marketing relies heavily on understanding consumer behaviour, the objectives of this study are, first, to develop a cross-border shopper taxonomy in a regional market using benefit segmentation. In order to develop this marketing strategy, the research identified consumer expectations in order to explore how to achieve a competitive advantage that matches consumer needs with the available supplies. This cross-border shopping taxonomy provides a starting point for a holistic evaluation that will assist retailers in making marketing decisions. The study then attempts to understand the current market situations and marketing in practice from the perspective of suppliers. After assessing the correspondence between demand and supply, recommendations on strategic marketing are offered to Thai retailers at the end of the investigation. This study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods, with 337 questionnaires and seven in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted in Thailand between December 2013 and January 2014. The data were collected from three provinces in the northeast region of Thailand that share a border with Laos: Nongkhai, Mukdahan and Nakorn Phanom. These provinces have high potential in respect to both tourism and retail developments. In addition, the seven interviewees with retailers and policy planners examined the implementation of market segmentation and marketing strategies. The data from the interviews was interpreted and compared with the quantitative data in order to investigate the correspondence between supply and demand. In order to classify cross-border shoppers, the major statistical analyses used were EFA and cluster analysis based on benefits sought. Segments were profiled with travel behaviour, shopping behaviour and demographic variables. ANOVA and MANOVA were employed to test differences between groups. After that, the research explored expectations through the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) in order to identify priorities for developing a competitive advantage. The results show that cross-border shoppers in the regional markets of Thailand consist of four segments: the Enthusiastic shoppers, the Leisure-tourist shoppers, the Product-focused shoppers and the Practical shoppers. These segments relate to the benefits sought, and correlate with different demographic variables, shopping activities and consumption patterns. Moreover, they have different expectations towards place attributes which are important for designing a marketing strategy that is suitable to each segment. Unfortunately, the interviewees from the supply side provided less marketing response to the cross-border tourist marketing. The implications of the findings are, first, that benefit segmentation is associated with demographic variables, shopping activities and expenditures. In addition, the evidence suggests some misunderstandings on the part of suppliers in respect to cross-border demand. The evaluation of demand and supply contributed recommendations for the design and management of effective marketing strategies for cross-border shoppers in this emerging nation.
14
Kolay, Gulcan. "La perception à la fois de soi et de l'autre côté de la frontière, par l'intermédiaire du commerce transfrontalier en période de conflit et en temps de paix, au sud-est de la Turquie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1074.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur l'impact du commerce (transfrontalier) sur les relations, les perceptions entre la Turquie et l'Irak, plus précisément entre deux région kurdes : le Kurdistan de Turquie d'un côté, le Kurdistan d'Irak de l'autre. Ce travail va nous permettre de comprendre et d'analyser les relations économiques, sociales et culturelles de part et d'autre de la frontière. En tant que séparatrice des deux régions kurdes, la frontière turco-irakienne tient une position qui joue un rôle significatif ; c'est une séparation mais aussi une zone de contact. Plusieurs acteurs jouent un rôle dans le commerce frontalier de cette région. Les principaux sont les États (ou « quasi-État » si l'on considère le gouvernement autonome du Kurdistan d'Irak comme un État dans l'État fédéral d'Irak), ainsi que les entrepreneurs des deux côtés de la frontière.Après la guerre du golfe en 2003, la région du nord de l'Irak est devenue davantage liée à la Turquie qu'à l'Irak. Ce phénomène s'étant accentué de nos jours. Des milliers de camions franchissent quotidiennement les frontières qui séparent le Kurdistan d'Irak et la Turquie, les entreprises et les ouvriers travaillant au Kurdistan irakien sont pour l'essentiel des Kurdes de Turquie.Dans ce contexte le commerce est important par son rôle de communication. Il est également significatif en tant que lien symbolique entre les deux régions frontalières. En outre, ce commerce confirme à nouveau le rôle du Kurdistan irakien comme référence de la mouvance kurde dans son ensembleThis thesis deals with the impacts of the cross-border trade on the perceptions, on the relations between Turkey and Iraq, more precisely between two Kurdish regions: Turkish Kurdistan on one side, Iraqi Kurdistan on the other. This study allows us to understand and analyse political, economic and cultural relations by means of border trade between two border regions on either side of the border. By acting as a divide between the two Kurdish regions, the Turkish-Iraqi border plays a significant role as a barrier but also a zone of contact. Several actors play a role in the border trade of this region. The main ones are the States (or quasi-State if we consider the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan as a State within the federal state of Iraq), as well as the entrepreneurs on both sides of the border.After the Gulf War in 2003, the north of Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan) became more linked to Turkey than to the rest of the country. This phenomenon has become more and more present. Every day, thousands of trucks cross the border separating Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey, the firms and workers working in Iraqi Kurdistan are mostly Turkish Kurds.In this context, trade is important through its role of communication. It is also significant as a symbolic link attaching both sides. Furthermore, this trade again confirms the role of Iraqi Kurdistan as a reference for the whole Kurdish region
15
Eiler, Lisa Ann. "Accounting disclosure quality and synergy gains : evidence from cross-border mergers and acquisitions /." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10203.
Full text
16
Lovisa, Sandro. "Translegal regulation of global electronic commerce : foundations and perspectives of international trade regulation in the context of cross border electronic commerce." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611115.
Full text
17
Gagnon, Hugo-Pierre. "Bill C-55 and the UNCITRAL model law on cross-border insolvency : the harmonization of Canadian insolvency legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101817.
Full textAbstract:
Bill C-55 proposes amendments to the Canadian Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act and the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act tailored on the procedural framework contemplated by the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. This thesis demonstrates that implementation of these amendments will bring Canadian insolvency law into closer---but by no means complete---alignment with the doctrine of modified universalism reflected in the Model Law. To this end, the thesis undertakes an analysis of the different theoretical approaches to cross-border insolvency, shows the importance of instrument choice in determining the level of global harmonization attained, and reviews recent projects of harmonization. This is followed by a close comparative analysis of the extent of compliance of the provisions of Bill C-55 with the Model Law, an analysis that demonstrates the shortcomings of model laws and, somewhat paradoxically, their important role and function in eventually bringing about global legal harmonization.
18
Mafurutu, Rwatida. "A study to clarify the role of customs risk management in facilitating cross-border trade at the Beit-Bridge border post : a case of the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority from 2001 to 2014." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20078.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical referencesThis study sought to clarify the role of Customs Risk Management (CRiM) in facilitating cross-border trade at Beit Bridge border post from 2001 to 2014. Qualitative methods of survey questionnaire and face-to-face interviewing techniques were used to gather primary data. Secondary data was collected from the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA)'s internal sources such as Asycuda System and internal reports. Externally, sources like internet and research findings from other researchers in the same field were used. An in-depth literature review was done so as to simplify the research problem. Data analysis and presentation was done using diagrams, graphs and tables where applicable. The following research findings were then critically discussed in light of the literature reviewed: On the role of CRiM Training in cross-border trade facilitation, the study revealed that an overwhelming majority had not received any form of specialized training on CRiM or some form of work-related CRiM Training in the last 2 years. There exist a strong demand for CRiM Training in risk intelligence gathering, risk audit techniques and risk profiling. A majority, 93% of the respondents confirmed that ZIMRA's Strategic Plan makes some form of reference to CRiM. However, 73% of this majority, indicated that there is a greater and urgent need for management to provide operational staff with CRiM tactical implementation guidelines for easy of enforcement on the ground. 87% said the main purpose of applying CRiM in Customs procedures was mainly to maximize revenue collection ahead of trade facilitation. 76% expressed the same view with regards to use of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in the procedures. 100% said the level of co-operation on exchange of ICT-based risk related information exchange between ZIMRA and other government departments was almost nil. In response to these findings, the study recommends that ZIMRA: continuously offer CRiM Training to its operational staff over short periods of time in a single year, effectively make use of CRiM techniques such as intelligence gathering, risk profiling, risk auditing techniques in identifying high risk cargo, and to eradicate lack of confidence in the flexible use of existing ICT systems among staff by giving them further training. According to this study, benefits of implementing these recommendations will be: increased revenue collection, reduced border clearance time, reduced costs of compliance, rationalized customs controls and predictability in the nature and level of controls all in the best interest of trade facilitation.
19
Nordfeldt, Niklas, and Daniel Espling. "Exploration of Changes for Goods Distribution in the ASEAN Following the Implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-28310.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this thesis work is to explore how the fully implemented AEC affects cross-border trade in the ASEAN, and based on the findings determine how multinational companies should adapt their logistics strategy to the change. To achieve this purpose the following research questions will be answered: How will the AEC affect the distribution of goods in the ASEAN? How should a multinational company adapt their logistics strategy to the new conditions? Methodology - To explore the opportunities and threats regarding the fully implementation of AEC, the authors had to complete 4 phases including a pre-study, literature study, case study, and data analysis. The pre-study was about the basics of ASEAN. The Literature study was mainly about Logistics Management, Strategic Management, Contingency Theory, and AEC, and its aim was to find out the key factors affecting logistics strategy and how the AEC affects them. In order to locate what opportunities and threats that arise along the affected factors, a case study was conducted by studying a real-life example on a case company, through interviews and tariff tables. Additionally, data analysis was done throughout the thesis work by structured methods and a PEST analysis. Findings - Literature study showed that the affected factors where tariffs, NTBs, ROO, trade facilitation, customs integration, standards, and TBTs. After analysing how the affected factors will change the business environment by a PEST analysis, the authors found that the most crucial threat is increased competition and the greatest opportunity is in the ease of moving goods and the size of the market. Hence, for a multinational company, the best strategy in this case is a Strategic choice strategy, which is both proactive to the change and somewhat able to influence the business environment. The case study showed that in the current situation, the best economic logistics strategy is through Malaysia, no matter end destination. After the fully implemented AEC, the Free Trade Agreements for each country will be the deciding factor. Implications - This thesis is made in ASEAN for multinational companies who is considering in which ASEAN member country to use as an assembly point for the ASEAN market after the implementation of AEC. For these companies, this study can be a fundamental part of their decision. Research limitations - In this thesis, the affected factors known by literature has been considered when evaluating the consequences of a fully implemented AEC. The case study is including half of the ASEAN members and in a given order. In addition only the external business environment, and more specific the general environment, was taken into consideration. In further studies, a benchmark could be performed in order to find literature unknown factors, all ASEAN members should be included in various combinations of orders, and considering the whole business environment.
20
Nilsson, Perry. "Mellan stat och imperium : En studie av gränsöverskridande förbindelser mellan Västerbotten och Österbotten under perioden 1835-1870." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136107.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis examines cross-boundary connections between a state and an empire. This was done by mapping connections over Kvarken between the Swedish county of Västerbotten and its Finnish counterpart, Österbotten, during the period 1835-1870. Accounts from the custom houses in Jakobstad, Nykarleby, Vasa, Kaskö and Kristinestad served as primary source material together with contemporary Osterbottnian newspapers. For this thesis, a quantitative content- and network analysis as well as a qualitative text analysis was conducted out of a spatial, boundary- and imperial theoretical framework. This thesis shows that the sea trade continued during the entire period without being hindered by neither impending cholera epidemics nor the Crimean War. When other trading routes were cut off by trade embargoes or when ice covered the sea; the trade never ceased. The traffic across Kvarken was primarily Vasterbottnian, and a most Swedish project, except during the Crimean war. During the war, an enormous amount of Osterbottnian trading parties would come to Västerbotten, chiefly in pursuit of salt. Compared to other trade conducted, the Osterbottnian trade with Västerbotten was extensive both in terms of the sheer number of ships, but also in the value of traded goods. Thus, Kvarken can be seen as a cross-border region. The Russian endeavour to severe ties between Sweden and Finland during the 1840’s through the abolishment of particular tariff prescriptions and swedish currency had no noteworthy impact upon trade across the Kvark. Neither value nor flow of goods was impacted. The amount of ships consistently remained at around 25-40 ships anually for the entire study period. To the contrary, temporary prescriptions to promote trade were constantly introduced. It was probably in the greater interest among both Russian and Swedish rulers that the connection between the two peripher, northern regions should function for the well-being and prosperity of the local peoples. In newspaper reports also the cultural value of musicians and theatre companies travelling across Kvarken was greatly appreciated.
21
Rossouw, Mandi. "The harmonisation of rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the southern African customs union." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2281_1380785721.
Full textAbstract:
The Member States of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) have set as their objectives, amongst others, the facilitation of cross-border movement of goods between the territories of the Member States and the promotion of the integration of Member States into the global economy through enhanced trade and investment. Different approaches to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments by Member States and the risk of non-enforcement may lead to legal uncertainty and increased transaction cost for prospective traders, which ultimately act as non-tariff barriers to trade in the region. Trade is critical to Southern Africa, and the ideal is that barriers to trade, of which uncertainty concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments among Member States is one, should be removed. Certainty, predictability, security of transactions, effective remedies and cost are important considerations in investment decision-making
and clear rules for allocating international jurisdiction and providing definite and expedited means of enforcing foreign judgments will facilitate intraregional as well as interregional trade. In addition to trade facilitation, a harmonised recognition and enforcement regime will consolidate economic and political integration in the SACU. An effective scheme for the mutual recognition and enforcement of civil judgments has been regarded as a feature of any economic integration initiative likely to achieve significant integration. While the harmonisation of the rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments has been given priority in other regional economic communities, in particularly the European Union, any similar effort to harmonise the rules on recognition and enforcement of Member States have been conspicuously absent in the SACU &ndash
a situation which needs to receive immediate attention. The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the &lsquo
full faith and credit clause&rsquo
the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans-Tasman judicial system
as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law
the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States.
22
Jairoce, Jorge Fernando. "A mulher e o comércio informal transfronteiriço vulgo "mukhero" no sul de Moçambique : casos das fronteiras de Namaacha e Ressano Garcia, 1984-2016." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150308.
Full textAbstract:
A pesquisa procura analisar as reformas políticas e económicas que caracterizaram as décadas de 80 e 90 em Moçambique e que contribuíram para o surgimento do comércio informal. A incapacidade do Estado para a promoção de emprego formal aos cidadãos e a própria dinâmica da economia de mercado levou as pessoas a lutarem para a sua sobrevivência. As mulheres tendo um nível de escolaridade baixo na sua maioria com nível secundário incompleto, não viram outra alternativa senão dedicar-se ao comércio informal transfronteiriço - mukhero, que tem características próprias como menos burocracia, horários flexíveis e a não exigência de nível académico para a realização do trabalho. A maior participação da mulher nesta atividade deve-se ao seu diferencial competitivo neste negócio. Elas são mais pacientes, possuem maior capacidade de negociação com os agentes governamentais e também consentem facilmente abusos e humilhações por parte dos agentes aduaneiros. O consentimento dos abusos e humilhações fazem parte da estratégia para contornar elevadas taxas aduaneiras e daí, garantir uma margem significativa do lucro. Todas as estratégias deste tipo de comércio só podem ser compreendidas á luz do ethos fronteiriço. Hoje o comércio informal transfronteiriço está a crescer ao nível da zona sul Moçambique visto que consegue garantir a sobrevivência das famílias e contribui para o empoderamento socioeconómico da mulher. O Estado moçambicano de forma tímida já se preocupa com este setor no sentido de melhor organizá-la para permitir maior captação de receitas tributárias.The research analyzes the political and economic reforms that characterized the decades of 80 and 90 in Mozambique and contributed to the emergence of informal trade. The state's inability to promote formal employment to citizens and the dynamics of the market economy led people to fight for their survival. Women with a low education level mostly with incomplete secondary level, they saw no alternative but to devote the informal cross-border trade - mukhero, which has its own characteristics such as less paperwork, flexible hours and no academic requirement for carrying out the work. The increased participation of women in this activity is due to its competitive advantage in this business. They are more patient, have greater bargaining power with government officials and also easily consent abuses and humiliations by customs agents. The consent of abuse and humiliation are part of the strategy to circumvent high tariffs and hence, ensure a significant margin of profit. All strategies of this type of trade can only be understood in the light of the frontier ethos. Today cross-border informal trade is growing at zone level south as Mozambique can ensure the survival of families and contribute to the socio-economic empowerment of women. The Mozambican state timidly already concerned with this sector in order to better organize it to allow more funding from tax revenues.
23
Karvonen, Fanny, and Emelie Johansson. "Cross Border M&A - Friskt vågat, något vunnet? : En eventstudie om 85 stycken företag på Stockholmsbörsen-Mid Cap." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41085.
Full textAbstract:
Förvärv av företag sker till höger och vänster, i alla länder, branscher och kategorier. Motiven till förvärv må vara av varierande art, men det som är av betydelse för ett företag är vilket värde ett förvärv kan generera. Denna studie undersöker marknadsreaktioner vid olika typer och kombinationer av förvärv; däribland horisontella, vertikala och branschspecifika förvärv, med huvudsaklig inriktning på värdet som skapas vid gränsöverskridande och nationella förvärv. Detta görs i syfte att kartlägga eventuella överlägsna typer av förvärv. Klassiska teorier i form av effektiva marknadshypotesen och “random walk”-teorin i kombination med insiderhandel utgör den vetenskapliga utgångspunkten i studien. Metoden är en eventstudie, där den abnormala avkastningen vid dessa förvärv beräknas, för att kunna analyseras i förhållande till tidigare forskning. Vidare testas studiens hypoteser med hypotesprövning och samband analyseras med hjälp av enkla linjära regressioner som sedan tolkas. Resultatet visar på att gränsöverskridande förvärv ger den högsta genomsnittliga kumulativa abnormala avkastningen (CAAR), och vidare är horisontella förvärv att föredra över vertikala av samma anledning. Offentliga sektorn och tjänstesektorn ger de högsta CAAR sett till branscher.Merger and acquisitions is happening everywhere; in all countries, industries and in all categories. The motives of acquiring other companies may differ, but what is truly meaningful is the value an acquisition can bring. This study deals with different types and combinations of acquisitions; amongst horizontal, vertical and industry specific acquisitions, with main focus on the value created in Cross Border and national acquisitions. The aim of the study is thereby to plot superior types of acquisitions. Classic theories like the Efficient market hypothesis and the Random walk theory will be used as a theoretical framework, along with the idea of Insider trading. The method used is an Event study, where the abnormal return is calculated at the announcement day of acquisition and is later analyzed in association to prior studies. Deduced hypothesis are then processed in hypothesis testing and correlations are being studied through simple linear regressions. The result show that Cross Border acquisitions give the highest value (CAAR) to acquirer and the horizontal acquisitions are superior to vertical ones for the same reason. The public sector and the service sector yield the highest CAAR when industries are being studied.
24
Митрофанова, Анастасія Сергіївна. "Українсько-угорське економічне співробітництво: сучасний стан та потенціал розвитку." Thesis, BMT Eridia Sp. z o.o. Wydawnictwo Erida, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36749.
Full textAbstract:
Тези доповіді присвячені аналізу передумов, проблем та перспектив економічного співробітництва України та Угорщини.Theses are devoted to analysis of preconditions, problems and prospects of economic cooperation between Ukraine and Hungary.
25
Fall, Elhadji Moussa Kebe. "Essays on the drivers of China's international trade." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM2012/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons travaillé sur l’impact d’une réévaluation réelle de la monnaie chinoise sur ses excédents commerciaux. Nous avons suggéré une nouvelle approche pour mesurer cet impact, en utilisant des données de panel relatives aux exportations et aux importations des entreprises à capitaux étrangers et domestiques implantées dans vingt-et-huit provinces chinoises. Nous avons constaté que l’effet d’une réévaluation du Yuan sur les exportations et les importations était plus accentué après l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC. Enfin, d’autres facteurs comme le taux de change nominal et les prix relatifs entrent en jeu dans l’explication de la dynamique des exportations et des importations de la Chine.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons étudié les effets spatiaux sur les exportations et les importations provinciales des entreprises multinationales et domestiques. Nous avons utilisé trois différentes matrices de poids spatiales et maintenu la même division de période qu’au premier chapitre. La méthodologie d’estimation spatiale utilisée a révélé des effets spatiaux importants sur les exportations et les importations des deux types d’entreprises, mais a aussi permis de faire un état des lieux sur l’intégration du marché domestique de la Chine. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons étudié les flux de capitaux vers la Chine déguisés en valeur d’échanges commerciaux. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche en utilisant les prix des produits échangés les plus susceptibles à la manipulation et étudié leur sensibilité à l’anticipation d’une réévaluation future de la monnaie chinoise. Nous avons trouvé que la balance commerciale de la Chine était surestiméeIn the first chapter, we investigate the impact of a revaluation of the China’s Yuan on its trade balance. We use panel data on export and import of multinational and domestic firms, disaggregated at a regional level in the period 1996-2012.We find significant impact of a revaluation of the Yuan on export and import, the impact differs regionally, time period, and by firms. We also find that other factors like nominal exchange rate and relative prices play significant role in explaining China’s trade balance.In the second chapter, we investigate the spatial effects on China’s trade performance. In fact, we use the same data as in the first essay.We use three different weight matrices to take into account the dynamism in the China’s decentralization policies.We find significant spatial effects on export and import, varying between firms, regions and time period. This essay also reveals important facts on the China’s domestic market integration. In the last chapter, we put forth a new approach to measure capital inflows into China hidden in the regular trade flows. This phenomenon known as trade misinvoicing is suspected to actually overstate China’s trade surpluses.We measure the sensitivity of the prices for some commodities which are the most susceptible to trade misinvoicing to the non-deliverable forward exchange rate for the Yuan in Hong-Kong. We find that, in fact China’s trade balance is relatively overestimated
26
Zachmann, Georg. "Empirical Evidence for Inefficiencies in European Electricity Markets." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-24857.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation applies a variety of quantitative methods to European electricity market data to enable us to detect, understand, and eventually mitigate market imperfections. The empirical data indicate that market power and barriers to cross-border trade partially explain today’s market failures. Briefly, the five key findings of this dissertation are: First, we observe a decoupling between German electricity prices and fuel cost, even though British electricity prices are largely explained by short-run cost factors. Second, we demonstrate that rising prices of European Union emission allowances (EUA) have a greater impact on German wholesale electricity prices than falling EUA prices. Third, we reject the assumption of full integration of European wholesale electricity markets in 2002-2006; for several pairs of countries, the weaker hypothesis of (bilateral) convergence is accepted (i.e. efforts to develop a single European market for electricity have been only partially successful). Fourth, we observe that daily auction prices of scarce cross-border transmission capacities are insufficient to explain the persistence of international price differentials. Empirically, our findings confirm the insufficiency of explicit capacity auctions as stated in the theoretical literature. Fifth, we identify inefficiencies in the market behavior for the interconnector linking France and the United Kingdom (UK), for which several explanations, including market power, may be plausible.
27
Andersson, Ragnar. "Fackförening i internationalisering. En studie av sex fackklubbars gränsöverskridande." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1851.
Full textAbstract:
This rapport examines six Swedish workplace unions, in manufacturing internationalised companies, degree of internationalised trade union work. The report is based on interviews with local shop stewards. All local workplace unions were in some form internationalised. They were placed in three different groups of strategies: Passive, Tactical and Strategic. The Passive union only tried to get information; the Tactical unions were reactive against initiative from company management and used the channels provided of Industrial Relation laws. The Strategic unions where acting from an analysis that demanded collaboration with foreign trade unions and were active in trying to build contacts.In discussing why a local workplace trade union become internationalised three explaining factors was constructed: A relation to the company which gave the union more information and resources than the minimum level of required legislation. Second; a strategic analysis involving a threat against the employees. And third; a belief that the trade union could make a difference.
28
Le, Nguyen minh phuong. "Three Essays on Banking Integration in ASEAN Banking Integration in ASEAN-6: An empirical investigation Banking Integration: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis Banking Integration and Market Competition Evidence from ASEAN-6 countries Banking Integration and Stability: The Trade-off between Risk Sharing and Contagion Risk." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASI002.
Full textAbstract:
L'intégration bancaire a été une source de financement importante pour le processus de redressement des économies de l'ASEAN ces dernières années. Ces liens bancaires apportent de nombreux avantages vitaux, notammentsous la forme d'une diversification pour les banques et d'un partage des risques, mais ils ont aussi des coûts potentiels en termes de risques de contagion. Il n'est donc pas surprenant que les liens financiers, et en particulier les liens en matière de prêts bancaires, soient identifiés comme l'un des principaux canaux de transmission de la dernière crise des économies avancées vers cette région. Alors que de nombreuses recherches ont été menées dans les pays développés,, très peu d’entre elles se sont intéressées aux pays émergents, en particulier l’ASEAN. Cette thèse vise à étudier l'intégration bancaire dans les pays de l'ASEAN, en se concentrant sur plusieurs dimensions : mesures, déterminants, concurrence et stabilité. Cette thèse présente d'abord des mesures étendues de l'ouverture bancaire et du degré global équilibré d'intégration bancaire par les flux de capitaux ; elle met ensuite en évidence les principaux moteurs de l'intégration bancaire dans l'ASEAN, tels que la qualité réglementaire, la taille des banques et le risque de crédit global. Ensuite, par un modèle polynomial et un modèle à seuil, cette étude examine les effets non linéaires et hétérogènes de l'intégration bancaire sur la concurrence bancaire dans les pays de l'ASEAN. Troisièmement, le compromis entre les possibilités de partage des risques et le risque de contagion des liens bancaires a été analysé en testant comment trois aspects de l'intégration bancaire affectent la stabilité du système bancaire de l'ASEAN. Enfin, certaines suggestions concernant les implications politiques essentielles pour les autorités régionales sont examinées à la lumière des résultats, notamment dans le contexte de la Communauté économique de l'ASEANBanking integration has been a significant source of finance for the catching-up process of ASEAN economies in recent years. These banking linkages bring many vital benefits, perhaps most prominently in the form of diversification for banks and risk-sharing, but also have potential costs in terms of contagion risks. Therefore, it is not surprising that financial linkages and in particular bank lending ties have been identified as one of the main channels of transmission of the latest crisis from advanced economies to this area. While numerous research has been carried out in developed countries, there is very little research focusing on emerging markets, especially in ASEAN. This thesis aims to investigate the banking integration in ASEAN countries, focusing on several dimensions: measures, determinants, competition, and stability. This thesis first introduces extended measures of banking openness and the overall balanced degree of banking integration through capital flows; then highlights the main drivers of the banking integration in ASEAN, such as regulatory quality, bank size, and the global credit risk. Secondly, by a polynomial model and a threshold model, this study investigates the nonlinear and heterogeneous effects of banking integration on banking competition in ASEAN countries. Thirdly, the trade-off between risk-sharing possibilities and contagion risk of banking linkages was analyzed by testing how three aspects of banking integration affect the ASEAN banking system's stability. Finally, some suggestions about essential policy implications for regional authorities are discussed with the findings, especially in the context of the ASEAN Economic Community
29
Göktan, Mehmet Gökhan. "Empirical investigation of global imbalances : carry trades, network analysis of global banking and determinants of cross-border capital flows." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617020.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of three empirical papers on the sources of global imbalances. In the first chapter, I examine the exposures of carry trade returns to the stock and bond markets' returns under three different regime variables. The empirical results show that, during turbulent times, currency and stock markets move together. Additionally, I find that the comovement is much stronger for the target currencies of emerging markets. In the second chapter, I investigate the cross-border exposures of banking systems during the period 2005-2010 by using network analysis. The results reveal that the global banking is a small-world network that enables faster and easier propagation of contagion. Based on this finding, I apply eigenvector centrality I approach in order to identify systemically important countries and vulnerable banking systems and tested the results with Furfine (2003) based contagion algorithm. The results show that the global banking system supports the ' too interconnected to fail phenomenon' in the sense that an attack to the core will bring down almost all of its members which are densely connected. In the third chapter, I examine the determinants of cross-border capital flows in the long run, considering the Lucas (1990) paper investigating why capital does not flow from rich countries to poor countries (Lucas Paradox). I focus on both crossborder banking flows and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The empirical results show that institutional quality has a strong causal effect on cross-border capital flows during the period 1980-2010. In addition, the empirical results also reveal that financial liberalization policies affect long-term investment decisions along with the institutional quality of countries.
30
Klausner, Eduardo Antônio. "Para uma teoria do direito internacional do consumidor: a proteção do consumidor no livre comércio internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2401.
Full textAbstract:
O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos.The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.
31
Musi, Mokone. "The informal cross-border trade : the case of informal cross-border trade between Lesotho and Durban - South Africa." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4790.
Full textAbstract:
The processes of globalisation and trade liberalisation promote formal international trade world-wide. The processes have been accompanied by the renewed vigour to improve international competitiveness of the formal enterprises. Amidst these changes, there is a growing interest in the extent of informal sector activity as a form of income generating or subsistence activity within the developed and developing countries. However, little agreement exists in the literature as to what constitutes the informal economy, what activities in addition to monetary exchange make up the informal economy and where these activities are located. The lack of consensus on the proper definition is reflected in the lack of systematic information about all the caveats of this sector. As a result, the informal crossborder trade has failed to attract attention of the academic researchers. Little is known about whether the benefits of globalisation and trade liberalisation trickle down to the lower end of the informal sector. This study explores and describes the problems faced by the Lesotho informal cross-border traders operating between Lesotho and Durban. It provides a profile of their experiences and problems along different stages of their journey. That is between their homes and the border gates, at the border gates on the their way to Durban, on their journey to Durban, in Durban, and the border gates on their return journey to Lesotho. This study examines the relationships between these traders and the traders in Durban. It tracts what happens to their goods once they are imported into Lesotho. The study concludes that trade and non-trade barriers pose a number of serious problems for the informal traders, and therefore hinder the development of international trade in the informal sector.Thesis (M.Dev. Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
32
WANG, TING-JUNG, and 王廷中. "Corporate Social Responsibility, Cross-border Pollution and Trade Policy." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7w2y77.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
經營管理研究所
104
This paper develops a three-country two-firm model to examine the optimal export policy of the home country. In the model, a domestic CSR firm and a foreign firm export goods to the third market and engage in Cournot competition. Each firm emit pollutant when producing the goods, which may pollute its own or foreign countries. The domestic firm not only care its profit but also consumer surplus and the pollution damage of related countries, which we call it a CSR firm. In addition, the consumers have the cognition to the CSR behavior, the price they willing to pay will be higher. In Chapter 3, we discuss how the CSR and cross-border pollution affect the optimal export subsidy policy. We find that when the domestic firm concerns about the consumer surplus only, the domestic government may have a export tax policy. Consumers’ cognition to the CSR will also affect the domestic government’s optimal trade policy. When consumers’ cognition to the CSR exist, cross-border pollution will cause a higher export subsidy. The higher the degree the domestic firm’s CSR is, the higher the profit of domestic firm is. In Chapter 4, we discuss how the CSR and cross-border pollution affect the social welfare of each country under the export subsidy policy. We find that when consumers’ cognition to the CSR exist, the higher the degree of domestic firm’s CSR, the domestic country’s social welfare will be higher. When consumers’ cognition to the CSR do not exist, domestic firm’s CSR behavior will have no effect on the social welfare of each country. The more the damage caused by foreign firm in domestic country, domestic government will have an export subsidy policy to increase the quantities of domestic firm, also decrease the damage caused by foreign firm and enhance the social welfare of domestic country and host country.
33
王晟宇. "Strategic trade policy, cross-border ownership and corporate control." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93234765002928370528.
Full textAbstract:
碩士佛光大學
未來學系
101
This paper constructs a two-country, three-firm trade model with a two-stage game to explore the unilateral optimal export policy under Cournot competition when the domestic export firm undertakes Cross-border ownership. This study finds that the optimal export policy is subsidy when domestic firm does not have corporate control of a foreign local firm through partial ownership. However, the optimal export policy of the domestic country turns to levy a tax when domestic firm has corporate control. Moreover, the optimal export policy is free trade if domestic firm has full ownership of a foreign local firm.
34
Po-HanChin and 金伯翰. "The determinants of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97877990301908703154.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
國際企業研究所
103
The determinant of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value Po-Han Chin Prof. Yung-Ming Hsu and Prof. Yao-Chuan Tsai Graduated Scholl of International Business SUMMARY The research collects Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value and other macroeconomics data of China from 4th season of 2009 to 1st season of 2014, and tries to understand what factors significantly affect the value of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement. After finding several factors of other currencies from literature reviewing and some unique factors of China, the research uses multiple regression model to analyze which explanatory variables have significant influence on explained variable, Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. The result of multiple regression model shows that inflation rate of China have significantly negative relationship with explained variable. The research also find that degree of trade dependence between China and some countries have significant positive relationship with Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. Therefore, stability of currency, economy policies from government and trade agreement with other countries are important determinants for Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. Key words: Renminbi, Settlement currency, Cross-border trade INTRODUCTION China have been the second-largest economy and trade volume country, However, Renminbi, the official currency of China, have not been an international currency. There is a big gap between economy development of China and internationalization of Renminbi. April 2009, China government decided to execute the “Renminbi cross-border trade settlement pilot management approach” in five cities. In August 2011, China government decided to expand “Renminbi cross-border trade settlement management approach” to all areas of China. I tried to review some relative literature. Donnenfeld and Haug(2003) researched and found that there is a positive relationship between exchange rate fluctuation and settlement value of imported country currency. Companies also are willing to choose the currency from third country if the third country currency is lower risk of exchange rate. Wilander(2004) found that when more fluctuation of exchange rate, more export companies will choose imported countries currency. If both exported and imported countries currency are high fluctuation of exchange rate, companies may prefer the power currency, for example US dollars, for a stable exchange rate. Ligthart and Werner(2012) pointed that trade dependence is the key factor for choosing settle and pricing currency. Because export country will have more power in import country if import country has high trade dependence with export country. And export country will have more power to ask companies which from import country to adopt export country currency. The research adopts multiple regression model as research method. I try to collect all macroeconomy data from fourth season of 2009 to first season of 2014. The explained variable is Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value and potential affecting factors are explaining variable. Based on the method, I try to find the determinant of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. The research result shows that inflation rate of China has significant negative relationship with Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. Hong Kong and South Korea’s trade dependence with China both show positive relationship with explained variable. Cumulative amount of currency swap agreement of China also shows positive relationship with Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. But the risk of Renminbi exchange rate uncertainty has no significant relationship with explained variable. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data of the research are official quantitative macroeconomy data from China government or WTO from fourth season of 2009 to first season of 2014. The main method of this research is multiple regression model, and the explained variable is Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. There are four explaining variables in the regression model, risk of Renminbi exchange rate volatility, inflation rate of China, degree of dependence on foreign trade with China (five countries), and the accumulative volume of currency swap agreement. Following is the multiple regression model of the research. 〖RMBSV〗_t=α_t+β_1 〖FXRISK〗_t+β_2 π_t+β_3 〖DDTC〗_(i,t)+β_4 〖SWAP〗_t+ε_t RESULT AND DISCUSSION The result of inflation rate of China shows a significant negative relationship of explained variable. It means when companies concern about currency depreciation problem, they will prefer to choose a currency with stable exchange rate. Renminbi have a stable inflation rate from 2010 to 2014 so research model support this hypothesis. On the other hand, the research result only supports that trade dependence with China of all two countries have significant positive relationship with explained variable. According to sample data, the export volume from South Korea to China increase gradually from January 2011. Besides, the import volume from China to Hong Kong increase gradually which is different with South Korea. But both South Korea and Hong Kong have more trade dependence with China. Additionally, China government support Hong Kong being Renminbi offshore center in 2011. This policy encourages more domestic and international companies adopt Renminbi to settle in Hong Kong. South Korea government sign currency swap agreement with China government in 2011, and free trade agreement in 2013. The two agreement increase more international trade between two countries and encourage more South Korea companies try to adopt Renminbi to settle. CONCLUSION The main point of this research is that finding the determinant of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value by some macroeconomy data of China. After analysis in multiple regression model, the result shows that inflation rate of China, Hong Kong and South Korea’s trade dependence with China, and cumulative amount of currency swap agreement of China, the three factors are determinants of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value. However, the data of Renminbi cross-border trade settlement value are not enough is one of limitation in this research. Besides, there are other methods to calculate inflation rate. It is possible to get different result if trying to choose another method for calculating. Additionally, macroeconomy data of China are not very reliable because some official data from government are not collected completely. The implication of this research is that trying to understand whether the factors which affecting settlement currency of Europe and North America countries also affecting Renminbi settlement of China. Additionally, another implication of this research is that value storing of currency and economy stability are key factors when companies choosing settlement currency. Finally, government policy which is about international trade and finance also has huge influence on choosing settle currency.
35
Kiser, Stephen Lewis. "Effect of cross-border trade on the Texas space-economy /." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559852701&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=10361&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
36
Mayisela, Nokuphumula Z. "The lived experience of women involved in cross border trade." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50693.
Full textAbstract:
The research explored the lived experiences of Swazi women involved in Informal Cross Border Trade (ICBT). It examines how female entrepreneurs within the informal sector in Swaziland are influenced by prevailing patriarchal culture. Difficulty in accessing employment in the formal sector, flexibility in work arrangements within the informal sector as well as the growing pressure to provide for their families are reasons given for participating in ICBT. For most traders it is a full-time economic activity. In a context of increasing completion, income generated from ICBT is often supplemented by income from other economic activities. To a large extent participation in ICBT is linked to necessity entrepreneurship, to ensure the livelihoods of their families.
Social capital is a key resource when participating in ICBT. The traders established networks where they shared vital information such as travelling schedules, sharing costs when purchasing merchandise, sharing stalls and establishing informal credit and loan schemes. Social capital was often linked to coping strategies, especially with the establishment of informal credit and loan schemes. Coping strategies also included support from family members with regard to running the household and financial support.Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Sociology
MSocSci
Unrestricted
37
Lamijo, Lamijo. "The Development of Border Regions in Southeast Asia: Cross-border Trade in the Vietnam - Lao PDR Border Areas." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133762.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the Lao Bảo-Dansavanh cross-border trade
and economic activities in the Viet – Lao border areas. For
thousands of years the Lao Bảo area has long been a knot in
regional trade and saw violent see-saw battles during the US War
period.
After the end of the Cold War in 1990s, there was new a
perspective on how to develop the border not only in the context
of conflict resolution but also in terms of regional economic
development and integration among the bordering countries in
Southeast Asia. Several concept of the economic joint development
has become popular in the discussions about the border regions in
Southeast Asia since the 1990s, such as growth triangle, growth
areas, development triangle area of Cambodia-Laos-Vietnam (CLV),
and Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program
(GMS-ECP). As a result, borders are once again not viewed as
barriers to the relations between bordering nation states but
instead; borders are zones of contacts, economic development and
cooperation. The implementation of Đổi mới policy in 1986
and GMS-ECP in 1992 played an important role to the development
of Lao Bảo- Dansavanh cross-border areas. The development of
Lao Bảo cross-border areas is a result of several cross-borders
joint projects launched by GMS countries since 1990s, such as the
Cross-border Trade Agreement, the East West Economic Corridor,
and the Lao Bảo Special Economic and Commercial Area. These
agreements brought livelihood to thousands of has benefited not
only to the traders, porters (kéo hàng), money changers (đổi
tiền), entrepreneurs, and speed up movement of goods, people,
and services on both sides of the border.
This study focus on the local ethnic groups at the border, namely
the Vân Kiều, Pa Kô, and Kado, who have participated the
border economic activities. The benefits and opportunities have
not been evenly distributed. These people engage in a lower
economic chain, such as motor cycle taxi driver (Xe ôm), porters
(kéo hàng), and small traders selling unprocessed crops at low
price. They seem to be excluded from taking larger profit of
border development. While border development has boosted the
growth of both cross-border trade and economic activities, this
benefit is less than equally distributed among local peoples.
38
Hsu, Hao-Ye, and 徐浩業. "Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions: the Role of Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s4an4y.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
104
In recent years, many “mega-regional” trade agreements have been signed, such as the United States-led Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the China-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). No matter what industry that companies are in, due to the economies of scale, rapidly enter a foreign market or many other reasons, so that cross-border mergers and acquisitions. However, the existing literature has focused little on the implications of regional trade agreements on cross-border mergers and acquisitions. This paper contributes to the role of regional trade agreements and their impact on cross-border mergers and acquisitions. I use a sample of 23,600 cross-border mergers between 2008 and 2014 to conduct the multiple regression analysis. The empirical results show that the difference of regional trade agreements between acquirer country and target country does have a statistically significant impact on cross-border mergers and acquisitions The managerial implication of the result is that, when firms decide to purchase another firm abroad, a good choice of target firm is the one which is in a country with more numbers of regional trade agreements. It also implies that even if the acquirer is in a country, of which the government has not signed many regional trade agreements with other countries, could benefit from the regional trade agreements through this decision.
39
Yu, Bo-Yang, and 余博揚. "Cross-border Joint Venture, Liberalization of Trade in Services and Market Competition." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nd5435.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
經濟學研究所
102
To discuss the liberalization of service-in-trade, we add in heterogeneous goods; therefore, we separate it into two parts by different measures. The first part opens up measure in commercial presence; the second part opens up measure in raising the ownership. Both of these two parts discuss about market structure, the optimum policy of government, and company behavior. The research gets the following results: 1. The liberalization of service-in-trade in substitution for commodity trade may exist. 2. Social welfare with liberal limitation of intellectual property rights would be better than it with strict limitation. 3. When foreign company with ownership could control domestic company, one of them would be chosen for producing by foreign company.
40
YI, HONG-WEN, and 易鴻文. "A Study of Third-party Payment and Cross-border E-trade Model." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40417220710859000167.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
企業管理學系
103
February 6, 2013 People's Bank of China and Bank of China, Taipei Branch signed a RMB settlement agreement , open trade and remittance of RMB business , Taiwan become the Hong Kong , mainland China outside the second offshore renminbi clearing center . Government payments to third parties on both sides of the open business policy, the construction of cross-border trade on both sides of the cash flow of an enabling environment , dramatically reducing trade transaction costs , for the financial, limited human-scale Taiwan SMEs, cross-border e-commerce is undoubtedly enter new opportunities. Therefore, this study , in addition to third-party payment industry to discuss how to provide customers with secure transaction mode , the transaction can not be completed to meet in the past , " while fulfilling the rights and obligations " and " Internet trading trust " concerns , but also to explore the two sides of e-commerce related businesses (third party the payment industry , financial industry , platform operators and logistics companies ) how cooperation and common development of cross-border electronic transactions , as distinguished from the traditional development of commercial credit , import collection D / A ( documents against acceptance ), D / P ( documents against payment single ), O / A billing services. And the pros and cons involved in the industry operating platform .
41
Zata, Tawanda Praise. "The contribution of cross-border trade in meeting household needs in Lüderitz Namibia." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57233.
Full textAbstract:
Namibia is a nation faced with immense challenges of poverty and unemployment which have led to worsening living conditions of its people. Although the country is rich in resources, the majority of its people are excluded from mainstream economic activities (Jauch & Kaapama, 2011:7). This paradoxical situation has led to the participation of people in cross-border trade as a livelihood strategy for meeting their household needs. However, cross-border trade, despite its contribution to poverty reduction has not been placed on the policy agenda of the country. The goal of the study was to explore and determine the contribution of cross-border trade in meeting household needs in Lüderitz, Namibia.
The researcher employed a qualitative research approach. This exploratory, descriptive and applied study, utilised an instrumental case study design. The study population was cross-border traders in Lüderitz who were selected through availability sampling technique.
The findings show that participation in cross-border trade accords participants an income which in turn contributes to household food security, access to education, and asset accumulation. Furthermore, the findings reveal a plethora of challenges encountered by cross-border traders in their trading activities. Findings indicate that despite the challenges, traders show resilience and continue with their trading activities, mainly due to the profit derived from cross-border trade and the social capital they form.
The study concludes that cross-border trade is a viable livelihood strategy that enable households and families to access income, food, education and assets such as land and housing. However, the challenges faced by traders threaten profit returns and subsequently profitability and sustainability of cross-border trade as an economic activity for sustainable livelihoods.
A key recommendation of the study is the development of a policy on cross-border trade in order to facilitate the growth of cross-border trade as a strategy for sustainable household livelihoods and poverty reduction.
KEY WORDS
Cross-border trade
Sustainable livelihoods
Household needs
Poverty reduction
Unemployment
Resilience
Social capital
Lüderitz
NamibiaMini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
tm2016
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted
42
Van, Zyl Stephanus Phillipus. "The collection of value added tax on online cross-border trade in digital goods." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13089.
Full textAbstract:
Technological advances have had a major impact on traditional retail shopping changing it from a physical undertaking to a completely digitised experience where consumers buy digital media online. VAT systems that do not specifically provide for, or which have not been adapted to cope with, technology-driven advances, generally do not provide for the adequate levying and collection of VAT on cross-border digital trade. The South African VAT system is no different. The taxation of e-commerce should not artificially advantage or disadvantage e-commerce over comparable traditional commerce, or unnecessarily hinder the development of e-commerce. This thesis determines whether the South African VAT Act 89 of 1991 in its current form, can be applied adequately to raise and collect VAT on cross-border digital transactions. Where shortcomings in the VAT Act are identified, the harmonised VAT rules of the European Union (EU), together with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposals on consumption taxes, are analysed and discussed to seek possible solutions and make recommendations.Mercantile Law
LL.D.
43
Cheng, Ching-Huang, and 鄭清煌. "Innovation consignment model of cross-border trade in the company: Jin-Jeng International Logistics Co., LTD." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bv3cqv.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
104
With the globalization of economic development，trade between countries has become increasingly frequent，with Taiwan and China in the "cross-border e-commerce" into this business model to enter the Chinese market is the most rapidly one simple pipeline，but cross-border electricity supplier is after all just an expedient measure，there is no country that would turn a blind eye pattern disguised tax evasion，such as the United States and Taiwan have switched begin to narrow down allowance，the future still need to move informal trade . to set up a company in Taipei 1979，as the environment changes and customer needs，and gradually establish a one-stop service，integrated supply chain and develop new consignment model，to establish its own business model. This case is an example what Jin-Jeng International Logistics Co., LTD. through the evolution of the environment and the company experienced a problem with the decision to explore the company's decision-making experience problems with thinking，how to learn from each household to provide services and to strengthen the company's own competitiveness，as well as from the customer's point of view and propose solutions，and thus compete in the existing model，proposed direct link to suppliers and distributors of innovative sales agency model that allows third-party logistics industry in the face of competition and transformation，you can use PEST， Porter's five forces analysis and evaluation for large environmental factors；and the use of SWOT analysis，TOWS analysis to work out response strategies； use business model squares look out for new business models；the use of the concept of supply chain management to enhance the upstream and downstream links，etc. Proposed study it is recommended as reference case related industries.
44
Kuhlengisa, Kudakwashe Sharon. "Cross border trading and family well-being : experiences of Zimbabwean women." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10828.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Sociology)This study investigated the effects of female cross border traders’ work on family well-being in the context of economic hardships in Zimbabwe. The research focused on ten Zimbabwean married women, who work as cross border traders between Harare and Johannesburg and it aimed to understand how their work as cross border traders impacted on the economic and emotional well-being of their families as well as on family resilience. Literature on cross border trading shows that the trade is a key livelihood strategy for families and households but the impacts of the traders’ increased mobility and prolonged absence from home on the emotional well-being of family members have rarely been explored. Using detailed data drawn from in depth interviews with the participants, this study sought to address this gap. The findings of the study reveal that cross border trading is no longer merely a survival strategy that meets the basic needs of families but instead, it has elevated the standards of living of the families, enabling traders to acquire highly valued property. Beyond such economic benefits, the women’s work is having significant effects on the emotional well-being of the family members. The women’s relationships with their spouses were found to be generally stable but in some cases were fraught with tensions and disagreements emanating from the trading work. In most instances, cross border trading work compromised the emotional care and the resilience of the children. The regular absence of the women from their homes presented additional responsibilities and burdens on their children. Older children, for instance, have to take care of their siblings in a context were the fathers do not play an active role in child care. The consequences of the women’s trading activities are evident but often overlooked by the families as they focus on increased material provision. The study sheds light on some of the effects of increased migration of Zimbabwean women on the family and calls for more extensive research on the family in Zimbabwe with the continued economic challenges in the country.
45
Lin, Siang-Yun, and 林湘昀. "Operating Advantages and Development of Taiwan’s Cross Border E-Commerce From the Perspective of Trade Process Framework." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36995118955383347768.
Full textAbstract:
碩士致理技術學院
企業管理系服務業經營管理碩士班(含碩士在職專班)
103
Export is important for Taiwan’s economic, but the quantity of import and export trade continued to decrease in recent year. The fast growth of internet technology not only creates a great opportunity for business to develop overseas markets but reduces transaction costs. Cross border e-commerce become a popular topic in Taiwan and Mainland China. The electronic commerce industry is more and more competitive. However, many firms want into this field. At this time, how the companies use their advantages to develop electronic commerce more success? In this study, depth interview is used to discuss that question. The results of study have some conclusions: first, cross border sales will meet many problems. Second, the logistics providers integrate import / export custom declaration and freight in electronic commerce process. Third, the future of electronic commerce trend towards online to offline. Besides, the third-party payment service is an important issue. Government agencies and electronic commerce industry must work together to promote third-party payment service that can bring more business opportunities for electronic commerce industry.
46
Collins, Richard. "Developing a lean internationalisation strategy through open innovation, entrepreneurship and cross–cultural intelligence." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1408928.
Full textAbstract:
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Although cross border trade is not new, investigating how a business cooperative helps internationalise its members to markets in China and Asia is novel, and increasingly important. Cultural differences and their influence on the internationalisation process are under researched, particularly with regard to successful knowledge exchange. This thesis addresses this shortfall. Firstly the concept of external stickiness is introduced to demonstrate how cultural differences can cause barriers to knowledge creation and exchange between international actors. Secondly, the notion of cross-cultural interaction is explored, particularly focusing on relevant emic factors which relate to building cross cultural relationships. Thirdly, cultural intelligence is discussed and presented as a tool to reconcile cultural differences that may be hindering successful internationalisation. And fourthly, an empirical study on the internationalisation of an Australian regional business cooperative is conducted so as to analyse their journey to China and other markets in Asia. Process theory is used to chart the progress with action research the primary methodology as the author is involved in the project as an insider participant and researcher. Consistent with critical realism, the study is exploratory in nature, seeking to explain the underlying causal mechanisms involved in the events as they unfold. The findings do indeed infer that both external stickiness and cultural differences are salient in explaining the project’s current outcomes. Bricolage and effectuation influences are also identified as determining factors in guiding the direction of the undertaken activities and establishing key resource ties and actor bonds. Overall this research contributes by providing a deeper understanding of the internationalisation process and presents practical insights on future cross-cultural ventures.
47
Basimanyane, Kelebileone. "The legal implications of electronic letter of credit as a cross border trade payment mechanism : Botswana as a case study." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58747.
Full textAbstract:
Over the years, the electronic letters of credit evolved as one of the developments to meet the international trade demands coupled with the exponential technology advancements of the current times which whetted an appetite for superfluous trade and competitiveness in the trade industry. Just like legal discrepancies pursuant to the use of the letter of credit in international trade, this too demanded some legal architecture to govern its utilization. However, unlike the traditional letters of credit, there are more legal stumbling blocks concerning this form of letters of credit. The primary legal constraints being, lack of legal recognition by the courts because of their nature (being data messages); lack of recognition in the laws of contracts (digital signatures, digital contracts), public perception more especially most of the developing countries, who because of lack of technology, resources and skilled man power, lacked knowledge on the advantages of technology advancement.
So, the study interrogates the legal implications of an electronic letter of credit in the international trade transactions using Botswana as a case study. Importantly, it investigates the completeness and sufficiency of the legal regimes in Botswana to enable operation of the electronic letter of credit. The conclusions are that the Botswana e-legislation drafts so far are complete as regard to the legal principles enabling electronic transactions. It also argues that the laws are comprehensive enough, receptive to the electronic documents including the upcoming developments in technology and more importantly, the fact that it provides a level playing field for all the players by protecting the rights of the users of electronic transactions in general.tm2017
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Unrestricted
48
Zachmann, Georg [Verfasser]. "Empirical evidence for inefficiencies in European electricity markets : market power and barriers to cross-border trade? / submitted by Georg Zachmann." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1007712007/34.
Full text
49
Jiang, Yi-Ru, and 江怡如. "Theories and Practices of Transactions on Technologies in Cross-Border M&A: The Protection of Trade Secret and the Government Control of Sensitive Technology." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ka66b3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
105
Globalization has made competition in international markets much fiercer than ever. Under this trend, multinational enterprises are using ways to access creation and assimilation of knowledge, typically by cross-border mergers and acquisitions (hereinafter cross-border M&A). While cross-border M&A as means for multinational enterprises to gain competitive advantage, there are many factors to be considered prior to the actual process. Starting from this aspect, first, we enumerate several benefits of cross-border M&A, especially the need of extending level of strategic technological capability. How to achieve the goal by analyzing enterprises’ business plans and technology portfolio, accords with specific method under M&A. We then draw the definition of intellectual capital of knowledge management, observing the final outcome of interests in general, to elaborate which method is better to use to fully learn tacit knowledge after transaction on technologies. With different level of control and distribution of interests, how to realize hierarchical management of technological information, limited or gradual disclosure as such. That is, except for content of technology which is publicly accessible after 18 months of the patent application, we ought to take necessary measures to ensure technology (and such information) is secretly kept under protection as long as we intend to possess the advantage in competing. Measures shall be taken in different stages of M&A, including but not limited to signing a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), proper way of disclosure during evaluation of intangible asset and due diligence while the seller is seeking the price offer being satisfying. Aiming at connecting practical situations to theories, we picked three cases to show facts and background, process of cross-border M&A and regulation of government. Since the protection of technology corresponds to the aspect of owner asserting his or her rights against the person who violates laws, it is certainly important to understand, even further to analize what are the elements to claim. Though treaties and various countries could have different regulations, reasonable measures for maintaining secrecy is in general needed. Thus, focusing on human capital and organizational structure these two dimensions, we try to constitute the necessity of monitoring and control of the access of technology (and such information), so as to persue adequate protection under technological development. For dealing with risks during transaction of technologies, we put emphasis on protection theories of trade secrects, as Trade Secrect Act of Taiwan derives mainly from United States. Besides, we quote the idea of the scholar which is not to distinguish the essence of trade secret when it comes to the cause of civil liability, either it is property right or merely pure economic interest, further taking a close look to the need of regulation amendment. To thoroughly protect critical technology in the long run, there is a more appropriate route than seeing it solely as trade secret, which is the necessity of government control on cross-border M&A. As one of typical means of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), controlling cross-border M&A is not only vital to antitrust regulation but also to national security, especially its definition is a foreign investor exerts direct control over critical domestic assets. According to Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007 (FINSA) and regulations issued, The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) reviews the transaction to decide whether to further investigate a case as it determinates the investment “threatens to impair the national security of the United States.” Included in factors to be considered, involvement of critical infrastructure indicates an obvious phenomenon, of which technology has elevated a lot to become key element of national strength. We then discuss what are omissions under FDI and outward investment regulation nowadays in Taiwan, with suggestions toward the draft of Sensitive Technology Protection Act.
50
ZHENG, FENG-NING, and 鄭楓寧. "Discussion on the Factors of Business Growing of Taiwan Firms in Cross-border Trade - The Case Study of Milk Powder Division of a Taiwan Firm." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89qmqe.
Full textAbstract:
碩士亞洲大學
EMBA高階經理碩士在職學位學程
107
Though our case, the milk powder division of a Taiwanese firm in the central Taichung, we explored the factors affecting the business growth of cross-border trade in the Mainland China. We collected the data from the professional experience, literature review, secondary data collections and experts’ interviews. The market in the Mainland China is highly competitive. The case company has their own rules to survive in the competitive market and also make a huge benefit through it. We have several findings. The first, the firms should not only have abilities to operate their own business, but also know the crisis management. Second, the regulation environment has changed rapidly in the Mainland China, how fast and sensitive to detect and response the environmental change is crucial for a company. At this point, the case company has ability to understand and analyze the environment outside of the company. Moreover, the company has to invest time and money to cultivate social capital in China. The case company already integrates up-and down-stream vendors, therefore, the company has platforms to promote and deliver their products. Third, how to protect the brand name of products and accumulate the goodwill of the company are also important. Finally, human capital is the last key to a successful company. Our experience and findings can be used as a reference for other companies.