Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cross countra skiing

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cross countra skiing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cross countra skiing"

1

Schelkun, Patrice Heinz. "Cross-Country Skiing." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 2 (February 1992): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947419.

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Nilsson, Johnny, Per Tveit, and Olav Eikrehagen. "Cross‐Country Skiing." Sports Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522832.

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Blackman, P. "Cross country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.008250.

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Eagan, Diane. "Tandem Cross-Country Skiing." Recreational Sports Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1985): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.9.2.53.

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Tikkanen, H. O., and J. E. Peltonen. "ASTHMA - CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00335.

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Morris, Patrick J., and Douglas F. Hoffman. "Injuries in cross-country skiing." Postgraduate Medicine 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1999.01.494.

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Smith, Matthew, Gordon O. Matheson, and Willem H. Meeuwisse. "Injuries in Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00006.

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Wozniak, Carl, Scott Drum, Benjamin Hugus, Erica Wozniak, and Phillip Watts. "“Clumping” in Cross Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000476473.34162.75.

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Hancock, E. William. "Palpitation While Cross-Country Skiing." Hospital Practice 29, no. 10 (October 15, 1994): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1994.11443085.

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Eisenman, Patricia A., Stephen C. Johnson, Cynthia N. Bainbridge, and Michael F. Zupan. "Applied Physiology of Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (August 1989): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908020-00001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cross countra skiing"

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Holmberg, Joakim L. "Computational Biomechanics in Cross‐country Skiing." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10671.

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Traditionally, research on cross‐country skiing biomechanics is based mainly on experimental testing alone. Trying a different approach, this thesis explores the possibilities of using computational musculoskeletal biomechanics for cross‐country skiing. As far as the author knows, this has not been done before.

Cross‐country skiing is both fast and powerful, and the whole body is used to generate movement. Consequently, the computational method used needs to be able to handle a full‐body model with lots of muscles. This thesis presents several simulation models created in the AnyBody Modeling System, which is based on inverse dynamics and static optimization. This method allows for measurementdriven full‐body models with hundreds of muscles and rigid body segments of all major body parts.

A major result shown in the thesis is that with a good simulation model it is possible to predict muscle activation. Even though there is no claim of full validity of the simulation models, this result opens up a wide range of possibilities for computational musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross‐country skiing. Two example of new possibilities are shown in the thesis, finding antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle load distribution differences in different skiing styles. Being able to perform optimization studies and asking and answering “what if”‐questions really gives computational methods an edge compared to traditional testing.

To conclude, a combination of computational and experimental methods seems to be the next logical step to increase the understanding of the biomechanics of crosscountry skiing.


Traditionellt har biomekaniska forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning baserats helt och hållet på experimentella metoder. För att prova ett annat angreppssätt undersöks i denna avhandling vilka möjligheter som beräkningsbaserad biomekanik kan ge för längdskidåkning. Så vida författaren vet, har detta inte gjorts tidigare.

Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera simuleringsmodeller skapade i AnyBody Modeling System, som baseras på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna.

Ett resultat som avhandlingen visar är att med en bra simuleringsmodell är det möjligt att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Även om ingen validering av simuleringsmodellen ges, så visar ändå resultatet att beräkningsbaserad biomekanik ger många nya möjligheter till forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning. Två exempel visas, hur muskelantagonister kan hittas samt hur lastfördelningen mellan musklerna förändras då skidåkaren förändrar stilen. Att kunna genomföra optimeringsstudier samt fråga och svara på ”vad händer om”‐ frågor ger beräkningsbaserad biomekanik en fördel i jämförelse med traditionell testning.

Slutsatsen är att en kombination av beräkningsbaserade och experimentella metoder borde vara nästa steg för att addera insikt om längdskidåkningens biomekanik.


Report code: LIU‐TEK‐LIC‐2008:4. On the day of the defence date the status of article V was: Submitted.
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Holmberg, L. Joakim. "Computational biomechanics in cross-country skiing /." Linköping : Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10671.

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Holmberg, L. Joakim. "Musculoskeletal Biomechanics in Cross-country Skiing." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76148.

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Why copy the best athletes? When you finally learn their technique, they may have already moved on. Using muscluloskeletal biomechanics you might be able to add the "know-why" so that you can lead, instead of being left in the swells. This dissertation presents the theoretical framework of musculoskeletal modeling using inverse dynamics with static optimization. It explores some of the possibilities and limitations of musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross-country skiing, especially double-poling. The basic path of the implementation is shown and discussed, e.g. the issue of muscle model choice. From that discussion it is concluded that muscle contraction dynamics is needed to estimate individual muscle function in double-poling. Several computer simulation models, using The Anybody Modeling System™, have been created to study different cross-country skiing applications. One of the applied studies showed that the musculoskeletal system is not a collection of discrete uncoupled parts because kinematic differences in the lower leg region caused kinetic differences in the other end of the body. An implication of the results is that the kinematics and kinetics of the whole body probably are important when studying skill and performance in sports. Another one of the applied studies showed how leg utilisation may affect skiing efficiency and performance in double-poling ergometry. Skiing efficiency was defined as skiing work divided by metabolic muscle work, performance was defined as forward impulse. A higher utilization of the lower-body increased the performance, but decreased the skiing efficiency. The results display the potential of musculoskeletal biomechanics for skiing efficiency estimations. The subject of muscle decomposition is also studied. It is shown both analytically and with numerical simulations that muscle force estimates may be affected by muscle decomposition depending on the muscle recruitment criteria. Moreover, it is shown that proper choices of force normalization factors may overcome this issue. Such factors are presented for two types of muscle recruitment criteria. To sum up, there are still much to do regarding both the theoretical aspects as well as the practical implementations before predictions on one individual skier can be made with any certainty. But hopefully, this disseration somewhat furthers the fundamental mechanistic understanding of cross-country skiing, and shows that musculoskeletal biomechanics will be a useful complement to existing experimental methods in sports biomechanics.
Varför ska man kopiera de som är bäst inom sin idrottsgren? När man väl har lärt sig deras teknik så har de antagligen redan gått vidare. Vore det inte bättre att öka sin förståelse så att man kan ligga i framkant, istället för i svallvågorna? Med biomekaniska simuleringar som ett komplement till traditionella experimentella metoder finns möjligheten att få veta varför prestationen ökar, inte bara hur man ska göra för att öka sin prestation. Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera muskeloskelettära simuleringsmodeller skapade i The AnyBody Modeling System™ och är baserade på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna. Avhandlingen visar att biomekaniska simuleringar kan användas som komplement till mer traditionella experimentella metoder vid biomekaniska studier av längdskidåkning. Exempelvis går det att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Detta nyttjas för att studera verkningsgrad och prestation inom dubbelstakning. Utifrån experiment skapas olika simuleringsmodeller. Dessa modeller beskriver olika varianter (eller stilar) av dubbelstakning, alltifrån klassisk stil med relativt raka ben och kraftig fällning av överkroppen till en mer modern stil där åkaren går upp på tå och använder sig av en kraftig knäböj. Resultaten visar först och främst att ur verkningsgradsynpunkt är den klassiska stilen att föredra då den ger mest framåtdrivande arbete per utfört kroppsarbete, dvs den är energisnål. Men ska en längdlöpare komma så fort fram som möjligt (utan att bry sig om energiåtgång) verkar det som en mer modern stil är att föredra. Denna studie visar också att för att kunna jämföra kroppens energiåtgång för skelettmusklernas arbete mellan olika rörelser så krävs det en modell där muskler ingår. Andra studier som presenteras är hur muskelantagonister kan hittas, hur lastfördelningen mellan muskler eller muskelgrupper förändras när rörelsen förändras samt effekter av benproteser på energiåtgång. Några aspekter av metoden presenteras också. Två muskelmodeller och dess inverkan på olika simuleringsresultat visas. En annan aspekt är hur muskeldekomposition och muskelrekryteringskriterium påverkar beräkningarna. Normaliseringsfaktorer för olika muskelrekryteringskriterium presenteras.
Beräkningsbaserad biomekanik inom längdskidåkningen - möjligheter och begränsningar
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Barberis, Marc Francois. "Biomechanics of cross-country skiing locomotion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/801/.

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Cross-country skiing constitutes ancestral method for moving along in a snow environment.A number of techniques have been developed to facilitate this. Among these techniques, one of them; namely the Diagonal Stride Technique( DST) has been described by authors as an extension of walking and running. Most biomechanical research studies have analysed the DST as a sporting activity leaving the locomotor strategies poorly described. This relationship to walking and running and the involvement of a gliding phase make the DST an interesting locomotion which may reflect a locomotor adaptation of human to the environment. The overall purpose of the research undertaken in this work was to determine the strategies employed by skiers to progress along the ground in the DST. Different analytical approaches were used to test the research question: those involved cycle patterns, joint angular kinematics,coordination and mechanical analyses of different skiing conditions. The DST with poles was tested for two different speeds. In addition,the DST was investigated without poles. The description of the joints angular kinematics showed that specific movement patterns and segmental organisation were required for skiing with a reference to walking and running. The DST locomotion was mechanically similar to running but involved a gliding phase. The generation of forward displacement was carried out using an effective sequencing of hip extension and knee and ankle extension. Poles were reported to contribute to the generation of upper and lower body propulsion strategies. They were also supposed to increase the balance of the skier by providing additional supports. The increase of speed was achieved through faster limb movements without change in the joints range of motion. The overall conclusion of this work is that although the DST could be related to running, the skiers developed some specific body segmental organisations to progress along the ground,in response to the properties of the environment and of the material.
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Bakkman, Frida. "Calculation of mechanical energy in cross country skiing." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101940.

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Cross country skiing is considered to be one of the most demanding sports in terms of endurance. Therefore the skiers are attractive subjects for physiological and biomechanical research whose interest has increased a lot during the 21 stcentury. The results are used to improve the mechanical knowledge about the body and to improve the capacity and technique for the competitors. The aim with this study is to implement a method for mechanical energy calculation in cross country skiing. This is based on data from 15 skiers using the double poling technique, where the potential, rotational and translational energies are calculated. The measurements are made in a lab using a treadmill with stepwise increased velocity. The system used is Vicon MX where the skiers wear re- ective markers, whose positions is calculated from data from infra-red light cameras. The positions of the joint centres are calculated used as input data to the program. Joint centres and marker data divide the body into segments where the energies of each segment are calculated and possible to sum up for the whole body. The results are examples of obtainable data from the model. It is possible to compare chosen subjects' total mechanical energy but also the energies and segments separately. The results can be used to analyse the dierent techniques to improve the capacity of the competitors.
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Carlsson, Magnus. "Physiological demands of competitive elite cross-country skiing." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102878.

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Introduction Researchers have, for decades, contributed to an increased collective understanding of the physiological demands in cross-country skiing; however, almost all of these studies have used either non-elite subjects and/or performances that emulate cross-country skiing. To establish the physiological demands of cross-country skiing, it is important to relate the investigated physiological variables to the competitive performance of elite skiers. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was, therefore, to investigate the external validity of physiological test variables to determine the physiological demands in competitive elite cross-country skiing. Methods The subjects in Study I – IV were elite male (I – III) and female (III – IV) cross-country skiers. In all studies, the relationship between test variables (general and ski-specific) and competitive performances (i.e. the results from competitions or the overall ski-ranking points of the International Ski Federation (FIS) for sprint (FISsprint) and distance (FISdist) races) were analysed. Test variables reflecting the subject’s general strength, upper-body and whole-body oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake and work intensity at the lactate threshold, mean upper-body power, lean mass, and maximal double-poling speed were investigated. Results The ability to maintain a high work rate without accumulating lactate is an indicator of distance performance, independent of sex (I, IV). Independent of sex, high oxygen uptake in whole-body and upper-body exercise was important for both sprint (II, IV) and distance (I, IV) performance. The maximal double-poling speed and 60-s double-poling mean power output were indicators of sprint (IV) and distance performance (I), respectively. Lean mass was correlated with distance performance for women (III), whereas correlations were found between lean mass and sprint performance among both male and female skiers (III). Moreover, no correlations between distance performance and test variables were derived from tests of knee-extension peak torque, vertical jumps, or double poling on a ski-ergometer with 20-s and 360-s durations (I), whereas gross efficiency while treadmill roller skiing showed no correlation with either distance or sprint performance in cross-country skiing (IV). Conclusion The results in this thesis show that, depending on discipline and sex, maximal and peak oxygen uptake, work intensity at the lactate threshold, lean mass, double-poling mean power output, and double-poling maximal speed are all externally valid physiological test variables for evaluation of performance capability among elite cross-country skiers; however, to optimally indicate performance capability different test-variable expressions should be used; in general, the absolute expression appears to be a better indicator of competitive sprint performance whereas the influence of body mass should be considered when evaluating competitive distance performance capability of elite cross-country skiers.
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Atkinson, William Drew. "CARBON FIBER LEAF SPRINGS FOR ADAPTIVE CROSS COUNTRY SKIING." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/370.

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This work describes the development of a custom sit ski for US Ski Team paralympian Greg Mallory from concept through prototype fabrication. The ski consists of a custom seat molded specifically for the athlete, carbon fiber leaf springs, and a custom binding attachment system compatible with NNN style cross country bindings. The sit ski is designed to maximize poling power through the use of an upright rather than reclined seating position, allowing for increased utilization of core muscle strength. The springs were designed based on information gathered by a custom National Instruments data acquisition system, and stiffness analysis was conducted using Castigliano’s theorem applied to classical laminate theory.
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Andersson, Erik. "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS DETERMINING CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27898.

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Cross-country (c.c.) skiing is a complex sport discipline from both physiological and biomechanical perspectives, with varying course topographies that require different proportions of the involved sub-techniques to be utilised. A relatively new event in c.c. skiing is the sprint race, involving four separate heats, each lasting 2-4 min, with diverse demands from distance races associated with longer durations. Therefore, the overall aim of the current thesis has been to examine the biomechanical and physiological factors associated with sprint c.c. skiing performance through novel measurements conducted both in the field (Studies I-III) and the laboratory (Studies IV and V). In Study I sprint skiing velocities and sub-techniques were analysed with a differential global navigation satellite system in combination with video recording. In Studies II and III the effects of an increasing velocity (moderate, high and maximal) on the biomechanics of uphill classical skiing with the diagonal stride (DS) (Study II) and herringbone (HB) (Study III) sub-techniques were examined. In Study I the skiers completed the 1,425 m (2 x 712 m) sprint time trial (STT) in 207 s, at an average velocity of 24.8 km/h, with multiple technique transitions (range: 21-34) between skiing techniques (i.e., the different gears [G2-7]). A pacing strategy involving a fast start followed by a gradual slowing down (i.e., positive pacing) was employed as indicated by the 2.9% faster first than second lap. The slower second lap was primarily related to a slower (12.9%) uphill velocity with a shift from G3 towards a greater use of G2. The maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) was related to the ability to maintain uphill skiing velocity and the fastest skiers used G3 to a greater extent than G2. In addition, maximal speed over short distances (50 and 20 m) with the G3 and double poling (DP) sub-techniques exerted an important impact on STT performance. Study II demonstrated that during uphill skiing (7.5°) with DS, skiers increased cycle rate and cycle length from moderate to high velocity, while cycle rate increased and cycle length decreased at maximal velocity. Absolute poling, gliding and kick times became gradually shorter with an elevated velocity. The rate of pole and leg force development increased with elevated velocity and the development of leg force in the normal direction was substantially faster during skiing on snow than previous findings for roller skiing, although the peak force was similar in both cases. The fastest skiers applied greater peak leg forces over shorter durations. Study III revealed that when employing the HB technique on a steep uphill slope (15°), the skiers positioned their skis laterally (“V” between 25 to 30°) and planted their poles at a slight lateral angle (8 to 12°), with most of the propulsive force being exerted on the inside forefoot. Of the total propulsive force, 77% was generated by the legs. The cycle rate increased across all three velocities (from 1.20 to 1.60 Hz), while cycle length only increased from moderate to high velocity (from 2.0 to 2.3 m). Finally, the magnitude and rate of leg force generation are important determinants of both DS and HB skiing performance, although the rate is more important in connection with DS, since this sub-technique involves gliding. In Studies IV and V skiers performed pre-tests for determination of gross efficiency (GE), O2max, and Vmax on a treadmill. The main performance test involved four self-paced STTs on a treadmill over a 1,300-m simulated course including three flat (1°) DP sections interspersed with two uphill (7°) DS sections. The modified GE method for estimating anaerobic energy production during skiing on varying terrain employed in Study IV revealed that the relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions were 82% and 18%, respectively, during the 232 s of skiing, with an accumulated oxygen (O2) deficit of 45 mL/kg. The STT performance time was largely explained by the GE (53%), followed by O2 (30%) and O2 deficit (15%). Therefore, training strategies designed to reduce energetic cost and improve GE should be examined in greater detail. In Study V metabolic responses and pacing strategies during the four successive STTs were investigated. The first and the last trials were the fastest (both 228 s) and were associated with both a substantially larger and a more rapid anaerobic energy supply, while the average O2 during all four STTs was similar. The individual variation in STT performance was explained primarily (69%) by the variation in O2 deficit. Furthermore, positive pacing was employed throughout all the STTs, but the pacing strategy became more even after the first trial. In addition, considerably higher (~ 30%) metabolic rates were generated on the uphill than on the flat sections of the course, reflecting an irregular production of anaerobic energy. Altogether, a fast start appears important for STT performance and high work rates during uphill skiing may exert a more pronounced impact on skiing performance outdoors, due to the reduction in velocity fluctuations and thereby overall air-drag.

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 inskickat

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 submitted

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Alsobrook, Nathan Gabriel. "The role of upper body power in classical cross-country skiing performance." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/alsobrook/AlsobrookN0805.pdf.

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Jacobson, Erik Andrew. "Effect of ski pole stiffness on upper body power output in cross-country skiers." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/jacobson/JacobsonE0508.pdf.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased pole stiffness corresponds with higher measures of upper body power in competitive cross-country skiers. Fifteen elite/college level cross-country ski racers (8 men, 7 women) tested UBP on a custom-built double-poling ergometer. Ski poles tested were two models of the same brand with different factory-specified stiffness ratings. Subjects underwent three 10 s UBP tests (W10, W) and one 60 s UBP test (W60, W) for each pole type. UBP measures were defined as the average power output over the length of each test. Video recordings of the 10 s and 60 s tests were analyzed with digital imaging software to determine the maximum bend angle for each pole type. Ergometer and kinematic measures were compared by ski poles tested (stiff vs. less stiff) using a multivariate RMANOVA (α=0.05).
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Books on the topic "Cross countra skiing"

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John, Dostal, ed. Cross-country skiing. 3rd ed. Seattle: Mountaineers, 1988.

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Gillette, Ned. Cross-country skiing. 3rd ed. London: Diadem Books Ltd., 1988.

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Bergan, Sindre. Cross country skiing. Indianapolis, IN: Masters Press, 1996.

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Recreation, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and. Cross Country Skiing. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Tourism and Recreation = Ministère du tourisme et des loisirs, 1986.

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M, Rykken Anne, ed. Teaching cross-country skiing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012.

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Stanton, Lisa. Colorado cross-country skiing. Glenwood Springs, Colo: West Side Press, 1985.

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Fitness cross-country skiing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998.

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Basic illustrated cross-country skiing. Guilford, Conn: FalconGuides, 2012.

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Messick, Tim. Cross country skiing in Yosemite. Denver, Colo: Chockstone Press, 1985.

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Older, Jules. Cross-country skiing for everyone. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cross countra skiing"

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Nørstrud, Helge. "Cross-Country Skiing." In Sport Aerodynamics, 107–30. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89297-8_6.

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Langer, Paul R. "Cross-Country Skiing." In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine, 367–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52136-7_27.

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Nagle, Kyle B. "Skiing: Cross-Country." In Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma, 941–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36790-9_70.

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Euler, Simon. "Cross-Country Skiing/Biathlon." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 531–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_81.

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Smith, Gerald A. "Biomechanics of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 32–61. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch2.

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Rusko, Heikki. "Training for Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 62–100. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch3.

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Rusko, Heikki. "Physiology of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 1–31. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch1.

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Herzog, Walter, Anthony Killick, and Kevin R. Boldt. "Energetic Considerations in Cross-Country Skiing." In Sports Performance, 247–60. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55315-1_20.

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Ronsen, Ola. "Medical Aspects of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 101–40. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch4.

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Hanin, Yuri. "Psychological Factors in Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 176–88. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cross countra skiing"

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Valeria, Rosso, Lindinger Stefan, Linnamo Vesa, Vanlandewijck Yves, Rapp Walter, and Gastaldi Laura. "Trunk kinematics during cross country sit-skiing ergometry: Skiing strategies associated to neuromusculoskeletal impairment." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2016.7533724.

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Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Antti Valkeapää, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Mechanical Model for Simulating Cross-Country Skiing Propulsive Force." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46454.

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In this paper, a three-dimensional multibody dynamic model of a cross-country skier is developed and presented where a single propulsion phase is modeled to obtain the kinetic parameters involved in the movement. A professional Olympic-level skier performed the skating technique without poles in a ski tunnel under controlled conditions and on an incline plane. Then, with the use of a force acquisition system attached to the ski bindings and a motion capture system set on site, the leg resultant forces and the movement of specific points of the skier’s lower body were acquired. The data obtained from the motion capture system was used as the prescribed kinematic input data in the multibody model and the measured force was used later as a comparison parameter with the results of the simple model. After simulating the technique, the calculated propulsion forces seem to be in agreement with those measured in the field.
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Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Multibody Dynamic Model of Cross-Country Ski-Skating." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12859.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a simple multibody dynamic model matching the observed movements of the center of mass of a skier performing the skating technique in cross-country skiing. The formulation of the equation of motion was made using the Euler–Lagrange equations applied to a multibody tree-type system in three dimensions. The description of the lower limb of the skier and the ski was completed by employing three bodies, one representing the ski, and two representing the natural movements of the leg of the skier. This simple model is able to show an approximation of the movement of the center of mass of the skier and its velocity behavior allowing to study the effect of the key parameters used to build the model.
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Cenedese, Angelo, Gian Antonio Susto, and Matteo Terzi. "A parsimonious approach for activity recognition with wearable devices: An application to cross-country skiing." In 2016 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecc.2016.7810672.

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"MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATION SIGNALS IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING - Information Extraction and Technique Transitions Detection." In International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003170605100517.

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Toma, Zhana, O. Grigorieva, and E. Mironova. "Hygienic aspects of classes with children of primary school age in sports and health improvement groups for cross-country skiing." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Innovations in Sports, Tourism and Instructional Science (ICISTIS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icistis-19.2019.70.

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Dhanasegaran, Radheesh, and Ssheshan Pugazhendhi. "Computational Study of Flow and Heat Transfer With Anti Cross-Flows (ACF) Jet Impingement Cooling for Different Heights of Corrugate." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4783.

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In the present study, a flow visualization and heat transfer investigation is carried out computationally on a flat plate with 10×1 array of impinging jets from a corrugated plate. This corrugated structure is an Anti-Cross Flow (ACF) technique which is proved to nullify the negative effects of cross-flow thus enhancing the overall cooling performance. Governing equations are solved using k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model in commercial code FLUENT. The parameter variation considered for the present study are (i) three different heights of ACF corrugate (C/D = 1, 2 & 3) and (ii) two different jet-to-target plate spacing (H/D = 1 & 2). The dependence of ACF structure performance on the corrugate height (C/D) and the flow structure has been discussed in detail, therefore choosing an optimum corrugate height and visualizing the three-dimensional flow phenomena are the main objectives of the present study. The three-dimensional flow separation and heat transfer characteristics are explained with the help of skin friction lines, upwash fountains, wall eddies, counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP), and plots of Nusselt number. It is found that the heat transfer performance is high at larger corrugate heights for both the jet-to-plate spacing. Moreover, the deterioration of the skin friction pattern corresponding to the far downstream impingement zones is greatly reduced with ACF structure, retaining more uniform heat transfer pattern even at low H/D values where the crossflow effects are more dominant in case of the conventional cooling structure. In comparison of the overall heat transfer performance the difference between C/D = 3 & C/D = 2 for H/D = 2 is significantly less, thus making the later as the optimal configuration in terms of reduced channel height.
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