Journal articles: 'Cross countra skiing'

1

Schelkun, Patrice Heinz. "Cross-Country Skiing." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 2 (February 1992): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947419.

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2

Nilsson, Johnny, Per Tveit, and Olav Eikrehagen. "Cross‐Country Skiing." Sports Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522832.

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3

Blackman, P. "Cross country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.008250.

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4

Eagan, Diane. "Tandem Cross-Country Skiing." Recreational Sports Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1985): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.9.2.53.

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5

Tikkanen, H. O., and J. E. Peltonen. "ASTHMA - CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00335.

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6

Morris, Patrick J., and Douglas F. Hoffman. "Injuries in cross-country skiing." Postgraduate Medicine 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1999.01.494.

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Smith, Matthew, Gordon O. Matheson, and Willem H. Meeuwisse. "Injuries in Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00006.

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Wozniak, Carl, Scott Drum, Benjamin Hugus, Erica Wozniak, and Phillip Watts. "“Clumping” in Cross Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000476473.34162.75.

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Hancock, E. William. "Palpitation While Cross-Country Skiing." Hospital Practice 29, no. 10 (October 15, 1994): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1994.11443085.

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Eisenman, Patricia A., Stephen C. Johnson, Cynthia N. Bainbridge, and Michael F. Zupan. "Applied Physiology of Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (August 1989): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908020-00001.

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Renstrom, Per, and Robert J. Johnson. "Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Biomechanics." Sports Medicine 8, no. 6 (December 1989): 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908060-00004.

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12

Renfro, Gregory J. "Power Training for Cross-Country Skiing." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 20, no. 2 (1998): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1998)020<0028:ptfccs>2.3.co;2.

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13

Larsson, Lars. "Bronchial asthma and cross-country skiing." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 4, no. 2 (January 30, 2007): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00410.x.

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14

Orava, S., H. Jaroma, and A. Hulkko. "Overuse injuries in cross-country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.3.158.

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15

Carlsson, Peter, Mats Tinnsten, and Mats Ainegren. "Numerical simulation of cross-country skiing." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 14, no. 8 (August 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2010.493885.

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16

Komi, Paavo V. "Force Measurements during Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.370.

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To understand cross-country (X-C) siding it is important to record and identity forces of skis and poles separately and together. They both contribute to the forward progression, but their functional significance may be more complex than that of the ground reaction forces in running and walking. This report presents two methods to record forces on skis and poles during normal X-C skiing. A long force-platform system with four rows of 6-m long plates is placed under the snow track for recording of Fz and Fy forces of each ski and pole separately. This system is suitable especially for the study of diagonal technique under more strict experimental conditions. The second system consists of small lightweight Fz and Fy component force plates which are installed under the boot and binding. These plates can be easily changed from one ski to another, and telemetric recording allows free skiing over long distances and with different skiing techniques, including skating. The presentation emphasizes the integrated use of either system together with simultaneous cinematographic and electromyographic recordings.

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17

Pierce, Javin C., Malcolm H. Pope, Per Renstrom, Robert J. Johnson, Janet Dufek, and Charles Dillman. "Force Measurement in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.382.

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A method for measuring the forces between the shoe and ski and upon the pole has been developed. Instrumented skis and poles are used with a portable data acquisition system that is carried by the skier in the field. Elite, top-level collegiate, and citizen skiers were used as subjects. Skiers performed the diagonal stride, and a marathon skate. Axial force levels at the forefoot were found to reach 164%, and 120% of body weight in the diagonal skate strides, respectively.

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18

Sherry, Eugene, and Jenny Asquith. "Nordic (cross‐country) skiing injuries in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 146, no. 5 (March 1987): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120231.x.

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19

Hoffman, Martin D., and Philip S. Clifford. "Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 1992): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419208729903.

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20

Mahood, N. V., R. W. Kenefick, R. Kertzer, and T. J. Quinn. "PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00056.

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21

CLIFFORD, PHILIP S. "Scientific basis of competitive cross-country skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1007???1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00009.

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22

SMITH, GERALD A. "Biomechanical analysis of cross-country skiing techniques." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1015???1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00011.

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23

HOFFMAN, MARTIN D. "Physiological comparisons of cross-country skiing techniques." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1023???1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00012.

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24

Howes, J., S. J. Droog, J. Evans, I. M. Wood, and A. M. Wood. "The epidemiology of cross country skiing injuries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 15 (November 10, 2011): A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090606.65.

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25

Nagle, Kyle B. "Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Training Methods." Current Sports Medicine Reports 14, no. 6 (2015): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000205.

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26

ISHIKAWA, Masaki, Kanae Sano, Paavo V. Komi, Pekka Vähäsöyrinki, and Vesa Linnamo. "Muscle Fascicle Behavior During Cross-country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385889.53160.4c.

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27

Cignetti, F., F. Schena, P. G. Zanone, and A. Rouard. "Dynamics of coordination in cross-country skiing." Human Movement Science 28, no. 2 (April 2009): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.11.002.

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28

HAYMES, EMILY M., JACQUELINE L. PUHL, and THOMAS E. TEMPLES. "Training for cross-country skiing and iron status." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, no. 2 (April 1986): 162???167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604000-00003.

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29

Mourot, Laurent, Nicolas Fabre, Erik Andersson, Sarah Willis, Martin Buchheit, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Cross-Country Skiing and Postexercise Heart-Rate Recovery." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0445.

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Postexercise heart-rate (HR) recovery (HRR) indices have been associated with running and cycling endurance-exercise performance. The current study was designed (1) to test whether such a relationship also exists in the case of cross-country skiing (XCS) and (2) to determine whether the magnitude of any such relationship is related to the intensity of exercise before obtaining HRR indices. Ten elite male cross-country skiers (mean ± SD; 28.2 ± 5.4 y, 181 ± 8 cm, 77.9 ± 9.4 kg, 69.5 ± 4.3 mL · min−1 · kg−1 maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) performed 2 sessions of roller-skiing on a treadmill: a 2 × 3-km time trial and the same 6-km at an imposed submaximal speed followed by a final 800-m time trial. VO2 and HR were monitored continuously, while HRR and blood lactate (BLa) were assessed during 2 min immediately after each 6-km and the 800-m time trial. The 6-km time-trial time was largely negatively correlated with VO2max and BLa. On the contrary, there was no clear correlation between the 800-m time-trial time and VO2, HR, or BLa. In addition, in no case was any clear correlation between any of the HRR indices and performance time or VO2max observed. These findings confirm that XCS performance is largely correlated with VO2max and the ability to tolerate high levels of BLa; however, postexercise HRR showed no clear association with performance. The homogeneity of the group of athletes involved and the contribution of the arms and upper body to the exercise preceding determination of HRR may explain this absence of a relationship.

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30

Norman, Robert W., and Paavo V. Komi. "Mechanical Energetics of World Class Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.353.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether world class skiers were alike in their mechanical power outputs (normalized for body mass and velocity and called mechanical cost, MTC) and body segment energy transfers when skiing in competition on level and uphill terrain using the diagonal technique. Eleven competitors were analyzed from film taken during a 15-km World Championship race on a level (1.6°) and uphill (9.0°) section of the course. Metabolic rates were estimated from assumptions concerning the efficiencies of positive and negative work and calculations, from the film, of the mechanical power produced by the skiers. The results showed that skiing on the slope was 2.2 times more demanding mechanically than skiing on a level track (MTC of 4.0 vs. 1.8 J • kg−1• m−1, respectively). Skiers who had high MTC had low energy transfers (r = −0.9). Even in this presumably homogeneous group of elite skiers there were large individual differences in MTC and other mechanical variables, suggesting technique problems for some. Furthermore, on flat terrain the estimated metabolic rate was only about 76% of an MV02of 80 ml • kg−1• min−1. This suggests that speed, using the diagonal stride, may be limited by constraints on body segment utilization and not by the physiological energy delivery system of these highly trained athletes.

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31

Larsson, P., and K. Henriksson-Larsén. "Body Composition and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 12 (July 3, 2008): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038735.

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32

Gertsch, P., A. Borgeat, and T. Wälli. "New cross-country skiing technique and compartment syndrome." American Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 6 (November 1987): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500616.

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33

GOSS, FREDRIC L., ROBERT J. ROBERTSON, ROBERT J. SPINA, THOMAS E. AUBLE, DEBRA A. CASSINELLI, RICHARD M. SILBERMAN, ROBERT W. GALBREATH, ELLEN L. GLICKMAN, and KENNETH F. METZ. "Aerobic metabolic requirements of simulated cross-country skiing." Ergonomics 32, no. 12 (December 1989): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138908966926.

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34

Losnegard, Thomas. "Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 1675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x.

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AbstractEnergy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.

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35

Andersson, Erik, Barbara Pellegrini, Øyvind Sandbakk, Thomas Stüggl, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "The effects of skiing velocity on mechanical aspects of diagonal cross-country skiing." Sports Biomechanics 13, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2014.921236.

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36

Rosso, Valeria, Vesa Linnamo, Walter Rapp, Stefan Lindinger, Magdalena Karczewska-Lindinger, Yves Vanlandewijck, and Laura Gastaldi. "Simulated skiing as a measurement tool for performance in cross-country sit-skiing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119843415.

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The International Paralympic Committee mandates the development of an evidence-based classification system, which requires a measure of performance. Performance in cross-country sit-skiing is mainly dependent on force generated during the poling phase and is enhanced by trunk flexion–extension movements. Since all sit-skiers have neuromuscular impairment, but different ability to control the trunk, this study aimed to verify if simulated action of poling on an adapted ergometer, together with a cluster analysis, could be used for grouping participants with different impairments according to their performance. On the ergometer, eight male and five female participants performed seven poling cycles at maximal speed, while sitting on personal sit-ski. Based on maximal speed, generated force, cycle characteristics, and trunk kinematics, cluster analysis divided participants into three groups showing good accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. Although a validation of this exploratory study is necessary, skiing on the ergometer could be considered as sport-specific measure of performance and may become an interesting tool in the development of an evidence-based classification system for cross-country sit-skiing.

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37

VÄHÄSÖYRINKI, PEKKA, PAAVO V. KOMI, SEPPO SEPPÄLÄ, MASAKI ISHIKAWA, VELI KOLEHMAINEN, JUKKA A. SALMI, and VESA LINNAMO. "Effect of Skiing Speed on Ski and Pole Forces in Cross-Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, no. 6 (June 2008): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181666a88.

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38

Talsnes, Rune Kjøsen, Guro Strøm Solli, Jan Kocbach, Per-Øyvind Torvik, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "Laboratory- and field-based performance-predictions in cross-country skiing and roller-skiing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): e0256662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256662.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate how various laboratory- and field-based tests predict on-snow cross-country (XC) skiing and roller-skiing performance. Thirty-three national-level male XC skiers (19.0±2.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 70.8±4.7 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed a 13.6-km roller-ski skating competition tracked by a global positioning system (GPS), which together with individual distance International Ski Federation (FIS) points was used to assess their performance level. On separate days, time in a 6.4-km uphill running time-trial (RUN-TT) and 1.3-km uphill roller-ski double-poling time-trial (DP-TT) was measured in the field and performance indices determined while running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory. The mean finishing times for the RUN-TT and the DP-TT showed moderate to large correlations with distance FIS points and performance in the roller-ski skating competition (r = 0.56–0.72; all p<0.05). RUN-TT was more strongly correlated with distance FIS points than DP-TT (r = 0.72 versus 0.56; p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in incremental running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory showed large to very large correlations with distance FIS points and roller-skiing performance (r = 0.50–0.90; all p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in running tended to be more strongly correlated with roller-skiing performance than corresponding values obtained while roller-ski skating (all p<0.10). The present findings suggest that both laboratory performance indices and field-based performance tests provide valid predictions of XC skiing and roller-skiing performance in a heterogeneous group of male XC skiers, with test values obtained in running tending to be more strongly correlated with XC skiing performance than those found for technique-specific modalities on roller skis. However, more sophisticated and mode-specific testing might be required for more homogenous groups of elite XC skiers.

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39

Novikova, Natalia, and Gennadi Sergeev. "Double poling in the classical sprint cross-country skiing." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 112 (July 2014): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.07.113.p138-142.

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40

Cetin, Ebru. "Dominant leg strength and proficiency in cross-country skiing." Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 2, no. 1 (2013): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.2.143.

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41

Nosek, Martin. "Current Trends and Development of Cross-country Skiing Technique." Journal of Outdoor Activities 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/431.2020/a/1802-3908/joaa/19/13/21.

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42

BERGH, ULF. "The influence of body mass in cross-country skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 19, no. 4 (August 1987): 324???331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198708000-00002.

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43

Steinbrück, Klaus. "Frequency and aetiology of injury in cross‐country skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 5, no. 3 (December 1987): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640418708729778.

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44

Mygind, Erik, Benny Larsson, and Tom Klausen. "Evaluation of a specific test in cross‐country skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 1991): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419108729887.

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45

Duoos, Bridget A. "Kick, Glide, Pole! Cross-country skiing fun (Part I)." Strategies 25, no. 2 (November 2011): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2011.10592138.

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46

Duoos, Bridget A. "Kick, Glide, Pole! Cross-country skiing fun (Part II)." Strategies 25, no. 3 (January 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2012.10592145.

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47

Holmberg, L. J., and A. M. Lund. "A musculoskeletal full-body simulation of cross-country skiing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 222, no. 1 (March 2008): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/17543371jset10.

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48

Smith, Gerald A., Jon B. Fewster, and Steven M. Braudt. "Double Poling Kinematics and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.1.88.

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Olympic skiers in the women's 30-km race were analyzed as they double poled on a moderate downhill slope. Movement patterns of 20 skiers were analyzed 10 from a top finishing group and 10 from slower finishers in the bottom third of the field. Skiers in the faster group not only were faster overall in the race but were faster as they double poled through the site (6.75 vs. 6.43 m/s). Cycle length was significantly correlated with cycle velocity (r = .81). Trunk flexion and shoulder extension during poling were similar between groups; however, considerable variability of shoulder positioning was noted for both groups of skiers. Distinct shoulder-elbow-pole positioning differences were noted among skiers. Disadvantageous positionin» of the shoulder at the beginning of poling was related to poorer pole inclination during elbow extension. While many skiers in both fast and slow groups double poled with good positioning, others would benefit from greater shoulder flexion to maximize double poling performance.

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49

Vesterinen, Ville, Jussi Mikkola, Ari Nummela, Esa Hynynen, and Keijo Häkkinen. "Fatigue in a simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition." Journal of Sports Sciences 27, no. 10 (August 2009): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903081860.

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50

Komi, P., and R. Norman. "Preloading of the Thrust Phase in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Medicine 08, S 1 (March 1987): S48—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025703.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross countra skiing'

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