Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cross country skiing sprint

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cross country skiing sprint'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cross country skiing sprint"

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Novikova, Natalia, and Gennadi Sergeev. "Double poling in the classical sprint cross-country skiing." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 112 (July 2014): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.07.113.p138-142.

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Vesterinen, Ville, Jussi Mikkola, Ari Nummela, Esa Hynynen, and Keijo Häkkinen. "Fatigue in a simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition." Journal of Sports Sciences 27, no. 10 (August 2009): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903081860.

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ZORY, RAPHA??L, GUILLAUME MILLET, FEDERICO SCHENA, LORENZO BORTOLAN, and ANNIE ROUARD. "Fatigue Induced by a Cross-Country Skiing KO Sprint." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 12 (December 2006): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235354.86189.7e.

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Losnegard, Thomas. "Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 1675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x.

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AbstractEnergy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.
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Sandbakk, Øyvind, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0373.

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Cross-country (XC) skiing has been an Olympic event since the first Winter Games in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Due to more effective training and tremendous improvements in equipment and track preparation, the speed of Olympic XC-ski races has increased more than that of any other Olympic endurance sport. Moreover, pursuit, mass-start, and sprint races have been introduced. Indeed, 10 of the 12 current Olympic competitions in XC skiing involve mass starts, in which tactics play a major role and the outcome is often decided in the final sprint. Accordingly, reappraisal of the success factors for performance in this context is required. The very high aerobic capacity (VO2max) of many of today’s world-class skiers is similar that of their predecessors. At the same time, the new events provide more opportunities to profit from anaerobic capacity, upper-body power, high-speed techniques, and “tactical flexibility.” The wide range of speeds and slopes involved in XC skiing requires skiers to continuously alternate between and adapt different subtechniques during a race. This technical complexity places a premium on efficiency. The relative amounts of endurance training performed at different levels of intensity have remained essentially constant during the past 4 decades. However, in preparation for the Sochi Olympics in 2014, XC skiers are performing more endurance training on roller skis on competition-specific terrain, placing greater focus on upper-body power and more systematically performing strength training and skiing at high speeds than previously.
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Losnegard, Thomas, Martin Andersen, Matt Spencer, and Jostein Hallén. "Effects of Active Versus Passive Recovery in Sprint Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0218.

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Purpose:To investigate the effects of an active and a passive recovery protocol on physiological responses and performance between 2 heats in sprint cross-country skiing.Methods:Ten elite male skiers (22 ± 3 y, 184 ± 4 cm, 79 ± 7 kg) undertook 2 experimental test sessions that both consisted of 2 heats with 25 min between start of the first and second heats. The heats were conducted as an 800-m time trial (6°, >3.5 m/s, ~205 s) and included measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2) and accumulated oxygen deficit. The active recovery trial involved 2 min standing/walking, 16 min jogging (58% ± 5% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. The passive recovery trial involved 15 min sitting, 3 min walk/jog (~ 30% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were monitored throughout the recovery periods.Results:The increased 800-m time between heat 1 and heat 2 was trivial after active recovery (effect size [ES] = 0.1, P = .64) and small after passive recovery (ES = 0.4, P = .14). The 1.2% ± 2.1% (mean ± 90% CL) difference between protocols was not significant (ES = 0.3, P = .3). In heat 2, peak and average VO2 was increased after the active recovery protocol.Conclusions:Neither passive recovery nor running at ~58% of VO2peak between 2 heats changed performance significantly.
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Andersson, E., G. Björklund, H.-C. Holmberg, and N. Ørtenblad. "Energy system contributions and determinants of performance in sprint cross-country skiing." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 27, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12666.

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ST??GGL, THOMAS, STEFAN LINDINGER, and ERICH M??LLER. "Reliability and Validity of Test Concepts for the Cross-Country Skiing Sprint." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 3 (March 2006): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000190789.46685.22.

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Zory, Raphael, Nicolas Vuillerme, Barbara Pellegrini, Federico Schena, and Annie Rouard. "Effect of fatigue on double pole kinematics in sprint cross-country skiing." Human Movement Science 28, no. 1 (February 2009): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.05.002.

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Losnegard, Thomas, and Jostein Hallén. "Physiological Differences Between Sprint- and Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066.

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Purpose:Sprint- (≤1.8 km) and distance-skiing (≥15 km) performance rely heavily on aerobic capacity. However, in sprint skiing, due to the ~20% higher speed, anaerobic capacity contributes significantly. This study aimed to identify the possible anthropometric and physiological differences between elite male sprint and distance skiers.Methods:Six sprint and 7 distance international-level cross-country skiers completed testing using the V2 skating technique on a roller-ski treadmill. Measurements included submaximal O2 cost (5°, 3 m/s) and a 1000-m time trial (6°, >3.25 m/s) to assess VO2peak and accumulated oxygen (ΣO2) deficit.Results:The groups displayed similar O2 cost during the submaximal load. The sprint skiers had a higher ΣO2 deficit (79.0 ± 11.3 vs 65.7 ± 7.5 mL/kg, P = .03, ES = 1.27) and VO2peak in absolute values (6.6 ± 0.5 vs 6.0 ± 0.5 L/min, P = .04, ES =1.23), while VO2peak relative to body mass was lower than in the distance skiers (76.4 ± 4.4 vs 83.0 ± 3.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .009, ES = 1.59). The sprint skiers were heavier than the distance skiers (86.6 ± 6.1 vs 71.8 ± 7.2 kg, P = .002, ES = 2.07), taller (186 ± 5 vs 178 ± 7 cm, P = .04, ES = 1.25), and had a higher body-mass index (24.9 ± 0.8 vs 22.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2, P = .003, ES = 2.05).Conclusion:The elite male sprint skiers showed different anthropometric and physiological qualities than the distance skiers, with these differences being directly related to body mass.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cross country skiing sprint"

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Carlsson, Magnus. "Physiological demands of competitive elite cross-country skiing." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102878.

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Introduction Researchers have, for decades, contributed to an increased collective understanding of the physiological demands in cross-country skiing; however, almost all of these studies have used either non-elite subjects and/or performances that emulate cross-country skiing. To establish the physiological demands of cross-country skiing, it is important to relate the investigated physiological variables to the competitive performance of elite skiers. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was, therefore, to investigate the external validity of physiological test variables to determine the physiological demands in competitive elite cross-country skiing. Methods The subjects in Study I – IV were elite male (I – III) and female (III – IV) cross-country skiers. In all studies, the relationship between test variables (general and ski-specific) and competitive performances (i.e. the results from competitions or the overall ski-ranking points of the International Ski Federation (FIS) for sprint (FISsprint) and distance (FISdist) races) were analysed. Test variables reflecting the subject’s general strength, upper-body and whole-body oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake and work intensity at the lactate threshold, mean upper-body power, lean mass, and maximal double-poling speed were investigated. Results The ability to maintain a high work rate without accumulating lactate is an indicator of distance performance, independent of sex (I, IV). Independent of sex, high oxygen uptake in whole-body and upper-body exercise was important for both sprint (II, IV) and distance (I, IV) performance. The maximal double-poling speed and 60-s double-poling mean power output were indicators of sprint (IV) and distance performance (I), respectively. Lean mass was correlated with distance performance for women (III), whereas correlations were found between lean mass and sprint performance among both male and female skiers (III). Moreover, no correlations between distance performance and test variables were derived from tests of knee-extension peak torque, vertical jumps, or double poling on a ski-ergometer with 20-s and 360-s durations (I), whereas gross efficiency while treadmill roller skiing showed no correlation with either distance or sprint performance in cross-country skiing (IV). Conclusion The results in this thesis show that, depending on discipline and sex, maximal and peak oxygen uptake, work intensity at the lactate threshold, lean mass, double-poling mean power output, and double-poling maximal speed are all externally valid physiological test variables for evaluation of performance capability among elite cross-country skiers; however, to optimally indicate performance capability different test-variable expressions should be used; in general, the absolute expression appears to be a better indicator of competitive sprint performance whereas the influence of body mass should be considered when evaluating competitive distance performance capability of elite cross-country skiers.
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Atkinson, William Drew. "CARBON FIBER LEAF SPRINGS FOR ADAPTIVE CROSS COUNTRY SKIING." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/370.

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This work describes the development of a custom sit ski for US Ski Team paralympian Greg Mallory from concept through prototype fabrication. The ski consists of a custom seat molded specifically for the athlete, carbon fiber leaf springs, and a custom binding attachment system compatible with NNN style cross country bindings. The sit ski is designed to maximize poling power through the use of an upright rather than reclined seating position, allowing for increased utilization of core muscle strength. The springs were designed based on information gathered by a custom National Instruments data acquisition system, and stiffness analysis was conducted using Castigliano’s theorem applied to classical laminate theory.
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Persson, Anton, and Gilberto Panisi. "Analysis of men’s sprint prologues in cross-country skiing World Cup : An outlook of how the best male skiers approach the sprint prologues." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-36494.

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SyfteDenna studies syfte var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan mellantid och sluttid på sprint prologer för herrar i världscuptävlingar, samt undersöka om förklaringsgraden för detta samband skiljer sig mellan tävlingsbanor med olika banprofil baserat på antal höjdmeter fram till mellantiden (CTC).MetoderAnalysen gjordes genom att ladda ner samtliga resultat från prologer från världscupen innehållande en mellantid efter 500-1000 m från säsongen 2017/2018 till 2019-2020. Sluttid, slutplacering och tid och placering vid mellantidsstation användes i den statistiska analysen. CTC beräknades genom att dividera klättrade höjdmeter från start till mellantid med respektive banas distans från start till mellantid. Baserat på olika banors CTC delades banorna in i 2 grupper, Level 1 (L1) banor med CTC ≤ 0,040 m/m och Level 2 (L2) CTC > 0,040 m/m. För att bestämma om datan var normalfördelad användes Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Datan analyserades sedan med hjälp av Pearsons korrelation för att beräkna korrelationskoefficienten (r) vilken sedan kvadrerades för att få förklaringsgraden (r2).ResultatKorrelationsanalysen som genomförts visar ett signifikant resultat mellan mellantid och sluttid för alla analyserade prologer (0,63 < r < 0,95; alla p < 0,001). Mellantiden förklarar 76 ± 12 % av variationen i sluttid, men ingen signifikant skillnad sågs för förklaringsgraden mellan tävlingsbanor med olika CTCSlutsatserSlutsatserna som kan dras av denna studie är att ett bra resultat vid mellantiden med stor sannolikhet kommer ge ett bra slutresultat, oberoende av banprofil. Framtida forskning behövs för att utvärdera vilken taktik åkarna väljer.
PurposeThe aim of this present study was to investigate if there is any correlation between intermediate station time and finish time in men’s cross-country ski sprint World Cup prologue. The second purpose was to identify if the correlation could depend on the morphology of the analysed courses. Methods Analyses were made on sprint prologues in World Cup, involving an intermediate time after 500-1000m from season 2017/2018 to 2019-2020. Intermediate time and finish time were used in statistical analysis. A coefficient of terrain characteristics (CTC) was calculated by dividing the high difference (HD) from the start to the position of the intermediate time station by the respectively covered distance. Based on CTC the different courses were categorized in two groups. Leve 1 (L1) courses with a CTC ≤ 0,040 m/m and Level 2 (L2) courses with a CTC > 0,040 m/m. To identify if data were normally distributed Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation to calculate the coefficient of variation (r) which was then squared to obtain the coefficient of determination (r2).ResultsThe correlation analysis shows that there were significant relationships between intermediate time and finish time for all analysed sprint prologues (0,63 < r < 0,95; all p < 0,001). Intermediate time explains 76 ± 12 % of the variation in finish time, while no significant difference was seen for the determination coefficients between race tracks with different CTCConclusionsFast times at the intermediate time stations will most likely give good finish times, independent of terrain characteristics (CTC). Further researches are needed to evaluate which pacing profile skiers are using.
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Carlsson, Tomas. "The importance of body-mass exponent optimization for evaluation of performance capability in cross-country skiing." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102872.

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Introduction Performance in cross-country skiing is influenced by the skier’s ability to continuously produce propelling forces and force magnitude in relation to the net external forces. A surrogate indicator of the “power supply” in cross-country skiing would be a physiological variable that reflects an important performance-related capability, whereas the body mass itself is an indicator of the “power demand” experienced by the skier. To adequately evaluate an elite skier’s performance capability, it is essential to establish the optimal ratio between the physiological variable and body mass. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the importance of body-mass exponent optimization for the evaluation of performance capability in cross-country skiing. Methods In total, 83 elite cross-country skiers (56 men and 27 women) volunteered to participate in the four studies. The physiological variables of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and oxygen uptake corresponding to a blood-lactate concentration of 4 mmol∙l-1 (V̇O2obla) were determined while treadmill roller skiing using the diagonal-stride technique; mean oxygen uptake (V̇O2dp) and upper-body power output (Ẇ) were determined during double-poling tests using a ski-ergometer. Competitive performance data for elite male skiers were collected from two 15-km classical-technique skiing competitions and a 1.25-km sprint prologue; additionally, a 2-km double-poling roller-skiing time trial using the double-poling technique was used as an indicator of upper-body performance capability among elite male and female junior skiers. Power-function modelling was used to explain the race and time-trial speeds based on the physiological variables and body mass. Results The optimal V̇O2max-to-mass ratios to explain 15-km race speed were V̇O2max divided by body mass raised to the 0.48 and 0.53 power, and these models explained 68% and 69% of the variance in mean skiing speed, respectively; moreover, the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the body-mass exponents did not include either 0 or 1. For the modelling of race speed in the sprint prologue, body mass failed to contribute to the models based on V̇O2max, V̇O2obla, and V̇O2dp. The upper-body power output-to-body mass ratio that optimally explained time-trial speed was Ẇ ∙ m-0.57 and the model explained 63% of the variance in speed. Conclusions The results in this thesis suggest that V̇O2max divided by the square root of body mass should be used as an indicator of performance in 15-km classical-technique races among elite male skiers rather than the absolute or simple ratio-standard scaled expression. To optimally explain an elite male skier’s performance capability in sprint prologues, power-function models based on oxygen-uptake variables expressed absolutely are recommended. Moreover, to evaluate elite junior skiers’ performance capabilities in 2-km double-poling roller-skiing time trials, it is recommended that Ẇ divided by the square root of body mass should be used rather than absolute or simple ratio-standard scaled expression of power output.

Incorrect ISBN in printed thesis: 973-91-7601-270-3

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Tynell, Rikard. "Delkropp- eller helkroppsarbete som återhämtningsstrategi efter upprepade högintensiva arbetsbelastningar på stakergometer hos svenska elitlängdskidåkare. : En kvantitativ studie om återhämtningsstrategier." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28158.

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Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka skillnaden mellan två olika återhämtningsstrategier, delkroppsarbete (cykelergometer) och helkroppsarbete (rullskidor), avseende effektutveckling vid upprepade högintensiva arbeten på stakergometer. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka om hjärtfrekvensen och blodlaktatkoncentrationen skiljer sig åt mellan återhämtningsstrategierna. Metod: Sju elitaktiva manliga skidåkare på nationell nivå rekryterades till studien där en crossovermetod tillämpades. En prolog och tre heat med tre minuter högintensivt arbete genomfördes under varje prestationstillfälle. Återhämtningsstrategierna genomfördes med 16 min arbete på en arbetsbelastning vid ≈ 55% av VO2max. De testvariabler som samlades in var laktatkoncentration, effektutveckling samt hjärtfrekvens. Resultat: En signifikant lägre laktatkoncentration påvisades efter helkroppsarbete som återhämtningsstrategi. Dock kunde ingen skillnad mellan strategierna påvisas avseende effektutveckling under heaten. Det kunde heller inte påvisas någon skillnad i hjärtfrekvens före eller under heaten. Slutsatser: Ingen utav de undersökta återhämtningsstrategierna kan rekommenderas framför den andra avseende att optimera sprintprestationsförmågan i längdskidåkning. Däremot visade det sig att helkroppsarbete medförde en lägre blodlaktatkoncentration inför nästkommande heat jämfört mot delkroppsarbete som återhämtningsstrategi.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the difference between two recovery strategies, lower-body work (cycle) and whole-body work (roller skiing), regarding to power development in repeated maximum workout on double-poling ergometer. Moreover, the study also aims to investigating whether the heart rate and the blood-lactate concentration differ between the recovery strategies. Method: Seven elite-active male skiers at national level were recruited to the study where a crossover method was applied. A prologue and three heats with three minutes of high-intensity work were performed during each performance. Recovery strategies were carried out with 16 min work at a workload for ≈ 55% of VO2max. The collected test variables in this study were lactate concentration, effect development, and heart rate. Results: A significant difference was found in the lactate concentration after whole-body work as a recovery strategy. However, there was no difference between the strategies in power development during the heats. Furthermore, no difference in heartrates was detected before or during the heats. Conclusions: None of the investigated recovery strategies can be recommended above the other in order to optimize the sprint performance in cross-country skiing. However, whole-body work resulted in a lower blood-lactate concentration prior to next heat compared to lower-body work as recovery strategy.
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Strolia, Mantas. "Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių rengimas metiniu priešolimpiniu treniruočių ciklu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100709_134428-77299.

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XXI olimpinės žiemos žaidynės, vykusios 2010 metais Kanados Vankuverio mieste buvo jau šeštos, kuriose startavo Lietuvos sportininkai. XIX olimpinėse žiemos žaidynėse Solt Leik Sityje 2002 metais pirmą kartą į slidinėjimo lenktynių programą buvo įtrauktos sprinto lenktynės, o XX olimpinėse žiemos žaidynėse Turine buvo vykdomos individualios ir komandinės sprinto lenktynės. Vankuverio žiemos olimpinėse žaidynėse Lietuvos slidininkai pirmą kartą startavo komandinio sprinto rungtyje. Šioms sprinto rungtims Lietuvos slidininkai rengėsi specialiai, vykdydami programoje „Vankuveris-2010“ numatytus uždavinius. Vankuverio žiemos olimpinėse žaidynėse tiriamųjų slidininkų sprinterių pasiekti rezultatai sprinto distancijose buvo įvertinti patenkinamai. Tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai - ištirti Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo slidininkų sprinterių rengimo ypatumus metiniu priešolimpiniu ciklu, nustatyti Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių fizinio išsivystymo, fizinių ir funkcinių galių rodiklių kaitą metiniu rengimosi ciklu, apibendrinti Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių varžybų sezono rezultatus. Slidininkų sprinterių rengimo technologija iš esmės skiriasi nuo slidininkų rengimosi ilgesniems nuotoliams. Visgi tai reikėtų pagrįsti moksliniais tyrimais. Buvo organizuotas dviejų Lietuvos slidininkų sprinterių veiklos tyrimas. Išanalizuotas fizinis krūvis, atliktas metiniu treniruočių ciklu. Atskirų mezociklų veiksmingumui įvertinti buvo atliekami laboratoriniai tyrimai. Buvo matuojami fizinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
XXI Olympic Winter Games were held in 2010 in Vancouver, Canada. That was already the sixth Games for the Lithuanian athletes. First time individual sprint was included in the cross-country skiing program in XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City in 2002, after four years in XX Olympic Winter Games in Turin the cross-country skiing program had two sprint events: individual and team sprint. Lithuanian cross-country skiers first time took part in the team sprint event in Vancouver Winter Olympics Games. Lithuanian skiers were prepared specifically for the performance of the program "Vancouver-2010" objectives. The results of the Lithuanian skiers in individual and team sprints events in Vancouver Winter Olympics were assessed as satisfactory. The aims and objectives of research - to explore the cross-country skiing training program features of Lithuanian athletes in the last training macrocycle before Olympics, to estimate changes of physical and functional characteristics of Lithuanian cross-country skier’s sprinters physical development on preparations for the macrocycle, and summarize the results of Lithuanian skiers. Training Technology of cross-country skiers sprinters is basically different than cross-country skiers of longer distant. However, it should be based on scientific research. Sports action research of two Lithuanian cross-country skiers’ sprinters was organized. physical activity of training macrocycle were analyzed. Laboratory tests were conducted to... [to full text]
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Holmberg, Joakim L. "Computational Biomechanics in Cross‐country Skiing." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10671.

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Traditionally, research on cross‐country skiing biomechanics is based mainly on experimental testing alone. Trying a different approach, this thesis explores the possibilities of using computational musculoskeletal biomechanics for cross‐country skiing. As far as the author knows, this has not been done before.

Cross‐country skiing is both fast and powerful, and the whole body is used to generate movement. Consequently, the computational method used needs to be able to handle a full‐body model with lots of muscles. This thesis presents several simulation models created in the AnyBody Modeling System, which is based on inverse dynamics and static optimization. This method allows for measurementdriven full‐body models with hundreds of muscles and rigid body segments of all major body parts.

A major result shown in the thesis is that with a good simulation model it is possible to predict muscle activation. Even though there is no claim of full validity of the simulation models, this result opens up a wide range of possibilities for computational musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross‐country skiing. Two example of new possibilities are shown in the thesis, finding antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle load distribution differences in different skiing styles. Being able to perform optimization studies and asking and answering “what if”‐questions really gives computational methods an edge compared to traditional testing.

To conclude, a combination of computational and experimental methods seems to be the next logical step to increase the understanding of the biomechanics of crosscountry skiing.


Traditionellt har biomekaniska forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning baserats helt och hållet på experimentella metoder. För att prova ett annat angreppssätt undersöks i denna avhandling vilka möjligheter som beräkningsbaserad biomekanik kan ge för längdskidåkning. Så vida författaren vet, har detta inte gjorts tidigare.

Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera simuleringsmodeller skapade i AnyBody Modeling System, som baseras på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna.

Ett resultat som avhandlingen visar är att med en bra simuleringsmodell är det möjligt att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Även om ingen validering av simuleringsmodellen ges, så visar ändå resultatet att beräkningsbaserad biomekanik ger många nya möjligheter till forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning. Två exempel visas, hur muskelantagonister kan hittas samt hur lastfördelningen mellan musklerna förändras då skidåkaren förändrar stilen. Att kunna genomföra optimeringsstudier samt fråga och svara på ”vad händer om”‐ frågor ger beräkningsbaserad biomekanik en fördel i jämförelse med traditionell testning.

Slutsatsen är att en kombination av beräkningsbaserade och experimentella metoder borde vara nästa steg för att addera insikt om längdskidåkningens biomekanik.


Report code: LIU‐TEK‐LIC‐2008:4. On the day of the defence date the status of article V was: Submitted.
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8

Holmberg, L. Joakim. "Computational biomechanics in cross-country skiing /." Linköping : Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10671.

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9

Holmberg, L. Joakim. "Musculoskeletal Biomechanics in Cross-country Skiing." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76148.

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Why copy the best athletes? When you finally learn their technique, they may have already moved on. Using muscluloskeletal biomechanics you might be able to add the "know-why" so that you can lead, instead of being left in the swells. This dissertation presents the theoretical framework of musculoskeletal modeling using inverse dynamics with static optimization. It explores some of the possibilities and limitations of musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross-country skiing, especially double-poling. The basic path of the implementation is shown and discussed, e.g. the issue of muscle model choice. From that discussion it is concluded that muscle contraction dynamics is needed to estimate individual muscle function in double-poling. Several computer simulation models, using The Anybody Modeling System™, have been created to study different cross-country skiing applications. One of the applied studies showed that the musculoskeletal system is not a collection of discrete uncoupled parts because kinematic differences in the lower leg region caused kinetic differences in the other end of the body. An implication of the results is that the kinematics and kinetics of the whole body probably are important when studying skill and performance in sports. Another one of the applied studies showed how leg utilisation may affect skiing efficiency and performance in double-poling ergometry. Skiing efficiency was defined as skiing work divided by metabolic muscle work, performance was defined as forward impulse. A higher utilization of the lower-body increased the performance, but decreased the skiing efficiency. The results display the potential of musculoskeletal biomechanics for skiing efficiency estimations. The subject of muscle decomposition is also studied. It is shown both analytically and with numerical simulations that muscle force estimates may be affected by muscle decomposition depending on the muscle recruitment criteria. Moreover, it is shown that proper choices of force normalization factors may overcome this issue. Such factors are presented for two types of muscle recruitment criteria. To sum up, there are still much to do regarding both the theoretical aspects as well as the practical implementations before predictions on one individual skier can be made with any certainty. But hopefully, this disseration somewhat furthers the fundamental mechanistic understanding of cross-country skiing, and shows that musculoskeletal biomechanics will be a useful complement to existing experimental methods in sports biomechanics.
Varför ska man kopiera de som är bäst inom sin idrottsgren? När man väl har lärt sig deras teknik så har de antagligen redan gått vidare. Vore det inte bättre att öka sin förståelse så att man kan ligga i framkant, istället för i svallvågorna? Med biomekaniska simuleringar som ett komplement till traditionella experimentella metoder finns möjligheten att få veta varför prestationen ökar, inte bara hur man ska göra för att öka sin prestation. Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera muskeloskelettära simuleringsmodeller skapade i The AnyBody Modeling System™ och är baserade på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna. Avhandlingen visar att biomekaniska simuleringar kan användas som komplement till mer traditionella experimentella metoder vid biomekaniska studier av längdskidåkning. Exempelvis går det att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Detta nyttjas för att studera verkningsgrad och prestation inom dubbelstakning. Utifrån experiment skapas olika simuleringsmodeller. Dessa modeller beskriver olika varianter (eller stilar) av dubbelstakning, alltifrån klassisk stil med relativt raka ben och kraftig fällning av överkroppen till en mer modern stil där åkaren går upp på tå och använder sig av en kraftig knäböj. Resultaten visar först och främst att ur verkningsgradsynpunkt är den klassiska stilen att föredra då den ger mest framåtdrivande arbete per utfört kroppsarbete, dvs den är energisnål. Men ska en längdlöpare komma så fort fram som möjligt (utan att bry sig om energiåtgång) verkar det som en mer modern stil är att föredra. Denna studie visar också att för att kunna jämföra kroppens energiåtgång för skelettmusklernas arbete mellan olika rörelser så krävs det en modell där muskler ingår. Andra studier som presenteras är hur muskelantagonister kan hittas, hur lastfördelningen mellan muskler eller muskelgrupper förändras när rörelsen förändras samt effekter av benproteser på energiåtgång. Några aspekter av metoden presenteras också. Två muskelmodeller och dess inverkan på olika simuleringsresultat visas. En annan aspekt är hur muskeldekomposition och muskelrekryteringskriterium påverkar beräkningarna. Normaliseringsfaktorer för olika muskelrekryteringskriterium presenteras.
Beräkningsbaserad biomekanik inom längdskidåkningen - möjligheter och begränsningar
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10

Barberis, Marc Francois. "Biomechanics of cross-country skiing locomotion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/801/.

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Cross-country skiing constitutes ancestral method for moving along in a snow environment.A number of techniques have been developed to facilitate this. Among these techniques, one of them; namely the Diagonal Stride Technique( DST) has been described by authors as an extension of walking and running. Most biomechanical research studies have analysed the DST as a sporting activity leaving the locomotor strategies poorly described. This relationship to walking and running and the involvement of a gliding phase make the DST an interesting locomotion which may reflect a locomotor adaptation of human to the environment. The overall purpose of the research undertaken in this work was to determine the strategies employed by skiers to progress along the ground in the DST. Different analytical approaches were used to test the research question: those involved cycle patterns, joint angular kinematics,coordination and mechanical analyses of different skiing conditions. The DST with poles was tested for two different speeds. In addition,the DST was investigated without poles. The description of the joints angular kinematics showed that specific movement patterns and segmental organisation were required for skiing with a reference to walking and running. The DST locomotion was mechanically similar to running but involved a gliding phase. The generation of forward displacement was carried out using an effective sequencing of hip extension and knee and ankle extension. Poles were reported to contribute to the generation of upper and lower body propulsion strategies. They were also supposed to increase the balance of the skier by providing additional supports. The increase of speed was achieved through faster limb movements without change in the joints range of motion. The overall conclusion of this work is that although the DST could be related to running, the skiers developed some specific body segmental organisations to progress along the ground,in response to the properties of the environment and of the material.
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Books on the topic "Cross country skiing sprint"

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John, Dostal, ed. Cross-country skiing. 3rd ed. Seattle: Mountaineers, 1988.

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Gillette, Ned. Cross-country skiing. 3rd ed. London: Diadem Books Ltd., 1988.

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Bergan, Sindre. Cross country skiing. Indianapolis, IN: Masters Press, 1996.

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Recreation, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and. Cross Country Skiing. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Tourism and Recreation = Ministère du tourisme et des loisirs, 1986.

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M, Rykken Anne, ed. Teaching cross-country skiing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012.

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Stanton, Lisa. Colorado cross-country skiing. Glenwood Springs, Colo: West Side Press, 1985.

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Fitness cross-country skiing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998.

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Basic illustrated cross-country skiing. Guilford, Conn: FalconGuides, 2012.

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Messick, Tim. Cross country skiing in Yosemite. Denver, Colo: Chockstone Press, 1985.

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Older, Jules. Cross-country skiing for everyone. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cross country skiing sprint"

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Nørstrud, Helge. "Cross-Country Skiing." In Sport Aerodynamics, 107–30. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89297-8_6.

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Langer, Paul R. "Cross-Country Skiing." In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine, 367–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52136-7_27.

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Nagle, Kyle B. "Skiing: Cross-Country." In Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma, 941–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36790-9_70.

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Euler, Simon. "Cross-Country Skiing/Biathlon." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 531–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_81.

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Smith, Gerald A. "Biomechanics of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 32–61. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch2.

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Rusko, Heikki. "Training for Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 62–100. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch3.

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Rusko, Heikki. "Physiology of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 1–31. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch1.

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Herzog, Walter, Anthony Killick, and Kevin R. Boldt. "Energetic Considerations in Cross-Country Skiing." In Sports Performance, 247–60. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55315-1_20.

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Ronsen, Ola. "Medical Aspects of Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 101–40. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch4.

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Hanin, Yuri. "Psychological Factors in Cross Country Skiing." In Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Cross Country Skiing, 176–88. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693834.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cross country skiing sprint"

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Valeria, Rosso, Lindinger Stefan, Linnamo Vesa, Vanlandewijck Yves, Rapp Walter, and Gastaldi Laura. "Trunk kinematics during cross country sit-skiing ergometry: Skiing strategies associated to neuromusculoskeletal impairment." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2016.7533724.

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Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Antti Valkeapää, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Mechanical Model for Simulating Cross-Country Skiing Propulsive Force." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46454.

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In this paper, a three-dimensional multibody dynamic model of a cross-country skier is developed and presented where a single propulsion phase is modeled to obtain the kinetic parameters involved in the movement. A professional Olympic-level skier performed the skating technique without poles in a ski tunnel under controlled conditions and on an incline plane. Then, with the use of a force acquisition system attached to the ski bindings and a motion capture system set on site, the leg resultant forces and the movement of specific points of the skier’s lower body were acquired. The data obtained from the motion capture system was used as the prescribed kinematic input data in the multibody model and the measured force was used later as a comparison parameter with the results of the simple model. After simulating the technique, the calculated propulsion forces seem to be in agreement with those measured in the field.
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Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Multibody Dynamic Model of Cross-Country Ski-Skating." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12859.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a simple multibody dynamic model matching the observed movements of the center of mass of a skier performing the skating technique in cross-country skiing. The formulation of the equation of motion was made using the Euler–Lagrange equations applied to a multibody tree-type system in three dimensions. The description of the lower limb of the skier and the ski was completed by employing three bodies, one representing the ski, and two representing the natural movements of the leg of the skier. This simple model is able to show an approximation of the movement of the center of mass of the skier and its velocity behavior allowing to study the effect of the key parameters used to build the model.
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Cenedese, Angelo, Gian Antonio Susto, and Matteo Terzi. "A parsimonious approach for activity recognition with wearable devices: An application to cross-country skiing." In 2016 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecc.2016.7810672.

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"MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATION SIGNALS IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING - Information Extraction and Technique Transitions Detection." In International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003170605100517.

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Toma, Zhana, O. Grigorieva, and E. Mironova. "Hygienic aspects of classes with children of primary school age in sports and health improvement groups for cross-country skiing." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Innovations in Sports, Tourism and Instructional Science (ICISTIS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icistis-19.2019.70.

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