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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross country skiing sprint'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Novikova, Natalia, and Gennadi Sergeev. "Double poling in the classical sprint cross-country skiing." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 112 (July 2014): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.07.113.p138-142.

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2

Vesterinen, Ville, Jussi Mikkola, Ari Nummela, Esa Hynynen, and Keijo Häkkinen. "Fatigue in a simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition." Journal of Sports Sciences 27, no. 10 (August 2009): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903081860.

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3

ZORY, RAPHA??L, GUILLAUME MILLET, FEDERICO SCHENA, LORENZO BORTOLAN, and ANNIE ROUARD. "Fatigue Induced by a Cross-Country Skiing KO Sprint." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 12 (December 2006): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235354.86189.7e.

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4

Losnegard, Thomas. "Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 1675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x.

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AbstractEnergy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.

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5

Sandbakk, Øyvind, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0373.

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Cross-country (XC) skiing has been an Olympic event since the first Winter Games in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Due to more effective training and tremendous improvements in equipment and track preparation, the speed of Olympic XC-ski races has increased more than that of any other Olympic endurance sport. Moreover, pursuit, mass-start, and sprint races have been introduced. Indeed, 10 of the 12 current Olympic competitions in XC skiing involve mass starts, in which tactics play a major role and the outcome is often decided in the final sprint. Accordingly, reappraisal of the success factors for performance in this context is required. The very high aerobic capacity (VO2max) of many of today’s world-class skiers is similar that of their predecessors. At the same time, the new events provide more opportunities to profit from anaerobic capacity, upper-body power, high-speed techniques, and “tactical flexibility.” The wide range of speeds and slopes involved in XC skiing requires skiers to continuously alternate between and adapt different subtechniques during a race. This technical complexity places a premium on efficiency. The relative amounts of endurance training performed at different levels of intensity have remained essentially constant during the past 4 decades. However, in preparation for the Sochi Olympics in 2014, XC skiers are performing more endurance training on roller skis on competition-specific terrain, placing greater focus on upper-body power and more systematically performing strength training and skiing at high speeds than previously.

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6

Losnegard, Thomas, Martin Andersen, Matt Spencer, and Jostein Hallén. "Effects of Active Versus Passive Recovery in Sprint Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0218.

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Purpose:To investigate the effects of an active and a passive recovery protocol on physiological responses and performance between 2 heats in sprint cross-country skiing.Methods:Ten elite male skiers (22 ± 3 y, 184 ± 4 cm, 79 ± 7 kg) undertook 2 experimental test sessions that both consisted of 2 heats with 25 min between start of the first and second heats. The heats were conducted as an 800-m time trial (6°, >3.5 m/s, ~205 s) and included measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2) and accumulated oxygen deficit. The active recovery trial involved 2 min standing/walking, 16 min jogging (58% ± 5% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. The passive recovery trial involved 15 min sitting, 3 min walk/jog (~ 30% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were monitored throughout the recovery periods.Results:The increased 800-m time between heat 1 and heat 2 was trivial after active recovery (effect size [ES] = 0.1, P = .64) and small after passive recovery (ES = 0.4, P = .14). The 1.2% ± 2.1% (mean ± 90% CL) difference between protocols was not significant (ES = 0.3, P = .3). In heat 2, peak and average VO2 was increased after the active recovery protocol.Conclusions:Neither passive recovery nor running at ~58% of VO2peak between 2 heats changed performance significantly.

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7

Andersson, E., G. Björklund, H.-C. Holmberg, and N. Ørtenblad. "Energy system contributions and determinants of performance in sprint cross-country skiing." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 27, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12666.

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8

ST??GGL, THOMAS, STEFAN LINDINGER, and ERICH M??LLER. "Reliability and Validity of Test Concepts for the Cross-Country Skiing Sprint." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 3 (March 2006): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000190789.46685.22.

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9

Zory, Raphael, Nicolas Vuillerme, Barbara Pellegrini, Federico Schena, and Annie Rouard. "Effect of fatigue on double pole kinematics in sprint cross-country skiing." Human Movement Science 28, no. 1 (February 2009): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.05.002.

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10

Losnegard, Thomas, and Jostein Hallén. "Physiological Differences Between Sprint- and Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066.

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Purpose:Sprint- (≤1.8 km) and distance-skiing (≥15 km) performance rely heavily on aerobic capacity. However, in sprint skiing, due to the ~20% higher speed, anaerobic capacity contributes significantly. This study aimed to identify the possible anthropometric and physiological differences between elite male sprint and distance skiers.Methods:Six sprint and 7 distance international-level cross-country skiers completed testing using the V2 skating technique on a roller-ski treadmill. Measurements included submaximal O2 cost (5°, 3 m/s) and a 1000-m time trial (6°, >3.25 m/s) to assess VO2peak and accumulated oxygen (ΣO2) deficit.Results:The groups displayed similar O2 cost during the submaximal load. The sprint skiers had a higher ΣO2 deficit (79.0 ± 11.3 vs 65.7 ± 7.5 mL/kg, P = .03, ES = 1.27) and VO2peak in absolute values (6.6 ± 0.5 vs 6.0 ± 0.5 L/min, P = .04, ES =1.23), while VO2peak relative to body mass was lower than in the distance skiers (76.4 ± 4.4 vs 83.0 ± 3.2 mL · kg−1 · min−1, P = .009, ES = 1.59). The sprint skiers were heavier than the distance skiers (86.6 ± 6.1 vs 71.8 ± 7.2 kg, P = .002, ES = 2.07), taller (186 ± 5 vs 178 ± 7 cm, P = .04, ES = 1.25), and had a higher body-mass index (24.9 ± 0.8 vs 22.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2, P = .003, ES = 2.05).Conclusion:The elite male sprint skiers showed different anthropometric and physiological qualities than the distance skiers, with these differences being directly related to body mass.

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11

ST??GGL, THOMAS, STEFAN LINDINGER, and ERICH M??LLER. "Evaluation of an Upper-Body Strength Test for the Cross-Country Skiing Sprint." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180537201.

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12

Andersson, Erik, Matej Supej, Øyvind Sandbakk, Billy Sperlich, Thomas Stöggl, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Analysis of sprint cross-country skiing using a differential global navigation satellite system." European Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 3 (June 23, 2010): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1535-2.

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13

Stöggl, Thomas, Erich Müller, and Stefan Lindinger. "Biomechanical comparison of the double-push technique and the conventional skate skiing technique in cross-country sprint skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 26, no. 11 (September 2008): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802027386.

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14

Kolykhmatov, Vladimir, and Nikolay Shelkanov. "Distinctive features of the ski sprint compared to the traditional cross-country skiing competitions." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 112 (July 2014): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.07.113.p91-95.

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15

Stöggl, Thomas, Jonas Enqvist, Erich Müller, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Relationships between body composition, body dimensions, and peak speed in cross-country sprint skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 28, no. 2 (January 2010): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903414160.

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16

Carlsson, Magnus, Tomas Carlsson, Lars Wedholm, Mattias Nilsson, Christer Malm, and Michail Tonkonogi. "Physiological Demands of Competitive Sprint and Distance Performance in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiing." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30, no. 8 (August 2016): 2138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001327.

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17

Haugnes, Pål, Per-Øyvind Torvik, Gertjan Ettema, Jan Kocbach, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "The Effect of Maximal Speed Ability, Pacing Strategy, and Technique on the Finish Sprint of a Sprint Cross-Country Skiing Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 788–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0507.

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Purpose: To investigate the contribution from maximal speed (Vmax) and %Vmax to the finish sprint speed obtained in a cross-country sprint in the classical and skating style, as well as the coinciding changes in kinematic patterns and the effect of pacing strategy on the %Vmax. Methods: Twelve elite male cross-country skiers performed two 80-m Vmax tests on flat terrain using the classical double-poling and skating G3 techniques, followed by 4 simulated 1.4-km sprint time trials, performed with conservative (controlled start) and positive (hard start) pacing strategies in both styles with a randomized order. In all cases, these time trials were finalized by sprinting maximally over the last 80 m (the Vmax section). Results: Approximately 85% of Vmax was obtained in the finish sprint of the 1.4-km competitions, with Vmax and %Vmax contributing similarly (R2 = 51–78%) to explain the overall variance in finish sprint speed in all 4 cases (P < .05). The changes in kinematic pattern from the Vmax to the finish sprint included 11–22% reduced cycle rate in both styles (P < .01), without any changes in cycle length. A 3.6% faster finish sprint speed, explained by higher cycle rate, was found by conservative pacing in classic style (P < .001), whereas no difference was seen in skating. Conclusions: Vmax ability and %Vmax contributed similarly to explain the finish sprint speed, both in the classic and skating styles, and independent of pacing strategy. Therefore, sprint cross-country skiers should concurrently develop both these capacities and employ technical strategies where a high cycle rate can be sustained when fatigue occurs.

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18

Willis, Sarah J., and Daniel P. Heil. "Determinants of On-Snow Skate Sprint Cross-Country Skiing Performance for Junior and Collegiate Skiers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402689.58956.7a.

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19

Solli, Guro Strøm, Pål Haugnes, Jan Kocbach, Roland van den Tillaar, Per Øyvind Torvik, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "The Effects of a Short Specific Versus a Long Traditional Warm-Up on Time-Trial Performance in Cross-Country Skiing Sprint." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0618.

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Purpose: To compare the effects of a short specific and a long traditional warm-up on time-trial performance in cross-country skiing sprint using the skating style, as well as related differences in pacing strategy and physiological responses. Methods: In total, 14 (8 men and 6 women) national-level Norwegian cross-country skiers (age 20.4 [3.1] y; VO2max 65.9 [5.7] mL/kg/min) performed 2 types of warm-up (short, 8 × 100 m with gradual increase from 60% to 95% of maximal speed with a 1-min rest between sprints, and long, ∼35 min at low intensity, including 5 min at moderate and 3 min at high intensity) in a randomized order with 1 hour and 40 minutes of rest between tests. Each warm-up was followed by a 1.3-km sprint time trial, with continuous measurements of speed and heart rate. Results: No difference in total time for the time trial between the short and long warm-ups (199 [17] vs 200 [16] s; P = .952), or average speed and heart rate for the total course, or in the 6 terrain sections (all P < .41, η2 < .06) was found. There was an effect of order, with total time-trial time being shorter during test 2 than test 1 (197 [16] vs 202 [16] s; P = .004). No significant difference in blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion was found between the short versus long warm-ups or between test 1 and test 2 at any of the measurement points during the test day (P < .58, η2 > .01). Conclusions: This study indicates that a short specific warm-up could be as effective as a long traditional warm-up during a sprint time trial in cross-country skiing.

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20

Mikkola, Jussi, Marko Laaksonen, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Ville Vesterinen, and Ari Nummela. "Determinants of a Simulated Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition using V2 Skating Technique on Roller Skis." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 4 (April 2010): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cbaaaf.

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21

Hauser, Anna, Christoph Zinner, Dennis-Peter Born, Jon Peter Wehrlin, and Billy Sperlich. "Does Hyperoxic Recovery during Cross-country Skiing Team Sprints Enhance Performance?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46, no. 4 (April 2014): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000157.

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22

Mikkola, Jussi, Marko S. Laaksonen, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Ari Nummela, and Vesa Linnamo. "Changes in performance and poling kinetics during cross-country sprint skiing competition using the double-poling technique." Sports Biomechanics 12, no. 4 (November 2013): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2013.784798.

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23

Swarén, Mikael, and Anders Eriksson. "Power and pacing calculations based on real-time locating data from a cross-country skiing sprint race." Sports Biomechanics 18, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2017.1391323.

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24

Carlsson, Magnus, Tomas Carlsson, Daniel Hammarström, Christer Malm, and Michail Tonkonogi. "Time Trials Predict the Competitive Performance Capacity of Junior Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0172.

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Purpose:This study investigated whether there is a correlation between time-trial performance and competitive performance capacity of male and female junior cross-country skiers and sought to explain sex-specific competitive performance capacity through multiple-regression modeling.Methods:The International Ski Federation’s (FIS) junior ranking points for distance (FISdist) and sprint (FISsprint) competitions were used as performance parameters. A total of 38 elite junior (age 18.5 ± 1.0 y) cross-country skiers (24 men and 14 women) completed 3 time-trial tests: a 3-km level-running time trial (TTRun), a 2-km moderate uphill (1.2° slope) roller-skiing time trial using the double-poling technique (TTDP), and a 2-km uphill (2.8° slope) roller-skiing time trial using the diagonal-stride technique (TTDiag). The correlations were investigated using Pearson correlation analysis, and regression models were created using multiple-linear-regression analysis.Results:For men, FISsprint and FISdist were correlated with the times for TTRun, TTDP, and TTDiag (all P < .001). For women, FISsprint was correlated with the times for TTRun (P < .05), TTDP (P < .01), and TTDiag (P < .01), whereas FISdist was correlated only with the times for TTDP (P < .01) and TTDiag (P < .05). The models developed for FISdist and FISsprint explained 73.9–82.3% of the variance in the performance capacity of male junior cross-country skiers. No statistically valid regression model was found for the women.Conclusions:Running and roller-skiing time trials are useful tests for accurately predicting the performance capacity of junior cross-country skiers.

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Steinbauer, Manuel J., Juergen Kreyling, Carolin Stöhr, and Volker Audorff. "Positive sport–biosphere interactions? — Cross-country skiing delays spring phenology of meadow vegetation." Basic and Applied Ecology 27 (March 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.10.003.

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26

Lindinger, S., T. Stoeggl, and E. Mueller. "Biomechanical charateristics of further developed classical and skating techniques in cross-county skiing sprint competitions." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83669-9.

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27

Hoffman, Martin D., Philip S. Clifford, and Frank Bender. "Effect of Velocity on Cycle Rate and Length for Three Roller Skiing Techniques." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11, no. 3 (August 1995): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.3.257.

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This investigation examined the adjustments made in cycle rate and length to velocity changes during roller skiing with the double pole (DP), kick double pole (KD), and VI skate (VS) techniques. Eight cross-country ski racers roller skied with each technique on a flat track at submaximal and maximal velocities while being videotaped from a lateral view. Increases in submaximal velocities were associated with increases in cycle rate and cycle length for KD and VS but only with increases in cycle rate for DP. Maximal sprint velocities were approximately 7% lower (p < .01) for KD than for DP and VS and were associated with increases (p < .01) in cycle rate for each technique combined with decreases (p < .01) in cycle length for DP and VS. The findings indicate that there are differences among techniques in the manner in which cycle rate and length are adjusted to change submaximal velocity, but each technique relies upon an increase in cycle rate to achieve maximal velocity.

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Toolis, Tom, and Kerry McGawley. "The Effect of Compression Garments on Performance in Elite Winter Biathletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0790.

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Purpose: To evaluate the effects of wearing upper- and lower-body compression garments on cross-country skiing performance in elite winter biathletes. Methods: A total of 7 senior biathletes (4 men and 3 women) from the Swedish national team performed 2 exercise trials in a randomized and counterbalanced order, wearing either commercially available upper- and lower-body compression garments (COMP) or a standard winter-biathlon racing suit (CON). In each trial, the athletes roller-skied on a customized treadmill, completing a time trial simulating the skiing duration of a biathlon sprint race, followed by a time-to-exhaustion test designed to elicit exhaustion within ∼60 to 90 seconds. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were monitored throughout each trial, while muscle soreness was measured up to 48 hours after each trial. Results: Pressure exerted by the clothing was significantly higher at all anatomical sites for COMP compared with CON (P ≤ .002). Wearing COMP led to small positive effects on time-trial (d = 0.31) and time-to-exhaustion test (d = 0.31) performances compared with CON, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). No significant differences were found for any physiological (heart rate or blood lactate concentration) or subjective (rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, or muscle soreness) responses between COMP and CON (P > .05). Conclusion: Wearing COMP during maximal cross-country skiing may have small but worthwhile beneficial effects on performance for some individuals. Due to individual variation, athletes are advised to test COMP prior to competition.

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29

Luchsinger, Harri, Jan Kocbach, Gertjan Ettema, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "Comparison of the Effects of Performance Level and Sex on Sprint Performance in the Biathlon World Cup." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0112.

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Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining cross-country skiing with the skating technique and rifle shooting. The sprint (7.5 km for women and 10 km for men) includes 2 shootings between 3 laps of skiing. The aims of the current study were to compare biathletes of different performance levels and sex on total race time and performance-determining factors of sprint races in the biathlon World Cup. The top-10 performers (G1-10) and results in ranks 21–30 (G21-30) in 47 sprint races during the 2011–12 to 2015–16 World Cup seasons were compared regarding total race time, course time, shooting time, range time, shooting performance (rate of hits), and penalty time. G21-30 men and women were on average 3–5% behind G1-10 in total race time, in which course time accounted for 59–65% of the overall performance difference, followed by 31–35% explained by penalty time. The remainder (ie, 4–6%) was explained by differences in shooting time and range time. The G1-10 women exhibited on average 12% slower speeds than the G1-10 men, and course time accounted for 93% of the total time difference of 13% between sexes. The average total hit rates were 92–93% among the G1-10 and 85% among the G21-30 in both sexes. In total, men shot on average 6 s faster than women. Course time is the most differentiating factor for overall biathlon performance between performance levels and sex in World Cup races. No sex difference in shooting performance was found.

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Seiler, Stephen. "Same Citius, Altius, Fortius … More Women, Crashes, and McTwists?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0396.

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Almost half of the record 98 events being held at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games were either not held 20 years ago at Lillehammer or have been substantially modified. The Olympics as a global sports event are not stationary but must adapt and evolve in response to changing demands, just as the remarkable athletes who are competing do. While the Winter Olympics program has steadily grown since Chamonix in 1924, the rate of development has greatly accelerated in the last 20 years. Three factors seem to be instrumental. First, the Winter Olympics program has become more gender balanced. Female hockey teams are battling for gold, and this year women will compete in ski jumping for the first time. Most Winter Olympics sports have equal numbers of events for men and women today, although female participation still lags somewhat behind. Second, many traditional events have been modified by sport-governing bodies toward a more “TV friendly” format. Time-trial starts have been replaced by mass or group starts. “Sprint” and team events have been added to spice up traditional sports like cross-country skiing and speed skating. Finally “extreme” sports like half-pipe and ski-cross have crossed over from the X Games to the Olympics, with some arguing that the Olympics need these popular sports more than the X Games sports need the Olympics. All of these changes create new research questions for sport scientists who are also willing to adapt and evolve.

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31

Schelkun, Patrice Heinz. "Cross-Country Skiing." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 2 (February 1992): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947419.

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32

Nilsson, Johnny, Per Tveit, and Olav Eikrehagen. "Cross‐Country Skiing." Sports Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522832.

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33

Blackman, P. "Cross country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.008250.

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34

Eagan, Diane. "Tandem Cross-Country Skiing." Recreational Sports Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1985): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.9.2.53.

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35

Tikkanen, H. O., and J. E. Peltonen. "ASTHMA - CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00335.

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36

Morris, Patrick J., and Douglas F. Hoffman. "Injuries in cross-country skiing." Postgraduate Medicine 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1999.01.494.

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37

Smith, Matthew, Gordon O. Matheson, and Willem H. Meeuwisse. "Injuries in Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00006.

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Wozniak, Carl, Scott Drum, Benjamin Hugus, Erica Wozniak, and Phillip Watts. "“Clumping” in Cross Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000476473.34162.75.

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39

Hancock, E. William. "Palpitation While Cross-Country Skiing." Hospital Practice 29, no. 10 (October 15, 1994): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1994.11443085.

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40

Eisenman, Patricia A., Stephen C. Johnson, Cynthia N. Bainbridge, and Michael F. Zupan. "Applied Physiology of Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (August 1989): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908020-00001.

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41

Renstrom, Per, and Robert J. Johnson. "Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Biomechanics." Sports Medicine 8, no. 6 (December 1989): 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908060-00004.

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42

Renfro, Gregory J. "Power Training for Cross-Country Skiing." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 20, no. 2 (1998): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1998)020<0028:ptfccs>2.3.co;2.

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43

Larsson, Lars. "Bronchial asthma and cross-country skiing." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 4, no. 2 (January 30, 2007): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00410.x.

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44

Orava, S., H. Jaroma, and A. Hulkko. "Overuse injuries in cross-country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.3.158.

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45

Carlsson, Peter, Mats Tinnsten, and Mats Ainegren. "Numerical simulation of cross-country skiing." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 14, no. 8 (August 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2010.493885.

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46

Komi, Paavo V. "Force Measurements during Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.370.

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To understand cross-country (X-C) siding it is important to record and identity forces of skis and poles separately and together. They both contribute to the forward progression, but their functional significance may be more complex than that of the ground reaction forces in running and walking. This report presents two methods to record forces on skis and poles during normal X-C skiing. A long force-platform system with four rows of 6-m long plates is placed under the snow track for recording of Fz and Fy forces of each ski and pole separately. This system is suitable especially for the study of diagonal technique under more strict experimental conditions. The second system consists of small lightweight Fz and Fy component force plates which are installed under the boot and binding. These plates can be easily changed from one ski to another, and telemetric recording allows free skiing over long distances and with different skiing techniques, including skating. The presentation emphasizes the integrated use of either system together with simultaneous cinematographic and electromyographic recordings.

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47

Pierce, Javin C., Malcolm H. Pope, Per Renstrom, Robert J. Johnson, Janet Dufek, and Charles Dillman. "Force Measurement in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.382.

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A method for measuring the forces between the shoe and ski and upon the pole has been developed. Instrumented skis and poles are used with a portable data acquisition system that is carried by the skier in the field. Elite, top-level collegiate, and citizen skiers were used as subjects. Skiers performed the diagonal stride, and a marathon skate. Axial force levels at the forefoot were found to reach 164%, and 120% of body weight in the diagonal skate strides, respectively.

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48

Sherry, Eugene, and Jenny Asquith. "Nordic (cross‐country) skiing injuries in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 146, no. 5 (March 1987): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120231.x.

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49

Hoffman, Martin D., and Philip S. Clifford. "Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 1992): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419208729903.

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50

Mahood, N. V., R. W. Kenefick, R. Kertzer, and T. J. Quinn. "PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00056.

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