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Yusdiawati, Yayuk. "PENYAKIT BAWAAN : KAJIAN RESIKO KESEHATAN PADA PERKAWINAN SEPUPU." Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya 19, no. 2 (January 21, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jaisb.v19.n2.p89-99.2017.
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This paper aims to investige about congenital diseases are an absolute risk in all types of cousin marriages. Methods: this review is a review of literature on cousin marriages and congenital diseases in cousin marriages, as well as qualitative research conducted on the Mandailing community in the village of Tanjung Baringin, North Sumatra, which practices many cross-breed cousins. Results show the risk of the illness impacted by cousin marriage, is not an absolute negative impact on all cousin pairs. A parallel cousin has a great chance to experience it. This can be proved by some researchers who investige health risks in populations that practices parallel cousin marriage. In cross-cousin pairs did not find any health risks. Therefore, cousin marriage still exixtsnce until now, especially in cross cousin marriage.
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Sharma, Gopal Krishan. "Cross-Cousin Marriages in Kishtwar." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1572.
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Marriage is a social combination or lawful contract between the general population that makes family relationship and its definition fluctuates as indicated by various societies. Marriage and Kinship are the essential unavoidable truths that apply to everyone of any person. The present paper is about the Kinship and Marriage structure among the Hindu people group in the Kishtwar District. The investigation has explicitly investigated the act of cross-cousin relational unions among the network and has endeavoured to investigate the different family relationship ties predominant among them. This paper is an attempt to investigate the family relationship and marriage structure among the Hindu people group in Kishtwar. The paper likewise accomplishes to investigate the different types of cross-cousin marriages among the Hindu people group in Kishtwar.
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RAFIEE, LALEH, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AMONG IRANIAN GEORGIANS." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 1 (June 28, 2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000295.
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SummaryConsanguineous marriage – marriage between relatives – has received a great deal of attention as a potential risk factor for many adverse health outcomes. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among Iranian Georgians living in Frydoonshahr (Isfahan province, central Iran). Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 646. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples. First cousin marriages (14.2%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by second cousin (7.0%), beyond second cousin (1.5%) and first cousin once removed (0.6%). The mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was calculated as 0.0104 for the population. The present study shows that the study population, as other Iranian populations, has a high level of consanguinity.
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Jorion, Paul. "Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage in Australia." Social Science Information 32, no. 1 (March 1993): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901893032001007.
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Chagnon, Napoleon A., Robert F. Lynch, Mary K. Shenk, Raymond Hames, and Mark V. Flinn. "Cross-cousin marriage among the Yanomamö shows evidence of parent–offspring conflict and mate competition between brothers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (March 13, 2017): E2590—E2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618655114.
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Marriage in many traditional societies often concerns the institutionalized exchange of reproductive partners among groups of kin. Such exchanges most often involve cross-cousins—marriage with the child of a parent’s opposite-sex sibling—but it is unclear who benefits from these exchanges. Here we analyze the fitness consequences of marrying relatives among the Yanomamö from the Amazon. When individuals marry close kin, we find that (i) both husbands and wives have slightly lower fertility; (ii) offspring suffer from inbreeding depression; (iii) parents have more grandchildren; and (iv) siblings, especially brothers, benefit when their opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but not when their same-sex siblings do. Therefore, individuals seem to benefit when their children or opposite-sex siblings marry relatives but suffer costs when they, their parents, or same-sex siblings do. These asymmetric fitness outcomes suggest conflicts between parents and offspring and among siblings over optimal mating strategies. Parental control of marriages is reinforced by cultural norms prescribing cross-cousin marriage. We posit that local mate competition combined with parental control over marriages may escalate conflict between same-sex siblings who compete over mates, while simultaneously forging alliances between opposite-sex siblings. If these relationships are carried forward to subsequent generations, they may drive bilateral cross-cousin marriage rules. This study provides insights into the evolutionary importance of how kinship and reciprocity underlie conflicts over who controls mate choice and the origins of cross-cousin marriage prescriptions.
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Masih, Nadeem, Farzana Amir, Rehana Tabbasum, Ayesha Naz, and Arfa Nadeem. "empirical investigation of the relationship between consanguineous marriage and prevalence of β-thalassemia in Punjab, Pakistan." International journal of health sciences 7, S1 (August 13, 2023): 2362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v7ns1.14497.
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It is a striking fact that β-thalassemia has become a common single gene disorder among the children. Among the contributing factors, overwhelmed practice of consanguineous marriage is one of the most prominent reason of the high rate prevalence of β-thalassemia in Pakistan. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the relationship between consanguineous marriage and prevalence of β-thalassemia in Punjab, Pakistan. The nature of study was cross-sectional and quantitative. The study was conducted in the Children’s Hospital, Lahore and Multan. Purposive sampling technique was used and sample of 300 parents was drawn. A well-structured research questionnaire was used to collect the data from the parents. The results indicate that rate of β –Thalassemia is significantly higher (76.7%) in first cousin marriage as compared to the second cousin marriage (23.3%). The trend of thalassemia major among male patients is higher (76.31%) in first cousin marriage as compared to the second cousin marriage (23.69%). Similarly, the prevalence of thalassemia Intermedia is significantly prevalent higher (67.5%) among male patients in first cousin marriage as compared to the second cousin marriage. The above findings can be concluded that there was a strong relationship between consanguineous marriage and prevalence of β-thalassemia in Punjab, Pakistan.
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EL-KHESHEN, GHADIR, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AMONG SHI'A POPULATIONS OF LEBANON." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 5 (January 10, 2013): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000843.
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SummaryIn genetics, a consanguineous marriage means union between couples who are related as second cousins or closer. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Shi'a population living in widespread territories in Lebanon including the Bekaa Valley, the south of Lebanon and the southern suburb of Beirut. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in the study was 1203. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples. The overall frequency of consanguinity was found to be 28.4%, with first cousin marriages (21.3%) being the most common type followed by first cousins once removed (5.5%), then double first cousins (0.8%). The frequencies of second cousin and beyond second cousin marriages were the same at 0.4% of all the marriages. The mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was estimated at about 0.0161 for the population. There were no significant differences between the three studied territories for frequencies of different types of marriages (p>0.1), nor were there significant differences between the rural and urban areas (p>0.1).
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Lon, Yohanes S. "PERKAWINAN TUNGKU CU (CROSS-COUSIN MARRIAGE) DI MANGGARAI: ANTARA ADAT DAN AGAMA." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i1.14237.
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Abstract:The Manggarai people in Flores have various types of marriage. One of them is “tungku cu” (cross-cousin) marriage. In this model of marriage, a daughter of a brother can marry a son of the sister. So the couple is the two biological cousins. This local tradition considered this marriage as an ideal type. It is believed to strengthen the kinship and to keep the family inheritance, properties and assets from transferring to other clans. But by the coming of religions to this region, especially Catholicism that has become the major religion entire the area, this marriage is called into question. The Catholic Church law strictly forbids this marriage for health reason and for its closeness on the social relations. The Catholic Church will not legalize such kind of marriage. The couples have to ask for dispensation to get the legality of marriage. The process may long and difficult to get the dispensation. This is a controversy. This article aims to explore the tungku cu (cross cousin) marriage in Manggarai. Using a field and literature approach, this study found that despite the controversy, many families still support the model of marriage. This lead them to difficulties in having legal rights of marriage both according to the Church and the state. However, after years, the Church will offer them dispensation by which the couple could have legal status of their marriage. Dispensation has functioned as a negortiation between local culture and religion.Keywords: Cross-cousin, Local Tradition, Marriage, Dispensation, Catholic Church, Manggarai Abstrak:Orang Manggarai mengenai aneka jenis perkawinan. Salah satunya adalah perkawinan tungku cu atau cross-cousin marriage. Dalam model perkawinan ini, anak perempuan dari saudara laki-laki dapat menikah dengan anak laki-laki dari saudari. Jadi yang menikah adalah dua sepupu kandung. Perkawinan ini dalam tradisi lokal dianggap ideal. Perkawinan ini memperkuat hubungan kekerabatan serta dipercaya dapat menjaga supaya harta tidak berpindah ke clan lain. Namun dengan datangnya agama-agama di wilayah ini,, khususnya agama Katolik sebagai agama mayoritas, perkawinan ini dipertanyakan. Hukum Gereja dengan tegas melarang perkawinan ini dengan alasan biologis yaitu dapat membayakan kesehatan bagi keturunan yang dilahirkan dan mempersempit relasi sosial. Olehnya Gereja tidak memberikan legalitas bagi pasangan tungku cu, kecuali dengan sebuah dispensasi yang tidak mudah didapatkan. Hal ini menjadi kontroversi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendalami perkawinan tungku cu pada masyarakat Manggarai ditinjau dari perspektif hukum perkawinan Gereja Katolik. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Studi ini menemukan bahwa kendatipun kontroversial, masih banyak keluarga masih mendukung perkawinan model ini. Maka dispensasi mau tidak mau menjadi negosiasi dan jalan keluar untuk menyatukan agama dan adat lokal.Kata Kunci: Cross-cousin, adat, perkawinan, dispensasi, hukum Gereja Katolik, Manggarai
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Yuhlung, Cheithou Charles. "Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage among the Chothe of Manipur." Sociological Bulletin 56, no. 1 (January 2007): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920070103.
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Shields, William M. "Uncertain paternity, matrilineality, and cross-cousin marriage: Hidden connections?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 4 (December 1985): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00045647.
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OTHMAN, HASAN, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 5 (May 12, 2009): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009003411.
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SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The α-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall α-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.
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Brick, David. "The Debate on Cross-Cousin Marriage in Classical Hindu Law." International Journal of Hindu Studies 25, no. 1-2 (June 12, 2021): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11407-021-09287-7.
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Afzal, Mohammad, Syed Mubashir Ali, and H. B. Siyal. "Consanguineous Marriages in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.663-676.
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In societies where marriage is nearly universal, and the fertility process is almost entirely through marital union, the factors associated with the occurrence of marriage, and through it the reproduction and rearing of children, need to be continuously assessed. Except for prohibited relationships, marriages between close and distant relations, as well as between those not related have been practiced among the muslims. The high incidence of close kin marriages (consanguineous marriages),t including those with first cousins, is a well-known feature of a muslim society. Marriages between close relatives are not only practiced by muslims but also by the people of many other religious. affiliations. Within the South Asian subcontinent, besides muslims, christians and other communities, consanguineous marriages have also been practiced by hindus, especially in the south Indian states, and in the central state of Maharashtra. In the northern states of India the prohibition on such marriages is more strictly enforced.2 In the south Indian state of Andhra a high proportion of maternal uncle-niece in addition to cross-cousin marriages (especially among maternal cross-cousins) have been in a high propor..........
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Harvey, Mark. "The Larrakia Kinship Terminology: Asymmetrical Cross‐Cousin Marriage and Omaha Skewing." Oceania 93, no. 2 (July 2023): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5367.
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SANDRIDGE, A. L., J. TAKEDDIN, E. AL-KAABI, and Y. FRANCES. "CONSANGUINITY IN QATAR: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE IN A POPULATION BORN BETWEEN 1946 AND 1991." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200999023x.
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SummaryFrom March 2007 to March 2008 a cross-sectional study was conducted in Qatar to estimate the prevalence of consanguinity among Qataris and to assess their knowledge of the risks and their attitudes towards the practice. A secondary objective was to test the acceptability of sixteen Likert-style questions within the Qatari population. Face-to-face interviews using a 70-item structured questionnaire were conducted by three native Arabic-speaking medical students with 362 Qatari employees. Where consanguinity existed between the employee's parents, a diagram of the consanguinal relationship (phylogram) was completed. The response rate was 93%. By phylogram, 22% of participants reported a cousin relationship between their parents (consanguinal relationship) and another 15% reported that their parents were from the same tribe (affinal relationship). With respect to their own marital decision, 68% of the respondents had been married at least once. By phylogram, 35% of these reported a consanguineous relationship (first marriage), 9% reported only an affinal relationship and 56% reported that they were not married to a blood relative. Results on the sixteen Likert-style attitude questions were stratified by consanguinity status of parents and of self. In the stratification by consanguinity status of parents the top five attitudes differed by group but there appeared to be more similarity between the consanguinal and only tribal groups. Attitudinal results were stratified by sex. Results showed that the males had a stronger belief in several of the attitudes than females with the exception of causation of genetic abnormalities and health problems. The phylogram was shown to collect more detailed and explicit data than hard-coding. With respect to knowledge, the results showed that knowledge was imperfect with high proportions of participants not knowing that consanguinity has been implicated in autosomal recessive diseases such as thalassaemia, inborn errors of metabolism, deafness, anomalies of the extremities and specific congenital heart defects. Additionally, a sizeable proportion of the participants did not know that a more distant cousin marriage (e.g. third cousin) theoretically could be a less genetically risky choice to potential offspring than a closer cousin marriage (half-first cousin). These results indicate that more effort needs to be made in developing public health strategies to improve the population's understanding of the cost-benefit analysis involved in contracting consanguineous marriages given the goal of healthy offspring.
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Nacaroglu, Hikmet Tekin, Demet Can, Canan Sule Unsal Karkiner, Yontem Yaman, Hudaver Alper, Hulya Tosun Yildirim, and Paul W. Bishop. "Baby with neonatal systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma born within a cross-cousin marriage." Dermatologica Sinica 33, no. 4 (December 2015): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2015.01.001.
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Khatri, Bal Krishna. "Marriage Practice in Contemporary Nepal." NUTA Journal 8, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v8i1-2.44032.
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Marriage is one of the oldest universal micro social institutions which are established by human society as an essential social structure for gaining more benefit in the social and functioning aspects. It provides the legal rights of regular sexual intercourse, producing of the offspring socially, religiously and legally. It is one of the ways to transfer an inheritance of the property in our societies. This belief is influenced by Hinduism which regards marriage as the important custom or sacrament. Although, the perception and practices of marriage is not universally accepted which varies across societies and culture, i.e., cross cousin marriage practices are common among Gurung, Magar and Tamang ethnic groups. Levirate marriage can be found in Tamang ethnic group which is not acceptable in another caste. Arrange marriage is one of the most popular form and also practices of marriage in contemporary Nepal whereas child marriage, capture marriage and forced marriage has been already prohibited by law. Experimental marriage, Group marriage and Companionate marriage are not existed. Most of the people have been hearing and conducting the marriage but the proper acceptable definition is not found till date. It is no doubt that marriage is an inevitable social institution but the practice may be different in different places. Main objectives of this article are briefly highlighting the various thought and forms of marriages which have practiced in different caste and place of Nepal by using primary and secondary sources.
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Kaplan, Sena, Gul Pinar, Bekir Kaplan, Filiz Aslantekin, Erdem Karabulut, Banu Ayar, and Ugur Dilmen. "THE PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AND AFFECTING FACTORS IN TURKEY: A NATIONAL SURVEY." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 5 (February 19, 2016): 616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000055.
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SummaryThis study was carried out by the Turkish Republic Ministry of Health to determine the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its correlates with socio-demographic and obstetric risk factors in women in Turkey. The cross-sectional, national-level study was carried out from October to December 2013. The study population was composed of women between the ages of 15 and 65 years living in Turkey. The sample size was calculated as 9290 houses within Turkey’s 81 provinces so as to improve the Turkish rural–urban expectations by means of systematic stack sampling according to the Turkish Statistical Institute’s address-based vital statistics system. The target sample size was 6364, but only eligible 4913 women, who had been married, were included in the study. The consanguineous marriage frequency in the sample was found to be 18.5%, and of these 57.8% were first cousin marriages. Women living in an extended family and whose education level and first marriage ages were low, and whose perceived economic status was poor, had higher frequencies of consanguineous marriage (p<0.001). Consanguineous marriage frequencies were higher (p<0.001) for women who had spontaneous abortions and stillbirths or who had given birth to infants with a congenital abnormality. In this context, it is important to develop national policies and strategies to prevent consanguineous marriages in Turkey.
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Mahboub, Samira M., Alanoud A. Alsaqabi, Noura A. Allwimi, Dana N. Aleissa, and Basmah A. Al-Mubarak. "Prevalence and pattern of consanguineous marriage among educated married individuals in Riyadh." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 5 (November 29, 2019): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000786.
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AbstractConsanguineous marriage is preferred in many countries, especially by Muslims. Despite the increasing education rate in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of consanguineous marriage does not seem to be decreasing as quickly as expected. The present study aimed to investigate the current prevalence of consanguineous marriage among educated married adults in Riyadh and to determine the factors favouring it. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017–18 using an online questionnaire. A total of 550 questionnaires were sent to married adults of both sexes and 417 responded, giving a response rate of 75.8%. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first section asked for demographic data such as age, sex, educational level, residential area and family size. The second part was about consanguineous marriage and its degree if present, family history of consanguineous marriage and level of awareness of its potential negative impact on offspring. It was found that the prevalence of consanguineous marriage among the participating educated adults was 39.8% and most of these were married to a first cousin. Neither level of education nor age affected the likelihood of consanguineous marriage, but predictors for the practice among the educated participating adults were having a family history of consanguineous marriage, having consanguineous parents and having a personal preference for consanguineous marriage. In conclusion, the prevalence of consanguineous marriage among educated adults in Riyadh was still high in 2018, especially among first-cousin relatives, and this was related to family history and personal preference rather than educational level or age. It is recommended that further research is conducted to assess the level of knowledge about, and attitude towards, consanguineous marriage among adults in Saudi Arabia.
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Irshad, Iqra, Muhammad Azzam Khan, Bareera Saeed, Amna Rashid, Atif Ikram, Amreen Raheem, Fahad Masood, and Atia-Ur Rehman. "Parental Perspective Regarding Consanguineous Marriages as the Cause for Speech and Language Disorders in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221611388.
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Background: Consanguineous connections are portrayed as connections between close relatives. These relationships are generally preferred in the majority of Asian and African nations particularly in the Muslim nations. Nonetheless, it is clear that these sorts of marriages have higher risk of congenital anomalies and disorders in children. Objective: To determine the parental perspective regarding consanguineous marriages as the cause for speech and language disorders in children. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted through different hospital and centers in Lahore, Pakistan (Mayo Hospital, Services hospital, Autism Resource center and The University of Lahore Teaching hospital). Questionnaire will be used and compromised of questions. Data was collected through standardized questionnaire after taking the consent and was distributed among the consanguineous parents who have children with speech and language disorders. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire. The data was collected using the online questionnaire as well. Results score was recorded for every respondent. Results: The study showed that majority of the people thought that consanguinity cannot lead to speech and language disorders in children. Conclusion: According to my research, although there is higher frequency of speech and language disorders recorded among consanguineous marriages than non-consanguineous marriages but majority of the people had a trend and preference for cousin marriages. Keywords: Consanguinity, Cousin Marriage, parental attitude, speech problems, language disorders, perception, Pakistan
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Anwar, Muhammad, Gulam Mustafa, and Zishan Haider. "Patterns of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Southern Pakistani Population." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 2089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582089.
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Objectives: To determine various types of cleft lip and palate, its geographical distribution and its association with cousin marriages, family history and other craniofacial syndromes in the Southern Pakistani population. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Plastic Surgery Department of Sheikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan and Hamza Medicare, Rahim Yar Khan from January 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: All patients who presented to the outpatients department with cleft deformities of lip and palate, irrespective of their age and gender were included in the study. Patients who were operated previously and those who were not agree with the study protocol were excluded from the study. The data were collected through a structured proforma as well as history and physical examination. The data were organized and analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Results: Total of 403 patients with cleft lip and palate deformities were included in this study, with an average age of 39±62 months. Out of total 239 59.3% were males with male to females ratio of 1.4:1. Cleft lip with cleft palate, cleft palate only and isolated cleft lip were found in 56.8%, 13.4% and 29.20% of cases respectively and 2 (0.5%) cases of median cleft. Out of total, 155 (38.5%) were from Southern Punjab, 50.6% from Sindh and 10.9% were from Baluchistan Province. In 386 (95.8%) cases parent had a History of cousin marriage, and family history of Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate was positive in 67 (16.6%) cases. Other congenital anomalies were found in 12.5% of cases. Conclusion: Cleft lip and palate deformities affected the male population more than females. Cleft lip in association with cleft palate is the commonest deformity. Isolated cleft palate mainly affected females. The high incidence of these anomalies in cousin marriages emphasizes educating the people to avoid cousin marriages. Key Words: Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Consanguinity, Family history. Congenital deformities
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Rafique, Ammara, and Hajra Naz. "Association of Consanguinity with Abnormalities in the Descendants." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 13, no. 01 (December 30, 2022): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc2022105.
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Objective: Consanguinity is often related to several abnormalities in descendants. This survey assessed the frequency of abnormalities in the descendants of consanguinity couples. Study Design & Setting: The cross-sectional survey was conducted from 01-Feb-2021 to 01-Oct-2021 with consanguinity couples residing in Pakistan or abroad. Methodology: Institutional Bioethics Committee (IBC) of Karachi University approved the study. Extensive research on PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of sciences, Direct Science, Springer, and Google scholar was carried out to design a structured survey after exploring major factors for special children.The form was divided into three sections encompassed fundamental and marriage-associated demographics, pre-and post-natal characteristics of normal and special children, extended family details, and perceptions regarding cousin marriage. Using snowball sampling, particularly the chain-referral method, data was collected. SPSS v.28 was used to predict the association of each variable with the existence and nonexistence of special child/children. Results: Among 503 consanguinity couples, 92.6% had none or normal descendants whereas 7.3% had special descendants of their own or from other cousin marriages in their extended families. Abnormalities including ADHD (n=9, 24.3%), Autism (n=4, 10.8%), cardiac issues (n=1, 2.7%), CP (n=5, 13.5%), deafness (n=3, 8.1%), Down’s syndrome (n=1, 2.7%), dumbness (n=5, 13.5%), impaired vision (n=6, 16.2%), and mental retardation (n=3, 8.1%) were reported. However, no case of multiple sclerosis, thalassemia, Tay Sach’s disease, or Schizophrenia was reported. Conclusion: Consanguinity precipitated several abnormalities in 0.073% of the population.
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Albanghali, Mohammad A. "Prevalence of Consanguineous Marriage among Saudi Citizens of Albaha, a Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 3767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043767.
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Consanguineous marriage (CM) is a prevalent kind of relationship in Muslim and Arab countries, and this type of relationship is linked to several health risks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of (CM), its associated hereditary diseases, and health-related issues among Saudi citizens in Albaha. This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2021 to April 2021. Saudi citizens in Albaha who were aged ≥ 18 years and willing to participate were eligible for the study. A total of 1010 participants were included in this study. In total, 757 participants were married, widowed, or divorced. CM partnerships comprised 40% (N = 302) of the marriages among participants, of which first- and second-cousin marriages comprised 72% and 28%, respectively. The prevalence of CM among the participants’ parents was lower than that among the participants (31% versus 40%, respectively). Children of participants in a CM were more likely to have cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.001), blood diseases (anaemia, thalassemia) (p < 0.001), cancer (p = 0.046), hearing loss and speech disorder (p = 0.003), and ophthalmic diseases (p = 0.037). Albaha showed a high percentage of consanguinity. An educational program must be established to enhance the population’s knowledge of the consequences of CM. The current national premarital screening program should be extended to involve more screening tests for common hereditary diseases that result from CM.
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Khan, Fouzia Zahid Ali, and Syeda Batool Mazhar. "Current trends of consanguineous marriages and its association with socio-demographic variables in Pakistan." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 5 (April 28, 2018): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181898.
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Background: A high proportion of marriages in South and Middle East Asia are contracted between close biological relatives due to cultural preference as it is a deeply rooted social fashion among these societies. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of consanguineous marriages and ascertain their relationship to relevant sociodemographic variables. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in tertiary care hospital of Islamabad. Data were collected on a specially designed questionnaire form. Age of participants, their education, socioeconomic status, castes and number of anomalous children born to these participants, degree of consanguinity and reasons of preferences were inquired. Results: Out of 300 women chosen by convenience sampling technique, 62% had consanguineous marriages, and 38% had a non-consanguineous union. The mean age of women presenting to maternal and child health centre was 27 years. The average age of a woman having consanguineous marriage was 21 years in contrast to 24 years for non-consanguineous nuptial. About 18% of women in consanguineous marriages were illiterate as compared to 5.4% (p = 0.001) of women in non-consanguineous unions. First cousin marriages were more common among certain castes like Rajput and Awan. None in the consanguineous group had any anomalous baby in contrast to non-consanguineous who had two anomalous children (p = 0.0001). There was no significant association between type of marriage and the number of miscarriages (p=0.69).Conclusions: This study showed UA-S/D ratio and UA-RI>2SD are significant predictors of perinatal deaths and immediate neonatal resuscitation in preeclampsia. Acute fetal distress in labour or neonatal nursery admission could not be predicted.
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ANWER, AMMAR, ALI SHAKEEL, M. HAMAYUN IKRAM, and Shahroona Masud Zaman. "JERVELL AND LANGE-NIELSEN SYNDROME." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 04 (December 10, 2011): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2654.
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Objective: This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of Jervell and Lange Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS) in deaf school children for impaired hearing and to correlate this with consanguineous marriages. Setup: Schools for deaf and dumb children and Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan. Design: Cross sectional, case control study. Period: 2006 - 2007. Methods: Electrocardiographs (ECG’s) of 114 congenitally deaf school children (ages 4-20 years) and also of 23 healthy children with normal hearing function of same age group were recorded. The corrected QT (QTc) interval of all 137 ECGs was evaluated by Bazett’s formula. Mean QTc of healthy children was taken as reference of normal QTc interval. The deaf children with normal QTc were labeled as control group. Patients with long QTc were further evaluated for JLNS by applying Schwartz’s criteria. We also calculated the relationship of the positive cases to consanguineous marriages. Results: We found that 28 deaf children out of 114 cases had QTc intervals longer than 0.44 seconds. This interval was significantly longer [P=0.008] than the QT interval in control group. As per Schwartz’s criteria, 15 out of 28 LQTs cases scored high points (3.5 to 5.5). The presence of consanguineous marriage was 100% in first pedigree of these 28 children. Conclusions: JLNS (an alarming arrhythmic disease associated with congenital deafness) is significantly present (24.6%) in Rahim Yar Khan’s deaf school children. The presence of cousin marriage was 100% in first pedigree of these children.
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Aijmer, Göran. "Earth, Death, and Fire in Eastern China." Anthropos 118, no. 2 (2023): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2023-2-479.
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A communication from 1868 tells us that in the eastern Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu it was common for people to cremate their dead. Being a rather unusual practice in a Chinese environment, this particular custom is discussed here from an anthropological perspective, a number of suggestions being made to form an “experimental” holistic explanation of this variation in traditional funeral procedure. The use of coffins, fire and ceramic urns is profiled against a background of the cultivation of rice, the production of silk, cross-cousin marriage and the position of women in this area. Women are seen as a key element in this cultural complex.
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Begum, Gulrukh. "Consanguinity: A Form of Social Capital Among the Muslims of Char Areas in Barpeta District, Assam." Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 70, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x211011289.
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Information on the dynamics of consanguinity is always important for public health strategy. It provides a direct roadmap for healthcare providers and health policymakers to make people aware of the consequences of consanguinity. The present study aims to investigate the attitude of the Muslim people practising consanguinity in the char (river island) areas of Barpeta district in Assam. It intends to seek a cultural explanation behind the practice of consanguinity. The study was conducted cross-sectionally among the Muslims living in different villages of the temporary, semi-permanent and permanent river islands of Barpeta district in Assam. A total of 556 married couples were included in the study. Of these, 103 couples are consanguineous and the rest 453 are non-consanguineous. To study the prevalence of congenital disorders, a sample of 153 males and 121 female inbred children of the consanguineous couples and 701 male and 571 female children of the non-consanguineous parents have been included in the study. The prevalence of consanguineous marriage in the chars was found to be 18.53% and the average coefficient of inbreeding was 0.05996796. Of the consanguineous marriages, the most favoured type was between the first cousins (63.11%), followed by half first-cousin marriages (12.62%). Altogether 14.60% of inbred were found to have some type of congenital disorder against 0.31% non-inbred. In the chars of Barpeta, it is not only ignorance but poor economic condition is also a reason behind the practise of consanguinity. Consanguineous marriage provides means of escaping the expenditure incurred in dowry or bridewealth payment. With seasonal floods, river erodes their village and crops completely every year. Family remains the sole source of stability and security. Consanguineous marriage therefore forms a sort of social capital as they are a source of secured and stable married life in the most hostile ecological settings where these people are living. Social security is of utmost priority behind these marriages in the char.
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Habib Ullah, Fayiza Manzoor Ahmad, Sumaira Hmaid, Noor ul Ain Mehak, Assiya Afzal, and Saqib Munir. "ASSESSMENT OF THE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 31, no. 04 (June 3, 2021): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v31i04.388.
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Objective: To assess the frequency of different patterns of presentation of children presenting with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Methodology:It was a cross sectional study conducted at the department of Pediatric, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, from19-12-2017 to 19-06-2018.92 infants who met the selectin criteria were recruited for the study. Then blood sample was obtained and if serum sodium <135mEq/L, then salt depletion was labeled. Then, infants underwent genital examination for assessment of genital virilization. All data is entered is specially designed Performa and analyzed in SPSS.
Results: The mean age of patients was 6.52±3.56months. There were 49 (53.26%) male while 43 (46.74%) female infants. The mean weight of patients was 5.59±1.44kg. There were 21 (22.83%) cases of consanguineous marriage while 71 (77.17%) were other than cousin marriage. There were 63 (68.48%) had salt depletion while in 29 (31.52%) did not had salt depletion. There were 39 (42.39%) had genital virilization while in 53 (57.61%) did not had genital virilization.
Conclusion: Thus the frequency of patterns (salt depletion and genital virilization) of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia are high in local population.
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Fazal, Faizan, Mateen Arshad, Haris Mustafa, Muhammad Ebad Ur Rehman, Usama Tanveer, and Sidra Hamid. "Assessment of level of Awareness regarding Thalassemia Major among Parents of Affected Children." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 25, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v25i1.1736.
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Background: Thalassemia major is amongst the most common genetic disorders in developing countries like Pakistan. This research project aims to assess the level of knowledge among people related to thalassemia and the number of thalassemia cases linked to consanguineous marriages.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents (n=272) of thalassemia patients registered with Rawalpindi thalassemia welfare society, from June 2019 to September 2019. Parents of thalassemia major patients aged 1 to 16 years were included. Parents who were health care professionals or community workers, and with children who had some other genetic disorders along with thalassemia major were excluded. Non-probability consecutive sampling was used. Data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire that assessed the prevalence of thalassemia in relation to consanguineous marriages and awareness of thalassemia in parents of affected ones. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22, by applying descriptive statistics.Results: About 72% of the parents (n=214) had consanguineous marriages. None of them had a thalassemia screening test before their marriage. 98.5% of the parents said no awareness campaign had ever been conducted for thalassemia in their area. 50% of families believed that thalassemia had affected their children's interaction with other children of their age.Conclusion: This study reveals that parents of thalassemia-affected children are not aware of the high link between thalassemia and cousin marriages and the prevalence of premarital testing is almost none.
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Ben-Yehoyada, Naor. "Transnational Political Cosmology: A Central Mediterranean Example." Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 4 (October 2014): 870–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000437.
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AbstractThis paper examines the workings of kinship and marriage idioms in transnational political imaginary in the central Mediterranean to challenge current academic reliance on the notion of fraternity as the symbolic building block of both national and global political relations. Since the 1960s, the Sicilian town of Mazara del Vallo and its fishing fleet have become entwined in intensifying interactions with Tunisia and the wider Maghreb. These interactions—specifically the Tunisian-Italian “Fish War” and construction of a trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline between North Africa and Europe—rejuvenated the old geopolitical imagination of the Mediterranean and helped produce the central Mediterranean as a spatio-temporal field of political action. Italians and Tunisians perceived each other as related, and staged the trans-Mediterranean infrastructural project as a sort of European-African (cross-cousin) marriage. I begin by examining the tensions between two central kinship idioms—fraternity and cousinage—in current understandings of transnational relations. I then discuss the growing prevalence of a transnational political cosmology of affinity across difference over that of shared descent and sameness that characterize national alignments. I conclude by examining how Tunisians and Sicilians in Mazara today cast each other in roles deriving from segmentary schemes they share, but on the content of which they disagree. By applying concepts associated with kinship and marriage studies to recent Mediterranean history, I show how segmentation, a concept anthropologists abandoned when they crossed the Mediterranean on their way into Europe, can help us understand transnational politics.
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AHMAD, BASHIR, ATTA UR REHMAN, and SAJID MALIK. "CONSANGUINITY AND INBREEDING COEFFICIENT IN TRIBAL PASHTUNS INHABITING THE TURBULENT AND WAR-AFFECTED TERRITORY OF BAJAUR AGENCY, NORTH-WEST PAKISTAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 1 (January 9, 2015): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000558.
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SummaryThe north-western populations of Pakistan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) adjoining the Pakistan–Afghanistan border are an amalgamation of native and migrated Pashtun tribes. These tribal populations are in transition due to war conditions and geo-political turmoil on both sides of the border since the Soviet invasion in 1979. Bio-demographic and epidemiological data for these tribes are scarce. A prospective cross-sectional sample of 967 males was selected from a representative Pashtun population of Bajaur Agency, and information obtained on bio-demographic variables and marital union types. Analysis of these data revealed that consanguinity was 22.34% and the inbreeding coefficient F was calculated to be 0.0134. The inbreeding coefficient was observed to be higher in subjects who were illiterate, had unskilled jobs and who belonged to younger age categories, extended families and the Tarkalani tribe. Further analyses with respect to temporal variables like subject's age, year of marriage and age at marriage revealed that after a transition in marital union types in the early 80s, there has been a declining trend in the rate of consanguineous unions. Further, consanguineous unions in the parental generation were only 5%, but parental marriage types were predictors of subjects' marital union types. The data further establish that, contrary to a general notion about a high consanguinity rate in Pakistan, consanguineous unions are not common in Bajaur Agency and first cousin marriage is not the preferred type. Furthermore, this research shows that there is a great regional variation in the pattern of consanguinity in Pakistan that needs to be documented in order to draw a more comprehensive picture of the inbreeding coefficient in the country.
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Gul, Maheen, Dil Noor, Gulrukh Nazir, Ahsan Saidal, and Haji Bahadar. "Parental consanguinity increases the risk of congenital malformations." Rehman Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52442/rjhs.v3i1.81.
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Introduction: Congenital malformation is a physical or structural abnormality present either prenatally or after birth. These anomalies are either primary or secondary malformation. Primary malformations adversely affect body functions, however, the secondary malformations are the structural defects which may have less or no effect on body functions. Primary congenital anomalies show marked variations globally with respect to prevalence. The aim of the current study was to further add to the scientific evidences on the pattern and prevalence of congenital anomalies in cousins and non-cousins’ marriages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Material and Methods: Data of 200 patients (divided into two groups) was collected by convenience sampling through cross-sectional survey. Group-I consisted of 100 gravidas who were diagnosed with anomalous foetus either hydrocephalous, anencephaly or cleft lip/palate and Group-II comprised of infants with inborn heart defects were selected. Results: The study shows 68% consanguineous and 32% non-consanguineous marriages. Hydrocephalous shows the highest rate of incidence (55%) followed by anencephaly (40%) cleft lip/palate (5%), Ventricular Septal Defect (43%), Atrial Septal Defect (29%), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (16%) and Tetralogy of Fallot (12%). The relative risk of hydrocephalus and anencephaly in consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriage was 0.98 while the relative risk of Ventricular Septal Defect and Patent Ductus Arteriosus was 1.1. Rate of miscarriages was comparatively high in cousin marriages. Frequency of CM was higher in multigravida compared to primigravida. Detection rate of hydrocephalus was highest in second trimester, cleft lip/palate in third trimester and anencephaly in first trimester. Conclusion: Parental consanguinity is one of the major risk factors for structural, neurological and cardiac anomalies.
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Mazrekaj, Deni, Kristof De Witte, and Sofie Cabus. "School Outcomes of Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents: Evidence from Administrative Panel Data." American Sociological Review 85, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 830–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420957249.
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Although widely used in policy debates, the literature on children’s outcomes when raised by same-sex parents mostly relies on small selective samples or samples based on cross-sectional survey data. This has led to a lack of statistical power and the inability to distinguish children born to same-sex parents from children of separated parents. We address these issues by using unique administrative longitudinal data from the Netherlands, which was the first country to legalize same-sex marriage. These data include 2,971 children with same-sex parents (2,786 lesbian couples and 185 gay male couples) and over a million children with different-sex parents followed from birth. The results indicate that children raised by same-sex parents from birth perform better than children raised by different-sex parents in both primary and secondary education. Our findings are robust to use of cousin fixed effects and coarsened exact matching to improve covariate balance and to reduce model dependence. Further analyses using a novel bounding estimator suggest the selection on unobserved characteristics would have to be more than three times higher than the selection on observed characteristics to reduce the positive estimates to zero.
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Mashhadi, Syed Fawad, Nusrat Raza, Fatima Ammir, Aliya Sattar, Asmara Ahmed Malik, and Saleem Asif Niaz. "Maternal Perspectives of Newborn Hearing Loss in Resource Constrained Settings of Rawalpindi Pakistan." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 72, SUPPL-4 (December 8, 2022): S708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72isuppl-4.9643.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess knowledge of mothers regarding risk factors, early identification, and intervention for infant hearing loss and to determine association between hearing loss and consanguineous marriages in Pakistan.
Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Out Patient Department of tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar to Jun 2021.
Methodology: 111 mothers consented to participate. Data was collected using a structured researcher administered questionnaire. It included four sections with 37 questions that were answered in yes, no, or unsure. Analysis was done using SPSS software.
Results: Mothers' knowledge of two risk factors was high with most respondents being aware of head injury or slap to the ear (n=94) being a risk for hearing loss, followed by ear pain/discharge (n=88). 66.7%(n=72) of participants considered use of ototoxic drugs by mother during pregnancy to be a potent risk factor for neonatal hearing loss. The mothers' understanding of natal causes such as delayed birth cry and neonatal jaundice was poor. Their understanding of postnatal causes such as high fever, frequent hospitalization, and long stay in NICU was also limited. Mothers who were employed had significantly more awareness in certain factors than housewives. 45.4% (n=49) of the mothers believed being in a cousin marriage influenced infant hearing loss while 38.9% (n=42) disagreed, and 15.7% (n=17) were unsure.Conclusion: Only half of all participating mothers were fully aware of the possible risk factors and causes of infant hearing loss. Seminars and public awareness programs should be arranged to educate mothers about risks of infant hearing loss.
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Batool, Sehar, Muhammad Azzam Khan, Amna Asghar, Bushra Naseer, Shahid Waheed, and Bilal Hussain. "Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Children of Parents with Consanguineous Marriages." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 30, 2022): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610649.
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Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, 6.1% of the world's population has hearing impairment, making it one of the most common disabilities. Congenital, prenatal, genetic, and environmental factors are among the many causes of hearing impairment. Congenital hearing loss is thought to be mostly caused by consanguinity. Numerous studies, both in the Middle East, where the practice is very common, and in Europe, where it is taboo, show a strong connection between congenital hearing loss and consanguinity. There is virtually little research on hearing loss brought on by consanguinity in the literature. Objective: The find the prevalence of hearing loss in children of parents with consanguineous marriages. Material & Methods: This an observational cross-sectional study. The study had a sample size of 377 subjects. The data was collected from Alam Audiology Clinic and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital for 6 months from January to June, 2022. The data was collected from parents who reported a consanguineous marriage, and the children were taken between the ages of 0.5 years to 5 years, children were test using various audiological intervention, i.e., Pure Tone. Audiometry, Otoacoustic emissions, Auditory Brain-stem Response. The children who were syndromic or had other associated psychological issues were excluded. A Performa was generated inquiring about demographics, nature of consanguinity, other disabilities type of hearing impairment and other risk factors, this was filled out by the parents or the researcher in consultation of the parents. All the parents were informed of the study and their consent was taken. The study data was analyzed using SPSS 21 and frequencies were found out, tables and charts were systematically drawn and their conclusions were drawn. The study followed all ethical parameters. Results: The results showed that out of the 377 participants, 186 were male and 191 were females, children of the age group 2-5 years were the most extensive numbering 323 participants (85.7%). An overwhelming number of children brought for assessment were with congenital hearing loss 286 (75.9%). Very few people reported hearing impairment in their family history. The nature of the cousin marriage shows that most of the participants 78.2% reported that they are first cousins. Most of the children 69% had moderate to severe hearing loss. Practical Implication: The study will show us the impact of consanguineous marriages have on the hearing capacity of their children. The study will highlight consanguineous marriages as a factor in hearing impairment. Keywords: Hearing loss, consanguinity, hearing impairment, hearing impairment.
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Passmore, Sam, Wolfgang Barth, Simon J. Greenhill, Kyla Quinn, Catherine Sheard, Paraskevi Argyriou, Joshua Birchall, et al. "Kinbank: A global database of kinship terminology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 24, 2023): e0283218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283218.
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For a single species, human kinship organization is both remarkably diverse and strikingly organized. Kinship terminology is the structured vocabulary used to classify, refer to, and address relatives and family. Diversity in kinship terminology has been analyzed by anthropologists for over 150 years, although recurrent patterning across cultures remains incompletely explained. Despite the wealth of kinship data in the anthropological record, comparative studies of kinship terminology are hindered by data accessibility. Here we present Kinbank, a new database of 210,903 kinterms from a global sample of 1,229 spoken languages. Using open-access and transparent data provenance, Kinbank offers an extensible resource for kinship terminology, enabling researchers to explore the rich diversity of human family organization and to test longstanding hypotheses about the origins and drivers of recurrent patterns. We illustrate our contribution with two examples. We demonstrate strong gender bias in the phonological structure of parent terms across 1,022 languages, and we show that there is no evidence for a coevolutionary relationship between cross-cousin marriage and bifurcate-merging terminology in Bantu languages. Analysing kinship data is notoriously challenging; Kinbank aims to eliminate data accessibility issues from that challenge and provide a platform to build an interdisciplinary understanding of kinship.
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Ambreen Ijaz, Maryam Muhammad Ali, Shubana Kausar, Khadija Saif, Masooma Mukhtar Hussain, Razia Muhammad Tawakal, Palwasha Tariq, et al. "Pattern and Prevalence of Congenital Malformation and Genetic Disorders among Offspring of Consanguineous Parents in Quetta." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v5i1.2470.
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This cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the pattern and prevalence of congenital malformation/ genetic disorders among the offspring of consanguineous marriages in Quetta, Pakistan. A survey was conducted among 105 married couples from different areas of Quetta city. 89 out of 105 consanguineous couples were related as first cousins, followed by second cousin (n=16) and third cousin (n=6) couples. Consanguineous marriages were common among women who were illiterate (43.8%) and unemployed (87.6%). Highest number of child mortality (61.9%) and abnormalities (32.1%) were observed among the children of first cousin marriages. The most common congenital malformation /genetic disorders were mental retardation (24.13%), followed by diabetes (10.3%), deafness (6.8%) and thalassemia (6.8%). Among all the inter-related marriages, first cousin marriages are at highest risk to have babies with congenital anomalies.
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SAIFY, KHYBER, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN AFGHANISTAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2011): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000253.
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SummaryThe present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among Afghanistan populations. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in the study was 7140 from the following provinces: Badakhshan, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Kabul, Kunduz, Samangan and Takhar. Consanguineous marriages were classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins, first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins and beyond second cousins. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for each population. The proportion of consanguineous marriages in the country was 46.2%, ranging from 38.2% in Kabul province to 51.2% in Bamyan province. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0277, and ranged from 0.0221 to 0.0293 in these two regions. There were significant differences between provinces for frequencies of different types of marriages (p<0.001). First cousin marriages (27.8%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (6.9%), second cousin (5.8%), beyond second cousin (3.9%) and first cousin once removed (1.8%). There were significant differences between ethnic groups for the types of marriages (χ2=177.6, df=25, p<0.001). Tajiks (Soni) and Turkmens (also Pashtuns) showed the lowest (α=0.0250) and highest (α=0.0297) mean inbreeding coefficients, respectively, among the ethnic groups in Afghanistan. The study shows that Afghanistan's populations, like other Islamic populations, have a high level of consanguinity.
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Afzal, Sohaib, Mohammad Aamir Khan, Shahid Anwar Bhatti, Muhammad Imran Ali, Aftab Ahmed Khan, and Muhammad Awais Ashraf. "Evaluating the Association of Keratocunus with Consanguinity." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171375.
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Objective: Purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of keratoconus with consanguinity. Study Design: Comparative/cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This comparative/cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahida Islam Medical and Dental College Lodhran and Jinnah International Hospital, Abbottabad in the period from May, 2022 to October, 2022. Methods: Total 53 patients of keratoconus were presented in this study. Included patients were aged between 8-32 years. Participants completed a self-administered survey that inquired about demographic information, KC findings, clinical symptoms, and parental marital status. All data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: There were 31 (58.5%) females and 22 (41.5%) males in all cases. Mean age of the patients was 19.25±12.92 years. 35 (66.03%) cases had rural residency and 18 (33.97%) cases were had urban residency. 25 (47.2%) cases had poor socio-economic status. Of the patients surveyed, 29 (54.7%) had first-cousin weddings between their parents, 16 (30.2%) had second-cousin marriages, 5 (9.4%) had third-cousin marriages, and 3 (5.7%) had marriages beyond the immediate family. Significant associations between consanguinity and KC were found at the p <0.05 level. Patients with first-degree consanguineous parents were shown to be more likely to have keratoconus and to have more advanced cases of the disease. Conclusion: Results from this study provide credence to the idea that there is still a significant direct correlation between KC and consanguinity. According to the findings, first-degree parental consanguinity poses a much greater risk of KC development than other types of intermarriage. The progression of KC was shown to be faster in this vulnerable population. Keywords: Consanguinity, Inheritance,Genetics, Keratoconus
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Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. "Factors influencing the allowance of cousin marriages in the standard cross cultural sample." Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 2 (2016): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000034.
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Hayat Muhammad Khan, Jehan Hussan, Saifoor Ahmed Khan, Natasha Junaid, and Nighat Musa. "CHORIONIC VILLOUS SAMPLING TECHNIQUE; AWARENESS AMONG THE PARENTS OF THALASSEMIA CHILDREN AND ITS ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF THALASSEMIA MAJOR." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 9, no. 04 (December 31, 2019): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v9i04.389.
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Objective: To determine the awareness level of parents of Thalassemia children regarding CVS technique and the role of this technique in the prevention of thalassemia. Materials & Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in Frontier blood transfusion services Peshawar on 130 subjects selected through a convenient sampling technique within six months from Jan; 2018 to Jun; 2018. A questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Those women who had at least one Thalassemia major child were included while women unwilling or having children with other genetic disorders were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the total 130 women, only 50 underwent CVS. The sensitivity of the test was 75 % while specificity was 91 %. Of the total 76 % were cousin marriages while 24 % were non-cousin marriages. Of the total 101 mothers were aware while only 29 mothers were unaware of the technique. The main source of awareness was the physicians who referred them for the procedure. Conclusion: The general public and parents of thalassemia children have limited knowledge about the prevention of thalassemia through the CVS technique. Diagnostic centers need to be established at the divisional level.
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Ahmed, Shakeel, Malik Liaqat Ali Jalal, Muhammad Irshad, Rizwan Shareef, and Hamza Bashir. "Incidence and Spectrum of Congenital Anomalies in Pediatric Populations of Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 1530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.695.
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Background: Congenital anomalies (CAs) remain a significant concern for pediatric health worldwide, affecting millions of newborns. In Southern Punjab, Pakistan, a region characterized by its distinct socio-cultural dynamics, including a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, the impact of these anomalies presents a unique public health challenge. This study aims to shed light on the incidence and spectrum of CAs within this context, exploring the genetic and environmental factors contributing to their prevalence.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and types of congenital anomalies among the pediatric population of Southern Punjab, with a particular focus on the relationship between consanguineous marriages and the prevalence of CAs.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 406 pregnant women aged 20-42 from Southern Punjab, screened via ultrasound and genetic testing. The study emphasized the categorization of CAs across five main systems: digestive, central nervous, cardiovascular, ear-face-neck, and musculoskeletal. The inclusion of women with a history of cousin marriages provided a comparative analysis to understand the genetic impact on CA incidence.
Results: Out of 406 newborns, a total of 16 (3.94%) were diagnosed with congenital anomalies. The distribution of CAs was as follows: digestive system (5 cases, 1.23%), central nervous system (3 cases, 0.74%), cardiovascular system (5 cases, 1.23%), anomalies of ear, face, and neck (3 cases, 0.74%), and musculoskeletal system (3 cases, 0.74%). Notably, the prevalence of CAs was higher in children born from cousin marriages (12 cases, 2.95%) compared to those from non-consanguineous unions (4 cases, 0.99%), with a statistically significant p-value of 0.05.
Conclusion: The study underscores the heightened risk of congenital anomalies associated with consanguineous marriages in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. These findings advocate for enhanced genetic counseling and prenatal screening programs in regions with similar socio-cultural practices to mitigate the risks and impact of CAs.
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BARBOUR, BERNADETTE, and PASCALE SALAMEH. "CONSANGUINITY IN LEBANON: PREVALENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 4 (January 28, 2009): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009003290.
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SummaryThe union of individuals with a common ancestor may lead to serious health consequences in their offspring. Consanguinity is high in Middle Eastern communities; it was around 26% in 1988. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of consanguinity in Beirut and other Lebanese regions, and its associated factors in different subgroups. The cross-sectional study was performed on a convenience sample of married women in Lebanon. The women were administered a standardized questionnaire in a face-to-face interview by independent enquirers. Among 1556 women, the overall prevalence of consanguineous marriages was 35·5%, and the consanguinity coefficient was 0·020; 968 marriages (62·2%) were not consanguineous, 492 (31·6%) were first cousin, 61 (3·9%) were second cousin and 36 (2·3%) had lower degrees of consanguinity. Beirut suburb dwelling, low education subgroups, women working in the home and non-Christian religion presented the highest rates of consanguinity (p<0·05). Consanguinity is associated with couples' nulliparity and child chronic morbidity. Factors that could affect consanguinity are having consanguineous parents, having a favourable opinion towards consanguinity, choosing a spouse for religious reasons, particularly in Islam, woman having a low education, woman working in the home and women thinking that consanguinity would not lead to serious diseases. Consanguinity is therefore still a prevailing problem in Lebanon. Specific health education, and genetic counselling in particular, are suggested to explain the consequences of consanguinity to the general population and to help couples make informed choices.
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Nazir, Samar, Muhammad Athar Khan, Kamal Mustafa, Muhammad Gulzar, Muhammad Zia, and Muhammad Usman Haider. "Incidence of Facial Nerve Injury in Extracapsular Dissection vs Superficial Parotidectomy of Benign Parotid Lesions." Annals of Punjab Medical College 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2023.1273.
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Background: Anemia is the most common health problem during a woman life span. It has serious threats to pregnant women all over the world. Its prevalence in Pakistan is 75%. Thalassemia trait a common cause of anemia is usually diagnosed in pregnancy after workup of anemia. Objective: To find out the frequency of beta thalassemia trait in pregnant anemic women. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Gynecology Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar Pakistan. Duration: 6 months from 9th September 2020 to 8th march 2021. Methods: A total of 193 pregnant anemic women of age 17-40 years with a gestational age of 8-28 weeks were included in the study through a non-probability sampling technique. Those with known liver, and kidney diseases and hypothyroidism and those with pregnancy-related bleeding were excluded. Blood samples were sent for peripheral smear and Hb-electrophoresis and all the parameters were noted in the proforma. Results: Means ±SD for age was 28.35 ± 6.713 years, for gestational age was 17.08 ± 4.620 weeks and for Hb level was 7.71 ± 1.425 g/dl. 25.9% of patients were observed in 21-25 years of age. Cousin marriages were recorded in 71.5% of patients. 60.6% of patients were having a family history of thalassemia while the Beta thalassemia trait was recorded in 58.5% of patients. Conclusion: 58.5% prevalence of Beta thalassemia trait in pregnant women was observed. It was more common in age group 21-25 years. Cousin marriages and family history are the major causes of thalassemia.
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Khan, Fauzia, Najma Bibi, Aamir Khan, Atyya Bibi Khan, Sadia Anwar, and Saima Umar. "Prevalence of Beta Thalassemia Trait Among Anemic Pregnant Patients." Annals of Punjab Medical College 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2023.1235.
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Background: Anemia is the most common health problem during a woman life span. It has serious threats to pregnant women all over the world. Its prevalence in Pakistan is 75%. Thalassemia trait a common cause of anemia is usually diagnosed in pregnancy after workup of anemia. Objective: To find out the frequency of beta thalassemia trait in pregnant anemic women. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Gynecology Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar Pakistan. Duration: 6 months from 9th September 2020 to 8th march 2021. Methods: A total of 193 pregnant anemic women of age 17-40 years with a gestational age of 8-28 weeks were included in the study through a non-probability sampling technique. Those with known liver, and kidney diseases and hypothyroidism and those with pregnancy-related bleeding were excluded. Blood samples were sent for peripheral smear and Hb-electrophoresis and all the parameters were noted in the proforma. Results: Means ±SD for age was 28.35 ± 6.713 years, for gestational age was 17.08 ± 4.620 weeks and for Hb level was 7.71 ± 1.425 g/dl. 25.9% of patients were observed in 21-25 years of age. Cousin marriages were recorded in 71.5% of patients. 60.6% of patients were having a family history of thalassemia while the Beta thalassemia trait was recorded in 58.5% of patients. Conclusion: 58.5% prevalence of Beta thalassemia trait in pregnant women was observed. It was more common in age group 21-25 years. Cousin marriages and family history are the major causes of thalassemia.
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SAADAT, MOSTAFA, and KHADIJEH TAJBAKHSH. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN WEST AND SOUTH OF AFGHANISTAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (November 15, 2012): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000661.
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SummaryThe prevalence of consanguinity in eight provinces of Afghanistan has recently been reported by Saify & Saadat (2012). The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among other populations of Afghanistan. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 5200 from the following provinces: Farah, Ghazni, Herat, Hilmand, Kabul, Kandahar, Logar, Parwan and Wardak. Consanguineous marriages were classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins, first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins and beyond second cousins. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for each population. The α in the country was 0.0226, ranging from 0.0203 in Farah province to 0.0246 in Herat province. There were significant differences between provinces for frequencies of different types of marriages (p<0.001). First cousin marriages (21.7%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by second cousins (16.0%), first cousins once removed (14.0%), beyond second cousins (6.9%) and double first cousins (1.6%). There was significant difference between ethnic groups for the types of marriages (p<0.001). Tajiks (Soni) and Sadats showed the lowest (α=0.0215) and highest (α=0.0242) levels of consanguinity among ethnic groups in Afghanistan, respectively. The present study shows that the Afghani populations, the same as other Islamic populations, have high levels of consanguinity.
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Molla, Amr, Abdulfatah Alayoubi, and Raed Jannadi. "First Cousin Marriages and the Risk of Childhood-Onset Vitiligo: Exploring the Genetic Background: A Cross-Sectional Study." Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Volume 17 (June 2024): 1471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s470937.
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Salman Baig, Mohammad Farooq Bhutta, Fatima Pervaiz Hashmi, Kiran Khan, Uzma Anam Iqbal, and Zahid Iqbal Bhatti. "Frequency of cleft lip and cleft palate in Pakistan." Professional Medical Journal 29, no. 05 (April 30, 2022): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.05.6908.
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Objective: To find out the prevalence of patients with cleft lips and/or cleft palate and their association with risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Plastic Surgery Jinnah Post-Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. Period: March 2020 to October 2021. Material & Methods: The patients with any age group or gender, who had cleft lip and/or palate were included in the study. The demographic details, personal and family history and clinical examination of the patients were noted on a preformed proforma. The data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of the study participants was 41 ± 54 months. Male gender was predominant. History of cousin marriages were positive among 92.1% of the cases and 11.1% were having positive family history with p-value ≤0.05. Majority of cases were having both deformities including cleft lip and cleft palate with frequency of 55.2% while 30.2% of the individuals were suffering from cleft lip deformity. The affected cases of cleft palate were 14.6%. Majority of the study participants were male which predominantly reported bilateral cleft lip in association with cleft palate, followed by deformity of left cleft lip and palate. Among females the cleft palate deformity was more common (10.4%) than their male counterpart but there was no significant association with gender. Conclusion: Cleft deformities are one of the most common congenital anomaly in which the cleft lip associated with cleft palate is more prevalent. Majority of the affected individuals are males and mostly their parents have cousin marriages. Family history is also one of the major contributing factor.
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HINA, SAIRA, and SAJID MALIK. "PATTERN OF CONSANGUINITY AND INBREEDING COEFFICIENT IN SARGODHA DISTRICT, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 06 (October 9, 2014): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000431.
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SummaryConsanguinity is widespread in Pakistan. The majority of studies on consanguinity in Pakistan have been carried out in urban metropolitan areas, and data on rural populations are scarce. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Sargodha district, upper Punjab, Pakistan where the majority of the population reside in rural areas. A random sample of 1800 married females belonging to sixtehsilsof Sargodha district was obtained and differentials in consanguinity rates and inbreeding coefficient (F) were investigated. The consanguinity rate was calculated to be 56.72% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0348. First cousin unions had the highest representation (49.11% of all marriages), and marriages up to distantly related/Biradariconstituted 67.94% of all marriages. Among the sixtehsils, consanguinity rates ranged from 50.38% in Bhalwal to 62.88% in Sillanwali. A high rate of consanguinity was observed in subjects speaking the Punjabi language, those with self-arranged/arranged-love marriages and those engaged in professional jobs. With respect to the occupation of husbands the highest consanguinity rate was found among landowners (77.59%;F=0.0539) and businessmen (62.62%;F=0.0377). However, consanguinity did not appear to be associated with rural/urban origin or literacy level. The data showed a wide variation in consanguinity rate and inbreeding coefficient across socio-demographic strata in the Sargodha district population. A comparison of Sargodha with other populations of Punjab also showed regional heterogeneity in the pattern of consanguinity, warranting further studies.
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Shahid Bokhari, Syed, and Muhammad Asif Qureshi. "Incidence and Trends of Neural Tube Defects in Babies Delivered at Dera Ghazi Khan Tertiary Care Center." Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 24, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v24i4.496.
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Objective: A cross-section study was conducted to determine the incidence and trends of neural tube defects in babies delivered at a tertiary care center. And those babies who were delivered elsewhere and were brought to a tertiary care center for treatment.
Material and Methods: The Study was conducted at neurosurgery and pediatric surgery departments, Ghazi Khan Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Two thousand (n = 2000) women delivered their babies at a tertiary care hospital were enrolled, out of them 52 women who delivered babies with neural tube defects (NTDs) were further assessed. Women were interviewed and history of folic acid intake, previous baby with NTDs and family history were recorded. Tests of significance were applied to assess the significant results.
Results: Folic acid intake was occurred in n = 298 (14.9%) subjects. Association of folic acid on neural tube defects. Odds ratio showed that if a baby without intake of folic acid had 7.8 times at risk to suffer from a neural tube defect. The association was also significant (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: Neural tube defects are common in tertiary care centers its incidence was 2%. Increased incidence of NTDs was observed in babies who delivered by folic acid deficit mothers. Early childhood marriages in rural areas and cousin marriages are the main contributing factors.
Keywords: Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Spina bifida, Hydrocephalus, Meningocele.