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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross-cultural adaption'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Montagliani, Amy, and Robert A. Giacalone. "Impression Management and Cross-Cultural Adaption." Journal of Social Psychology 138, no. 5 (October 1998): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600415.

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2

Dollinger, Marc J., and Wade Danis. "Preferred Decision-Making Styles: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Psychological Reports 82, no. 3 (June 1998): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.755.

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398 graduate and undergraduate business students from the USA, Japan, and Hong Kong were administered Kirton's (1976) Adaption-Innovation Inventory of decision style. Analysis of variance showed that mean group scores differed significantly with the U.S. respondents showing a preference for the Innovator style and the Chinese respondents the Adaptor style. Contrary to our hypotheses, the Japanese respondents did not show a clear preference for either style. We hypothesize that the differences among groups may be a function of cultural values and discuss the implications of our findings for managing cross-cultural teams.

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3

Chowdhary, Shraddha. "CULTURAL QUOTIENT (CQ): DEVELOPING CROSS-CULTURAL SKILLS FOR SMOOTH EXPATRIATE ADAPTION IN INDIA." International Journal of Business Strategy 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/ijbs-13-4.12.

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4

Shiomi, Kunio, and Robert Loo. "CROSS-CULTURAL RESPONSE STYLES ON THE KIRTON ADAPTION-INNOVATION INVENTORY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.413.

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The Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) has been a widely-used measure including use in cross-cultural and cross-national studies over the past 20 years. However, researchers have generally neglected the issue of cross-cultural response styles and simply accepted differences in KAI scores as indicators of real cross-cultural differences. The present study examined the KAI scores of Canadian and Japanese samples to identify any cross-national and gender differences in response styles. Overall, the results of analyses at the subscale and itemlevel suggest possible differences in cross-national response styles but not to any substantial degree. It is suggested that cross-cultural and gender differences in response styles may be diminishing, at least, in the industrialized nations. Several recommendations are presented to facilitate future study on this issue with the KAI.

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5

Loo, Robert, and Kunio Shiomi. "A cross-cultural examination of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory." Personality and Individual Differences 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00178-x.

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6

Danis, Wade, and Marc J. Dollinger. "A Provisional Comparison of Factor Structures Using English, Japanese, and Chinese Versions of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (December 1998): 1095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.1095.

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398 graduate and undergraduate students from the USA, Japan, and Hong Kong were administered Kirton's 1976 Adaption-Innovation Inventory of decision style. Factor analysis yielded different factor solutions for each of the three groups. Differences in factor structures suggest that adaption and innovation may be interpreted differently across cultures, with implications for group performance in cross-cultural settings. When used in cross-cultural research, Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory scores should be assessed not only in terms of between-group differences in mean scores but also in terms of differences in underlying factor structures.

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7

Starr-Glass, David. "Internalizing cross-cultural sensitivity: reflective journals of migrant students." Journal of International Education in Business 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jieb-07-2013-0028.

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Purpose – This article, which is exploratory in nature, considers the experiences of migrant students enrolled in the transnational degree program of an accredited American college located in the Czech Republic. Migrant students have considerable experience in negotiating the different national cultures of their college and of the new country in which they live. Students, participating in a Cross-culture Management course, were asked to maintain reflective journals in which they recorded their experiences of national culture difference. The purpose was to encourage consideration, reflection, and the growing internalization of cross-cultural appreciation and negotiation. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were asked to maintain reflective journals during the semester, in which they identified and considered critical incidents and defining issues in their cross-cultural experiences. Journals were analyzed from an inductive phenomenological perspective with no preconceived imposition of structure, although participants had been informed that the root-metaphor of the journal should be that of “journeys”. Ten emergent themes were identified and a number of these, which seemed to impact national culture adaptation, are discussed. In an attempt to retain the authentic voice of participants, verbatim quotations are reproduced in some detail. Findings – The emergent themes identified give insight into the range of national cultural complexities that these migrant students confronted. Sharing these issues with those who have less national culture experience might increase their understanding of the adaption process. More importantly, the journal increased reflection, prompted deeper sensemaking, and allowed participants to articulate their experiences. Making explicit their own cultural adaption problems may also be beneficial for these participants. Originality/value – Cross-culture education has often taken a didactic approach that emphasized teaching and learning. The reflective journal focuses on an experiential approach to making sense of cultural experience. From a learner perspective, the use of a reflective journal stimulates reflection and contributes to resolution. From an instructor perspective, journals provide valuable insight into issues significant in a developing awareness of a national culture. Journals also provide an unrecognized insight into the personal experiences of international and transnational students that may have implications in their general learning and broader education.

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Sorensen, Jesper Roed, Trine Printz, Camilla Slot Mehlum, Christian Hamilton Heidemann, Aagot Moeller Groentved, and Christian Godballe. "Cross-cultural Adaption and Validation of the Danish Voice Handicap Index." Journal of Voice 33, no. 4 (July 2019): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.010.

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Tiong, Kui Ming, and Ming Yu Cheng. "Cross-cultural Adaptation Index of Chinese Expatriates in Malaysia: Extended Location-Specific Advantages." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 09–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(3).

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Objective - In the fast changing globalizing and liberalizing world, the concern is not only on the location-specific advantages of a host country but also on how multinational enterprises manage to survive ex-post entry in a different environment. The cultural distance between the home and host countries thus plays an important role in this context. Empirical studies have shown that cultural distance and cross-cultural adaptation are interrelated, and there is a moderating role played by cultural distance on the cross-cultural adaptation. The cross-cultural adaptation is thus an important dimension to be considered in order to extend the L-advantages. Many studies have been conducted to build a cultural distance scale. Yet only a few studies have been conducted to construct a cross-cultural adaptation scale. This study thus aims to build a cross-cultural adaptation index. Methodology/Technique - The index is built based on the data collected from Chinese expatriates through in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys. Findings - Two simple cross-cultural adaptation scales were built. These are the Simple Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SSAS) and Psychological Adaptation Scale (SPAS) with seven pillars. An average index score was computed for each pillar. Living (78.79), interaction (69.19), regulative (64.02), work (85.61), psychological well-being (68.33), satisfaction (63.64), and intention to stay (62.12). The sociocultural adaptation index scored 76.57, while the psychological adaptation index scored 65.91. Novelty - This study provides insights for better understanding of Malaysian cultural environment to investors, expatriates, and policymakers as well as to extend and enrich the OLI paradigm. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Extended location-specific advantages; Cross-cultural adaptation index; Sociocultural adaptation; Psychological adaption; OLI paradigm. JEL Classification: F21, G14, Z13.

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Karlsen, Tom, Anne Rita Hella Grieg, John-Helge Heimdal, and Hans Jørgen Aarstad. "Cross-Cultural Adaption and Translation of the Voice Handicap Index into Norwegian." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 64, no. 5 (2012): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000343080.

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Lee, Chia-Wen, Weidong Wu, Zhi-Yu Tan, and Cheng-Fu Yang. "Qualitative Study of the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Macao Students in Mainland China." Education Sciences 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10050128.

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Education research is increasingly paying attention to students’ cross-cultural adaption in Mainland China. As a special administrative region of China, educational systems and language of instruction of Macao are different from those of Mainland China. This study analyzes the cross-cultural adaptation of Macao students in Mainland China by using qualitative semi-structured interviews. The results show that study motivation, medium of instruction, and social integration are important factors determining how Macao students adapt to university programs. Failure to adapt to the language of instruction is the most direct, prominent, and enduring problem that Macao students encounter when studying in the Mainland. The current study’s findings have practical implications for faculties who provide support and training to Macao students in Mainland China. The study discovers that strengthening the Mandarin language skills of Macao students is currently a priority.

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Farcas, Diana, and Marta Gonçalves. "A grounded theory approach to understand the Portuguese emerging adult self-initiated expatriates’ cross-cultural adaptation in the United Kingdom." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-07-2018-0034.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inductively develop a model of cross-cultural adaptation for emerging adult self-initiated expatriates (SIEs).Design/methodology/approachData were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 Portuguese emerging adult SIEs, aged between 18 and 29 years, residing in the UK from 5 months to 2 years. The analysis of these interviews through a grounded theory, using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (Atlas.ti), allowed describing what constitutes participants’ cross-cultural adaptation and what are its determinants.FindingsFive dimensions of cross-cultural adaptation emerged (cultural, emotional, social, practical and work), along with 18 determinants related with four different levels: personal, interpersonal, societal and situational. These determinants are related with the pre- and post-relocation phases of participants’ expatriation experience and some of them act as buffers, capturing a more integrative picture of the cross-cultural adaption process.Research limitations/implicationsIn order to enhance the validity of the inductively identified relationships between cross-cultural adaptation and its determinants, the authors consider that they could be empirically tested.Originality/valueThis study points to several contributions in the fields of cross-cultural adaptation, emerging adulthood and self-initiated expatriation. By considering this study’s sample, the authors contributed to Farcas and Gonçalves’ (2016) call for more research focusing on emerging adult SIEs. In doing so, the authors simultaneously addressed the gap in the emerging adulthood literature regarding the focus on non-university samples of emerging adults. The methodology of this study can also be considered a contribution. By conducting interviews with emerging adult SIEs and analyzing them through a grounded theory approach, the authors were able to develop a model of cross-cultural adaptation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first model which was inductively developed, enabling a broad understanding of emerging adult SIEs’ cross-cultural adaptation, in terms of what constitutes and influences it.

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Tarameshlu, Maryam, Amir Reza Azimi, Shohreh Jalaie, Leila Ghelichi, and Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari. "Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Persian version of the SWAL-QOL." Medicine 96, no. 26 (June 2017): e7254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000007254.

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Raju, M., and J. Ross. "ADAPTION TO ESTONIAN CHILDREN OF THE PROTOCOL FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH IN SINGING." Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 16, no. 2 (2012): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/tr.2012.2.02.

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15

Ribeiro, Suellen Dayse de Moura, Marília Teixeira de Siqueira, Clarice Umbelino de Freitas, Ana Laura Carneiro Gomes Ferreira, and Ariani Impieri de Souza. "Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of "Hoja Verde de Salud Medioambiental Reproductiva" in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 16, no. 4 (December 2016): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042016000400002.

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Abstract Objectives: to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of "Hoja Verde de Salud Medioambiental Reproductiva", originally conceived in Spanish for Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process was carried out in five stages: translation, synthesis of the versions, back-translation, the acquisition of a consensual version after reviewed by the committee specialists and the application of the pretest to obtain the final version. The interviews were carried out at two reference services in maternal and child health, both located in Recife, Pernambuco, which provided medical care for high-risk pregnancies with a diversified clientele regarding the region of the State. Results: there were difficulties in understanding some words during the pretest and the precision of dates for medication use, radiation tests, as well as weeks of pregnancy and breastfeeding duration in weeks. The committee specialists made some alterations on the questionnaire considering suggestions made by the interviewees. Conclusions: after the adaption process, an available instrument in detecting environmental risks which might be incorporated in the maternal and child health routines and could contribute in detecting and preventing diseases and the severities and promote health for Brazilian children.

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Borrero, Michelle, Milagros Bravo-Vick, and Pascua Padró-Collazo. "Mathematics and science attitude inventory: validation for use in a Spanish-speaking context." Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación 6, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2019.6.2.5687.

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Research and evaluation focused on students’ attitudes towards science and mathematics require the availability of culturally appropriate instruments in the language of the studied population. We present the translation and adaptation of the Mathematics and Science Attitude Inventory for its use with Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking secondary school students, within the evaluation of a teacher professional development project. We used a cross-cultural translation and adaptation model that frames these processes in the context of establishing validity and reliability of a measure by assessing the equivalence of the original version and the translated one in various dimensions: semantic, content, technical, criterion, and conceptual. Results obtained provide evidence of the equivalence between the English and Spanish versions of the inventory, as well as the reliability and validity of both versions for our context. The feasibility and utility of the cross-cultural model used were also demonstrated. This model is a valuable guide for the translation and cultural adaption of research and evaluation instruments in diverse languages and cultures.

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Papazian, Tatiana, Nada El Osta, Hala Hout, Daisy El Chammas, Nour El Helou, Hassan Younes, Georges Abi Tayeh, and Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz. "Pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ): Translation and cross cultural adaption of an Arabic version." PLOS ONE 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): e0230420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230420.

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18

Nuhr, Martin, Richard Crevenna, Michael Quittan, Alexandra Auterith, Günther Wiesinger, Thomas Brockow, Peter Nuhr, Veronika Fialka-Moser, Andrew Haig, and Gerold Ebenbichler. "Cross-cultural adaption of the manniche questionnaire for german-speaking low back pain patients." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16501970410031101.

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Jain, Meena, Shourya Tandon, Ankur Sharma, Vishal Jain, and Nisha Rani Yadav. "Cross-Cultural adaption, validity and reliability of a Hindi versionof the Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale." Health Promotion Perspectives 8, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2018.15.

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20

Zou, JiaoJiao, Yan Liu, Qiping Yang, Hanmei Liu, Jing Luo, Yufeng Ouyang, Joyce Wang, and Qian Lin. "Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Chinese version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e026729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026729.

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ObjectiveTo adapt the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) cross-culturally for use among 12-36-month-old Chinese toddlers and to perform a preliminary assessment of its construct validity and reliability.BackgroundFood neophobia is the fear of eating new or unfamiliar foods, which affects the type and quality of individual dietary intake, especially during early childhood. However, measurements of child food neophobia have rarely been reported in China due to a lack of reliable and valid measurements.MethodsThe CFNS was translated and adapted into a Chinese version (CFNS-CN) through a forward translation, reconciliation, a back translation, expert review and pretesting. The construct validity and reliability of the CFNS-CN were tested in 390 caregivers of 12–36 months old Chinese toddlers through convenience sampling in Changsha Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hunan Province, China. The internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability were estimated.ResultsThe kappa coefficients indicated moderate to perfect agreement between the test and retest, and Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.91. A normal χ2/df, CMIN/DF=3.302, Comparative Fit Index, CFI=0.993, Tucker-Lewis Index, TLI=0.986 and root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA=0.077 were found. The CFA results showed that the model indicators were acceptable. High food neophobia was observed in 25.1% of individuals.ConclusionThe CFNS-CN showed good internal consistency reliability and construct validity. The CFNS-CN may become an effective tool for assessing food neophobia in Chinese toddlers.Trial registrationThis trial was pre-registered at the China Clinical Trial Registration Center under registration number ChiCTR1800015890.

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Beene, J. Morris, and Paul F. Zelhart. "Factor Analysis of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 2 (April 1988): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.667.

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Kirton (7) reported that the factor structure of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory involved three factors which were labeled, (a) originality, (b) efficiency, and (c) rule-group conformity. The present study is a replication of Kirton's study, using a sample of 249 American college students and 40 university administrators. The items found in each of the three factors replicated Kirton's original analysis in items placed in each factor. This result and the similarity of factor loadings of the original sample (from England) and the present one supports the cross-cultural factor stability of the inventory.

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Heldmann, Patrick, Thomas Schöttker-Königer, and Axel Schäfer. "Cross-cultural Adaption and Validity of the “Patient Specific Functional Scale” / Kulturelle Adaption und Validierung der deutschen Version der “Patient Specific Functional Scale”." International Journal of Health Professions 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijhp-2015-0002.

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Abstract Objective: Measurement of activity and participation related outcomes play an important role in rehabilitation of low back pain. Therefore the „Patient Specific Functional Scale»(PSFS) was developed to assess individual, patient related activities. The aim of this study is the cultural adaptation and validation of the PSFS for German speaking countries.Method: A cultural translation and adaptation process was carried out in accordance with standardized guidelines. The internal and external responsiveness and the construct validity adjustment to the German version pertaining to patients with lumbar back pain was examined in comparison to the «Oswestry Disability Index»(ODI).Results: In both groups the PSFS proved itself to be more sensitive in comparison to the ODI. The internal responsiveness of ODI improved ES= -0.75), (non-improved ES= -0.38). PSFS (improved ES= 1.96), (non-improved ES 0.77). The external responsiveness of ODI (AUC= 0.59), of PSFS (AUC= 0.83) (P= 0.0068). Constructs of both measurement instruments have a weak and a moderate correlation on measuring point 1 (r= -0.28) and 2 (r= -0.58).Conclusion: The German version of PSFS proves itself to be a feasible model and a method of high sensitivity in evaluating changes in the functional ability of patients with lumbar back pain. The instrument can be recommended to be used in clinical practice.

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Ko, Jupil, Adam B. Rosen, Kathy J. Simpson, and Cathleen N. Brown. "Cross-cultural Adaption And Reliability Of The Korean Version Of The Identification Of Functional Ankle Instability." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493791.39217.56.

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Sgroi, M., M. Däxle, S. Kocak, H. Reichel, and T. Kappe. "Translation, validation, and cross-cultural adaption of the Western Ontario Meniscal Evaluation Tool (WOMET) into German." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 26, no. 8 (March 30, 2017): 2332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4535-5.

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Julaeha, Julaeha, Umi Athiyah, Margarita Maria Maramis, Agus Sugianto, and Andi Hermansyah. "Translation and cross-cultural adaption of an instrument measuring patient’s well-being under treatment for schizophrenia." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 32, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0002.

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Abstract Objectives The Subjective Well-Being under Neuroleptic (SWN) Scale is a self-rating scale measuring the well-being of patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic drug treatment. The instrument has been globally used, with issues regarding the well-being assessment scale across different cultures, patient characteristics, and country-setting remains a controversy. This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the SWN scale into the Indonesian version (Indonesian Modified SWN or IM-SWN) and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods The SWN instrument was translated and culturally adapted following internationally accepted procedures, including forward translation, expert panel review, backward-translation, pretesting and cognitive interviewing, and psychometric analysis for the final version of the scale. The translated instrument was tested on 108 schizophrenia patients. The instrument’s validity and reliability were assessed using Pearson’s correlation and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. Additional analysis for the socio-demographic and psychometric properties of the patient was also conducted. Results The range of IM-SWN total score between 30 and 112. IM-SWN was found to have a high-reliability coefficient (0.897), and the internal consistency values of each question item ranged between 0.885 and 0.910. The results also showed a high correlation between five order factors (Physical functioning, mental functioning, self-control, emotional regulation, and social integration), with a total score of between 0.768 and 0.885. Conclusions This study highlighted that the IM-SWN is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring well-being among the Indonesian population with schizophrenia.

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Liu, Jingbo, and Jinzhe Chu. "A Corpus Based Study on Cross Cultural Adaption of Websites of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Heilongjiang Province." Open Journal of Social Sciences 08, no. 03 (2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.83008.

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Christiansen, David H., Johan H. Andersen, and Jens Peder Haahr. "Cross-cultural adaption and measurement properties of the Danish version of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index." Clinical Rehabilitation 27, no. 4 (August 9, 2012): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215512456220.

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Andreasen, Jane, Erik E. Sørensen, Robbert J. J. Gobbens, Hans Lund, and Mette Aadahl. "Danish version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator – Translation, cross-cultural adaption and validity pretest by cognitive interviewing." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 59, no. 1 (July 2014): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.02.007.

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Shen, Li, and Jie Chen. "Research on Culture Shock of International Chinese Students from Nanjing Forest Police College." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1008.07.

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At present, many domestic police colleges are constantly promoting foreign exchanges and cooperation. They have established extensive inter-school cooperation with foreign police education and training institutions and police colleges. More and more Chinese students of police colleges go abroad to judicial institutions and police colleges of various countries for short-term study or visit. Due to cross-cultural differences and other factors, these international Chinese students often encounter culture shock at English-speaking countries. This article takes eleven students from Nanjing Forest Police College (NFPC) as the survey object, conducts dynamic research applying interviews and questionnaires, explores the culture shock they experienced in six-month life and learning in 2019 in Canada, analyzes the internal and external causes, and proposes the countermeasures to cross-cultural adaption for international Chinese students in police colleges.

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Bendix, Emma J., Freja Holmberg Krøner, Signe de Place Knudsen, Jane M. Bendix, and Stig Molsted. "Cross-cultural adaption, translation and reliability tests of the Danish version of the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale." Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 26 (December 2020): 100542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100542.

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Quaranta, Nicola, Valentina De Robertis, Claudia Milella, Marco Pontrelli, Antonio Greco, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Vito Pontillo, Marco de Vincentiis, Jonathan S. Phillips, and Massimo Ralli. "Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire 12 (COMQ-12) in the Italian language." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 276, no. 11 (August 8, 2019): 3027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05591-6.

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Bächinger, David, Daiki Takagi, Hiroyuki Yamada, Masato Teraoka, Masahiro Okada, Jun Hyodo, Christof Röösli, Alexander M. Huber, and Naohito Hato. "Japanese translation, cross-cultural adaption and multicentre validation of the Zurich chronic middle ear inventory (ZCMEI-21-Jap)." Auris Nasus Larynx 46, no. 1 (February 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2018.05.008.

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Jeldi, Artaban Johnson, Antony Leo Aseer, Appaswami Gurunatha Dhandapani, and Kathryn Elizabeth Roach. "Cross-cultural adaption, reliability and validity of an Indian (Tamil) version for the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index." Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 30, no. 2 (December 2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2012.06.001.

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Xu, Wu, Kailun Wu, Stephen Roche, Weili Fu, Lixin Huang, Michael F. G. Held, and Jiong Jiong Guo. "Development and Validation of a Simplified Chinese Version and a Face-Scale Version of the Oxford Shoulder Score: A 2-Center Prospective Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211023751.

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Background: There has not yet been a pictorial version of a patient-reported outcome measure for shoulder pain. Purpose: To translate the English version of the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) to a simplified Chinese version (SC-OSS) and to validate a new face-scale version of the OSS (FS-OSS), while investigating cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reproducibility of both versions in patients with shoulder pain. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SC-OSS was performed using a forward-backward translation method. The FS-OSS was developed on the basis of the SC-OSS, using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale for reference. Participants were asked to complete the SC-OSS, FS-OSS, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant-Murley score (CMS), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Validation and reproducibility were tested by calculating Cronbach α values for internal consistency as well as by intraclass correlation coefficients. Time needed to complete the scores was used to test cross-cultural adaption. Results: A total of 312 respondents participated in the research and completed all outcome measures. The internal consistency was strong, with a Cronbach α of .94 and .91 for the FS-OSS and SC-OSS, respectively. High intraclass correlation coefficient values for the FS-OSS score (0.95) and SC-OSS (0.92) were obtained, which indicated excellent test-retest reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficients of the SC-OSS and FS-OSS with the SST ( r = 0.67 and 0.65, respectively), CMS ( r = 0.62 and 0.66, respectively), and SF-36 ( r = 0.52 and 0.57, respectively) indicated good construct validity. The time needed to complete the FS-OSS was less than that needed for the SC-OSS and SST. Conclusion: The FS-OSS and SC-OSS were validated as reliable instruments for patients with shoulder pain. For Chinese patients, the face-scale version was easier to understand than the cross-cultural text version.

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Nielsen, T. R., and Kasper Jørgensen. "Cross-cultural dementia screening using the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 9 (March 9, 2020): 1031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000344.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:To quantitatively synthesize data on the accuracy of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in different sociocultural settings and compare its performance to other brief screening instruments for the detection of dementia.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 1, 2004 until September 1, 2019.Setting:Community, outpatient clinic, and hospital settings in high-, and low- and middle-income countries.Participants:Twenty-six studies reporting diagnostic accuracy of the RUDAS were included with almost 4000 participants, including approximately 1700 patients with dementia.Measurements:Procedures for translation and cultural adaption of the RUDAS, and influence of demographic variables on diagnostic accuracy, were compared across studies. Bivariate random-effects models were used to pool sensitivity and specificity results, and diagnostic odds-ratios and the area under the hierarchical summary receiver operator characteristic curve were used to present the overall performance.Results:The pooled sensitivity and specificity for the detection of dementia were .82 (95% CI, .78–.86) and .83 (95% CI, .78–.87), respectively, with an area under the curve of .89. Subgroup analyses revealed that the RUDAS had comparable diagnostic performances across high-, and low- and middle-income settings (z = .63, P = .53) and in samples with a lower and higher proportion of participants with no formal education (z = −.15, P = .88). In 11 studies making direct comparison, the diagnostic performance of the RUDAS was comparable to that of the Mini-Mental State Examination (z = −.82, P = .41), with areas under the curve of .88 and .84, respectively.Conclusions:The RUDAS has good diagnostic performance for detecting dementia in different sociocultural settings. Compared to other brief screening instruments, advantages of the RUDAS include its limited bias in people with limited or no formal education and a minimal need for cultural or language adaptation.

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Rao-Nicholson, Rekha, and Zaheer Khan. "Standardization versus adaptation of global marketing strategies in emerging market cross-border acquisitions." International Marketing Review 34, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-12-2015-0292.

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Purpose The recent increase in the presence of emerging market firms (EMFs) in global markets requires a closer examination of their international marketing strategies (including branding). The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors behind the standardization or adaptation of global marketing strategies adopted by EMFs for their cross-border acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the determinants of the marketing strategies adopted by Indian and Chinese firms for their cross-border acquisitions. The drivers of the standardization/adaptation of marketing strategies (including branding) are identified using both quantitative data collected in 168 cross-border acquisitions conducted by the EMFs mentioned above and the institutional theory and organizational identity literature. Findings Institutional factors have a stronger effect than organizational identities on global marketing strategies, including branding. The standardization of the EMFs’ marketing strategies is driven by the private statuses of the acquirers, legal distances, target countries’ economic development, and the ethnic ties that exist between the home and host countries. The acquirers’ decisions to retain the targets’ brand identities, thus adapting their global marketing strategies, are related to the cultural distances, economic freedom distances, and sizes of the targets. Research limitations/implications In this study, two large emerging markets – India and China – are used to gather the empirical data; future works can expand upon this line of research and examine other EMFs. Practical implications The acquiring companies have to decide whether to adopt an adaption marketing strategy, with reference to the acquired targets’ local stakeholder requirements, or to incorporate their targets’ brands into their own global marketing strategies. Originality/value Typically, previous work on the adaptation vs standardization of global marketing strategies adopted in the wake of cross-border deals has focussed on acquisitions involving companies from developed countries; this paper extends the field of research to the EMFs of two of the most important developing countries: China and India.

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Klouche, Shahnaz, Johannes M. Giesinger, and El-Hadi Sariali. "Translation, cross-cultural adaption and validation of the French version of the Forgotten Joint Score in total hip arthroplasty." Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 104, no. 5 (September 2018): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2018.04.010.

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Granström, Hannah, Anna Langborg, Anne F. Mannion, and Eva Rasmussen-Barr. "Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Swedish version of the Core Outcome Measures Index for low-back pain." European Spine Journal 29, no. 6 (January 4, 2020): 1445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06271-z.

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Abstract Purpose There is a wide selection of instruments and questionnaires available, but many are time consuming in their administration, for patients, practitioners and researchers alike. The Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) is a short, self-administrated, multidimensional instrument translated into several languages that covers five domains recommended in the assessment of outcome in patients with low-back pain. The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the COMI from English to Swedish and to test the face and construct validity and reproducibility of its results in patients with low-back pain. Methods Participants (n = 102) were included from primary and secondary care. The participants reported moderate pain and disability levels. All participants filled in the COMI, the Oswestry Disability Index and the EQ5D at baseline. Forty-nine filled in the COMI again after 7 days for the reproducibility part of the study. Results The instrument was successfully forward and back-translated. In the validation process, there were low floor/ceiling effects, with the exception of the symptom-specific well-being (floor) and work disability (ceiling) items. The specific COMI domains and whole score correlated significantly with the chosen reference scale scores to the hypothesised extent (Rho 0.30–0.60 and > 0.60 respectively). COMI reached ICC 0.63 (95% CI 0.42–0.77) in the reproducibility test and the separate items, ICC 0.41–0.78. Conclusions The Swedish COMI shows acceptable psychometric properties and is thus suitable to use as a short instrument for measuring important domains in patients with low-back pain. A future study should investigate the instrument's sensitivity to measure change after treatment. Graphic abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

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Zhu, Jing, Jingjing Xu, Yang Chen, Yong Gu, Li Ji, Yufeng Zhou, Min Zhu, et al. "Cross-cultural adaption and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Diabetes Behavior Rating Scale: a pilot study." Science China Life Sciences 61, no. 3 (August 10, 2017): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-9070-7.

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Trost, Carmen, Christoph Hofer, Tanja Stamm, Reinhard Windhager, and Gerhard M. Hobusch. "Cross-cultural adaption, translation and validation of the Toronto extremity salvage score (TESS) for patients in German-speaking countries." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 133, no. 11-12 (April 27, 2021): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-021-01865-4.

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Summary Objective The preferred treatment for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors is limb salvage surgery; the Toronto extremity salvage score (TESS) is commonly used to measure physical functioning of the affected extremity. The aims of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the German version of the TESS, as well as to explore its convergent reliability, validity and re-test reliability. Study design Patients (n = 50) 32 lower extremity (LE) and 18 upper extremity (UE) were asked to fill out the German TESS two times (t1: clinical visit, t2: regular email) and the SF-36 once. Methods The TESS questionnaires were translated from English into German, back translated into English, and culturally adapted. The reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha (α). The validity was measured with the SF-36 physical component score and TESS using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r). Furthermore, the test-retest reliability was calculated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Internal consistency for both questionnaires was excellent (LE t1: α = 0.924, t2: α = 0.952; UE t1: α = 0.957, t2: α = 0.898). A statistically significant correlation was found between the SF-36 physical component scale and the German TESS (LE r = 0.741, UE r = 0.713). The ICC between baseline (t1) and re-test (t2) was 0.952 and 0.871 for the lower and upper extremities, respectively. Conclusion Initial evidence demonstrated that the German TESS is a valid and reliable instrument for use with patients after surgical treatment of malignant bone or soft tissue sarcoma.

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Gane, Claire, Anne-Sophie Robillard, Claudia Royea, Laurence Lacasse, Valerie Calva, Ana de Oliveira, and Bernadette Nedelec. "116 Cross-cultural Translation, Adaptation and Validation of the Burnt Hand Outcome Tool (BHOT) from English to French Canadian." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S77—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.120.

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Abstract Introduction The Burnt Hand Outcome Tool (BHOT) is a comprehensive patient-reported outcome measure to assess the multiple impacts of hand burn injuries. However, this tool is currently only available in English. The aim of this study was to create a French Canadian, cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the BHOT and to investigate its reliability and validity. Methods The BHOT was translated and culturally adapted following published good practice principles for patient-reported outcome measures. The steps included translation to French, backward translation, expert committee review, and cognitive debriefing with 5 adults having burn injuries excluding their hands. Then, 39 adults with hand burn injuries tested the pre-final French version of the questionnaire (BHOT-F) in order to determine its clinimetric properties. Reliability was investigated by determining the Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient. Construct convergent validity was assessed by comparing the BHOT-F to the shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH). Content validity was evaluated based on comments extracted from interviews with the participants and a committee of burn care experts. Results The BHOT-F was modified during the adaption process to ensure its clarity. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 indicating excellent internal consistency and was > 0.75 for all sub-domains. The BHOT-F and the QuickDASH were strongly correlated (rs = .86; p < 0.01). Content validity was deemed satisfying. Conclusions The French-Canadian version of the BHOT is a reliable and valid tool that can confidently be used in clinical practice for adults with hand burn injuries and compared to data generated with Anglophone populations.

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Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte Miriam. "Cultural Transactions: An Introduction to Medieval Seals from a Global Perspective." Medieval Globe 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17302/tmg.4-1.1.

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Extensive geographic coverage, including China, South East Asia, Arabia, Sasanian Persia, the Muslim Empire, the Byzantine empire, and Western Europe allows the essays gathered in this volume to offer a well differentiated examination of seals and sealing practices between 400 and 1500 CE. Contributors expose rather than assume the inter-subjective, transnational, and transcultural connectivity at work within the varied processes mediated by seals and sealing – representation, authorization, identification, and transmission. These essays encourage an understanding that seals operated in liminal, transitional situations arising from legal, administrative, martial, mercantile, or diplomatic encounters, creating cross-cultural sealing networks in which adaption and accommodation underlay the force of seals as objects and images that generate sociocultural identification through mutual exchange and visual hybridity.

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Chen, Dan Dan, Hui Zhang, Nianqi Cui, Leiwen Tang, Jing Shao, Xiyi Wang, Dan Wang, Na Liu, and Zhihong Ye. "Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the caregiver contribution to self-care of chronic illness inventory in China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e048875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048875.

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ObjectiveCaregiver contribution (CC) is important for the self-care behaviors of chronic disease individuals, as it could enhance patient outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to assess this CC by using a good validity and reliability instrument. The Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care Chronic Illness Inventory (CC-SC-CII) was designed to assess CC to self-care behaviors of patients with chronic illness in Italy. However, it was unclear whether this tool had sound psychometrics properties in the context of Chinese culture. Therefore, we performed the cross-cultural adaption of the CC-SC-CII and we tested its psychometric properties among Chinese caregivers of patients with chronic disease.DesignA cross-sectional observational design.SettingsParticipants were recruited from communities and institutions in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China.Participants301 caregivers of care recipients with chronic disease completed the Chinese version of the CC-SC-CII (C-CC-SC-CII).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe content validity index of items (I-CVI), the scale content validity index-average (S-CVI/Ave), exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency and item analysis were tested.ResultsThe range of I-CVI was between 0.833 and 1.00, and the score of S-CVI was 0.991. In CFA, the C-CC to self-care monitoring scale had satisfactory fit indices. However, the C-CC to self-care maintenance and management scales had unsupported fit indices. The reliability coefficients of C-CC-SC-CII were 0.792, 0.880 and 0.870 for its three scales. Item-total correlations were all over 0.590. Test–retest reliability showed that the range of intraclass correlation coefficients was from 0.728 to 0.783.ConclusionThe C-CC-SC-CII has sound psychometrics characteristics and is a culturally appropriate and reliable instrument for assessing CC to the self-care behaviours of patients with chronic disease in China.

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Xu, Ling, Chen Wang, Chen Zhang, Xinzhe Feng, and Wenwen Tong. "Cross-cultural adaption and validation of simplified Chinese version of the lower extremity function scale in patients with knee osteoarthritis." Clinical Rheumatology 39, no. 10 (April 21, 2020): 3041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05077-5.

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Mercier, Faye. "The Rubberbandits’ Guide to Satire: Absurdism and Social Commentary in a Cross-Media Environment." Estudios Irlandeses, no. 16 (March 17, 2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24162/ei2021-9984.

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This paper argues that through an engagement with cross-media hybridity, Irish comedy duo The Rubberbandits have established a dynamic cross-media forum that aims to restore the Irish public’s capacity for critical social and political engagement. Central to this process is The Rubberbandits’ ability to use their absurdist satire as a foundational tool that can serve as the basis of this cultural forum, while also facilitating the negotiation of social and political issues across a variety of media. Given that this cultural forum exists across different media, platforms, and formats, this paper sets out to analyse the various ways in which the duo have adapted their satirical style to suit the demands of these different media forms, and what implications this process of adaption has had on their work. Beginning with an analysis of the social and critical functions of satirical comedy more broadly, this paper will then focus on the specific brand of satirical social commentary employed by The Rubberbandits, paying particular attention to the role of absurdity in their critical engagement with prominent issues facing Irish society. As this paper will demonstrate, by embracing the hybridity of the cross-media environment, all the while maintaining their absurdist satirical style, The Rubberbandits have established a dynamic and carnivalesque cross-media forum that aims to restore the Irish public’s capacity for critical social and political engagement.

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Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Hamed Jafarpour, Pantea Tajik, Mozhgan Taebi, Misagh Shafizad, Alimorad Heidari Gorji, Mahdi Babaei Hatkehlouei, Pooneh Yazdani, and Reza Heidari-Soureshjani. "RETRACTED: Persian Version of VEINES-QOL/Sym Questionnaire in Iranian Patients With Deep Venous Thrombosis: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties." Journal of Nursing Measurement 26, no. 2 (August 2018): E98—E113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.26.2.e98.

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RETRACTION NOTICERetraction notice for this article available at Background and Purpose:The present study was done to assess the cultural adaption and psychometric properties of Persian version of VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire in Iranian patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).Methods:This cross-cultural psychometrics study was conducted in 2016. About 270 DVT patients completed a Persian version of the VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire. The face, content, and construct validity were assessed. Internal consistency, test–retest, and construct reliability (CR) were used to assess reliability.Results:Three-factor solution was extracted that explaining 71.373% of the total variance. Goodness-of-fit indices (GFI; χ2(68) =332.037, p < .05, χ2/df = 4.882, GFI = .862, CFI = .928, NFI = .914, IFI = .928, RMSEA (90% confidence interval) =.091 [.081, .110]) in the final VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire structure demonstrated the adequacy of the three-domain structure. The reliability was greater than .70.Conclusions:The VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire was found to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for quality of life in Iranian patients with DVT.

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Chen, Cheng, Weijun Wang, Hao Wu, Anqi Gao, Yong Qiu, Wenjie Weng, and Andrew Price. "Cross-cultural translation and validation of the Chinese Oxford Knee Score and the Activity and Participation Questionnaire." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 230949902091066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499020910668.

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Objective: To cross-culturally translate and validate the Chinese versions of the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and the Activity and Participation Questionnaire (APQ) in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis who are also candidates for knee replacement. Methods: The Chinese version of the OKS and APQ was completed by standard forward–backward translation and adaption. The feasibility was validated by a pretest in 30 patients. The final version together with the Short Form-36 (SF-36), EQ-5D, and EQ visual analog scale were assessed in 150 patients, and the OKS and APQ were repeated in 30 patients after a 2-week interval. The psychometric properties of the OKS and APQ were evaluated for test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), internal consistency using Cronbach’s α, and construct validity using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Results: All patients were able to understand and complete both the OKS and APQ without difficulty (i.e. no missing data). The ICCs were 0.959 for the OKS, 0.956 for the APQ for total scores, and >0.7 for each item. Cronbach’s α was greater than 0.7, and the corrected item-total correlation was greater than 0.4 for each item of both questionnaires. The OKS and APQ showed better correlations with questions from the pain and function domains than with those from the mental status domains of the SF-36 and EQ-5D. No floor or ceiling effect was identified in either questionnaire. Conclusions: The Chinese versions of the OKS and APQ are easy to understand and complete and showed good reliability and validity. They can be used to assess patient-reported outcomes after undergoing knee replacement in mainland China.

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Ralli, Massimo, Nicola Quaranta, Andrea Canale, Christof Röösli, Claudia Milella, Valentina De Robertis, Giulia De Soccio, et al. "Cross-cultural Adaption and Validation of the Zurich Chronic Middle Ear Inventory Translated Into Italian (ZCMEI-21-It)—a Prospective Multicenter Study." Otology & Neurotology 40, no. 3 (March 2019): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000002131.

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Tan, Hiang Keat, Yean Lee, Pei Yuh Chia, Shaik Hussain Nurshifa, Travis Kim Chye Tan, Stephanie Fook-Chong, Pik Eu Chang, and Aloweni Fazila. "Translation and cultural adaption of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire for the Mandarin-speaking Chinese population in Singapore through cognitive debriefing." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 28, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105818782710.

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Background: Patients with chronic liver disease often suffer from poor quality of life. The Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) is a validated tool to assess health-related quality of life in these patients. It has been translated and validated for use in many countries and languages globally. Objectives: We aimed to translate Mainland Chinese Mandarin to Singapore Mandarin and perform cross-cultural adaption of CLDQ for the Mandarin-speaking population in Singapore (CLDQ-SG). Methods: This study was conducted based on the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Principles of Good Practice. The study consisted of two parts: part one involved cognitive debriefing and cultural adaption of CLDQ, and part two was a pilot study on the first version of CLDQ-SG among adult patients with chronic liver disease in a tertiary hospital. Results: During the cognitive debriefing process of part one, questions beginning with “recent” (最近) two weeks in Mandarin were changed to “last” (在过去) two weeks. Eighteen patients were recruited for part two of the study (50% male, mean age 49±13 years). Time taken to complete CLDQ-SG was 15±8 minutes, and the mean score was 5.1±0.5. The reliability of measurements for all domains was good, with an intra-class correlation coefficient ≥0.8. Items one and four needed further restructuring. There were no discrepancies between CLDQ and CLDQ-SG. Conclusion: This study showed that CLDQ-SG was culturally acceptable by the Mandarin-speaking population in Singapore. There were only two items that needed revision in the finalized CLDQ-SG.

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Zhu, Yuting. "An Intercultural Analysis of Personal Metadiscourse in English and Chinese Commencement Speeches." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.5p.100.

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The existing metadiscourse studies on the comparison of English and Chinese language are relatively few, especially on spoken discourse. The present study examines the use of personal metadiscourse in English and Chinese commencement speeches based on Ädel’s reflexive model of metadiscourse and its adaption. The corpus for this study comprises 60 commencement speeches – 30 Chinese and 30 English – delivered in prestigious American and Chinese universities respectively. This study investigates (1) The similarities and differences in the use of personal metadiscourse in English and Chinese commencement speeches; (2) the possible reasons behind these similarities and differences. Qualitative and quantitative analysis indicates that American speeches feature markedly more personal metadiscourse than Chinese speeches. Textual analysis further reveals some similarities and differences in the discourse functions of personal metadiscourse between two sets of texts due to genre characteristics and social-cultural differences. The findings of this study provide some insight into the classification of Chinese metadiscourse and the awareness of cross-cultural communication.

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