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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross pollination'
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1
Reyes, Hortensia Cabrera, David Draper, and Isabel Marques. "Pollination in the Rainforest: Scarce Visitors and Low Effective Pollinators Limit the Fruiting Success of Tropical Orchids." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100856.
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A single plant might be visited by many flower visitors but not all might act as pollinators. Legitimate pollinators might also differ considerably in their efficiency, limiting pollination success. Unsuitable climatic conditions such as rain also affect pollinator activity. However, in the evergreen rainforest there is no prolonged dry season and flowering occurs usually under rain. Here, we explore the dependence on pollinators and the efficiency of flower visitors for the fruiting success of 10 Andean rainforest orchids. All species were self-compatible but strictly pollinator-dependent. Overall, we found low levels of fruit set in control flowers while experimental geitonogamous and cross-pollinations increased fruit set, revealing extensive pollination limitation in all populations. Seed viability dropped considerably after self and geitonogamous pollinations suggesting the possibility of early-acting inbreeding depression. Even though we monitored flower visitors on an extensive survey, few visitors were seen in these species and even fewer acted as legitimate pollinators. Thus, even though orchid pollination might be extremely diversified, these results show that few visitors are pollinating these species, explaining the low levels of fruit set recorded in the area studied.
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Vaz, Carlos G., Domingos de Oliveira, and Orlando S. Ohashi. "Pollinator Contribution to the Production of Cowpea in the Amazon." HortScience 33, no. 7 (December 1998): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1157.
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Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is a very important legume in the diet of the population of the Amazon. Although it is autogamous, this species has a cross-pollination rate of ≈10%. Over several years, the mean productivity of cowpea has declined. We suggest that this is linked to a decrease in or an absence of pollinating insects in the fields. The objective of this study is to ascertain the pollinator contribution to cowpea production, as well as to determine the pollination type of the `BR3-Tracuateua' cultivar. In an experimental design, four treatments were compared: no pollination, with flowers in cages to prevent insect visits; open-pollination, with flowers exposed to all visiting insects; self-pollination, with flowers pollinated with their own pollen; and cross-pollination, with emasculated flowers being pollinated manually with pollen from another plant. We observed higher fruit set in the presence of pollinators (83%) than in their absence (77%, caged flowers). However, cross-pollination reduced both the number of seeds per pod and fruit set relative to self-pollination. This result suggests that pollinators have a complementary role in the yield of cowpea, by creating a mixed pollination system where self-pollination dominates.
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Lyrene, P. M. "Pollen Source Influences Fruiting of ‘Sharpblue’ Blueberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (November 1989): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.995.
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Abstract The effects of cross-pollination, self-pollination, and mixed (self plus cross) pollination of ‘Sharpblue’ blueberry (primarily V. corymbosum) were studied. The pollen for cross-pollination came from V. corymbosum clones ‘O’Neal’ and ‘FL 2-1’. Self-pollination resulted in 37% fruit set, compared to 74% to 91% set for the other pollination treatments. The number of well-developed seeds per matured berry averaged 3.5 for self-pollination, 13.0 for mixed pollination, and 24.4 for cross-pollination. The number of days from pollination to ripe fruit was highly and negatively correlated with berry seed number, regardless of the pollen source. Mixed pollinations delayed ripening an average of 7 days compared to cross-pollination, and self-pollination delayed ripening by an additional 13 days over mixed pollination.
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Tedesco, Solange B., Miguel Dall'Agnol, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, and José F. M. Valls. "Mode of reproduction of Brazilian species of Adesmia (Leguminosae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 2 (June 2000): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000200038.
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Mode of reproduction was studied in 15 species of Adesmia DC. (Leguminosae). In six species, three treatments were used: mutual pollination, mechanical stimulation and control. Fifty-four plants of these six species were grown in a greenhouse, individually isolated in nylon screen boxes. Flowers were labelled and submitted to the different treatments. In addition, the frequency of spontaneous self-pollination in the absence of pollinators was studied in 200 plants of nine other species. These 200 plants were kept in a greenhouse, which avoided contact with any possible pollinator. Adesmia bicolor, A. muricata, A. punctata and A. riograndensis produced seed both by cross- and self-pollination. Adesmia punctata and A. riograndensis need mechanical stimulation for self-pollination. Adesmia incana reproduced by self-pollination; however, the possibility of cross-pollination cannot be totally ruled out. Adesmia tristis reproduced mainly by cross-pollination and a mechanism of self-incompatibility is suggested. Among the nine species that were not exposed to pollinators, A. securigerifolia produced a large amount of seed, indicating that it is a self-pollinating species. Adesmia arillata, A. araujoi, A. ciliata, A. psoraleoides, A. rocinhensis, A. reitziana, A. sulina and A. vallsii did not produce any seed under the experimental conditions, suggesting that they are cross-pollinated or that they need mechanical stimulation to reproduce.
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Pound, L. M., B. Patterson, M. A. B. Wallwork, B. M. Potts, and M. Sedgley. "Pollen competition does not affect the success of self-pollination in Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02082.
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This study investigated whether pollen competition favours cross- over self-pollination in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus. Controlled pollinations with self-pollen, cross-pollen and a mixture of self- and cross-pollen were conducted on three partially self-incompatible trees. The paternity of individual seeds resulting from mixed pollination was determined by isozyme analysis. No evidence for pollen competition was found. Instead, seed paternity reflected the level of self-incompatibility of each tree as determined by separate self- and cross-pollinations. Furthermore, the number of seeds set per capsule following mixed pollination was significantly less than that following cross-pollination in the two least self-compatible trees. These results suggest that both self- and cross-pollen tubes reach ovules following mixed pollination and that a late-acting self-incompatibility mechanism operates to abort a certain proportion of self-penetrated ovules.
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Marquard, Robert D. "Outcrossing Rates in Pecan and the Potential for Increased Yields." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 1 (January 1988): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.1.84.
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Abstract Nuts produced from controlled crosses of ‘Western’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] pollinated with ‘Wichita’ were 20% heavier and 12% larger by volume than self-pollinated nuts. The inherited biochemical marker of malate dehydrogenase was used to quantify outcrossing in a ‘Western’ orchard with ‘Wichita’ as the pollinator. The frequency of cross-pollination declined with distance from the pollinator, and the linear equation y = 53.9 − 6.1x was derived to estimate percent cross-pollination (y) in row (x) away from the pollinator. A model to estimate relative orchard production predicts maximum efficiency of a ‘Western’ orchard when the frequency of the pollinator is 25% to 33%. Nut quality of ‘Western’ field samples was positively related to percent cross-pollination of the sample. Cross-pollination under field conditions of ‘Western’ by ‘Wichita’ increased nut weight and volume 31% and 16%, respectively.
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Hares, Amber. "Cross-Pollination." Afterimage 33, no. 3 (November 2005): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2005.33.3.16.
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WASER MARYV, NICHOLAS M., MARY V. PRICE, and ROBERT I. BERTIN. "Cross-pollination." Nature 356, no. 6371 (April 1992): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356667b0.
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SAZAN, MORGANA S., ANTONIO DIEGO M. BEZERRA, and BRENO M. FREITAS. "Oil collecting bees and Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) interactions: the prevalence of long-distance cross pollination driving reproductive success." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86, no. 1 (March 2014): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130049.
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Oil-collecting bees are the natural pollinators of oil-flower plants, but little is known about the pollination process and the effectiveness of their pollination service to the reproductive success of their host plants. In species of Byrsonima the reproductive system have been described as auto-compatible or self-incompatible. We studied the reproductive system of Byrsonima cydoniifolia, the fructification by means of short, medium and long-distance cross pollinations, the morphology and floral biology and the pollination interactions with species of oil-collecting bees. By means of controlled pollinations we found self-incompatibility caused by abortion of most self-pollinated flowers and demonstrated that the prevailing cross pollination ensuring the reproductive success of B. cydoniifolia is the long-distance cross pollination and Centridini bees; Epicharis nigrita, particularly, are the pollinators promoting the gene flow between genetically distinct populations.
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Finatto, Taciane, Karine L. Dos Santos, Neusa Steiner, Leon Bizzocchi, Daniel F. Holderbaum, Jean P. H. J. Ducroquet, Miguel P. Guerra, and Rubens O. Nodari. "Late-acting self-incompatibility in Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 1 (2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10152.
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Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret is a predominantly allogamous species with hermaphrodite flowers that has barriers to self-fertilisation such as dichogamy by protogyny and self-incompatibility. This study aimed to identify when self-incompatibility occurs in A. sellowiana flowers submitted to self-pollinations. Pollinations were made using nine known self-incompatible accessions in several treatments including manual cross-pollination, manual self-pollination, no pollination and natural pollination. Flowers were pollinated and pistils collected at times ranging from 1 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). In both cross- and self-pollinations the fertilisation occurred from 18 DAP and the zygote was visualised at 24 and 26 DAP, respectively. The abscission of the self-pollinated flowers increased from 26 DAP onwards, when significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for the percentage of abscission among self-pollinated and cross-pollinated flowers. At 30 DAP, 72% of self-pollinated flowers were abscised. The size of ovules and ovaries of self-pollinated flowers showed no significant difference from those of non-pollinated flowers throughout 30 DAP, while those from cross-pollinated flowers were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than the other treatments from 22 and 24 DAP, respectively. After 40 DAP, there was no fruit development in self-pollination and non-pollination treatments. Our study brings greater clarity to the mechanism of self-incompatibility in A. sellowiana, indicating late-acting self-incompatibility occurring through the rejection/abscission of self-pollinated flowers precisely after syngamy and zygote formation.
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Wood, Bruce W. "Cross-pollination within Pecan Orchards." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 583d—583. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.583d.
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Pecan is wind pollinated, exhibits heterodichogamy and are either protandrous (I) or protogynous (II). Orchards are typically established using two complimentary flowering types but with no further scrutiny as to the degree of compatibility of these two types. Additionally, orchards are sometime established with a very low frequency of pollinator. An evaluation of several orchards revealed that yield losses are due to poor pollination is likely common. Data indicate that trees beyond about 46 m (150 feet) from a complementary pollinator exhibit substantial reductions in fruit-set; therefore, large block-type plantings are disadvantaged. Flowering data over several years show that Type I and Type II cultivars are often functionally noncomplementary, suggesting that pecan cultivars should also be identified with a seasonal identification (i.e., early, mid, and late). Data also indicate that dichogamy patterns substantially change as trees age or with abnormally warm or cool springs; hence, pollination patterns will vary depending upon orchard age. Data indicate that orchards should be comprised of 3+ cultivars. RAPD-DNA analysis of “hooked-nuts” indicates that this trait is not reliable as an indicator of selfing.
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Howlett, Brad G., Samantha F. J. Read, Maryam Alavi, Brian T. Cutting, Warrick R. Nelson, Robert M. Goodwin, Sarah Cross, Trevor G. Thorp, and David E. Pattemore. "Cross-pollination Enhances Macadamia Yields, Even With Branch-level Resource Limitation." HortScience 54, no. 4 (April 2019): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13329-18.
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Macadamia is partially self-incompatible and cross-pollination is considered important to improve yields. However, questions remain regarding the importance of self- vs. cross-pollination, and subsequently whether managed pollinators are useful in commercial orchards. Pollinators play a key role in cross-pollination, but for self-pollination, the protandrous florets might also benefit from the movement of potentially more viable self-pollen among florets, racemes, and trees through pollinator movement. There is also a lack of information on pollination deficits throughout orchards and whether by increasing the intensity of cross-pollination, final nut yield is limited by within-tree resource allocation. Using caged and bagged racemes on three cultivars, we found strong evidence for self-pollination, but no evidence that hand moving self-pollen within racemes, between racemes, or between trees improved final nut set. In all cases, hand cross-pollinated racemes yielded significantly more nuts. Hand cross-pollinated racemes also produced significantly more developed nuts than open-pollinated racemes (all racemes were exposed to pollinators). However, by increasing the intensity of hand cross-pollination per tree, we showed that resource allocation probably overinflates these measures of pollination deficit in macadamia. Despite this, our findings point to an opportunity to increase yields through additional cross-pollination, as high-intensity hand cross-pollination of flowering racemes within trees still resulted in increased nut set. Although self-pollination can occur in macadamia, to optimize yield potential, strategies to maximize cross-pollination should be adopted.
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Kahn, Tracy L., and Darleen A. DeMason. "Citrus pollen tube development in cross-compatible gynoecia, self-incompatible gynoecia, and in vitro." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-344.
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The route of 'Orlando' tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) pollen tubes was traced and compared in self-incompatible pollinations and cross-compatible pollinations with 'Dancy' tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco). In both crosses, 'Orlando' pollen germinated in the stigmatic exudate and grew between the papillae on the stigma surface and inter-cellularly between the parenchymatous cells until reaching a stylar canal by 3 days. However, in the incompatible pollination, irregular deposition of callose occurred in the pollen tube walls as early as 1 day after pollination. By day 6, pollen tubes were in the upper portion of the ovary in the compatible pollination, whereas most pollen tubes from the incompatible pollination were still in the upper style. 'Orlando' pollen tube growth rate decreased substantially by day 3 in both the self-incompatible pollination and in vitro but increased rapidly after day 3 in the compatible combination. The generative cell divided between 1 and 3 days after pollination in the compatible cross. Generative cell division was observed by day 3 in only a few pollen tubes in the incompatible cross and in cultured tubes. Compatible pollen tubes grew slowly for the first 3 days after pollination, during which time generative cells divided and then grew rapidly until fertilization. In contrast, incompatible pollen tubes showed morphological features indicative of an incompatibility reaction by 1 day after pollination and grew slowly for a period of 6 days, and then ceased growth.
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Peter, Craig I., and Steven D. Johnson. "Doing the twist: a test of Darwin's cross-pollination hypothesis for pollinarium reconfiguration." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (September 6, 2005): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0385.
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Mating success in plants depends largely on the efficiency of pollen dispersal. For hermaphrodite plants, self-pollination, either within or among flowers, can reduce mating opportunities because of pollen and ovule discounting and inbreeding depression. Self-pollination may be particularly detrimental in plants such as orchids and asclepiads that package each flower's pollen into one or more pollinia which, together with accessory structures, comprise a pollinarium. Darwin proposed that physical reconfiguration of pollinaria serves as a mechanism for reducing the likelihood of self-pollination. To be effective, the time taken for pollinarium reconfiguration would need to exceed that spent by a pollinator on a plant. We investigated pollinarium reconfiguration (including pollinarium bending, pollinium shrinking and anther cap retention) in 19 species and found a strong positive relationship between reconfiguration time and the duration of pollinator visits. Reconfiguration times were also consistently longer than pollinator visit times. These results provide strong support for Darwin's idea that this mechanism promotes cross-pollination.
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Travers, Steven E., Kirk Anderson, Pati Vitt, and Marion O. Harris. "Breeding system and inbreeding depression in the rare orchid, Platanthera praeclara, in a fragmented grassland landscape." Botany 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0104.
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An important consequence of self-compatibility in plants is that self-pollination can have deleterious effects on plant fitness because of inbreeding. We conducted a hand pollination experiment under field conditions to measure the magnitude of inbreeding depression associated with self-pollination in the rare western prairie fringed-orchid Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles. By comparing capsules and seeds resulting from cross versus self-pollination treatments, we determined that self-pollination reduces seed quality while having no detectable effect on capsule production or seed numbers. A smaller percentage of seeds resulting from self-pollination contained an embryo (18%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (46%). Seeds that had an embryo were scored for the size of the embryo, small or large. A smaller proportion of seeds from self-pollination contained a large embryo (75%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (92%). These results suggest that sexual reproduction and recruitment in this rare plant are dependent on the frequency of pollinator visitations that result in outcrossing.
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Azmi, Wahizatul Afzan, Wan Zaliha Wan Sembok, Siti Noraishah Mohd Nasaruddin, Nur Syazana Azli, Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Hatta, and Tengku Norulhuda Tg Muhammad. "Evaluation of Native Stingless Bee Species (Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica) for Pollination Efficiency on Melon Manis Terengganu." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2360.
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Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT) is a newly developed melon cultivar that is exclusively planted in Terengganu and has monoecious flowers where female and male parts are in different flowers of the same plant. Current practise for MMT pollination mainly depends on humans by hand-cross pollination treatment. However, until now little study on the potential of stingless bees as pollinator for greenhouse MMT has been documented in Malaysia. In this study, two species of stingless bees, Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica were placed with the MMT in the greenhouse. This study is aimed to investigate and compare the quality of MMT produced by four different pollination treatments; (1) self-pollination, (2) hand-cross pollination, (3) H. itama pollination and (4) G. thoracica pollination. Two hives of each stingless bee species were placed into the greenhouse at least two days before the MMT flowers bloomed. MMT produced from pollination by both stingless bee species and hand-cross pollination were significantly heavier in fresh weight, larger in diameter, higher in total soluble solid (TSS), and greater number of seeds per fruit compared to those produced from self-pollination. Pollination by stingless bees reached fruits with higher sweetness than hand-cross pollination and self-pollination. Results revealed that the stingless bee pollination on MMT production was similar to the MMT produced from hand-cross pollination. This study provides essential information on the potential of native stingless bees, H.itama and G. thoracica which can be effective pollinators for the MMT grown in the greenhouse besides manual pollination.
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Caldwell, Margueritte J. "Cross Pollination Overdue." English Journal 88, no. 4 (March 1999): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/822407.
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Birdsall, Connie, and Brendán Murphy. "Cross-channel pollination." Design Management Journal (Former Series) 14, no. 4 (June 10, 2010): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2003.tb00350.x.
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KOUBOURIS, GEORGIOS C., IOANNIS T. METZIDAKIS, and MILTIADIS D. VASILAKAKIS. "INFLUENCE OF CROSS-POLLINATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARTHENOCARPIC OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA) FRUITS (SHOTBERRIES)." Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 1 (October 9, 2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479709990500.
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SUMMARYThe impact of three different pollination treatments (self-, cross-, free-) on the degree of shotberry (seedless fruit) formation of the olive tree cultivars (cvs) Koroneiki, Kalamata, Mastoidis and Amigdalolia was studied for three consecutive years. Controlled crosses were made for the cross-pollination treatments, while for the free pollination treatment flowers were allowed to receive pollen from more than 40 cultivars present in the field. Significant differences were recorded between treatments, cultivars and years. The lowest degree of shotberry formation was observed in free-pollinated trees while the highest was in self-pollinated trees of all cultivars. Low air temperature incidents during the flowering period increased shotberry formation. Cultivars Koroneiki and Mastoidis were reciprocally the most effective pollinator varieties in reducing shotberries. Cultivar Koroneiki could be considered as the most suitable pollinator to reduce shotberries in Kalamata. When cv. Amigdalolia was cross-pollinated by cvs Koroneiki and Mastoidis the degree of shotberry formation was lower when compared to cross-pollination by cv. Kalamata.
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Khanduri, Vinod Prasad, Kewat Sanjay Kumar, Chandra Mohan Sharma, Manoj Kumar Riyal, Kalpataru Kar, Bhupendra Singh, and Arun Sukumaran. "Passerine birds supporting cross pollination in Erythrina stricta Roxb." Dendrobiology 85 (June 2, 2021): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/denbio.085.0011.
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Erythina stricta is an ecologically important tree species in the rainforests of India and its nectar within the flowers contributes to birds’ diet and survival. Reports on the pollination of this species have not been published so far. We therefore explore the reproductive system of this tree species which has great significance to its ecosystem. Birds have an important role in the reproduction of trees through pollination particularly in tropical areas where reproductive success mostly depends on animal pollinator interactions. Study of visitation and nectar feeding behaviour of birds along with breeding system assessment of Erythina stricta. Birds visiting and foraging behaviour was observed during Erythrina stricta flowering season in an indian tropical rainforest. Reproductive system was assessed through controlled pollination experiments. Thirteen bird species were recorded visiting and foraging nectar from the flowers of Erythrina stricta. The maximum numbers of visits recorded were from the Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer, Pycnonotidae). The nectar feeding birds were, either (i) potential pollinator with long bills (e.g. Pycnonotus spp., Chloropsis aurifrons, and Dicrurus spp.) or (ii) nectar robbers with comparatively shorter bills (e.g. Zosterops palpebrosa, Stachyris ruficeps, Macronous gularis, Heterophasia glaciris). Controlled pollination experiments revealed high degree of cross pollination (xenogamy) and self-incompatibility in E. stricta. Birds were more frequent in early mornings and their foraging activity was also observed during evening hours; the frequency however, declined with respect to nectar availability. Long corolla tubes of E. stricta could restrict access to nectar collecting bees.
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Cézar, Kelve, Elizabeth Franklin, and Carlos Eduardo Pinto. "Temporal Variation in Pollinators’ Visitation of Lantana camara in a Tropical Urban Landscape: Does Butterfly Abundance and Richness Drive the Fruit Set?" Ekológia (Bratislava) 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2022-0006.
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Abstract Pollinator richness, abundance and visitation frequency may be affected by the abundance of floral resources and abiotic factors, influencing plant reproductive success. We analysed whether the diversity, abundance and frequency of butterfly visitation on Lantana camara vary across the year in a tropical urban landscape and whether this variation in butterfly community influences plant’s reproductive success. A two-period survey, referred to here as rainier and drier seasons, was carried out in 12 spatially independent plants. Five pollination treatments were applied: single visit, hand cross-pollination, hand self-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination and open pollination (control). A total of 15,749 flowers were used for fruit production analysis. Butterfly richness, abundance and the reproductive success of L. camara increased in the drier season. Open pollination was ninefold more reproductively successful during the drier season. Fruit production of hand cross-pollinated plants was threefold higher than open-pollinated plants during the rainier season. No significant difference was found between these treatments in the drier season, attesting the highest abundance of pollination during this period. We provide evidence that changes in the pollinator community affect fruit production. The increase in pollinator diversity allows different visitors to pollinate the plant, increasing fruit set through functional complementarity. This effort establishes baseline data of plant–pollinator interactions for further long-term investigations across different weather seasons. The understanding of L. camara and butterflies’ synergism will support conservation measures of pollinator populations.
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Hartmeyer, Irmgard, and Siegfried R. H. Hartmeyer. "Comparison of Byblis 'Goliath' (B. filifolia), Byblis 'David' (B. liniflora), and their putative fertile hybrid." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn404.ih854.
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Seed derived plants from the cultivars, Byblis ‘Goliath’ (Barnes 2009) and Byblis ‘David’ (Barnes 2010) were cross pollinated. While the Byblis ‘Goliath’ needs buzz-pollination to release pollen, the hybrid between these two taxa develops self-pollinating flowers, like its robust B. liniflora parent. This paper is a study of these cross pollination events and its results.
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Goldingay, RL, SM Schibeci, and BA Walker. "Breeding System and Pollination Levels of Banksia ericifolia." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 4 (1991): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910365.
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Experiments were carefully designed to determine the breeding system of Banksia ericifolia L.f. An equivalent percentage of flowers (78%) contained pollen tubes following self-pollination and open-pollination while a significantly smaller percentage of flowers in an autogamy treatment (44%) and cross-pollination treatment (55%) contained pollen tubes. Significantly more of the inflorescences in the open-pollination (60%) and cross-pollination (33%) treatments produced fruit compared with those in the self-pollination (11%) and autogamy treatments (13%). We suggest that B. ericifolia is largely self-incompatible because fruit production did not reflect pollen tube abundances. The influence of pollination levels on fruit production was determined by reducing the number of flowers on an inflorescence to 100 (i.e. 10% of original) or fewer and hand-pollinating these with cross pollen. There was no difference in fruit production between inflorescences with reduced flower number and open-pollinated inflorescences which had their full complement of flowers. Thus, the ability of an inflorescence to produce fruit appears more likely to be determined by the type of pollen received (cross versus self) rather than by the number of pollinated flowers it contains.
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Davenport, Thomas L., Zhentu Ying, and Raymond J. Schnell. "A Fresh Look at Avocado Pollination." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 985D—985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.985d.
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The synchronously dichogamous flowering behavior of avocado has historically been assumed to promote cross-pollination. Preliminary studies in southern California have revealed that self-pollination is more typical. The primary objective of the California research is to determine the paternity of individual fruit sampled during early and late fruit development using SSR markers. Cultivars included Hass as the primary cultivar and Bacon, Ettinger, Fuerte, Harvest, Lamb Hass, Marvel, Nobel, SirPrize, and Zutano serving as cross-pollinizing cultivars. We were able to: 1) estimate proportions of self- and cross-pollinated `Hass' fruit with cultivars planted in rows of varying proximity to the `Hass' rows; determine if the proportion of outcrossed fruit increased during maturity due to preferential abscission of self-pollinated fruit; and 2) determine if there is preferential retention of fruit cross-pollinated by a specific cultivar during maturation. On average, cross-pollination by any individual cultivar in 2004 was 6% or less in marble-sized fruit. Over 70% of the fruit were self-pollinated. This is greater than the proportion of self-pollination (about 30%) observed in near-mature fruit harvested in the previous year, 2003. Proportions of marble-sized fruit pollinated by each cultivar within each row were compared to the proportions of self or cross-pollinations in fruit harvested from the same trees at near-maturity. We observed about a 10% increase in proportion of self-pollinated fruit and a concomitant decrease in retained fruit derived from cross-pollination. Self-pollination appears to be the dominant mode of pollination. These preliminary results indicate that trees benefit from it, perhaps in preference over cross-pollination.
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Joshi, Udit, Kiran Kothiyal, Yogesh Kumar, and Rajendra Bhatt. "Role of honeybees in horticultural crop productivity enhancement." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, AAEBSSD (July 15, 2021): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17-aaebssd/348-355.
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Pollination is vital to conserve the planet’s vast wealth of biodiversity.The pollinator is a living organism transporting pollen grains from the male part to the flower’s fertilizing stigma.Fruit and seed set mainly in cross-pollinated crops dependon honeybees since their bodily parts have been engineered to capture the most pollen grains possible andhavea rapid reproductive rate. Insects are responsible for about 80% of all pollination activity, with bees accounting for over 80% of all insect pollination.Every day, a given bee colony may pollinate about 300 million flowers.Honey bees are considered the finest pollinators among all that contribute to pollination and generate honey and other hive products that add to farm income. The benefits of growing crops yield much more than the income generated by selling honey and other products.Many studies also demonstrate that pesticide application became a significant issue in most crops and antagonistically influence the honey bee population. Hence, great care must be taken to safeguard insect pollinators, particularly honey bees, against pesticide poisoning.The importance of pollinator species richness in their natural environment and function in crop improvement must be recognized. This review provides a broad overview of pollination difficulties that farmers face and an explanation of the importance of pollination in boosting food and nutritional security by improving the productivity of horticultural crops.
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Selak, Gabriela Vuletin, Slavko Perica, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Mira Radunic, and Milan Poljak. "Reproductive Success after Self-pollination and Cross-pollination of Olive Cultivars in Croatia." HortScience 46, no. 2 (February 2011): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.2.186.
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Olive orchard productivity largely depends on the choice of planted cultivars and their pollination needs. Orchard designs in Croatia are changing because a number of valuable foreign olive cultivars, mostly Italian, have been introduced in this region in the last 30 years. The compatibility relationships of introduced cultivars with autochthonous cultivars are unknown. With the objective of studying reproductive behavior of the most important Croatian cultivars (Drobnica, Lastovka, Levantinka, and Oblica) and their cross-pollination to recently introduced Italian cultivars Leccino and Pendolino, initial and final fruit set in self-pollination versus cross-pollination and free pollination were compared during three flowering seasons. Experiments were conducted in three different orchards (Kastela, Mravince, and Brac) to identify the effect of the environment on reproductive behavior of olive cultivars. The differences of fruit set in five olive cultivars after tested pollination treatments appeared at the time of initial fruit set. Increased final fruit set under cross-pollinations was observed when compared with self-pollination for all olive cultivars in all experimental orchards. In the Mravince orchard, a positive response to cross-pollination was consistent, and fruit set increased under cross-pollination in all cultivars and years with the exception of ‘Levantinka’ in which no significant differences were noticed between self-pollination treatment and cross-pollination treatments in 2005. Variable self-fertility behavior from season to season was found for tested cultivars. A self-incompatibility index (ISI) higher than 0.1 was recorded for ‘Levantinka’ in all experimental years and, therefore, classified it as a partially self-incompatible cultivar. Self-incompatibility response was observed for ‘Lastovka’. The positive response to cross-pollination over self-pollination only in some experimental years classified ‘Drobnica’, ‘Leccino’, and ‘Oblica’ as partially self-incompatible. Results obtained from this study indicated that pollination efficiency is strictly combination-specific. The Italian cultivar, Leccino, was a successful pollen acceptor and pollenizer of most Croatian cultivars. Reciprocal high success in cross-pollination was recorded for ‘Levantinka’ and ‘Oblica’. In the Mravince orchard, ‘Lastovka’, ‘Leccino’, and ‘Oblica’ were efficient pollenizers of ‘Levantinka’ where the simultaneous flowering period was in accordance with their cross-compatibility. ‘Levantinka’ was a good pollenizer for ‘Lastovka’ in the Mravince orchard, and both cultivars entered into the flowering period earlier than other studied cultivars, which was not the case in the other two orchards. The variations in flowering timing among orchards were a consequence of differences in environmental conditions. According to the high fruit sets recorded in ‘Oblica’ after pollination with ‘Leccino’ or ‘Levantinka’, an increase in tree productivity of the acceptor cultivar is expected in the presence of selected pollenizers in all olive-growing regions.
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Kämper, Wiebke, Cao Dinh Dung, Steven M. Ogbourne, Helen M. Wallace, and Stephen J. Trueman. "High self-paternity levels and effects of fertilised-seed number on size of strawberry fruit." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): e0273457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273457.
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Cross-pollination can increase fruit production in both self-incompatible and self-compatible fruit crops. However, it is often unclear what proportions of the fruit crop result from cross-pollination. We quantified the proportion of cross-pollinated seeds and the proportion of fertilised seeds in two strawberry cultivars, Red Rhapsody and Sundrench, at increasing distances from a cross-pollen source. We assessed whether fully self-pollinated fruit and partly cross-pollinated fruit differed in fruit size, colour, firmness, Brix and acidity. We also assessed whether fruit size and quality were affected by the number or percentage of fertilised seeds. Almost all seeds of both cultivars resulted from self-pollination (~98%), even at only 1 m from a cross-pollen source. Distance from a cross-pollen source did not affect the proportion of partly cross-pollinated fruit or the proportion of cross-pollinated seeds per fruit. The mass and diameter of fully self-pollinated Sundrench fruit, and the redness and Brix of fully self-pollinated Red Rhapsody fruit, were higher than partly cross-pollinated fruit. Fruit mass, length and diameter increased, and acidity decreased, with increasing numbers of fertilised seeds in both cultivars. Fruit mass also increased with the percentage of fertilised seeds. Our results show that cross-pollination was not required for Red Rhapsody and Sundrench fruit production, and that cross-pollination was a rare occurrence even close to cross pollen source. Self-pollen deposition on stigmas is required to maximise the number of fertilised seeds, and consequently fruit size and quality. Our research indicates that bees improve strawberry fruit size by increasing the number of stigmas that receive pollen. Our results suggest that placing bee hives on strawberry farms during flowering and establishing nearby pollinator habitat to support wild pollinators could improve strawberry yield and fruit quality.
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Reed, Sandra M. "Pollination Biology of Hydrangea macrophylla." HortScience 40, no. 2 (April 2005): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.2.335.
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Little information is available on the reproductive behavior of Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb. Ex J.A. Murr.) Ser. The objectives of this study were to investigate time of stigma receptivity, viability of pollen from sterile flowers, and self-incompatibility in this popular ornamental shrub. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in styles were examined using fluorescence microscopy. Stigma receptivity was examined in cross-pollinations made from 1 day before anthesis to 8 days after anthesis. Maximum stigma receptivity for the two cultivars examined occurred from anthesis to 4 days after anthesis. Viability of pollen from sterile flowers was evaluated through pollen staining and observations of pollen tube growth. No significant difference in percent stainable pollen between fertile and sterile flowers was observed in any of the six taxa examined. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were studied in cross-pollinations made using pollen from fertile and sterile flowers of two cultivars. For both cultivars, pollen tubes from fertile and sterile flowers grew to the same length and had entered ovules by 72 hours after pollination. Self-incompatibility was evaluated by comparing pollen germination and pollen tube growth in cross- and self-pollinations. In the five taxa examined, self pollen tubes were significantly shorter than cross pollen tubes in flowers that were examined 72 hours after pollination. This finding indicates the presence of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system in H. macrophylla.
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Kahn, Tracy L., and Darleen A. DeMason. "A quantitative and structural comparison of Citrus pollen tube development in cross-compatible and self-incompatible gynoecia." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 2548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-337.
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Pollen tube development in Orlando tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco.) was compared within and between cross-compatible pollinations of Orlando pollen on Dancy tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco.) stigmas and self-incompatible pollinations on Orlando tangelo stigmas. Orlando and Dancy gynoecia were morphologically similar but differed slightly in stigma, style, and ovary lengths. Orlando pollen tube development was studied 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after both cross- and self-pollination to record the number of pollen tubes at each of five levels: stigma surface, upper style, lower style, ovary, and entrance into ovules. In the incompatible cross (self-pollinated Orlando), the stigma was the primary region of pollen tube arrest. In the compatible cross (Orlando pollen on Dancy), some pollen tubes penetrated ovules between 9 and 12 days after cross pollination; however, other pollen tubes were arrested in the stigma. Pollen tubes that successfully penetrated ovules in the compatible cross differed morphologically from pollen tubes arrested in both the compatible and incompatible situations. Successful compatible pollen tubes were straight with thin-walled tips and regularly spaced callose plugs behind the growing tips. Many pollen tube abnormalities associated with the self-incompatible pollination of Orlando were also present among arrested pollen tubes from the compatible cross.
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Marques, Isabel, David Draper, and José María Iriondo. "Costs and benefits of the mixed-mating system of Narcissus serotinus (Amaryllidaceae) in the conservation of small fragmented populations." Botany 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0197.
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Small fragmented populations often exhibit reduced plant–pollinator interactions and scarce outcrossing opportunities. In this context, mixed-mating systems can be advantageous since selfing can provide reproductive assurance, but they may also carry relevant costs such as those involved in inbreeding depression. This study examines the advantages and costs of selfing in Narcissus serotinus L., a mixed-mating geophyte that currently occurs in several fragmented populations in Portugal, that resulted from the construction of the largest European dam. Observation of pollinators revealed that cross-pollination is less frequent in small than in large populations. Manual self-pollinations significantly increased fruit and seed set in small-size populations, also suggesting limited insect pollination. The existence of selfing may provide reproductive assurance in small-size populations of N. serotinus where outcrossing pollination is reduced. Although floral biology and experimental pollinations showed that N. serotinus is capable of autonomous selfing, four of the six fitness traits studied showed significant inbreeding depression in all populations. The high levels of inbreeding depression found in N. serotinus suggest that the initial reproductive assurance advantage of selfing may be counterbalanced by lower survival of the resulting individuals and a decrease in the evolutionary potential of the populations.
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Sánchez-Estrada, Alberto, and Julián Cuevas. "Profitability of Artificial Pollination in ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Orchards." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050652.
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The fruit set in monovarietal ‘Manzanillo’ olive orchards is significantly increased under cross-pollination. This response lead to pollination designs including pollinizer selection, the number of pollinizer trees per hectare and their distribution in the orchard. However, the assignment of a substantial area to pollinizers of lesser commercial value might decrease profits. The strong influence of variable climates on the overlap of the blooming phenology of ‘Manzanillo’ and its pollinizer, and on pollen production and dispersal, are also notable risks. Artificial pollination is a feasible alternative to pollination designs, especially for wind-pollination crops such as olives. Here, we present the effects of treatments with different number (zero, one, two or four) of mechanical applications of ‘Barouni’ pollen on fruit set, size, yield, and cost–benefit ratios in heavy- and light-flowering trees of ‘Manzanillo’ trees situated in monovarietal orchards in Sonora, Mexico. Our results showed that, in “on” years (seasons where most trees display abundant flowering), a larger number of cross-pollen artificial applications increased more the final fruit set, yield and, hence, the profits. Fruit size was scarcely affected by the number of applications, although treatments with lower fruit sets had a higher proportion of large-sized fruit and less fruit of petite size. Despite its higher costs, the higher increase in yield made it more profitable to apply cross-pollination four times throughout the blooming period. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed among treatments, regardless of the number of pollinations, in the “off” season (the season in which most trees had a light flowering level).
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Cruz, Darci de Oliveira, Breno Magalhães Freitas, Luis Antônio da Silva, Eva Mônica Sarmento da Silva, and Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim. "Pollination efficiency of the stingless bee Melipona subnitida on greenhouse sweet pepper." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 12 (December 2005): 1197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005001200006.
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The present study was carried out in Northeastern Region of Brazil, in order to investigate the use of stingless bee Melipona subnitida Ducke in the pollination of greenhouse sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Treatments of hand cross-pollination, hand self-pollination, pollination by bees and restricted pollination were performed. Results showed that despite sweet pepper flowers are considered autogamous, this crop benefits from pollination by M. subnitida, producing fruits significantly heavier and wider, containing a greater number of seeds and of better quality (lower percentage of malformed fruits) than self-pollinated sweet pepper. Thus, M. subnitida can be considered an efficient pollinator of greenhouse sweet pepper.
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de Vries, Gert E. "Cross pollination in corn." Trends in Plant Science 5, no. 5 (May 2000): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01647-2.
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Craddock, James Hill, R. J. Sauve, S. E. Schlarbaum, J. Skinner, R. N. Trigiano, M. T. Windham, and W. T. Witte. "Pollination Methods for Cornus Breeding." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 627d—627. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.627d.
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Hand pollinations and honey bees were used to cross Cornus florida cultivars in a series of experiments investigating dogwood pollination biology from a breeding viewpoint and testing the use of insects (domestic honey bees and ladybug beetles as pollinators in dogwood breeding. Experiments were conducted to study possible incompatibility between dogwood cultivars and to determine if self-compatibility and self-fertility occur in Cornus florida. Since 1993, ≈200 seedlings have been produced by hand and insect-mediated pollinations. Honey bees can be used in dogwood breeding. Trees cross pollinated by ladybeetles had lower fruit set than trees cross pollinated by honey bees. Greenhouse forcing to accelerate anthesis and cold storage to delay the onset of bloom of container-grown trees can extend the dogwood breeding season effectively.
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Dung, Cao Dinh, Helen M. Wallace, Shahla Hosseini Bai, Steven M. Ogbourne, and Stephen J. Trueman. "Cross-pollination affects fruit colour, acidity, firmness and shelf life of self-compatible strawberry." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0256964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256964.
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Cross-pollination affects the fruit characteristics of many crops but the effects of cross-pollination on fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) are poorly known. This study determined how cross-pollination affects fruit quality of the strawberry cultivar, Redlands Joy, under controlled environment conditions. Plants were allocated to one of four treatments, with all flowers on each plant receiving either: (1) unassisted self-pollination (Autogamy); (2) hand-pollination with Redlands Joy pollen (Self); (3) hand-pollination with cross-pollen from a small-fruited cultivar (Sugarbaby); or (4) hand-pollination with cross-pollen from a large-fruited cultivar (Rubygem). Cross-pollination did not significantly affect plant yield or fruit mass, size, shape, firmness or shelf life. However, cross-pollination affected fruit colour and taste attributes. Cross-pollinated fruit were 3%–5% darker than self-pollinated fruit. They also had 26%–34% lower acidity and 43%–58% higher Brix:acid ratio. Cross-pollination by Sugarbaby increased fruit P, K, Ca, Fe and Mn, but decreased B, Cu and Zn, concentrations. Cross-pollination by Rubygem increased fruit Mn, but decreased K and Na, concentrations and reduced shelf life. Fruit mass, length, diameter and firmness within all treatments increased with increasing numbers of fertilized seeds per fruit. Hand self-pollinated fruit had a higher percentage of fertilized seeds than fruit arising from autogamy and they were also darker, redder, firmer, and had a longer shelf life, higher protein concentration, and lower Al and Na concentrations. The results indicate that strawberry fruit quality can be affected by both the source of pollen and the number of stigmas pollinated.
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Moltó, Enrique, Carmen Orts, José L. Pardo, and Héctor Izquierdo-Sanz. "Geostatistical Methods to Build Citrus Cross-Pollination Risk Maps." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112673.
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Valencian citriculture is oriented towards fresh production, which requires fruits with few seeds or seedless fruits. Consequently, parthenocarpic and self-incompatible varieties are mainly cultivated. However, some mandarin varieties, under favorable circumstances, induce seed formation in other mandarins by cross-pollination. This phenomenon depends on the germination capacity of the pollen of the pollinating variety, the number of ovules of the pollinated variety, the distance between them, and the abundance of pollinating insects. Previous studies in Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) have determined the ability to pollinate and be pollinated by all commercial varieties in Europe. Moreover, the Regional Government, Generalitat Valenciana, has georeferenced information on the cultivated varieties. We present two geostatistical models to estimate the risk of plots to be pollinated, depending on the varieties present in their environment, the number of plants, and their distance. Models are used to generate local and regional cross-pollination risk maps. Moreover, the robustness of these models to changes in the values assigned to their main parameters is assessed using different similarity calculations.
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Aslmoshtaghi, Elham, Ali Reza Shahsavar, Majid Talebi, and Aziz Dazeh. "Comparison of different classical and molecular methods for identifying self-incompatibility in two olive cultivars." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): e0804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019173-14761.
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Aim of study: To determine compatibility relationships and select suitable pollinizers for two olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (‘Amygdalolia’ and ‘Konservalia’).Area of study: The Kazeroun Olive Research Station, Fars, Iran.Material and methods: Emasculated flowers from ‘Amygdalolia’ and ‘Konservalia’ cultivars were treated with self-pollination, open-pollination, and cross-pollination with pollen from cultivars such as ‘Dacal’, ‘Amygdalolia’,‘Konservalia’, ‘Koroniki’, and ‘Manzanilla’. Controlled pollination, pollen tube growth, and molecular analysis were employed.Main results: Controlled pollination, pollen tube growth, and molecular analysis showed that cross-pollination was beneficial for ‘Amygdalolia’ compared to self-pollination. The results showed that this cultivar is self-incompatible, and its best pollinator is the ‘Dacal’ cultivar. Experiment results indicated that ‘Konservalia’ behaves as a self-compatible cultivar. The highest fruit percentage and higher pollen tube growth rates were found in self-pollination treatments. Molecular attempts to isolate candidates for sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) led the researchers to analyze the expression of SRK and SLG genes.Research highlights: The results indicated an antagonist transcriptional expression pattern in the flowers of ‘Amygdalolia’, classified as a self-incompatible cultivar, and ‘Konservalia’, classified as a self-compatible cultivar, for the SRK and SLG genes.
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Hildesheim, Laura S., Øystein H. Opedal, W. Scott Armbruster, and Christophe Pélabon. "Fitness costs of delayed pollination in a mixed-mating plant." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz141.
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Abstract Background and Aims To predict the evolutionary consequences of pollinator declines, we need to understand the evolution of delayed autonomous self-pollination, which is expected to evolve as a mechanism of reproductive assurance when cross-pollination becomes unreliable. This involves estimating the costs of increased levels of selfing as well as those associated with floral senescence. Methods We studied the mechanisms and costs of delayed self-pollination in the mixed-mating vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) by first assessing among-population variation in herkogamy and dichogamy, which together determine the rate and timing of autonomous self-pollination. We then tested whether floral longevity responds plastically to delayed pollination. Finally, we assessed the costs of delayed self-pollination in terms of seed number and size, explicitly separating inbreeding depression from effects of floral senescence. Key Results Herkogamy varied extensively, while variation in dichogamy was more limited. Unpollinated blossoms increased their longevity, but seed quantity and quality decreased with increasing delays in pollination, independently of inbreeding depression. Conclusions In D. scandens, earlier autonomous selfing is facilitated by reduced herkogamy rather than reduced protogyny, providing reproductive assurance while maintaining the possibility for outcrossing events. Effective early autonomous self-pollination may evolve under reduced cross-pollination reliability in response to costs associated with floral senescence.
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Pounders, Cecil, Sandra Reed, and Margaret Pooler. "Comparison of Self- and Cross-pollination on Pollen Tube Growth, Seed Development, and Germination in Crapemyrtle." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.575.
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Crapemyrtle (L. indica and L. indica × L. fauriei hybrids) is one of the most popular flowering landscape plants in the U.S. Although many cultivars have been developed through breeding efforts, little has been published on the reproductive biology of the genus. The objective of this study was to evaluate barriers to successful self-seed production in crapemyrtle. Self-compatibility was assessed by comparing pollen tube growth, fruit and seed production, and seed germination following controlled self- and cross-pollinations. Observations of pollen tube growth at intervals up to 24 hours after self- and cross-pollination indicated no barriers to self-fertilization acting at the stigmatic or stylar level in L. indica, L. fauriei or cultivars derived from inter-specific hybrids of these two species. Self-pollinations of `Catawba', `Whit IV', `Tonto' and `Tuscarora' had lower percent seed pod set and seed germination than did cross-pollinations of these cultivars. The number of seeds per pod was lower when `Catawba', `Whit IV' and `Tuscarora' were self-rather than cross-pollinated, but no difference between `Tonto' self- and cross-pollinations was observed. When decreased pod set is combined with much lower seed germination for self-pollinations, selfing of crapemyrtle is extremely unproductive when compared to cross-pollination. A late-acting self-incompatibility system or inbreeding depression is indicated for L. indica and inter-specific crosses with L. fauriei.
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Otieno, Mark, Neelendra Joshi, and Benjamin Rutschmann. "Flower visitors of Streptocarpus teitensis: implications for conservation of a critically endangered African violet species in Kenya." PeerJ 9 (January 26, 2021): e10473. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10473.
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Background The African violets are endangered plant species restricted mainly to the Eastern Arc Mountains biodiversity hotspots in Kenya and Tanzania. These plants grow well in shaded environments with high humidity. Given their restricted geographical range and published evidence of dependance on insect vectors to facilitate sexual reproduction, understanding their pollination biology is vital for their survival. Methods We conducted an empirical study using flower visitor observations, pan trapping and bagging experiments to establish the role of flower visitors in the fruit set of a locally endemic and critically endangered species of African violet in Taita Hills, Kenya, Streptocarpus teitensis. Results The study found that fruit set is increased by 47.8% in S. teitensis when flowers are visited by insects. However, it is important to note the presence of putative autogamy suggesting S. teitensis could have a mixed breeding system involving self-pollination and cross-pollination since bagged flowers produced 26.9% fruit set. Conclusions Insects appear to be essential flower visitors necessary for increased fruit set in S. teitensis. However, there is evidence of a mixed breeding system involving putative self-pollination and cross-pollination suggesting that S. teitensis is somewhat shielded from the negative effects of pollinator losses. Consequently, S. teitensis appears to be protected to a degree from the risks such as reproduction failure associated with pollinator losses by the presence of a safety net in putative self-pollination.
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Nuortila, Carolin, Juha Tuomi, and Kari Laine. "Inter-parent distance affects reproductive success in two clonal dwarf shrubs, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-079.
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Clonal propagation and limited dispersal of seeds lead to genetic population structures in which most potential mates are relatives. If the species suffers from inbreeding depression or is self-incompatible, the number of seeds matured per fruit may be limited by the lack of outcrossing by unrelated pollen. We tested for distance-related genetic structure by hand-pollinating plants at increasing distances and measuring fruit set (berries/pollinated flowers) and seed number per fruit in natural populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). Bagging of the flower buds without natural (pollination by insects) or hand-pollination yielded almost no fruit or seed, suggesting that the species are obligately insect pollinated. Self-pollination led to a significant reduction in seed number per fruit and increased seed abortion compared with cross-pollination. Moreover, seed number increased with increasing distance between the pollen donor and pollen recipient. Flight distances of bumblebees were estimated for bilberry by monitoring between-flower and, for lingonberry, between-inflorescence flight distances. About 90% of all flights were at distances of less than 1 m. At this distance, we observed less than the maximum seed number per fruit in hand-pollinations in both study species. Consequently, clonal growth is likely to be an important factor that constrains fruit and seed number in these species.Key words: bumblebee forage distance, clonal, hand-pollination, inter-parent distance, reproductive success, Vaccinium.
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Rodrigues, Sandra dos Santos, Adriana de Oliveira Fidalgo, and Cláudio José Barbedo. "Reproductive biology and production of seeds and seedlings of Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 3 (September 2017): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n3174807.
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Abstract: Pollination is a fundamental process to produce food and maintain biodiversity in natural areas, since the production of seeds is related to its efficiency. Studies can determine the influence of reproductive systems on seed and seedlings quality and, consequently, on the structure of populations, helping the management, plant breeding and preservation of species. Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. (guabiroba) is a Brazilian shrub, pollinated by bees and occasionally by dipterans. This work aimed at evaluating the influence of pollination and reproductive system on seed production and germination and on the seedlings quality of C. pubescens. Phenology and floral biology were studied, and fruits from controlled pollinations were collected, in the Mogi Guaçu Biological Reserve, São Paulo State. The germination of seeds originated from self- and cross-pollination were analyzed, as well as the development of seedlings up to 180 days after germination. Seeds from self-pollination produced seedlings with lower development than the ones from cross-pollination, and they were more susceptible to mortality in laboratory and in greenhouse.
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Paulino-Neto, HF. "Pollination and breeding system of Couepia uiti (Mart. and Zucc.) Benth (Chrysobalanaceae) in the Pantanal da Nhecolândia." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 4 (November 2007): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000400018.
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The pollination biology and breeding system of Couepia uiti was studied. In this species, flowers opened at 06:00 AM anthesis, and nectar production began at around 0800 h, reached a maximum volume from 09:30 AM to 10:30 AM, and decreased thereafter. The nectar sugar concentration increased continuously, but showed an abrupt increase from 10:00 AM to 12:00 AM. Pollen release occurred at about 09:30 AM and was quickly collected. The stigmas became receptive at around 12:00 AM. The pollinators of C. uiti included the bees Apis mellifera, Xylocopa sp. and Bombus sp., and three species of wasps. This conclusion was based on the observation that these hymenopterans had C. uiti pollen on their bodies, visited the receptive flowers, and touched the anthers and stigmas, thereby promoting pollination. Of these floral visitors, A. mellifera was considered to be the most efficient pollinator. However, mixed pollination also occurred. The number of C. uiti flowers visited in the morning (n = 52) was three times smaller than in the afternoon (n = 62), and the species richness of floral visitors was also bigger in the afternoon (eight in the afternoon versus five in the morning). This finding indicated that these floral visitors preferred to exploit nectar rather than pollen. Controlled pollination experiments showed that C. uiti was a self-incompatible species that produced fruits only by cross-pollination. Treatments such as agamospermy and spontaneous and self-pollinations did not produce fruits.
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Ehlenfeldt, Mark K. "097 Aspects of Self- and Cross-fertility in Recently Released Highbush Blueberry Cultivars." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 458B—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.458b.
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Self- and cross-fertility was evaluated in the highbush blueberry cultivars Bluegold, Duke, Legacy, Nelson, Sierra, Sunrise, and Toro, all released since 1987, by comparing them to standards of `Bluecrop' and `Rubel'. Percent fruit set increased with cross-pollination in all cultivars except `Bluecrop', which decreased by 13%. The average increase in the recently released cultivars was 43%. Fruit weight also increased in cross-pollinations for all cultivars except `Rubel', which showed a decrease of 2%. Average increase in fruit weight on cross-pollination in the recently released cultivars was 27%. Fruit set and fruit weight measurements suggest that `Duke', `Legacy', and `Nelson' could perform well in solid stands, but `Sierra' and `Toro' are more likely to need cross-pollination for best yields. Investigations were also made on a group of 10 cultivars, to evaluate whether ripening time of the pollen source cultivar had any effect on the ripening time of the fruiting parent. No single pollen source had consistent general effects on ripening, although specific combinations of females and males appeared to either hasten or delay ripening. The largest deviations were seen in delays of ripening, suggesting that poor pollination may have been the greatest factor contributing to the observed variation in ripening times.
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HUDEWENZ, A., G. PUFAL, A.-L. BÖGEHOLZ, and A.-M. KLEIN. "Cross-pollination benefits differ among oilseed rape varieties." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 5 (July 29, 2013): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000440.
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SUMMARYWinter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important crop for human consumption and biofuel production and its production is increasing worldwide. It is generally assumed that cross-pollination by insects increases oilseed rape yield but testing of this has been restricted to a few rapeseed varieties and produced varying results. The present study determines whether cross-pollination benefits a number of oilseed rape varieties by comparing yield in the presence and absence of insects. Four rapeseed varieties (Sherlock, Traviata, Treffer and Visby) were used with ten individuals each in four pollination treatments: (1) supplementary hand-pollination, (2) open pollination with insects able to access the flowers, (3) wind pollination and (4) autonomous self-pollination. Across all four varieties, open and supplementary hand-pollination treatments resulted in higher fruit set, numbers of seeds per pod and seed yield compared with wind and self-pollination. The cross-pollination benefits, however, differed among rapeseed varieties: Treffer and Visby had a higher dependence on open (insects) and supplementary cross-pollination than Sherlock and Traviata. Across all four varieties, seed weight compensated for reduced fruit set and was highest when plants were self-pollinated. The present results highlight the importance of considering varietal differences in crop pollination research. Information on the pollination requirements of crop varieties is required by farmers to optimize management decisions in a world of increasing agropollination deficits.
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Medeira, M. C., and M. I. Maia. "SELF-POLLINATION, CROSS-POLLINATION AND PARTHENOCARPY IN 'ROCHA' PEAR." Acta Horticulturae, no. 800 (October 2008): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.27.
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Kämper, Wiebke, Grant Thorp, Michelle Wirthensohn, Peter Brooks, and Stephen J. Trueman. "Pollen Paternity Can Affect Kernel Size and Nutritional Composition of Self-Incompatible and New Self-Compatible Almond Cultivars." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020326.
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Breeding programs for horticultural tree crops focus on enhancing productivity, including developing tolerance to pests and diseases and improving crop quality. Pollination services are often critical for crop production, and pollen parents can affect crop quality. We often do not know which pollen parents produce highest quality offspring or, in self-compatible cultivars, how much of the crop comes from cross- versus self-pollination. We quantified the proportions of self- and cross-paternity in an open pollination setting of five standard commercial almond cultivars and of six new almond cultivars selected for yield, kernel size, taste or self-compatibility. We assessed how pollination by different parents affected kernel size and nutritional quality. Kernels from most commercial cultivars and from the new cultivars selected for taste and size resulted almost entirely from cross-pollination. Most kernels from the commercial cultivar ‘Price’ resulted from cross-pollination but 21% resulted from self-pollination. In contrast, 48–91% of kernels from the new self-compatible cultivars resulted from self-pollination. Different cross-pollen parents did not greatly affect kernel size or quality. The proportions of self-paternity in the new self-compatible cultivars varied strongly in an open pollination setting suggesting that some cultivars may be good candidates for establishing monovarietal orchards.
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Palupi, E. R., J. N. Owens, S. Sadjad, Sudarsono, and D. D. Solihin. "The importance of fruit set, fruit abortion, and pollination success in fruit production of teak (Tectona grandis)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 11 (November 2010): 2204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-160.
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Teak ( Tectona grandis L.) is believed to have been introduced from India 400–500 years ago and there appear to be no old-growth natural forests. However, Indonesia has many teak plantation forests and 40%–50% of seeds for reforestation come from seed orchards and the remainder from plantations. In both, flower and fruit abortion results in low fruit set and thus seed production. We investigated flower and fruit development in a clonal seed orchard in East Java in 1999 and 2001 using cross- and open-pollinated trees. The rates of abortion using cross-pollinations showed a similar pattern but were lower than for open-pollinations. The highest rate of abortion in cross- and open-pollinations was during pollination and fertilization, ranging 11%–23% and 31%–32%/day, respectively, less during fruit initiation (5%–6% and 6%–8%/day) and the lowest was during fruit maturation (<0.5%/day). Cross-pollinations increased fruit production by 10-fold compared with open-pollinations. About 30% of flowers were pollinated with an average of five pollen grains per stigma in open-pollinations. Pollen viability varied among clones and time of day but was not affected by position of flowers in an inflorescence. We conclude that low pollination success and low pollen viability are major causes for low fruit production in teak and are related to insect pollinators.
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Reed, Sandra M. "Self-fertility and Time of Stigma Receptivity in Styrax japonicum." HortScience 38, no. 3 (June 2003): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.3.429.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-fertility and to determine the effectiveness of pollinations made over a 4-day period in Japanese snowbell, S. japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed in stained styles following cross- and self-pollinations made from 1 day before to 2 days after anthesis. One month after pollination, fruit set averaged 40% in cross-pollinations and 14% in self-pollinations. Two months later, about one-third of the fruit resulting from cross-pollinations had aborted and only one fruit remained from the self-pollinations. This study demonstrated that stigmas of S. japonicum are receptive for at least 4 days and that flowers should be emasculated prior to making controlled cross-pollinations.
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Zietsman, P. C. "Reproductive biology of Stomatium bolusiae (Aizoaceae: Ruschioideae)." Bothalia 43, no. 1 (January 13, 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v43i1.83.
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Flowers of Stomatium bolusiae are self-incompatible. The species exhibits crepuscular and nocturnal anthesis, exploiting two different pollination mechanisms. The structure of the hermaphroditic flower appears not to favour cross-pollination. The stigmata are never exposed to pollinating agents, which gain access to the floral rewards by forcing their way between the anthers. Clogging of the stigmatic surfaces by self-pollen is common. Nocturnal anthesis, concomitant with the nocturnal release of attractants and the offering of rewards, indicates that this species is primarily phalaenophilous and secondarily melittophilous, exhibiting a bimodal pollination system.