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Journal articles on the topic 'Crossing structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Li, Jia Wen, Xu Chen, and Bang De Li. "Frame Structure Bridge Design CAD Software Systems." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.768.

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After the railway speeding-up, a large number of railway level-crossing has changed to the underpass or overpass type of structure. In the underpass type of structure, the most of structure take the underpass bridges or frame bridge structure. This paper put forward the level-crossing rebuild into the frame structure bridge method of design, through using the object-oriented program design method realizes the frame structure bridge automatic design analysis，calculation and drawing process, greatly enhancing the frame structure bridge design work efficiency, accelerating the changing level crossing to grade rate, and eliminating the safety trouble of crossings.

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2

Milauskas, Steven J. "Low-Water Stream Crossing Options for Southern Haul Roads." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 1 (1988): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.1.11.

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Abstract Low-water stream crossings provide an alternative to conventional drainage structures of culverts and bridges. Creative design and sound analysis of crossing options is necessary to minimize channel disturbance. Costs vary greatly depending on the structure type, stream characteristics, and availability of labor and materials. Simple fords consisting of crushed stone or gravel, rock-filled gabions, or concrete structures can provide economical, low-maintenance stream crossings. Fords vented with pipe or concrete box culverts, though more costly, allow placement on perennial streams. All low-water crossings require careful planning to mesh environmental impact, site characteristics, operations requirements, and cost considerations. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):11-15.

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Mata, Cristina, Jesús Herranz, and Juan E. Malo. "Attraction and Avoidance between Predators and Prey at Wildlife Crossings on Roads." Diversity 12, no. 4 (2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040166.

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Wildlife passages are currently built at roads and railway lines to re-establish connectivity. However, little is known about whether predator-prey interactions may reduce the effectiveness of the crossing structures. We evaluated the co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing structures, noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on the same day. We built occupancy models using presence-absence matrices for three prey and five predator types obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. The results indicate that predators and prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation effects occurred in 20% of predator-prey species-pairs and were detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Our results show that both predator and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. However, the spatial and daily patterns of crossing suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to search for prey and that prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of predators. Our results support two recommendations to avoid crossing structures losing effectiveness or becoming prey traps: (i) increase the number of wider structures to reduce the risks of predator-prey encounters and (ii) include inside them structural heterogeneity and refuges, to reduce the likelihood for predator-prey interactions.

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4

Backofen, Rolf, Gad M. Landau, Mathias Möhl, Dekel Tsur, and Oren Weimann. "Fast RNA structure alignment for crossing input structures." Journal of Discrete Algorithms 9, no. 1 (2011): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jda.2010.07.004.

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Waluś, Konrad J., Jakub Polasik, Janusz Mielniczuk, and Łukasz Warguła. "Experimental tests of vehicle body accelerations at selected road and rail crossings." MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925404002.

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Vehicles moving across the railway are exposed to the dynamic reaction of unevenness of surface on those level crossing. This significantly influences on the increase of the acceleration as well as forces values transferred to the body of the car. These values depend to extent on the geometric parameters of level crossing as well as on the characteristics of the car tires and suspension. The paper presents the results of experimental tests of a small delivery vehicle crossing selected level crossings with a diversified geometric cross-section structure.

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Galinsky, Vitaly L., and Lawrence R. Frank. "The Lamellar Structure of the Brain Fiber Pathways." Neural Computation 28, no. 11 (2016): 2533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00896.

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We present a quantitative statistical analysis of pairwise crossings for all fibers obtained from whole brain tractography that confirms with high confidence that the brain grid theory (Wedeen et al., 2012a ) is not supported by the evidence. The overall fiber tracts structure appears to be more consistent with small angle treelike branching of tracts rather than with near-orthogonal gridlike crossing of fiber sheets. The analysis uses our new method for high-resolution whole brain tractography that is capable of resolving fibers crossing of less than 10 degrees and correctly following a continuous angular distribution of fibers even when the individual fiber directions are not resolved. This analysis also allows us to demonstrate that the whole brain fiber pathway system is very well approximated by a lamellar vector field, providing a concise and quantitative mathematical characterization of the structural connectivity of the human brain.

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Chirikov, B. V., and V. V. Vecheslavov. "Multiple separatrix crossing: A chaos structure." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 90, no. 5 (2000): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.559177.

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8

Fleiner, Tamás, and Tibor Jordán. "Coverings and structure of crossing families." Mathematical Programming 84, no. 3 (1999): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101070050035.

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9

Gittings, Gary L., Darren J. Torbic, and Leonard A. Zangwill. "Evaluation of Planning and Design Issues for Multiuse Trail and Highway Crossings." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1538, no. 1 (1996): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153800114.

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Across the country a network of multiuse trails is evolving from abandoned rail corridors. This phenomenon creates a new set of demands on public highway and transportation agencies. These demands are most evident at public highway crossings of rail-trail projects. These demands raise new policy, planning, and engineering issues. The most difficult and controversial of the engineering issues is whether to retain or remove grade-separating rail structures. The issue often pits trail advocates against public highway and transportation engineers in a debate over whether safety is enhanced or degraded by the removal of the structure. Decisions on structures rely on a variety of factors, including the physical condition of the structure; the alignment, clearance, and sightlines at the crossing; the quality of trail plans; and the magnitude and division of responsibility for current and future costs. To effectively resolve trail and highway crossing issues, it is important to recognize that, in matters related to the crossings, the highway or transportation agency's customer base includes trail users as well as motor vehicle drivers and passengers. Decisions on crossing issues should evolve from a balanced appraisal of the sometimes differing safety and operating needs of trail as well as highway users. The process of reaching balanced, multimodal design decisions begins with better public planning before rail line abandonment. The state highway or transportation agency can enhance its decision making through better communication, coordination, and encouragement of trail planning with sister state agencies, local government(s), regional planning agencies, and trail development organizations.

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Holtberget, Simen Hellgren, Xu Xiang, Cato Dørum, Johannes Veie, and Arianna Minoretti. "The Choice of Materials for the E39 Fjord Crossing Project." Nordic Concrete Research 61, no. 2 (2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0016.

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Abstract In the studies for crossing the long and deep Norwegian fjords along the E39 road, on the west coast of Norway, some challenging structures have been evaluated. Some of them are known structures, like floating bridges, and some others are structures never built before, like suspension bridges on tension leg platforms and submerged floating tube bridges. In the development of the feasibility studies for these crossings, the choice of materials has played an important role. The materials influence not only the design and the cost, but also the behaviour of the structure towards the environmental loads and some particular loads as the ship collision. The article illustrates the different solutions proposed for the fjord crossings and discusses the influence in the choice of the material, with special regards to the type of concrete. The pros and cons of the application of the light weight concrete are discussed.

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Zhao, Meng, Shan Lin Jiang, and Cheng Jun Liu. "New Structure of Crossing Magnetic Poles on Magnetic Fluid Seals." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.1393.

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In order to improve the ability of magnetic fluid seals, the new structure of crossing magnetic poles on magnetic seals can be designed. The reluctivity of gap with the crossing magnetic pole is less than the reluctivity of gap without the crossing magnetic pole. The magnetic intensity in the gap can be bigger because of the crossing magnetic poles. According to the pressure formula of magnetic fluid seals, the pressure on the one side of magnetic fluid seals can be increased. The sealing capacity with the crossing magnetic pole is more than the sealing capacity without the crossing magnetic pole. The sealing capacity can be improved by 10%-15%.

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12

Xin, Chun Lei, and Bo Gao. "Composite Lining Aseismic Design for Fault-Crossing Tunnel Structures." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.30.

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Although underground structures have stronger aseismic performance than ground structures, seismic disasters of mountain tunnels were fairly conspicuous in Wenchuan Great Earthquake. On the basis of seismic disaster analysis, a composite lining designfor tunnel structures across active fault was put forward. Three-dimensional numerical simulation method was used to analyze aseismic and damping effect of this structure. The results show that: (1)After setting aseismic and damping structure, the maximum internal forces value in lining the pattern of internal forces will not change. (2)Aseismic and damping structure setting can directly reduce the bending moment value and increase the axial force and stress force value in lining structure. (3) Relative to aseismic and damping structure, grouting region around damping layer can ameliorate internal force condition in lining structure and improve the effect of aseismic and damping structure. The above research results contribute to provide reference for seismic fortification of tunnel structures across active faults.

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park kyoung yeon. "Study on Miyazawa Kenji’s 『Snow Crossing』 structure." 아시아문화연구 43, no. ll (2017): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34252/acsri.2017.43..005.

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14

Aikin, Jeremy, and James Oxley. "The structure of crossing separations in matroids." Advances in Applied Mathematics 41, no. 1 (2008): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aam.2007.05.004.

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15

McGrath, Eva, Nichola Harmer, and Richard Yarwood. "Ferries as travelling landscapes: tourism and watery mobilities." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 14, no. 3 (2020): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-10-2019-0184.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the use of small river ferries as an under-researched but novel mode of travel which enhances and brings new dimensions to tourist experiences of travelling landscapes. Design/methodology/approach The study used a mixed methods approach including participant observation, a survey and interviews with ferry users and staff at one river crossing in South West England. Findings The ferry attracts tourists as a different and practical mode of transport. The river crossing provides an experience of being on water, and the material structure of the ferry significantly shapes on-board interactions whilst providing new perspectives of place. Research limitations/implications This article draws on data collected for a study of ferry crossings conducted at three sites in Devon and Cornwall, England, using multiple methods. The material presented in this article focuses on one site and draws on four interviews, twelve reflection cards and observations. Social implications The research highlighted the extent to which the ferry is dependent on tourist use. At the same time, it reveals the extent to which the crossing enriches the tourist experience and celebrates a ferry’s contribution to local place-making. Originality/value The majority of research on ferry crossings focuses on commuter experiences, marine crossings and larger passenger vessels. This article makes an original contribution to literature on ferries, as it offers a perspective on tourist experiences of river ferry crossings, reveals how the ferry structure influences interrelations on-board and provides distinctive insights into place through a focus on movement across water.

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Nagase, Teruo, та Akiko Shima. "The structure of a minimal n-chart with two crossings I: Complementary domains of Γ1 ∪ Γn−1". Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 27, № 14 (2018): 1850078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216518500785.

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This is the first step of the two steps to enumerate the minimal charts with two crossings. For a label [Formula: see text] of a chart [Formula: see text] we denote by [Formula: see text] the union of all the edges of label [Formula: see text] and their vertices. For a minimal chart [Formula: see text] with exactly two crossings, we can show that the two crossings are contained in [Formula: see text] for some labels [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study the structure of a disk [Formula: see text] not containing any crossing but satisfying [Formula: see text].

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FADEL MIGUEL, Leandro Fleck, João KAMINSKI Jr., Letícia Fleck Fadel MIGUEL, Jorge Daniel RIERA, and Ruy Carlos Ramos de MENEZES. "DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A 190M-HIGH TRANSMISSION TOWER FOR A LARGE RIVER CROSSING." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 4 (2015): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.897994.

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The construction of a double circuit 500kV transmission line (TL) in the Brazilian Amazon region is currently in progress. In addition to its length within the rain forest, the TL had to overcome large river crossings and environmental constrains. Among them, the crossing of the Trombetas River is one of the most important, with a total length of more than 5100 m. The proposed design includes two 190 m high towers necessary to attain spans as long as 1600 m. Additionally, the towers had to be supported by concrete columns, 10 m above ground level, due to the annual flooding of the river bed. These structures demand a detailed assessment, since the design required long-span conductors and tall structures that are outside the range normally considered in codes. In this context, the present article describes the dynamic analysis of the complete TL segment for this crossing, with emphasis on the response of the 190 m-high main structure which is subjected to Extended Pressure Systems and Thunderstorm wind loads, as well as cable rupture. The entire TL crossing is modelled, including the two highest towers and all other elements. The responses determined by such approach are then compared to values obtained by standard practice.

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Shariff, Ali A., Saidi A. Tamba, and Azizi A. Mdimi. "Pedestrians’ Crossing Problems at the Manzese Footbridge and Proposed Measures." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 31, no. 2 (2008): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v31i2.435.

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In its efforts to restore safety to pedestrians the Government of Tanzania constructed the Manzese Footbridge along the Morogoro road. The project cost was TShs. 46,300 Million at the price in year 1990. The bridge design was carried out in accordance with Road Bridge Design Manual published by Japan Road Association. Unfortunately, only one pedestrian bridge has been built in Dar es Salaam since 1991. Footbridges and underpasses have hundred percent potential of protecting the pedestrian’s safety when the traffic streambeing crossed is heavy. It is not known why this advantage is not fully utilized by pedestrians in Dar es Salaam city. The paper tries to find out the reasons behind this trend. A case study of the footbridge at Manzese and two neighbouring zebra crossings one on either side of thebridge were used. Experimental data of the number of pedestrians crossing at the bridge, Tip Top and Bakhresa zebra crossings at fifteen minute intervals were collected for five working days starting from 1200 to 1515hours. The average deviations of pedestrians crossing at Tip Top and Bakhresa from the bridge were analysed by means of a paired t-statistic to uncover the usage inadequacy of the crossing facilities. Manzese foot bridge quality was also analysed by the Five Point Likert Scale using five quality attribute sentences. A random sample of 165 people was used in the analysis. The t-statistic showed that the bridge crossing is not significant at 5% level but significant at Tip Top and Bakhresa zebra crossings. This reveals that the pedestrians are not using the bridge compared with the other two zebra crossings. The Likert method showed that inadequate security, loss of muscle energy, no plaza,dizziness and no facilities to attract crossing of all types of pedestrians are reasons hindering its use. It is recommended that the above findings can be rectified by providing security lighting, police patrol and modification of bridge structure.

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Yoon, Sung Cheol, Sang Hoon Chang, and Jeong Guk Kim. "Application of the Rubber Panel Structure for Railway Crossings." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2753.

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As the public application of the railway and the road increases, properly functioning and safe railway crossing between two means of transportation becomes more important. In the past, materials such as wood, asphalt, and steel were used for railway crossing panel. As these materials showed various drawbacks, the rubber panel was introduced for railway crossing panel. To encourage the use of the rubber panel, the structural action analyses of rubber panel were studied. In this research, using the finite-element method (FEM), several structural properties were analyzed and presented including the eigenvalue, stress, and displacement by a passing truck’s weight, and the thermal stress induced by the railway track.

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Papadopoulou, Evanthia, and Jinhui Xu. "The L∞ Hausdorff Voronoi Diagram Revisited." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 25, no. 02 (2015): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195915500089.

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We revisit the [Formula: see text] Hausdorff Voronoi diagram of clusters of points in the plane and present a simple two-pass plane sweep algorithm to construct it. This problem is motivated by applications in the semiconductor industry, in particular, critical area analysis and yield prediction in VLSI design. We show that the structural complexity of this diagram is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of given clusters and [Formula: see text] is a number of specially crossing clusters, called essential. Our algorithm runs in [Formula: see text] time and [Formula: see text] space, where [Formula: see text] reflects a slight superset of essential crossings, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is the total number of crossing clusters. For non-crossing clusters ([Formula: see text]) or clusters with only a small number of crossings ([Formula: see text]) the algorithm is optimal. The latter is the case of interest in the motivating application, where [Formula: see text]. This is achieved by augmenting the wavefront data structure of the plane sweep, and a preprocessing step, based on point dominance, which is interesting in its own right.

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Mishchenko, S. "Sex structure of hemp convergent hybrids." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-93-103.

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Inbreeding and its extreme form (self-pollination) are an effective method for stabilizing the monoecious traits of industrial hemp. The hybrids with self-pollinated lines as the components of which, in most cases, were characterized by a better sex composition than the output cultivar forms, and the absence of male plants. The number of monoecious feminized plant (the main sexual type of modern varieties) in hybrids created as a result of crossing in the directions of vertical convergence was from 54.2 to 100.0 %, and in hybrids created by crossing in horizontal convergence it was from 37.7 to 100.0 %. The use of hybridization in the directions of vertical and horizontal convergence is advisable in the breeding of industrial hemp, especially for obtaining a starting material with a stable trait of monoecious, with high plant biomass, fber content and seed productivity. We recommend the following crosses: the frst and third generations of simple linear-varietal hybrids of various ecological-geographical types, related to one of the parental forms (F1 × F3) (i); crossing of simple interlinear hybrids of various ecological-geographical types with an inbred line of the Central European type of a later generation from self-pollination (interline hybrid × self-pollinated line) (ii); reciprocal crosses of simple interlinear hybrids of various ecological-geographical types with the original cultivar of a self-pollinated line of the middle European type (interline hybrid × cultivar and cultivar × interline hybrid) (iii); crossing of simple linear-varietal and intervarietal hybrids of the frst generation, related in one of the parental forms (iiii). The consistent use of crossbreeding, inbreeding (or divergence), hybridization (or crossing in the vertical and horizontal convergence directions) has created heterotic hemp forms with stable productive potential, homogeneous sex structure, and non-psychotropic properties. The created variety ‘Aurora’ is an example of an innovative breeding method. Key words: hemp, breeding, sex, monoecious, crossbreeding, inbreeding, divergence, convergence, hybrid, productivity.

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Attar, Sarah T., Vladimir Shuvayev, Lev Deych, Leopoldo L. Martin, and Tal Carmon. "Level-crossing and modal structure in microdroplet resonators." Optics Express 24, no. 12 (2016): 13134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.013134.

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Liu, Zhicong, Chao Li, and Qing Qin. "Structure resonance crossing in space charge dominated beams." Physics of Plasmas 26, no. 5 (2019): 053104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5061774.

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Teng, Zhenchao, Yuxiang Zhao, Yu Liu, Kaiqi Liu, and Jia Zhao. "Response analysis of pipeline crossing structure with earthquake." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 580 (November 7, 2020): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/580/1/012086.

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Xiong, Zhongming, Xuan Chen, Yongwei Wang, Weiyang Xiong, and J. Jorge Ochoa. "Dynamic Performance of RC Structure Crossing Ground Fissure." Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 5 (2020): 04020072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002624.

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Ponomarev, Andrei B., V. I. Kleveko, O. V. Moiseeva, and K. R. Kashapova. "FIBER REINFORCED SAND BACKFILL FOR UNDERGROUND PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 10 (October 15, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.10.0034.

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Crosswalk is an essential element of the transport system of any city. A priority assignment in any such crossing is to ensure the safety of pedestrians. Underground pedestrian crossings are much safer than crossings at another level, but they lose in attraction when it comes to cost. The cost of the construction of an underground pedestrian crossing often leads to project abandonment. The cost of construction can be reduced through the use of flexible corrugated metal structures instead of ordinary concrete structures. The stress-strain state of the structural shells need to be known to facilitate their rational design. The stress-strain state of flexible corrugated metal shells largely depends on the strength and deformation characteristics of the surrounding soil. Therefore, improving the characteristics of backfill soil is an urgent task in reducing the cost of construction for such tunnels. One way to improve the strength and deformation characteristics of soils is the use of reinforcement. Currently, there are a large number of reinforcement schemes and also associated reinforcing materials. One of the most prospective methods of soil reinforcement is the use of fibre filaments. Fibre reinforced soils have significantly higher strength and deformation characteristics in comparison with unreinforced soils. Numerical modelling of a tunnel shell made out of a corrugated metal structure was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of using fibre reinforced sand. Ordinary sand and sand reinforced with polypropylene fibres have been used as soil backfill. The calculation results for a pedestrian tunnel structure involving different strength and deformation characteristics of the backfill soil are presented in this article.

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Ercegovac, Pamela, Gordan Stojić, Miloš Kopić, Željko Stević, Feta Sinani, and Ilija Tanackov. "Model for Risk Calculation and Reliability Comparison of Level Crossings." Entropy 23, no. 9 (2021): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091230.

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There is not a single country in the world that is so rich that it can remove all level crossings or provide their denivelation in order to absolutely avoid the possibility of accidents at the intersections of railways and road traffic. In the Republic of Serbia alone, the largest number of accidents occur at passive crossings, which make up three-quarters of the total number of crossings. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly find solutions to the problem of priorities when choosing level crossings where it is necessary to raise the level of security, primarily by analyzing the risk and reliability at all level crossings. This paper presents a model that enables this. The calculation of the maximal risk of a level crossing is achieved under the conditions of generating the maximum entropy in the virtual operating mode. The basis of the model is a heterogeneous queuing system. Maximum entropy is based on the mandatory application of an exponential distribution. The system is Markovian and is solved by a standard analytical concept. The basic input parameters for the calculation of the maximal risk are the geometric characteristics of the level crossing and the intensities and structure of the flows of road and railway vehicles. The real risk is based on statistical records of accidents and flow intensities. The exact reliability of the level crossing is calculated from the ratio of real and maximal risk, which enables their further comparison in order to raise the level of safety, and that is the basic idea of this paper.

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THISTLETHWAITE, MORWEN. "ON THE STRUCTURE AND SCARCITY OF ALTERNATING LINKS AND TANGLES." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 07, no. 07 (1998): 981–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821659800053x.

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It is shown that the proportion of alternating n-crossing, prime link types amongst all n-crossing prime link types tends to zero exponentially with increasing n. Also, a characterization is established for essential annuli in alternating tangles, and a simple criterion is given for equivalence of alternating tangles.

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Et. al., Jivesh Ujjwal,. "Factor Structure Analysis for Pedestrian Level of Service Assessment using Structural Equation Modelling." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 4 (2021): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.602.

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Pedestrian facilities are aimed at providing proper walking infrastructure and environment to promote walking in cities and needs to serve the desired requirements of users. It is important to assess the level of service (LOS) provided by such facilities. Various guidelines are available for assessing LOS of sidewalks, midblock crossings and pedestrians walking along the carriageway. However, the guidelines and factors considered for assessment are diverse and no single guideline is available that comprehensively takes into account all variables relevant for both sidewalks and crossings and for mixed land use settings. This work thus attempts to identify factors and their underlying variables and also the relative importance of the factors in determining LOS of pedestrian facilities in mixed land use areas. For this purpose, the study systematically identifies a comprehensive list of 20 important variables associated with LOS assessment for pedestrian facilities from literature. A survey was conducted of a heterogeneous group of 720 pedestrians from Patna, India to find importance perceptions of all the above identified variables. The important factors and their significant underlying variables were then identified using Exploratory Factor Analysis and the factor structure was confirmed using Structural Equation Model using survey data. Five factors namely Infrastructure, Crossing issues, Security, Sidewalk encroachments and Safety were identified with 13 significant underlying variables. It was observed that the crossing facility conditions predominantly influence the perception of LOS of pedestrian facilities. The findings of the study can be used by urban planners in focusing their improvement efforts for pedestrian facilities.

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Kong, Wei, and Lin Wu. "UHV KZ185 Crossing Tower Stress Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.410.

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In terms of structure design for transmission towers, early because of restricted by calculation method, are generally will tower inner force analysis that was decomposed into several pieces of plane truss. This method omits truss space effect, is a kind of approximate calculation method. Later adopted a more accurate method of space truss, considering the relations between the deformation coordination of bar of tower structure and the mechanical equilibrium conditions, can reflect the actual situation of the tower stress relatively and accurately. The above calculation method, both plane truss method and method of space truss all nodes are assumed to be the ideal of articulated point, ignoring the interaction of the influence of secondary moment and torque to the structure. In recent years, with the rising of power grids, high voltage, large capacity of transmission lines construction become the trend of the development of the grid technology. Gradually to develop in the direction of high, long-span transmission tower, component cross section increases gradually, the second-order stress effect on the structure is becoming more and more important. The truss method in some special structure and the adaptability of complex working conditions should be tested by experiment and other finite element calculation software review.

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Xue, Tong, Rong Liu, and Shi Min Zhai. "Structure Design and Analysis of Moving Character for Detect Robot for Underground Coal Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 526 (February 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.526.205.

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Aiming at the environment of the underground coal mine combined with the advantage of the articulated-tracked mobile robot at present, a flameproof mobile robot which can detect and rescue for underground coal mine is designed. By analyzed of obstacle crossing mechanism for the robot, necessary conditions for robot obstacle crossing successfully were proposed, and the gait of robot obstacle crossing was programmed. The conclusion can be provided for the same type robots structural design and optimization.

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Fischer, R., U. Müller, and U. Bergfeld. "Genetische Beziehungen für das Merkmal Lebenstagszunahme in einem Dreirassenkreuzungsprogramm beim Schwein." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 5 (2002): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-481-2002.

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Abstract. Title of the paper: Genetic association for daily gain (lifetime) in an crossbreeding program The aim of this investigation is an analysis of the crossing structure of a three-race crossing program and the genetic relations with respect to the trait average daily gain. For this purpose we examine the genetic relations for their usefulness for a estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values. Finally a parameter estimation is carried out. The data basis consists of 1757 German Large White performances, 34980 Landrace performances and 2775 Pietrain performances in pure breed as well as 92757 performances of the crossings of the mother lines and altogether 13854 Pietrain crossings (1997 PI x DL and 11857 PI x DEDL). The heritabilities for the variable daily gain are in the range from 0.17 to 0.31. The genetic correlations between the mother races and their crossbreedings are around 0.9. Between the pure Pietrain and the Pietrain crossings these values reach only 0.7. Within the two groups of crossings with Pietrains the genetic correlations are almost one. From the genetic point of view it is possible to put together the mother races and their crossings as well as the Pietrain crossings. Thus, for this trait it is sufficient to consider a three variable model with separate investigation of the mother races, the Pietrains and the Pietrain crossings.

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Sechrist, B., J. A. Coakley, and W. R. Tahnk. "Effects of Additional Particles on Already Polluted Marine Stratus." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (2012): 1975–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0291.1.

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Abstract The response of already polluted marine stratocumulus to additional particles was examined by studying the clouds where two ship tracks cross. Nearly 100 such crossings were collected and analyzed using Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) multispectral imagery for the daytime passes off the western coast of the United States during the summer months of 4 years. To reduce biases in the retrieved cloud properties caused by the subpixel spatial structure of the clouds, results are presented only for ship tracks found in regions overcast by extensive layers of marine stratus. When two ship tracks cross, one of the tracks exhibits much larger changes in droplet radii when compared with the surrounding unpolluted clouds and is referred to as the dominant ship track. The clouds at the crossing typically exhibit properties that are closer to those of the dominant than to those of the subordinate ship track. To determine whether the additional particles at the crossing affect the dominant track, local gradients in the retrieved cloud properties near the crossing were determined for both ship tracks. Based on the gradients, the clouds at the junction were found to have significantly smaller droplet radii and significantly larger column droplet number concentrations than were predicted based on their values in both ship tracks on either side of the crossing. Comparing the effects of particle loading at the crossings and elsewhere along the ship tracks revealed that the effects decreased as the column droplet number concentration of the clouds being affected increased.

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Garrison, T. J., G. S. Settles, N. Narayanswami, and D. D. Knight. "Structure of crossing-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions." AIAA Journal 31, no. 12 (1993): 2204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.11916.

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Scholand, Tobias, Andreas Waadt, and Peter Jung. "Novel Bluetooth Receiver Structure Deploying Improved Zero-Crossing Detection." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 56, no. 2 (2007): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2006.889574.

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Liu, Heliang, Hwayaw Tam, P. K. A. Wai, and Edwin Pun. "Low-loss waveguide crossing using a multimode interference structure." Optics Communications 241, no. 1-3 (2004): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2004.07.008.

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Sanchis, Pablo, Pablo Villalba, Francisco Cuesta, et al. "Highly efficient crossing structure for silicon-on-insulator waveguides." Optics Letters 34, no. 18 (2009): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.002760.

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Bougrier, S., H. Grizel, and J. P. Deltreil. "Crossing influence on shape and structure of oyster shells." Aquaculture 57, no. 1-4 (1986): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90223-1.

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Pitler, Emily. "A Crossing-Sensitive Third-Order Factorization for Dependency Parsing." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2 (December 2014): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00164.

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Parsers that parametrize over wider scopes are generally more accurate than edge-factored models. For graph-based non-projective parsers, wider factorizations have so far implied large increases in the computational complexity of the parsing problem. This paper introduces a “crossing-sensitive” generalization of a third-order factorization that trades off complexity in the model structure (i.e., scoring with features over multiple edges) with complexity in the output structure (i.e., producing crossing edges). Under this model, the optimal 1-Endpoint-Crossing tree can be found in O( n4) time, matching the asymptotic run-time of both the third-order projective parser and the edge-factored 1-Endpoint-Crossing parser. The crossing-sensitive third-order parser is significantly more accurate than the third-order projective parser under many experimental settings and significantly less accurate on none.

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Yuan, Mingrui, Yanfeng Li, Yongchang Lu, et al. "High-performance and compact broadband terahertz plasmonic waveguide intersection." Nanophotonics 8, no. 10 (2019): 1811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0191.

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AbstractFor terahertz (THz) integrated systems, an intersection between waveguides is inevitable and is often accompanied by considerable crosstalk and loss. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel type of crossing with a footprint less than 0.2 × 0.2 mm2 for THz surface plasmon polariton waveguiding. With an optimized crossover structure, the measured loss of the intersection is as low as 0.89 dB/crossing, and the crosstalk is less than −19.06 dB/crossing at 0.55 THz. The proposed crossing structure is compact and has low loss and crosstalk within a broad band, which will pave the way for a wide range of new applications for THz integrated systems.

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Trukhachev, Vladimir, Ivanovna Selionova, Irina Dmitrik, et al. "Genetical influence on histological structure and chemical composition of muscular tissue in sheep." Genetika 53, no. 1 (2021): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2101209t.

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The effect of different genotypes kept in the same feeding level on microstructure and chemical composition of muscular tissue (musculus longissimus dorsi) of sheep has studied. The study aims to see how the gene combination of different breeds influences the mentioned problem. It was revealed that sheep muscular tissue obtained by crossing the North-Caucasian breeds (NC) and Texel (T) was characterized by a larger quantity of muscular fibres by 4.73 % and 10.14% (P<0.05), and a smaller diameter by 5.65 % and 18.6% (P< 0.05), a higher evaluation of marbling by 5.2 and 8.3 points, less connective tissue content by 0.8 and 1.3 absolute percentage compared to thoroughbred North-Caucasian and from crossing North-Caucasian with Poll Dorset (PD). It showed that meat obtained from crossing animals of the T?NC variant is more delicate, succulent, and has a total higher quality and consumer properties. The results of different crossing indicate the reasonability to use morphological characteristics of muscular tissue on the histological level when the quality of sheep slaughtering performance had evaluated.

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Veeraraghavan, Shoba, and Gary A. Fuller. "Characterisation of spatial structure in molecular clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900199589.

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Two topological tools for studying the global structure of molecular clouds, the genus and the contour-crossing statistic, are discussed. Preliminary results for the Taurus molecular cloud complex are presented.

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Veeraraghavan, Shoba, and Gary A. Fuller. "Characterisation of spatial structure in molecular clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900240205.

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Two topological tools for studying the global structure of molecular clouds, the genus and the contour-crossing statistic, are discussed. Preliminary results for the Taurus molecular cloud complex are presented.

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Cao, Jun, та Zhi-Zhong Xie. "Internal conversion and intersystem crossing in α,β-enones: a combination of electronic structure calculations and dynamics simulations". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, № 9 (2016): 6931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06833a.

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Decencière, Etienne, and Michel Bilodeau. "ADAPTIVE CROSSING NUMBERS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BINARY DOWNSAMPLING." Image Analysis & Stereology 26, no. 2 (2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v26.p73-81.

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A downsampling method for binary images is presented, which aims at preserving the topology of the image. It uses a general reference sampling structure. The reference image is computed through the analysis of the connected components of the neighbourhood of each pixel. The resulting downsampling operator is autodual, which ensures that white and black structures are treated in the same way. Experiments show, by visual inspection on the displayed images, that the image topology is indeed preserved satisfactorily.

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Lin, Yih Bin, Jen Hao Cheng, Rei Shin Chen, Ting Chung Yu, Ju Feng Liu, and Han Bin Lin. "Multimode-Interference-Based Waveguide Crossing in Two-Dimensional Cubic Photonic Crystal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2876.

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A novel design of photonic crystal waveguide crossing based on multimode-interference (MMI) structure is proposed. Two structures of difference device lengths are simulated and studied. The proposed structures have high transmission efficiency for a wide bandwidth. The crosstalk is -26dB with device length of 12 lattice periods and -39dB with device length of 24 lattice periods. The plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method are used to calculate the modal dispersion curve and field propagation, respectively. The proposed MMI-based waveguide crossing has the potential to be practical in high-density optical integrated circuits.

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Soep, Benoît, Jean-Michel Mestdagh, Marc Briant, Marc-André Gaveau, and Lionel Poisson. "Direct observation of slow intersystem crossing in an aromatic ketone, fluorenone." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 33 (2016): 22914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04308a.

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Direct measurements of Single vibronic Level InterSystem Crossing (SLISC) performed on the fluorenone molecule in the gas phase, by time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, revealed the dramatic importance of its structure on intersystem crossing.

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Kim, Deuk-Su, Yang Joo Kang, Kyung Jin Lee, et al. "A Plant-Derived Antigen–Antibody Complex Induces Anti-Cancer Immune Responses by Forming a Large Quaternary Structure." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (2020): 5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165603.

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The antigen–antibody complex (AAC) has novel functions for immunomodulation, encouraging the application of diverse quaternary protein structures for vaccination. In this study, GA733 antigen and anti-GA733 antibody proteins were both co-expressed to obtain the AAC protein structures in a F1 plant obtained by crossing the plants expressing each protein. In F1 plant, the antigen and antibody assembled to form a large quaternary circular ACC structure (~30 nm). The large quaternary protein structures induced immune response to produce anticancer immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are specific to the corresponding antigens in mouse. The serum containing the anticancer IgGs inhibited the human colorectal cancer cell growth in the xenograft nude mouse. Taken together, antigens and antibodies can be assembled to form AAC protein structures in plants. Plant crossing represents an alternative strategy for the formation of AAC vaccines that efficiently increases anticancer antibody production.

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Dib, Eddy, Antoine Gimenez, Tzonka Mineva, and Bruno Alonso. "Preferential orientations of structure directing agents in zeolites." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 38 (2015): 16680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt02558c.

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The local structure of MFI-type zeolites is modified using asymmetric tetraalkylammonium structure directing agents R(Pr)₃N⁺ cations that adopt preferential orientations at the crossing between channels.

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Zayaruznaya, Anna. "‘SHE HAS A WHEEL THAT TURNS …’: CROSSED AND CONTRADICTORY VOICES IN MACHAUT'S MOTETS." Early Music History 28 (August 24, 2009): 185–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127909000370.

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The tiered structure of Machaut's motets is often taken for granted: the tenor is the lowest voice, the motetus is in the middle, and the triplum is highest. While this is mostly true of Machaut's work and of Ars nova motets more generally, there are a number of significant exceptions – passages in which the upper voices switch roles and the motetus sings at the top of the texture. The most striking of these are consistently linked with the goddess Fortuna. In Motets 12, 14 and 15, moments of voice-crossing serve to illustrate the actions of the goddess, who traditionally raises the low and lowers the high. While they are certainly symbolic, these instances of voice-crossing are also audible: since the voices retain their distinct rhythmic and textual profiles even while their relative ranges are reversed, voice-crossings allow the listener to hear a musical world turned on its head.

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