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Journal articles on the topic 'Crosslinked'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Anžlovar, Alojz, Mohor Mihelčič, Iztok Švab, David Pahovnik, and Ema Žagar. "Dynamic Crosslinking of LDPE by Nitroxide Radical Coupling of a Dicyclopentadiene Dicarboxylic Acid and Its Dynamic Properties." Polymers 17, no. 11 (2025): 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111536.

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LDPE was crosslinked with novel dynamic or conventional crosslinking agents during melt processing. Both crosslinkers were synthesized by the esterification of Thiele’s acid or adipic acid with 4-hydroxy-TEMPO. 1H-NMR showed that a temperature of 170 °C and a reaction time of 24 min are required for a successful crosslinking. The concentrations of crosslinking agents were 1.45, 2.9, and 5.8 mol%. Conventionally crosslinked LDPEs show a decrease in soluble content in hot xylene with increased crosslinker concentrations, while dynamically crosslinked LDPEs show no change after thermal treatment,

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2

Yamaki, Tetsuya, Junichi Tsukada, Masaharu Asano, Ryoichi Katakai, and Masaru Yoshida. "Preparation of Highly Stable Ion Exchange Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Styrene and Bis(vinyl phenyl)ethane Into Crosslinked Polytetrafluoroethylene Films." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393305.

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We prepared novel ion exchange membranes for possible use in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) by the radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and new crosslinker bis(vinyl phenyl)ethane (BVPE) into crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (cPTFE) films and subsequent sulfonation and then investigated their water uptake, proton conductivity, and stability in an oxidizing environment. In contrast to the conventional crosslinker, divinylbenzene (DVB), the degree of grafting of styrene∕BVPE increased in spite of high crosslinker concentrations in the reacting solution (up to 70mol%). Q

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3

Lin, David C., Bernard Yurke, and Noshir A. Langrana. "Mechanical Properties of a Reversible, DNA-Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogel." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 1 (2004): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1645529.

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Mechanical properties of a polyacrylamide gel with reversible DNA crosslinks are presented. In this system, three DNA strands replace traditional chemical crosslinkers. In contrast to thermoset chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide, the new hydrogel is thermoreversible; crosslink dissociation without the addition of heat is also feasible by introducing a specific removal DNA strand. This hydrogel is characterized by a critical crosslink concentration at which gelation occurs. Below the critical point, a characteristic temperature exists at which a transition in viscosity is observed. Both temp

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4

Wang, Fan-Wei, Yun-Ju Chen, Jung-Ren Huang, and Yeng-Long Chen. "Probing the Stoichiometry Dependence of Enzyme-Catalyzed Junction Zone Network Formation in Aiyu Pectin Gel via a Reaction Kinetics Model." Polymers 14, no. 21 (2022): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214631.

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We investigate the enzymatic self-catalyzed gelation process in aiyu gel, a natural ion crosslinked polysaccharide gel. The gelation process depends on the concentration ratio (Rmax) of the crosslinking calcium ions and all galacturonic acid binding sites. The physical gel network formation relies on the assembly of calcium-polysaccharide crosslink bonds. The crosslinks are initially transient and through break-up/rebinding gradually re-organizing into long, stable junction zones. Our previous study formulated a reaction kinetics model to describe enzymatic activation, crosslinker binding, and

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5

Monticelli, Damiano, Virginia Martina, Roberto Mocchi, et al. "Chemical Characterization of Hydrogels Crosslinked with Polyethylene Glycol for Soft Tissue Augmentation." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (2019): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.279.

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BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogels for esthetic applications found widespread use. HA should be crosslinked for this application to achieve the correct viscoelastic properties and avoid fast degradation by the hyaluronidase enzyme naturally present in the skin: these properties are controlled by the amount of crosslinker and the fraction that is effectively crosslinked (i.e. that binds two HA chains). AIM: Crosslinking by polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has been more recently introduced and showed attractive features in terms of viscoelastic properties and redu

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6

Varga, Viktória, László Smeller, Róbert Várdai, et al. "Water-Insoluble, Thermostable, Crosslinked Gelatin Matrix for Soft Tissue Implant Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8 (2024): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084336.

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In this present study, the material science background of crosslinked gelatin (GEL) was investigated. The aim was to assess the optimal reaction parameters for the production of a water-insoluble crosslinked gelatin matrix suitable for heat sterilization. Matrices were subjected to enzymatic degradation assessments, and their ability to withstand heat sterilization was evaluated. The impact of different crosslinkers on matrix properties was analyzed. It was found that matrices crosslinked with butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) were resistant

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7

Chandra, Ashika, Ashneel Ajay Singh, Surendra Prasad, Mats R. Andersson, and Desta Gedefaw. "Crosslinking Approaches for Polyethylene Imine (PEI) and Its Uses in Adsorption of Heavy Metals, Dyes, and Carbon Dioxide." Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (2025): 4767. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094767.

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Polyethylene imine (PEI) is a synthetic water-soluble and nitrogen-rich polymer with an ethylene amine repeating unit. It exists in a linear or branched forms and finds applications in various areas. PEI is often chemically modified by crosslinking reactions using molecular and polymeric crosslinkers (e.g., trichlorotriazine, epichlorohydrin, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, etc.) to increase its stability and reduce its water solubility. PEI (pristine/crosslinked) has a strong affinity for metal cations (e.g., Cu2+, Au3+, Pb2+, etc.), where the nitroge

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8

Oprea, S., V. E. Musteata, and V. O. Potolinca. "Molecular Dynamics of Linear and Crosslinked Polyester Urethanes Studied by Dielectric Spectroscopy." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 43, no. 6 (2011): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244311413645.

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The molecular dynamics of crosslinked polyurethanes have been studied by dielectric spectroscopy and compared with the dynamics of linear polyurethanes. Two local relaxations, γ and β, and a primary relaxation, α, were observed for all the samples, appearing in relation with the increase in temperature. The conductivity was studied at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature and it was found to decrease with the increasing content of crosslinker. The presence of crosslinks strongly influences their dielectric properties, especially in the elastic state. The linear polyurethane

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9

Sokhanvarian, Khatere, Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din, and Thomas L. Harper. "Effect of Ligand Type Attached to Zirconium-Based Crosslinkers and the Effect of a New Dual Crosslinker on the Properties of Crosslinked Carboxymethylhydroxypropylguar." SPE Journal 24, no. 04 (2019): 1741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/194204-pa.

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Summary Hydraulic fracturing has become a common practice in the petroleum industry, and several systems have been developed to obtain a suitable crosslinked polymer for the treatment. However, each system has its strengths and weaknesses. This study aims to investigate the effect of three different ligand types attached to zirconium (Zr) on the performance of carboxymethylhydroxypropylguar (CMHPG) crosslinked with Zr-based crosslinkers with the different ligands. The shear recoverability and rapid viscosity buildup at the high pH of Zr-based crosslinkers were overcome by a new aluminum-zircon

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10

Azman, Nadia Wan, Nurhidayatul Ainah Abdullah, Norihide Enomoto, and Azura A. Rashid. "Effect of Post-Processing Parameters of Accelerator-Free Crosslinker (AF) on Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Latex Films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2907, no. 1 (2024): 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2907/1/012011.

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Abstract Gloves manufacturers have been trying to establish an alternative vulcanization system without an accelerator to combat health issues. One such innovation is the technology of producing latex film self-crosslinked without the use of sulphur and accelerators. In this study, Polycarbodiimide (PCDI) was used as a crosslinker to produce carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex films. Effect of post-processing parameters (leaching and ageing) methods were carried out to investigate the performance of PCDI as a self-crosslinker compared to sulphur vulcanization systems. The mechan

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11

Xiong, Yun, Xu Zhang, and Ming Zhu Liu. "Effect of Crosslinker Type on the Properties of Surface-Crosslinked Poly(sodium acrylate) Superabsorbents." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.89.

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A series of poly (sodium acrylate) superabsorbents hydrogels were synthesized through aqueous solution using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (NNMBA), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as crosslink agents separately to investigate the effect of crosslinker type on the properties of acrylic-based superabsorbents. Furthermore, the polymers were surface-crosslinked using trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether to improve the properties of swollen hydrogel. The morphology of the samples was characterized by scanning el

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12

Pham, Duy Toan, Nuttawut Saelim, Raphaël Cornu, Arnaud Béduneau, and Waree Tiyaboonchai. "Crosslinked Fibroin Nanoparticles: Investigations on Biostability, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Internalization." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 5 (2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13050086.

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Recently, crosslinked fibroin nanoparticles (FNP) using the crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) or the polymer poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) have been developed and showed potentials as novel drug delivery systems. Thus, this study further investigated the biological properties of these crosslinked FNP by labeling them with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for in vitro studies. All formulations possessed a mean particle size of approximately 300 nm and a tunable zeta potential (−20 to + 30 mV) dependent on the amount/type of crosslinkers. The FITC-bound F

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13

Panagiotopoulos, Christos, Athanasios Porfyris, Dimitrios Korres, and Stamatina Vouyiouka. "Solid-State Polymerization as a Vitrimerization Tool Starting from Available Thermoplastics: The Effect of Reaction Temperature." Materials 14, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010009.

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In the current work, solid-state polymerization (SSP) was studied for the synthesis of poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT-based vitrimers. A two-step process was followed; the first step involved alcoholysis reactions and the incorporation of glycerol in the polymer chains. The second step comprised transesterification reactions in the solid state (SSP) in the presence of zinc(II) catalyst resulting in the formation of a dynamic crosslinked network with glycerol moieties serving as the crosslinkers. The optimum SSP conditions were found to be 3 h at 180 °C under N2 flow (0.5 L/min) to reach hig

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14

Harder, Matthias, Rania Bakry, Felix Lackner, et al. "The Crosslinker Matters: Vinylimidazole-Based Anion Exchange Polymer for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Phenolic Acids." Separations 9, no. 3 (2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9030072.

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Crosslinkers are indispensable constituents for the preparation of SPE materials with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) among the most prominent representatives. A crosslinker that has not yet been used for the preparation of SPE sorbents is 3,3’-(hexane-1,6-diyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide [C6-bis-VIM] [Br]. In this study, we synthesized differently crosslinked vinylimidazole polymers with EGDMA, DVB and [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] and evaluated their extraction efficiencies towards phenolic acids. Dispersive SPE experiments performed with the [C6-bis-VIM] [Br] crossli

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15

Tao, Qian, Julong Zhong, Rui Wang, and Yuzhu Huang. "Ionic and Enzymatic Multiple-Crosslinked Nanogels for Drug Delivery." Polymers 13, no. 20 (2021): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203565.

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Both ionic and enzymatic crosslink are efficient strategies for constructing network materials of high biocompatibility. Here chitosan was modified firstly and then crosslinked by these two methods for complementary advantages. The preparation methods and ionic crosslinkers can regulate the size and uniformity of the multiple-crosslinked nanogels. The multiple-crosslinked nanogels with the smallest size and the best uniformity was selected for the drug delivery. The drug-loading content and encapsulation efficiency were up to 35.01 and 66.82%, respectively. Their release behaviours are correla

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16

Wang, Shumin, Jingyu Li, Pengjie Wang, et al. "Improvement in the Sustained-Release Performance of Electrospun Zein Nanofibers via Crosslinking Using Glutaraldehyde Vapors." Foods 13, no. 10 (2024): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13101583.

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Volatile active ingredients in biopolymer nanofibers are prone to burst and uncontrolled release. In this study, we used electrospinning and crosslinking to design a new sustained-release active packaging containing zein and eugenol (EU). Vapor-phase glutaraldehyde (GTA) was used as the crosslinker. Characterization of the crosslinked zein nanofibers was conducted via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties, water resistance, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was observed that crosslinked zein nanofibers did not lose their fiber shape, but the diameter o

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17

Ugrinovic, Vukasin, Maja Markovic, Bojan Bozic, Vesna Panic, and Djordje Veljovic. "Poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogels crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as pH-responsive systems for drug delivery applications." Chemical Industry, no. 00 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind221228018u.

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Hydrogels are attractive materials for drug delivery applications due to biocompatible, porous structure with the possibility to load and deliver drugs in a controllable manner. In this paper, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogels are described, which are synthesized by free-radical polymerization, using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a crosslinker. Influence of the PEGDA content on hydrogel properties was investigated and compared to commonly used crosslinker - N,N?-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The increasing concentration of crosslinkers led to a higher degree of crosslinking

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18

Min, Qing, Congcong Wang, Yuchen Zhang, Danlei Tian, Ying Wan, and Jiliang Wu. "Strong and Elastic Hydrogels from Dual-Crosslinked Composites Composed of Glycol Chitosan and Amino-Functionalized Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (2022): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111874.

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Mesoporous bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles (NPs) with a high specific surface area were prepared. The surfaces of BG NPs were further modified using an amino-containing compound or synthesized precursors to produce three kinds of amino-functionalized bioactive glass (ABG) NPs via devised synthetic routes. The achieved ABG NPs possessed various spacer lengths with free amino groups anchored at the end of the spacer. These ABG NPs were then combined with glycol chitosan (GCH) to construct single- or dual-crosslinked ABG/GCH composite hydrogels using genipin (GN) alone as a single crosslinker

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19

ZHAO, LIJIAO, RUGANG ZHONG, and YAN ZHEN. "AN ONIOM STUDY ON THE CROSSLINKED BASE PAIRS IN DNA REACTED WITH CHLOROETHYLNITROSOUREAS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 06, no. 03 (2007): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633607003283.

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Chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs) are clinically useful anticancer agents. Their cytotoxicity is associated with the generation of DNA interstrand crosslinks. QM/MM computations are carried out to investigate DNA crosslinks by CENUs with ONIOM hybrid method. The crosslinked DNA are subdivided into three layers, each of which are described at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p), AM1, and UFF level of theory, respectively. The result shows that the deformation of DNA with dG ( N 1)– dC ( N 3) crosslink is much less than the other crosslinks, which indicate that the most favorable crosslink is between the N1 atom o

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20

Bo Strunck, Azeem, Anil Suri, and Vittorio Boffa. "Effect of Temperature and Branched Crosslinkers on Supported Graphene Oxide Pervaporation Membranes for Ethanol Dehydration." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (2020): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081571.

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We describe the performance of graphene oxide (GO) membranes stabilized by crosslinkers and supported on polyethersulfone films in the dehydration of ethanol in a continuous cross-flow pervaporation set-up. We used two crosslinker species with branched structures (humic acid-like substances derived from urban waste and a synthetic hyperbranched polyol). The supported crosslinked GO films were prepared by rod coating on a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane. Pervaporation experiments were carried out at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. When the feed comprised pure water and ethanol,

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21

Mrohs, Tim B., and Oliver Weichold. "Hydrolytic Stability of Crosslinked, Highly Alkaline Diallyldimethylammonium Hydroxide Hydrogels." Gels 8, no. 10 (2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100669.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of alkaline hydrogels based on a common (N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, BIS) and three recently published tetraallyl crosslinkers. Such hydrogels have been shown to be suitable materials for the rehabilitation of cementitious materials. Of the four crosslinkers under investigation, N,N,N′,N′-tetraallylpiperazinium dibromide decomposed quickly in 1 m KOH solution and was not considered further. BIS showed the first signs of a decomposition after several days, while tetraallylammonium bromide and N,N,N′,N′-tetraallyltrimethylene dipiperidine di

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22

Nirmala Suresh, Jishnu, Hans Liebscher, Hartmut Komber, Muhammad Tahir, Gerald Gerlach, and Sven Wießner. "Effects of Polymeric Crosslinker on Network Structure, Morphology, and Properties of Liquid Isoprene Rubber." Polymers 17, no. 4 (2025): 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040551.

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In this study, we investigated the influence of an epoxy end-capped polypropylene oxide crosslinker (epoxy-PPO) on the formation of the crosslinked network structure, the stress–strain response, and the electro-mechanical actuation performance of a maleic anhydride functionalized liquid isoprene rubber (LIR). The crosslinker amount varied from 10 (C-LIR-10) to 50 (C-LIR-50) weight parts per hundred parts (phr) of LIR. The swelling test of the cured rubbers revealed that C-LIR-20 formed the densest crosslinked network with the lowest chloroform uptake value within this series. The crosslinked r

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23

Liz-Basteiro, Pedro, Felipe Reviriego, Enrique Martínez-Campos, et al. "Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Hydrogels with Re-Adjustable Swelling." Gels 9, no. 8 (2023): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9080600.

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Vat photopolymerization typically prints highly crosslinked networks. Printing hydrogels, which are also networks but with a high swelling capacity in water and therefore with low crosslinking density, is a challenge for this technique. However, it may be of interest in medicine and in other areas, since it would allow for the preparation of this type of 3D-shaped material. In this work, an approach for printing hydrogels via vat photopolymerization that uses a mixture of stable and hydrolysable crosslinkers has been evaluated so that an initial highly crosslinked network can be printed, altho

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24

Maddu, Akhiruddin, Ahmad Sofyan Sulaeman, Setyanto Tri Wahyudi, and Abdulloh Rifai. "Enhancing Ionic Conductivity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Lithium Perchlorate with Crosslinked Citric Acid as Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Polymer Batteries." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 4 (2022): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.40090.

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Lithium batteries development are triggered so many efforts in producing electronic devices due to its excellent performance as energy storage systems. One of the appealing points solid polymer electrolytes for developing solid-state lithium batteries. In this study, Solid polymer electrolytes with crosslinked treatment (SPE-C) were prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose-lithium perchlorate (CMC-LiClO4) and citric acid (CA) as a crosslinker via solution casting method. All SPE-C membranes were assembled into lithium battery coin cells. Degree of crosslinked and degradation were measured to obse

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Schopfer, Lawrence M., Seda Onder, and Oksana Lockridge. "Evaluation of mass spectrometry MS/MS spectra for the presence of isopeptide crosslinked peptides." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254450.

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Isopeptide crosslinked proteins can be the product of transglutaminase or of exposure to organophosphorus toxicants (OP). Transglutaminase links glutamine to lysine with loss of ammonia. OP toxicants induce a link between glutamic acid and lysine with loss of water. Our goal was to establish criteria to distinguish real from false isopeptide crosslinks reported by software searches of mass spectrometry data. We used fragmentation spectra of tryptic peptides from MAP-rich tubulin Sus scrofa as a test system for detection of naturally-occurring isopeptide crosslinks. Data were analyzed with Prot

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26

Behera, Prasanta Kumar, Prantik Mondal, and Nikhil K. Singha. "Polyurethane with an ionic liquid crosslinker: a new class of super shape memory-like polymers." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 31 (2018): 4205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00549d.

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Polyurethane (PU) with an ionic liquid crosslinker (with a unique double network having a combination of covalent as well as ionic crosslinking) showed excellent shape-recovery as well as excellent shape-fixity properties compared to linear PU and non-ionic crosslinked PU. The non-ionic crosslinker resulted in hard and soft phases intermixing, whereas the ionic interaction in ionic liquid crosslinked PU kept the phase separation intact.

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Puapermpoonsiri, Utsana, Jatuporn Pratoomted, Warisada Sila-On, and Chaiwute Vudjung. "Water Absorption and Swelling Property of Interpenetrating Network Hydrogel from Crosslinked Natural Rubber and Modified Rice Starch." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.73.

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE TH Interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel was a hydrogel fabrication from crosslinked polymers that was developed to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of conventional hydrogel. In this study, IPN hydrogel was fabricated by blending crosslinked natural rubber and crosslinked modified rice starch at room temperature with rubber to starch component ratio of 1:2. Crosslinked natural rubber was prepared via free radical polymerization of natural rubber latex with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. Crosslinked starch component wa

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Biberoglu, Kevser, Ozden Tacal, Lawrence M. Schopfer, and Oksana Lockridge. "Chlorpyrifos Oxon-Induced Isopeptide Bond Formation in Human Butyrylcholinesterase." Molecules 25, no. 3 (2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030533.

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A newly recognized action of organophosphates (OP) is the ability to crosslink proteins through an isopeptide bond. The first step in the mechanism is covalent addition of the OP to the side chain of lysine. This activates OP-lysine for reaction with a nearby glutamic or aspartic acid to make a gamma glutamyl epsilon lysine bond. Crosslinked proteins are high molecular weight aggregates. Our goal was to identify the residues in the human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) tetramer that were crosslinked following treatment with 1.5 mM chlorpyrifos oxon. High molecular weight bands were visualized o

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Liu, Bin, Zhaoyan Hou, Yi Bao, et al. "Tuning Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Hydrogels Using Orthogonally Functionalized Crosslinkers." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2150591.

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A unique orthogonal crosslinker-induced hydrogel, whose mechanical strength can be tunable by the crosslinker topology upon thermal treatment, is described herein. The crosslinker containing cationic moieties and crosslinkable styrenyl groups was employed for the preparation of orthogonally crosslinked hydrogels having ionic and covalent characteristics. The manipulation of the orthogonal crosslinkers topology and the ionic bond strength between cationic and anionic moieties facilitated the control of the mechanical properties. Short-term temporal modulation of hydrogel moduli, a key factor of

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Xie, Chen, Chenchen Yang, Peng Zhang, Jialiang Zhang, Wei Wu, and Xiqun Jiang. "Synthesis of drug-crosslinked polymer nanoparticles." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 10 (2015): 1703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01722f.

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A new kind of drug-crosslinked polymer nanoparticle was synthesized. The nanoparticles were composed by a phenylboronic acid modified 10-hydroxycamptothecin (the crosslinker) and 1,2-diol-rich PEG-PGMA diblock copolymer (the backbone), and crosslinked by phenylboronic ester bond.

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Yu, Huan Yang. "Synthesis of Crosslinker Containing Sulfone Group and its Crosslinking with Styrene." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.456.

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A new crosslinker containing sulfone group was synthesized by polymerization of 4,4’-dihydroxydiphenyl-sulphone and methacryloyl chloride. Using this kind of crosslinker, the crosslinked polystyrene beads were prepared by suspension polymerization and UV-light polymerization, respectively. The synthesized crosslinker and crosslinked polystyrene beads were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of crosslinker amount on sulfonation rate of beads was studied. Polystyrene beads made by suspension polymerization possess higher sul

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Podaru, Ionela Alice, Paul O. Stănescu, Raluca Ginghină, et al. "Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)–Laponite XLG Nanocomposite Hydrogels: Characterization, Properties and Comparison with Divinyl Monomer-Crosslinked Hydrogels." Polymers 14, no. 19 (2022): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194216.

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The present work investigates, for the first time, the synthesis and properties of some nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels obtained by the aqueous solution free radical polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) in the presence of Laponite XLG (XLG) as a crosslinker, in comparison with the corresponding hydrogels prepared by using two conventional crosslinking divinyl monomers: N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (DVE). The structure and properties of the hydrogels were studied by FTIR, TEM, XRD, SEM, swelling and rheological and compressive mechanical measuremen

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Sung, Jungmoon, Dong Geun Lee, Sukchin Lee, Junyoung Park, and Hyun Wook Jung. "Crosslinking Dynamics and Gelation Characteristics of Photo- and Thermally Polymerized Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels." Materials 13, no. 15 (2020): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153277.

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The crosslinking behaviors and gelation features of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were scrutinized during the UV and thermal polymerizations of mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA, monomer) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMAs, crosslinkers). The real-time crosslinking behavior of the PEG hydrogels was quantified as a function of the UV irradiation time and reaction temperature during the UV and thermal polymerization, respectively, using real-time FT-IR spectrometry and rotational rheometry. The gelation characteristics of UV- and thermally crosslinked

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Noor Zulaika, Salleh Morgan, Hui Lin Ong, and Firuz Zainuddin. "Swelling, Tensile and Thermal Behaviors of Citric Acid Crosslinked Tapioca Starch/Cellulose Biocomposite Films." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.514.

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The biocomposite films were prepared using a solution casting method and allowed to dry in the oven of 50°C. The cellulose used in this research was extracted from the rice straw. The biocomposite films firstly were prepared without crosslinker with various cellulose content; 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, 0.8g, and 1.0g wt%. Based on the tensile strength result, 0.6g of cellulose is an optimum amount to prepare the biocomposite films with various amounts of crosslinker; 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, and 5g. The tapioca starch/cellulose biocomposite films crosslinked with lemon juices have higher tensile strength (16MPa

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Hamed, G. R., and N. Rattanasom. "Effect of Crosslink Density on Cut Growth in Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 2 (2002): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544981.

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Abstract Conventional sulfur-cured, gum natural rubber vulcanizates of various crosslink densities were prepared. Dumbbell test pieces with and without edge precuts were tested in uniaxial tension. Relative strengths of the different vulcanizates depended on cut size. Lightly crosslinked specimens exhibited an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size, ccr, which became smaller as crosslink density increased because of reduced strain crystallizability. At all cut depths, crack growth was simply perpendicular to the loading direction and crack surfaces were smooth. A moderately crosslinked

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Zhao, Jie, Xiangqiang Pan, Jian Zhu, and Xiulin Zhu. "Novel AIEgen-Functionalized Diselenide-Crosslinked Polymer Gels as Fluorescent Probes and Drug Release Carriers." Polymers 12, no. 3 (2020): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030551.

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Stimuli-responsive functional gels have shown significant potential for application in biosensing and drug release systems. In this study, aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-functionalized, diselenide-crosslinked polymer gels were synthesized via free radical copolymerization. A series of polymer gels with different crosslink densities or tetraphenylethylene (TPE) contents were synthesized. The diselenide crosslinker in the gels could be fragmented in the presence of H2O2 or dithiothreitol (DTT) due to its redox-responsive property. Thus, the TPE-containing polymer chains were rel

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Chopra, Lalita, Kamal Kishor Thakur, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan, et al. "Comparative Drug Release Investigations for Diclofenac Sodium Drug (DS) by Chitosan-Based Grafted and Crosslinked Copolymers." Materials 15, no. 7 (2022): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072404.

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The hydrogels responding to pH synthesized by graft copolymerization only and then concurrent grafting and crosslinking of monomer N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM) and binary comonomers acrylamide, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile (AAm, AA and AN) onto chitosan support were explored for the percent upload and release study for anti-inflammatory diclofenac sodium drug (DS), w.r.t. time and pH. Diclofenac sodium DS was seized in polymeric matrices by the equilibration process. The crosslinked-graft copolymers showed the highest percent uptake than graft copolymers (without crosslinker) and chitosan

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Mizrahi, Limor, Rotem Kelman, Efrat Shtriker, et al. "Controlled Release of Hydrophilic Active Agent from Textile Using Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 16, no. 6 (2025): 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060216.

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Functional fabrics embedded with active materials that can be released in a controlled manner upon external triggering have been explored for biomedical and cosmetic applications. This study introduces a method for the fabrication of nonwoven fabrics coated with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for in situ encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic active agent, allantoin. Two types of crosslinked coatings were examined using citric acid (CA) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) as crosslinkers. Based on gel content, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA

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Abdallh, Mustafa, Milton T. W. Hearn, George P. Simon, and Kei Saito. "Light triggered self-healing of polyacrylate polymers crosslinked with 7-methacryloyoxycoumarin crosslinker." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 38 (2017): 5875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01385j.

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Zhang, Xueqin, Ruqing Zhang, Shu Wu, Ying Sun, Hong Yang, and Baoping Lin. "Physically and chemically dual-crosslinked hydrogels with superior mechanical properties and self-healing behavior." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 23 (2020): 9903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00348d.

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Using SDS-C18 micelle as a physical crosslinker and SiPU as a multifunctional chemical crosslinker, a new type of dual-crosslinked self-healing hydrogel with excellent stretchability, strength and resilience was synthesized.

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Neffe, Axel T., Tim Gebauer, and Andreas Lendlein. "Tailoring of Mechanical Properties of Diisocyanate Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Hydrogels." MRS Proceedings 1569 (2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.837.

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ABSTRACTPolymer network formation is an important tool for tailoring mechanical properties of polymeric materials. One option to synthesize a network is the addition of bivalent crosslinkers reacting with functional groups present in a polymer. In case of polymer network syntheses based on biopolymers, performing such a crosslinking reaction in water is sometimes necessary in view of the solubility of the biopolymer, such as gelatin, and can be beneficial to avoid potential contamination of the formed material with organic solvents in view of applications in biomedicine. In the case of applyin

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Qiu, Peng, Jun-Qi Chen, Wei-Feng Sun, and Hong Zhao. "Improved DC Dielectric Performance of Photon-Initiated Crosslinking Polyethylene with TMPTMA Auxiliary Agent." Materials 12, no. 21 (2019): 3540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213540.

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To achieve high direct current (DC) dielectric performance of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) applied for insulated cable, the auxiliary crosslinking agent of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) is employed in photon-initiated crosslinking process to the present polar-molecular group which will introduce deep traps for charge carriers. The space-charge accumulation and electrical conductance of XLPE are observably suppressed due to the deep traps deriving from the TMPTMA crosslinkers that are chemically connecting (grafted onto) polyethylene molecules. Thermally stimulated depolarizati

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Wei, Shih-Yen, Tzu-Hsuan Chen, Feng-Sheng Kao, Yi-Jung Hsu, and Ying-Chieh Chen. "Strategy for improving cell-mediated vascularized soft tissue formation in a hydrogen peroxide-triggered chemically-crosslinked hydrogel." Journal of Tissue Engineering 13 (January 2022): 204173142210840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314221084096.

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The physically-crosslinked collagen hydrogels can provide suitable microenvironments for cell-based functional vascular network formation due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good diffusion properties. However, encapsulation of cells into collagen hydrogels results in extensive contraction and rapid degradation of hydrogels, an effect known from their utilization as a pre-vascularized graft in vivo. Various types of chemically-crosslinked collagen-based hydrogels have been successfully synthesized to decrease volume contraction, retard the degradation rate, and increase mechani

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Mladenova, Veronika, and George Russev. "DNA Interstrand Crosslinks Repair in Mammalian Cells." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 3-4 (2008): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-3-421.

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We studied the formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) as intermediates in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) by homologous recombination (HR). The plasmid EGFP-N1 was crosslinked with trioxsalen to give one ICL per plasmid on average. HeLa cells were transfected with the crosslinked plasmids and the ICL repair was monitored by following the restoration of the GFP expression. It was accompanied by γ-H2AX foci formation suggesting that DSBs were formed during the process. However, the same amount of γ-H2AX foci was observed when cells were transfected with native plasmid, which in

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Hemmilä, Venla, Stergios Adamopoulos, Reza Hosseinpourpia, and Sheikh Ali Ahmed. "Ammonium Lignosulfonate Adhesives for Particleboards with pMDI and Furfuryl Alcohol as Crosslinkers." Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101633.

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Tightening formaldehyde emission limits and the need for more sustainable materials have boosted research towards alternatives to urea-formaldehyde adhesives for wood-based panels. Lignin residues from biorefineries consist of a growing raw material source but lack reactivity. Two crosslinkers were tested for ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS)—bio-based furfuryl alcohol (FOH) and synthetic polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). The addition of mimosa tannin to ALS before crosslinking was also evaluated. The derived ALS adhesives were used for gluing 2-layered veneer samples and particl

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Balçık Tamer, Yasemin. "A New Design of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels Using Biodegradable Poly(Beta-Aminoester) Crosslinkers as Fertilizer Reservoirs for Agricultural Applications." Gels 9, no. 2 (2023): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020127.

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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm)) hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization with biodegradable poly (β-amino ester) (PBAE) crosslinkers at 1 wt% and 3 wt% ratio, and compared with conventional N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA)-crosslinked hydrogel. The influence of the type, molecular weight, and diacrylate/amine ratio of the crosslinker on the crosslink density, compressive strength, and swelling and biodegradation behavior of the hydrogels was investigated. The hydrogels synthesized with lower molecular weight PBAE crosslinkers showed higher crosslinking degrees and compr

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Gupta, Nidhi, and A. K. Srivastava. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Poly Chromium Acrylate/Poly Acrylonitrile: Synthesis and Properties of Semi IPN-1." High Performance Polymers 4, no. 4 (1992): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/4/4/003.

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A series of semi-I tpe interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) based on poly chromium acrylate and poly acrylonitrile crosslinked with divinyl benzene have been synthesized. Synthetic details, including concentration of poly chromium acriylate (PCrA), acrylonitrile (AN) and divinyl benzene (DVB) and average molecular weight of PCrA were varied and their effect on the crosslink density of the network was studied by swelling experiments. High [PCrAJ and low [AN] increases swelling and thereby average molecular weight between crosslinks (M,). SEM micrographs and glass transition temperature show

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Della Sala, Francesca, Birgitte Mølholm Malle, Luigi Ambrosio, and Assunta Borzacchiello. "Fermentation-Derived Albumin-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Adhesion Applications." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112530.

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Currently, most of the clinically available surgical glues and sealants lack elasticity, good adhesion and biocompatibility properties. Hydrogels as tissue adhesives have received extensive attention for their tissue-mimicking features. Here, a novel surgical glue hydrogel based on a fermentation-derived human albumin (rAlb) and biocompatible crosslinker for tissue-sealant applications has been developed. In order to reduce the risks of viral transmission diseases and an immune response, Animal-Free Recombinant Human Albumin from the saccharomyces yeast strain was used. A more biocompatible cr

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Boon, Niels, and Peter Schurtenberger. "Swelling of micro-hydrogels with a crosslinker gradient." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 35 (2017): 23740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02434g.

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Amirrah, Ibrahim N., Izzat Zulkiflee, M. F. Mohd Razip Wee, et al. "Plasma-Polymerised Antibacterial Coating of Ovine Tendon Collagen Type I (OTC) Crosslinked with Genipin (GNP) and Dehydrothermal-Crosslinked (DHT) as a Cutaneous Substitute for Wound Healing." Materials 16, no. 7 (2023): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072739.

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Tissue engineering products have grown in popularity as a therapeutic approach for chronic wounds and burns. However, some drawbacks include additional steps and a lack of antibacterial capacities, both of which need to be addressed to treat wounds effectively. This study aimed to develop an acellular, ready-to-use ovine tendon collagen type I (OTC-I) bioscaffold with an antibacterial coating for the immediate treatment of skin wounds and to prevent infection post-implantation. Two types of crosslinkers, 0.1% genipin (GNP) and dehydrothermal treatment (DHT), were explored to optimise the mater

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