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Journal articles on the topic 'Croton'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Langat, Moses K., Elvire F. K. Djuidje, Beth M. Ndunda, Sani M. Isyaka, Nathalie S. Dolan, Gareth D. Ettridge, Hannah Whitmore, et al. "The phytochemical investigation of five African Croton species: Croton oligandrus, Croton megalocarpus, Croton menyharthii, Croton rivularis and Croton megalobotrys." Phytochemistry Letters 40 (December 2020): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2020.09.020.

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2

Obando, Lucio, and César Fuertes. "Evaluación de la actividad anti-colagenasa del látex de Croton lechleri." Ciencia e Investigación 22, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/ci.v22i2.17614.

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En los últimos años el interés por la eliminación de las “arrugas” ha motivado a la industria cosmética a realizar investigaciones basadas en plantas medicinales que contenga propiedad antioxidante, anticolagenasa y antielastasa. El Crotón lechleri “sangre de grado” es una planta que es conocida por su propiedad cicatrizante; sin embargo, esta actividad posiblemente le otorgue la propiedad anti-colagenasa, la cual puede evaluar mediante varios métodos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la actividad anti-colagenasa del látex de Croton lechleri “sangre de grado”. Para realizar esta evaluación se utilizó la metodología de Thing, el cual se lleva a cabo, comparando la actividad (absosbancias) que genera el patrón de epigalocatequina con las muestras del látex de Croton lechleri a las siguientes concentraciones: 125, 250, 500 y 1000ug/mL. Al finalizar este método se halló que el látex de Croton lechleri presentó actividad anti-colagenasa de IC50 = 908,02 µg/mL, con respecto al control positivo galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) de IC50 = 1892,03 µg/mL). Esto concluye que el látex de Croton lechleri manifiesta la actividad anticolagenasa con mayor potencial de inhibición que el control positivo de EGCG.
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3

Tan, Theresia, Linda Ernawati Lindongi, Yohanes Sriyadi Budiyanto, and Feni Tresia Merasi. "Pengaruh pemberian ZPT terhadap pertumbuhan beberapa jenis setek tanaman Puring (Cadiaeum variegatum L.)." Agrotek 10, no. 1 (July 11, 2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/agrotek.v10i1.238.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of growth regulators addition on the growth of cuttings from several types of croton plants. This study was designed using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the type of puring which consists of golok kuning croton (P1), emping croton (P2), raja croton (P3), jet croton (P4), emping croton (P5), cokwe croton (P6). The second factor is without growth regulators (Zo), Rootone-F (Z1) and coconut water (Z2). The results showed that the interaction between PGR and the type of croton gave an insignificant effect on the growth of croton cuttings on all observed variables. Croton type showed a significant effect on all variables observed in cuttings growth except for the percentage of cuttings sprouting. The best cutting growth was shown by golok kuning croton.
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4

Maciel, M. A. M., J. K. P. C. Cortez, and F. E. S. Gomes. "O gênero Croton e Aspectos Relevantes de Diterpenos Clerodanos." Revista Fitos 2, no. 03 (December 1, 2006): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32712/2446-4775.2006.59.

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O gênero Croton (Euphorbiaceae) encontra-se amplamente distribuído em todo o mundo, com concentração significativa na África, Brasil e México. As espécies Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. (África), Croton lechleri Muell Arg. (EUA) e Croton tiglium Klotzsch (Ásia), lideram as pesquisas internacionais com documentação de 58 artigos publicados em periódicos indexados. Dentre as espécies nativas do Brasil, destacam-se o Croton cajucara Benth, Croton zehntneri Pax e Hoffm. e Croton sonderianus Müll Arg. por serem os mais representativos com 86 artigos publicados. O Croton cajucara representa a espécie mais estudada do gênero, perfazendo 60 publicações inseridas em um contexto científico multidisciplinar. A fonte mais abundante de diterpenos do tipo clerodano são plantas pertencentes ao gênero Teucrium (Labiatae). No entanto, os gêneros Ajuga, Scutellaria, Clerodendrum e Croton, representam também, uma fonte rica em clerodanos. As espécies Croton schiedeanus Schlecht, Croton sonderianus e Croton cajucara Benth são exemplos a serem citados, já que nestas espécies, a ocorrência de clerodanos é abundante. Atualmente, o diterpeno do tipo 19-nor-clerodano transdesidrocrotonina (DCTN) por ter sido correlacionado com grande parte das indicações tradicionais de Croton cajucara, é um dos mais representativos desta classe de diterpeno. O presente artigo enfoca aspectos relevantes sobre o gênero Croton e os diterpenos do tipo clerodano, com enfoque especial para os resultados quimiofarmacológicos obtidos para a espécie medicinal Croton cajucara.
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5

Kuo, Ping-Chung, Yen-Chin Liu, Yi-Ching Lo, and Sheng-Nan Wu. "Characterization of Inhibitory Effectiveness in Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Currents by a Group of ent-Kaurane-Type Diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041268.

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Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Three croton compounds with the common ent-kaurane skeleton have been purified from Croton tonkinensis. Methods: We examined any modifications of croton components (i.e., croton-01 [ent-18-acetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one], croton-02 [ent-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one] and croton-03 [ent-1β-acetoxy-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one] on either hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) or erg-mediated K+ current identified in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and in rat insulin-secreting (INS-1) cells via patch-clamp methods. Results: Addition of croton-01, croton-02, or croton-03 effectively and differentially depressed Ih amplitude. Croton-03 (3 μM) shifted the activation curve of Ih to a more negative potential by approximately 11 mV. The voltage-dependent hysteresis of Ih was also diminished by croton-03 administration. Croton-03-induced depression of Ih could not be attenuated by SQ-22536 (10 μM), an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, but indeed reversed by oxaliplatin (10 μM). The Ih in INS-1 cells was also depressed effectively by croton-03. Conclusion: Our study highlights the evidence that these ent-kaurane diterpenoids might conceivably perturb these ionic currents through which they have high influence on the functional activities of endocrine or neuroendocrine cells.
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6

Wilcut, John W. "Tropic Croton (Croton glandulosus) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003387x.

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Field studies in 1988 and 1989 evaluated POST herbicides alone and in tank-mixtures for tropic croton control in peanut. Acifluorfen + 2,4-DB, acifluorfen + bentazon, acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB controlled > 90% of tropic croton when applied at 2 or 4 wk after crop emergence. Paraquat + bentazon controlled 55% at 2 wk and 24% at 4 wk after crop emergence. Imazethapyr and imazethapyr + 2,4-DB controlled < 24% tropic croton at either 2 or 4 wk after crop emergence. Acifluorfen + 2,4-DB, acifluorfen + bentazon, and acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB controlled at least 90% of the common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and morningglory species. Greatest yields and net returns were obtained with acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB applied 2 wk after crop emergence. Yields were higher with acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB and imazethapyr applied at 2 wk after crop emergence than at 4 wk after crop emergence. All other herbicide treatments provided equivalent yields among application timings. Only acifluorfen + 2,4-DB provided equivalent net returns at either application timing. All other herbicide treatments provided lower net returns with applications made at 4 wk than at 2 wk after crop emergence.
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7

Vunda, Sita Luvangadio Lukoki, Ismael Pretto Sauter, Samuel Paulo Cibulski, Paulo Michel Roehe, Sérgio A. Loreto Bordignon, Marilise Brittes Rott, Miriam A. Apel, and Gilsane Lino von Poser. "Chemical composition and amoebicidal activity of Croton pallidulus, Croton ericoides, and Croton isabelli(Euphorbiaceae) essential oils." Parasitology Research 111, no. 3 (April 18, 2012): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2918-6.

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8

Santos, Rafaela Freitas dos, Ricarda Riina, and Maria Beatriz Rossi Caruzo. "Croton sapiifolius Müll.Arg. In: a new occurrence for the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil." Hoehnea 43, no. 4 (December 2016): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-47/2016.

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ABSTRACT While studying Croton material collected in Espírito Santo, we found several specimens of Croton sapiifolius, a species previously restricted to the State of Bahia. The present paper updates our knowledge about the taxonomy, habitat and geographic distribution of C. sapiifolius. This finding increases the number of known Croton species occurring in Espírito Santo State to 20 and contributes to the knowledge of Croton of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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9

Riina, Ricarda, MARCO A. VIGO, and CARLOS E. CERÓN. "Croton condorensis: an enigmatic new species of Euphorbiaceae from southern Ecuador." Phytotaxa 164, no. 2 (April 4, 2014): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.164.2.10.

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Croton condorensis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from the Cordillera del Cóndor in southern Ecuador, is here described and illustrated. The new species occurs in sclerophyllous vegetation on sandstone substrate. A detailed examination of its morphology indicates that the species has some characters in common with Croton sect. Cyclostigma, but it also differs from that section in several other key characters. Given its restricted geographic distribution, the particular substrate where it grows, and its unusual morphology, we hypothesize that Croton condorensis might represent a previously unsampled clade of the Croton phylogeny. Se describe e ilustra Croton condorensis (Euphorbiaceae), una nueva especie de la Cordillera del Cóndor en el sur de Ecuador. Esta especie se encuentra en vegetación esclerófila sobre substrato de arenisca. Una examinación detallada de su morfología indica que la especie comparte algunos caracteres morfológicos con miembros de Croton sect. Cyclostigma, pero también posee caracteres clave que no son compatibles con la morfología de dicha sección. Dada su restringida distribución geográfica, el particular substrato en el que crece, y la falta de afinidades morfológicas evidentes con alguna de las secciones de Croton, planteamos la hipótesis de que Croton condorensis podría representar un clado de la filogenia del género aún no muestreado.
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10

Xu, Wen-Hui, Wei-Yi Liu, and Qian Liang. "Chemical Constituents from Croton Species and Their Biological Activities." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092333.

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The genus Croton belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, which comprises approximately 1300 species. Many Croton species have been used as folk medicines. This review focuses on the chemical constituents from Croton species and their relevant biological activities, covering the period from 2006 to 2018. A total of 399 new compounds, including 339 diterpenoids, were reported. Diterpenoids are characteristic components of the Croton species. These isolated compounds exhibited a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and neurite outgrowth-promoting properties. The present review provides a significant clue for further research of the chemical constituents from the Croton species as potential medicines.
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11

van Ee, Benjamin W., and Paul E. Berry. "A Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Review of Croton (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) on Jamaica Including the Description of Croton jamaicensis, a New Species of Section Eluteria." Systematic Botany 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364409787602203.

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The greater Caribbean region has played an important role in the early diversification of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Jamaica is also important to Croton taxonomy because several of the earliest described species were based on material from the island. The Jamaican species of Croton are found in five distinct clades indicating that there were at least five separate over-water dispersal events of the genus to the island. Croton jamaicensis (section Eluteria Griseb.), a new species endemic to limestone hills along the southern coast of Jamaica, is described and illustrated. The species is phylogenetically most closely related to C. laurinus Sw. and C. grisebachianus Müll. Arg., both also endemic to Jamaica. Several lectotypifications and novel synonymies are required to clarify the taxonomy of the species of Croton that have been described from Jamaica, some of which are widespread in the region. La región del Caribe ha jugado un papel importante en la diversificación inicial de Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Jamaica también es importante para la taxonomia de Croton dado que varias de las primeras especies descritas fueron basadas en material de la isla. Las especies Jamaicanas de Croton se encuentran en cinco clados distintos indicando que hubieron por lo menos cinco eventos de dispersión sobre agua del género a la isla. Croton jamaicensis (sección Eluteria Griseb.), una nueva especie endémica a colinas de caliza de la costa sur de Jamaica, es descrita e ilustrada. La especie es filogenéticamente mas cercanamente relacionada a C. laurinus Sw. y C. grisebachianus Müll. Arg., ambas también endémicas a Jamaica. Varias lectotipificaciones y nuevas sinonimias son requeridas para clarificar la taxonomia de las especies de Croton que se han descrito de Jamaica, algunas de las cuales están ampliamente distribuidas en la región.
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12

Liu, X. M., Y. X. Wei, H. Zhang, F. X. Zhou, and J. J. Pu. "First Report of Powdery Mildew (Pseudoidium neolycopersici) on Croton (Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum) in China." Plant Disease 99, no. 2 (February 2015): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0892-pdn.

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Croton (Codiaeum variegatum (Linn.) var. pictum (Lodd.)) is an ornamental plant commonly grown in southern China. In March 2014, severe powdery mildew infections were observed on crotons in gardens of Hainan University (20.1°N and 110.3°E), Haikou, Hainan province. Disease incidence was estimated in a random batch of 100 plants in three replicates, with the average value approaching 80%. Symptoms first appeared as white circular patches on the adaxial surface and expanded to the abaxial surface, petioles, and stems. The top leaves were the most affected. Upper surfaces of the infected leaves were covered by white, dense mycelia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned purple on the lower surfaces and curly before becoming necrotic and abscising from the plant. Powdery mildew was more severe in shaded environments, especially during rainy or foggy weather in early spring. Two hundred conidiophores and conidia were observed microscopically. The conidiophores were straight or occasionally flexuous, 62.3 to 127.6 × 6.2 to 10.2 μm, consisting of two to three straight cells. Conidia were born in solitary on the top of conidiophores. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, 26.4 to 42.2 × 11.7 to 23.4 μm (average 32.5 × 16.5 μm), contained no distinct fibrosin bodies, and produced a subterminal germ tube. The wrinkling pattern of the outer walls of older conidia was angular or reticulated. Appressoria were single and multilobed. Cleistothecia were not observed. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Oidium neolycopersici (2), which was recently renamed Pseudoidium neolycopersici (L. Kiss) (3). The identity was confirmed by sequence analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from the foliar powdery mildew colonies using Chelex-100 (Bio-Rad, Shanghai, China). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (5). The ITS sequence of the representative isolates C01 (GenBank Accession No. KJ890378.1) and four other powdery mildew samples collected from crotons in Hainan University was 100% identical to that of P. neolycopersici isolates from tomato plants such as JQ972700 and AB163927. Inoculations were made by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy plants of croton and tomato (‘Money maker’). Five non-inoculated croton and tomato plants served as controls. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were maintained in an incubator at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After eight days, typical powdery mildew symptoms developed on 93% of the inoculated plants, while no symptom developed on the non-inoculated plants. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. The same fungus was always re-isolated from the diseased tissue according to Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity tests further confirmed that the pathogen from crotons is P. neolycopersici (Basionym. Oidium neolycopersici (KJ890378.1)), which is commonly known as the tomato powdery mildew. P. neolycopersici is also a pathogen of Normania triphylla (1) and papaya (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. neolycopersici infecting croton. The avenue of this pathogen entering gardens of Hainan University remains unknown. The gardens are located far away from tomato farms. Also no symptom of powdery mildew on croton was observed during surveys in other locations in Haikou. The origin of the pathogen warrants additional research. References: (1) D. Delmail et al. Mycotaxon 113:269, 2010. (2) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105:684, 2001. (3) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 115:612, 2011. (4) J. G. Tsay et al. Plant Dis. 95:1188, 2011. (5) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Alimudin, Sukmawati, Manap Trianto, and Nuraini Nuraini. "Intraspecies Relationship of Croton (Codiaeum variegatum L.) in South Parigi District Based on Phenetic Analysis." BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi 5, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jbe.v5i3.733.

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Croton is one of the horticultural plant commodities that is important among the community because it plays a role in adding beauty and beauty and functions as a pollutant absorbent plant. This reseach is aims to describe the kinship relationship between croton cultivars. The research was conducted in May 2020. The type of research used is descriptive exploratory. The research sample used was eight croton cultivars with five individuals in each cultivar. The plant characters measured included 14 morphometric characters, six meristic characters, and 81 qualitative characters. Kinship analysis was processed using the File Editor Program (PFE) software and the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP). The amount of the similarity index is calculated using the Simple Matching Coefficient method, and the determination of kinship using the UPGMA algorithm. The results showed that eight cultivars were obtained and formed 3 clusters and two sub-clusters. The closest kinship relationship is between croton lele and croton with a thousand stars which are supported by a similarity index of 0.766 and the farthest relationship occurs between node 6 (croton drill, chips, crackers, catfish, thousand stars and swallow) and node 3 (croton sheep and turtles) ) which is supported by a similarity index of 0.6.
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Debernardi, Alberto, Elena Sala, Giuseppe D'Aliberti, Giuseppe Talamonti, Antonia Francesca Franchini, and Massimo Collice. "Alcmaeon of Croton." Neurosurgery 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000363193.24806.02.

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15

BENSIMON, R. "Croton oil peels." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 28, no. 1 (January 2008): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2007.10.005.

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16

KOTLER, R. "Croton Oil Peels." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 28, no. 4 (July 2008): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2008.05.003.

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17

BENSIMON, R. "Croton Oil Peels." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 28, no. 4 (July 2008): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2008.05.005.

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18

Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi, and Rafaela Freitas Dos Santos. "First record of Croton echinocarpus (Euphorbiaceae: Crotoneae) in São Paulo state, Brazil." Check List 11, no. 4 (June 19, 2015): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1684.

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Croton is the second largest genus of Euphorbiaceae with about 1200 species worldwide. Brazil has around 350 species of Croton in all kinds of habitats, but with a great number of species concentrated in the eastern part of the country. The present work increases the number of Croton species in São Paulo to 38, due to our recent discovery of Croton echinocarpus in this state. We also provide comments on the taxonomy, photographs and a distribution map for this species.
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19

Driver, Tony, and Lawrence R. Oliver. "Control of Woolly Croton (Croton capitatus) in Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Science 33, no. 5 (September 1985): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083181.

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Field studies were conducted in 1981 to 1983 to evaluate selected herbicides for control of a natural infestation of woolly croton (Croton capitatusMichx. ♯ CVNCP) in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Ineffective woolly croton control was obtained with all preemergence herbicides evaluated. Early postemergence treatments of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and lactofen {1-(carboethoxy)ethyl) 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate} provided excellent woolly croton control. Postdirected applications of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] applied at the V4 stage of soybean growth and tank mixes of cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}, linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea], or metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] plus 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] applied at the V4 and repeated at the V6 stage of soybean growth also provided effective control.
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Medeiros, Débora, Ruy José Valka Alves, and Luci de Senna Valle. "Validation of the names Croton lenheirensis and Croton pradensis (Euphorbiaceae)." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 139, no. 3 (July 2012): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/torrey-d-12-00049.1.

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21

SANDOVAL, MIGUEL, SALOMÓN AYALA, RAQUEL ORÉ, and JORGE ARROYO. "Inducción de la formación de moco gástrico por sangre de grado (Croton palanostigma)." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 63, no. 4 (March 13, 2013): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v63i4.1505.

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OBJETIVO: Determinar si la sangre de grado de Croton palanostigma induce a la formación de moco gástrico, como efecto protector. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se usó ratas albinas machos adultos, entre 200 a 250 g de peso, distribuidas en 4 grupos: (I) control con solución salina; (II) croton gástrico 0,8 mL/kg; (III) croton duodenal 0,8 mL/kg; (IV) ranitidina 50 mg/kg; en cada grupo 10 animales. Una hora después, bajo anestesia con éter etílico, se realizó ligadura pilórica por laparatomía abdominal y una descarga de histamina para estimular la secreción. Se extrajo los estómagos y midió en la porción glandular la formación de moco por el método de Corne modificado, expresado como µg de alcian blue/mL/g de tejido. RESULTADOS: La producción de moco por grupos fue: control 34,5±5,5; croton gástrico 45,8±12,2; croton duodenal 50,6±13,9; ranitidina 39,0±7,1. Hay diferencia significativa de mayor formación de moco en los grupos croton gástrico y duodenal que en el control, p&lt;0,01; no hubo diferencia entre el grupo ranitidina y el grupo control. El grupo que tuvo mayor inducción fue el de croton por vía duodenal, lo que indicaría que su mecanismo de acción no es únicamente tópico, lo que promueve nuevos estudios. CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos inducción de formación de moco gástrico tras la aplicación de sangre de grado de croton palanostigma por vía gástrica y duodenal, pudiendo ser éste parte del mecanismo de acción de protección de la sangre de grado.
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Pagani, Alberto, Simone Gaeta, Andrei I. Savchenko, Craig M. Williams, and Giovanni Appendino. "An improved preparation of phorbol from croton oil." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (July 11, 2017): 1361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.133.

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Background: Croton oil is the only commercial source of the diterpenoid phorbol (1a), the starting material for the semi-synthesis of various diesters extensively used in biomedical research to investigate cell function and to evaluate in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. While efficient chemoselective esterification protocols have been developed for phorbol, its isolation from croton oil is technically complicated, and involves extensive manipulation of very toxic materials like the oil or its native diterpenoid fraction. Results: The preparation of a crude non-irritant phorboid mixture from croton oil was telescoped to only five operational steps, and phorbol could then be purified by gravity column chromatography and crystallization. Evidence is provided that two distinct phorboid chemotypes of croton oil exist, differing in the relative proportion of type-A and type-B esters and showing different stability to deacylation. Conclusion: The isolation of phorbol from croton oil is dangerous because of the toxic properties of the oil, poorly reproducible because of differences in its phorboid profile, and time-consuming because of the capricious final crystallization step. A solution for these issues is provided, suggesting that the poor-reproducibility of croton oil-based anti-inflammatory assays are the result of poor quality and/or inconsistent composition of croton oil.
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Rodrigues, Graziella, Éder Marcolin, Silvia Bona, Marilene Porawski, Mauricio Lehmann, and Norma Possa Marroni. "Hepatics alterations and genotoxic effects of Croton cajucara Benth (SACACA) in diabetic rats." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 47, no. 3 (September 2010): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032010000300017.

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CONTEXT: Croton cajucara Benth is a plant found in Amazonia, Brazil and the bark and leaf infusions of this plant have been popularly used to treat diabetes and hepatic disorders. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated effects hepatics alterations and genotoxic and antidiabetic effect of Croton cajucara Benth bark extracts treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control rats; control rats treated with Croton cajucara Benth extract during 5 and 20 days; diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with Croton cajucara Benth during 5 and 20 days. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg). Eight weeks later we measured glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and hepatic transaminases on blood. The bone marrow micronucleus assay was used to assess the genotoxic activity of Croton cajucara Benth. RESULTS: Treatment with aqueous extrat of Croton cajucara was able to significantly reduce levels of triglycerides in diabetic animals, however, did not modify significantly the levels of glucose and cholesterol in these animals. There was no significant elevation in liver transaminases in the control group treated with Croton cajucara Benth, as there was no genotoxic effect of treatment in this model. Our results did not show a significant effect on glucose and cholesterol reduction, the treatment was able to significantly reduce triclycerides plasmatic level. There was no significant alterations on hepatic transferase in the animals from the control group treated with Croton cajucara Benth. It was observed no genotoxic effect of the treatment in the model studied. CONCLUSION: In this study Croton cajucara bark extract showed absence of hepatotoxicity in this animal model and presented a hypolipidemic activity, and could be used to reverse dyslipidemia associated with diabetes and to prevent the cardiovascular complications that are very prevalent in diabetic patients.
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Takase, Mohammed. "A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy." Advances in Agriculture 2022 (September 9, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5895160.

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Oil demand has risen steadily due to the growing industrialization and modernization of the world. In addition to rising costs, the supply of fossil fuels is also declining. These and many other concerns couple with food shortages have drawn attention of scientists to a substitute fuel that is generated from feedstocks that can be renewed. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel with a lot of expectations is produced using edible grown conventional vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed, palm, and soybean. The production of biodiesel from edible oils has, meanwhile, worsened the existing competitiveness of oil used for food and fuel. Emphasis on using nonedible feedstock is currently guided by research to discover more potential nonedible feedstock such as croton. Differences between perceptions and facts about these nonedible oils necessitate efforts to diversify feedstocks into sources that can warrant the production of energy without impacting on the security of food. Croton is a multipurpose evergreen plant that is nonedible and is commonly present and cultivated under environmental and socio-economic conditions, which are complex in nature. This plant, referred to as a golden tree, has various uses including fuels, medicinal, ornamentals, dyes, feed, enriching of soil, and afforestation. This research was therefore carried out to investigate the multipurpose use croton. Among the highlighted areas include croton (feedstock) used for biodiesel, the necessity for croton seed oil and its value chain, the process for the modifying croton oil to biodiesel, factors that influence the production of biodiesel, the application of croton biodiesel in engines for efficiency and emission characteristics, and prospects for croton biodiesel.
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van Ee, Benjamin W., Paul I. Forster, and Paul E. Berry. "Phylogenetic relationships and a new sectional classification of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 28, no. 4 (2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb15016.

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A molecular phylogeny, morphological descriptions, species lists and a key to the sections of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) recognised for Australia are presented. The molecular phylogenetic results supported the recognition of six sections, to account for the 29 native Australian species. The monophyly of each of these sections was highly supported in the Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL–F DNA sequences, whereas their relationships to each other and to other groups were less well resolved. Croton may represent one, two or three separate arrivals to Australia, with support for hypotheses of subsequent dispersals from Australia to Pacific islands and to Asia. Croton sections Argyrati, Arnhemici, Caudati, Dockrilliorum and Insulares are newly described. Croton section Gymnocroton Baill., previously placed in synonymy, is again recognised. Croton armstrongii S.Moore is excluded from the Australian flora.
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Terefe, Ermias Mergia, Faith Apolot Okalebo, Solomon Derese, Joseph Muriuki, and Gaber El-Saber Batiha. "In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Anti-HIV Activity of Crude Extracts of Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus and Croton dichogamus." Journal of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 13 (December 2021): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jep.s335104.

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Omran, Awatif M. E., Salah A. M. Ali, and Elkamali H. H. "Histopathologic Changes in Liver Tissues From Male Albino Rats Treated with Croton tiglium Mixed With Animals Diet." Journal of The Faculty of Science and Technology, no. 6 (January 13, 2021): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/jfst.vi6.622.

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Croton tiglium is commonly used to treat constipation in African countries including Sudan. This study aim to evaluate histopathologic changes in Liver tissue after treated with Croton tiglium mixed with animals diet in male albino rats. The rats were divided into three groups containing of 6 rats per group for each , and they treated as follow : Group I serve as control, Group II & III: Were given a mixture of animals diet with Croton tiglium diet at concentrations of 10% and 20% respectively. Treatment of rats with 10% of Croton tiglium showed no remarkable damages or signs of lesions on specimens taken from animals for histopathological examinations ,but rats under 20% treatment showed some abnormal (alterations) .Therefore, the fruits of Croton tiglium at 20% are toxic to rats .Further studies are necessary to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents in the fruits and to elucidate modes of compound actions and interactions.
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Ngumbau, Veronicah Mutele, Mwadime Nyange, Neng Wei, Benjamin W. van Ee, Paul E. Berry, Itambo Malombe, Guang-Wan Hu, and Qing-Feng Wang. "A New Species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from a Madagascan Lineage Discovered in Coastal Kenya." Systematic Botany 45, no. 2 (June 13, 2020): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364420x15862837791294.

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Abstract—Croton kinondoensis, a new species from Kenya, is described and illustrated here with photographs. It is found in the sacred Kaya Kinondo Forest, one of the last remaining coastal forests patches in Kenya. Its morphology and systematic position based on ITS and trnL-F DNA sequence data clearly place it within the Adenophorus Group of Croton, a clade of ca. 15 species otherwise known only from Madagascar and the Comoros Archipelago. Its closest affinities appear to lie with Croton mayottae, from the island of Mayotte, and C. menabeensis, from northwestern Madagascar. This new species likely represents an independent dispersal of Croton from Madagascar to mainland Africa.
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Li, Victoria R., Zijun Zhang, and Olga G. Troyanskaya. "CROTON: an automated and variant-aware deep learning framework for predicting CRISPR/Cas9 editing outcomes." Bioinformatics 37, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2021): i342—i348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab268.

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Abstract Motivation CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that has been widely utilized in biology, biotechnology and medicine. CRISPR/Cas9 editing outcomes depend on local DNA sequences at the target site and are thus predictable. However, existing prediction methods are dependent on both feature and model engineering, which restricts their performance to existing knowledge about CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Results Herein, deep multi-task convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and neural architecture search (NAS) were used to automate both feature and model engineering and create an end-to-end deep-learning framework, CROTON (CRISPR Outcomes Through cONvolutional neural networks). The CROTON model architecture was tuned automatically with NAS on a synthetic large-scale construct-based dataset and then tested on an independent primary T cell genomic editing dataset. CROTON outperformed existing expert-designed models and non-NAS CNNs in predicting 1 base pair insertion and deletion probability as well as deletion and frameshift frequency. Interpretation of CROTON revealed local sequence determinants for diverse editing outcomes. Finally, CROTON was utilized to assess how single nucleotide variants (SNVs) affect the genome editing outcomes of four clinically relevant target genes: the viral receptors ACE2 and CCR5 and the immune checkpoint inhibitors CTLA4 and PDCD1. Large SNV-induced differences in CROTON predictions in these target genes suggest that SNVs should be taken into consideration when designing widely applicable gRNAs. Availability and implementation https://github.com/vli31/CROTON. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Aquino, Vitória Viviane Ferreira, José Galberto Martins Costa, Elissandra Couras Angélico, Rosália Severo Medeiros, Maria de Fatima Araujo Lucena, and Onaldo Guedes Rodrigues. "Metabólitos Secundários e ação antioxidante de Croton helliotripifolius e Croton blanchetianus." Acta Brasiliensis 1, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/actabra13201730.

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Antioxidantes são compostos que reagem com os radicais livres controlando o estresse oxidativo. Muitas doenças estão associadas à produção de radicais livres, os quais tem estimulado investigações do potencial antioxidante de diversas famílias da flora mundial. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes nos estratos etanólicos das folhas de Croton blanchetianus (Marmeleiro) e Croton helliotripifolius (Velame), e avaliar o seu potencial antioxidante. Os estratos etanólicos foram obtidos das folhas, apresentou um rendimento de 3,29% e 3,26%. Em seguida, os estratos foram submetidos a análise fitoquímica, nos quais foi possível identificar a presença de taninos condensados, flavonoides, flavononas, flavonóis, flavononóis, catequinas e xantonas. A atividade antioxidante dos estratos foi determinada pelo método fotocolorimétrico in vitro realizada por meio do sequestro de radicais livres, usando o DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidraliza). Ambos os estratos foram capazes de sequestrar o radical livre DPPH, sendo que o estrato de Croton blanquetianus mostrou ser mais eficiente do que o BHT (Hidroxitolueno butilado; controle positivo), com CE50 = 6,5 ± 0,5 mg mL-1. Contudo, os resultados observados para os estratos etanólicos, possivelmente sejam atribuídas à presença e a concentração de compostos fenólicos pertencentes as classes dos taninos e flavonoides, os quais foram identificados nesse estudo.
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de S. Secco, Ricardo, Paul E. Berry, Nélson A. Rosa, and Nelson A. Rosa. "Croton diasii and Croton trombetensis, Two New Euphorbiaceae from Amazonian Brazil." Novon 11, no. 1 (2001): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3393219.

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Liu, Huan-Fang, Yun-Fei Deng, and Jing-Ping Liao. "Foliar trichomes of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae: Crotonoideae) from China and its taxonomic implications." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20, no. 1 (June 25, 2013): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15468.

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Foliar trichomes of 21 species of the genus Croton L. from China have been examined using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Five trichome types characterized by their morphology are identified, viz., stellate, lepidote, simple, dendritic and appressed-rosulate. Only stellate trichome is observed in most species, with only six species that are found to maintain two or three trichome types. Trichome types and density are useful for species identification and sectional classification for Chinese species. Based on the trichome types and other morphological characters, 21 Chinese species are proposed to be placed in five sections. Croton crassifolius belongs to sect. Andrichnia; C. cascarilloides belongs to sect. Monguia; C. mangelong, C. kongensis, C. laevigatus and C. laniflorus belong to sect. Argyrocroton; C. lauioides, C. howii and C. damayeshu belong to sect. Adenophylli. The remaining Chinese Croton species might be placed into sect. Croton. A key for Chinese Croton species based on trichome morphology is provided.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15468Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 85-94, 2013 (June)
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Gomes, Ana Paula de Souza, Margareth Ferreira de Sales, and André Laurênio de Melo. "Novidades taxonômicas em Croton sect. Argyroglossum Baill. e C. sect. Lasiogyne Klotzsch (Crotonoideae-Euphorbiaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062010000400004.

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Nove novos sinônimos, um neótipo e três lectotipificações de espécies de Croton são propostos. Além disso, C.schomburgkianus A. P. S. Gomes & M. F. Sales é designada como um novo nome para C. nervosus Klotzsch. Na seção Argyroglossum Baill., Croton argyroglossus Baill. e C. micans var. argyroglossus Baill. são sinonimizadas sob C. argyrophyllus Kunth; C. alagoensis Müll. Arg. e C. floribundus var. piauhiensis Rizzini sinonimizadas sob C. blanchetianus; C. micans var. pubescens Müll. Arg., Croton argyrophyllus var. pubescens (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., e C. argyrophyllus var. villosus Müll. Arg. são sinonimizadas sob C. schomburgkianus e C. argyrophylloides Müll. Arg. sinonimizada sob C. tricolor Klotzsch ex Baill. Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg. é sinonimizada sob C. jacobinensis Baill. na seção Lasiogyne Klotzsch.
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Guerra Júnior, José Israel, Magda Rhayanny Assunção Ferreira, Alisson Macário de Oliveira, and Luiz Alberto Lira Soares. "Croton sp.: a review about Popular Uses, Biological Activities and Chemical Composition." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): e57311225306. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25306.

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The genus Croton, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, is a plant with shrubby characteristics, with the ability to regrow in times of rain, develops wildly, especially in deforestation areas, being reported mainly in the Caatinga and Forest region. One of the main characteristics of this genus is that several species are rich in chemical constituents of importance for medicine. In this way, this review of the literature, has an objective that findings regarding the biological activities and chemical composition of Croton species. This study is a literature review, carried out in the following databases: SciELO, BVS, MEDLINE, LILACS, PubMed and ScienceDirect, with a time frame between 1997 and 2020. The articles studied have shown different activities for Croton species, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antifungal, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-tumor. Regarding toxicological aspects, the findings suggest caution in the use of Croton species, as some are toxic. While, regarding the chemical composition, in most species the presence of several secondary metabolites is observed, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Therefore, the results described in this article suggest that the therapeutic application of Croton species is supported by the literature, however we point out that caution is required in the use of Croton species, some present due to toxicity.
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Cayo Rojas, Cesar, and Rodolfo Barrera. "Evaluación in vitro del efecto antibacteriano del Croton lechleri sobre cultivos de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175)." Ciencia y Desarrollo 17, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/cyd.v17i1.1097.

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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto antibacteriano in vitro del Croton lechleri en el crecimiento de cepas del Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Este trabajo responde a un diseño experimental in vitro, de tipo aplicada, transversal, prospectivo, y de nivel descriptivo. Para la cual se usaron concentraciones diferentes del Croton lechleri y se midieron los halos de inhibición formados alrededor de los discos embebidos con cada una de las concentraciones sobre las cepas del Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Como resultado se obtuvo que las concentraciones de 100% y 75% del Croton lechleri mostraron efecto inhibitorio positivo en los cultivos de cepas del Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), mientras que la concentración del 40% no tuvo efecto inhibitorio en los cultivos de cepas del Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). En conclusión existe un efecto antibacteriano de la Sangre de grado (Croton lechleri) inhibitorio positivo a las en cultivos de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175).Palabras clave: Croton lechleri, in vitro, Agar Müller hinton, Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/CienciayDesarrollo.2014.v17i1.01
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STEINMANN, VICTOR W. "Croton lindquistii (Euphorbiaceae): a new arborescent species from western Mexico." Phytotaxa 166, no. 3 (April 25, 2014): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.166.3.4.

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Croton lindquistii, a new species in Croton subg. Geiseleria sect. Eluteria subsect. Eluteria, is described and illustrated. It occurs in the tropical deciduous forests of western Mexico from Sonora to Oaxaca. The species is economically important, and during the past four decades, plants have been extensively harvested for their straight, hard, and durable trunks that are used as fence posts and stakes in agricultural fields. Although the exact affinities of C. lindquistii are unknown, it is similar to both C. niveus and C. pseudoniveus. It differs from the former by having ovate to cordiform leaves, fruiting pedicels less than 3 mm long, and spiciform thyrses that are very compact with the axis obscured by the buds. It differs from the latter by having 15–16 stamens per flower and stellate-pubescent ovaries and fruits. The name Croton fantzianus has been misapplied to Croton lindquistii. A key is provided that distinguishes the new species from the five other members of Croton sect. Eluteria subsect. Eluteria that have ovaries and fruits with stellate pubescence.
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PEREIRA, AMANDA DA PAIXÃO NORONHA, RICARDA RIINA, and MARIA BEATRIZ ROSSI CARUZO. "Rediscovery and sectional placement of Croton ichthygaster (Euphorbiaceae), a rare species from southern Brazil." Phytotaxa 309, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.1.8.

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Croton ichthygaster is a rare shrubby species from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. We collected new specimens from a recently found population in Santa Catarina. This allowed us to record previously unknown morphological characters for the species and infer its sectional placement in the current Croton classification, namely sect. Adenophylli. We provide an emended description of C. ichthygaster and a key to distinguish it from morphologically similar Croton species occurring in its geographic range.
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Romero-Juárez, Guadalupe C., Mario I. Ortiz, and Raquel Cariño-Cortés. "Efectos biológicos y uso herbolario del género Croton. Revisión sistemática." Educación y Salud Boletín Científico Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo 8, no. 16 (June 5, 2020): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/icsa.v8i16.5643.

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AntecedentesDesde la antigüedad, los seres humanos han tenido la necesidad de buscar alternativas naturales para combatir diversas enfermedades. Los principios activos de géneros de Croton (familia Euphobiaceae) se usan como alternativas terapéuticas naturales en la medicina tradicional en África, sur de Asia y Sudamérica. Específicamente, Croton hypoleucus (Ch) se usa en la medicina tradicional mexicana para el tratamiento del dolor de estómago, gastritis, tos e infecciones locales. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de la presente revisión es mostrar las actividades biológicas y los usos clínicos de Croton. Método Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Revisamos los estudios experimentales de modelos in vitro e in vivo de los componentes de las diferentes especies de Croton publicados de 1980 a 2019, donde de cada artículo se sintetizó la información sobre la eficacia y los efectos biológicos de cada compuesto aislado. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 16 estudios experimentales. No se encontraron estudios clínicos en la literatura. Algunas especies de croton produjeron actividad citotóxica de baja a moderada contra diferentes líneas celulares. Estos efectos se atribuyen principalmente a diterpenoides, crotónidos y principalmente a clerodanos. Un extracto puro de Croton hypoleucus demostró moderada actividad hepatoprotectora y antioxidante. Conclusión La literatura indica el posible mecanismo de acción de algunas actividades biológicas de los compuestos de Croton. Sin embargo, la información disponible es escasa. Por lo tanto, se necesita realizar más estudios en diferentes modelos experimentales para clarificar la seguridad y eficacia de sus componentes activos con el fin de tener alternativas naturales con el mismo efecto o mejor que los medicamentos convencionales.
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PEREIRA, AMANDA DA PAIXÃO NORONHA, RICARDA RIINA, and MARIA BEATRIZ ROSSI CARUZO. "Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key." Phytotaxa 570, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 231–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1.

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Croton is a megadiverse pantropical genus with about 1200 species. The genus can be easily recognized by a set of characters that include indumentum of stellate or lepidote trichomes, colored or clear latex, leaves often with nectary glands, and terminal inflorescences. We focus on the State of Paraná in southern Brazil, where we identified a gap in knowledge of Croton. This study was based on fieldwork and herbarium surveys that allowed us to document all Croton species occurring in the state. We recognize 41 species for the state and provide an identification key, taxonomic notes, and distribution maps for all species. We also include photographs and carry out lectotypifications when necessary. We expect this work will contribute to a better understanding of Croton diversity and distribution in southern Brazil.
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"Croton megalocarpus (croton)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17151.

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This datasheet on Croton megalocarpus covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Environmental Requirements, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
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"Croton capitatus (Woolly croton)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17132.

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"Croton tiglium (Purging croton)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17170.

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Rojas-Sandoval, J. "Croton argenteus (silver July croton)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.119804.

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This datasheet on Croton argenteus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Further Information.
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"Croton macrostachyus (broad leaved croton)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17152.

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Owusu, Samuel Ebo, Samuel Ebo Owusu, and Reuben Nutefe Kuavedzi. "Growth Response of Croton (Codiaeum variegatum pictum L.) to Aloe Vera Gel and Indol-Butyric Acid in Different Propagation Media." Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, June 16, 2020, 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2020/v6i130062.

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Croton is a species of plant in the genus, Codiaeum, which is a member of the family, Euphorbiaceae. They have a wide range of variations in leaf shape and coloration that have fascinated breeders, landscapers, horticulturists, and gardeners and a huge number of cultivars have been fixed for commercial production. Because of this crotons are in very regular demand and there is the need for fast propagation methods, with low cost and that assures the formation of vigorous, high-quality seedlings. The study, therefore, assessed the growth response of croton cuttings to different growth media and plant growth hormonesviz: Aloe vera gel and IBA. A 3x3 factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) made up of three growth media (coco peat, sawdust, and topsoil) and two levels of growth-promoting hormones (Aloe vera gel and IBA) and a control was used. The study was carried out at the Multipurpose Crop Nursery at the College of Agriculture Education, Mampong Campus. Data was collected on sprouting response, the number of leaves, and the number of roots. The results indicated that the different growth media and hormones influenced sprouting response of croton at days to 50%, 70%, and 100% sprouting significantly (p > 0.05). Croton cuttings that were grown on topsoil and treated with Aloe vera gel recorded earlier days to sprout. The number of leaves and roots was higher among croton cuttings grown on topsoil and treated with Aloe vera gel. On the other hand, croton cuttings grown on sawdust recorded the least number of leaves at 28, 42, 56, and 70 DAP.). The results were similar for the number of roots. The study concluded that croton cuttings that were grown on a combination of topsoil and Aloe vera gel resulted in the earliest shoot response and a higher number of roots and leaves followed closely by those of IBA.
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"Croton." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.16159.

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Chaibun, Sakchai, Wilart Pompimon, Chanika Tidchai, Noraset Chalaemwongwan, Jutarut Wongping, Chidawan Kansorn, Phansuang Udomputtimekakul, et al. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities from Croton delpyi Croton decalvatus and Croton caudatus." Natural Products Journal 10 (July 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315510999200704143606.

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Abstract:
Background: C. delpyi, C. decalvatus and C. caudatus are in the Euphorbiaceae family. The aerial parts; twigs, leaves and barks of these plants were used as traditional medicine such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and antifungal properties. Objectives: The aims of this work were 1) to study the chemical composition of C. delpyi, C. decalvatus, and C. caudatus 2) to test their antibacterial, anti-HIV-1 RT, and cytotoxicity activities of crude extracts and pure compounds from these plants. Methods: Extraction, separation and purification of three plants were performed under chromatographic method. The biological activities including antibacterial, anti-HIV-1 RT and cytotoxicity assay of three plants were evaluated by the standard methods. Results: Phytochemical investigation of C. delpyi was founded a new clerodanes diterpenoids; crotondelpyitin A (1). The five known compounds, such as acetyl aleuritolic acid (2), 5-hydroxy-7,4- dimethoxyflavone (3), and pilloin (4) were founded in C. decalvatus and 3α-benzoyloxy-D:A-friedo-oleanan-27,16αlactone (5), and bergenin (6) were founded in C. caudatus. The compound 3 show the most effective antibacterial activities with MIC in range <0.16 -1.25 mg/mL, and MBC in range 0.6 - >5.0 mg/mL. The six compounds were inactive with antiHIV-1 RT. In addition, compound 4 was active for cytotoxic activities on FaDu and KKU-M213 at <4 µg/mL. Conclusion: The present study reveals that the Croton species are sources of diterpenoid-type compounds and significant guide for further research of the chemical constituents from these plants as potential medicines.
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48

"Croton hovarum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17143.

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49

"Croton sparciflorum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.109871.

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50

"Croton aubrevillei." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.17128.

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