To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Crowding-in.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crowding-in'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Crowding-in.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hashim, Ilaf. "Considering crowding in public transport forecasts." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235185.
Full textAbstract:
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a common tool used when determining whether to invest or not in newpublic transport infrastructure by weighing the costs of the object in question against the benefits it isexpected to bring about. If the benefits exceed the costs, the recommendation would be to invest.Usually, however, the cost exceeds the benefit which makes it difficult to motivate new publictransportation investments.This does, however, not necessarily indicate that most public transportation investments areunprofitable but rather that there exist deficiencies in the tool. Usually a CBA does not include all aspectsnecessary for a proper appraisal and one of those aspects specifically may be the perceived on-boardcrowding.This thesis presents a method for incorporating the effects of perceived on-board crowding into a CBAvia an implementation of a seat-occupancy based crowding multiplier approximation into thegeneralized travel cost function of a static transit assignment model (TAM).A problem with static TAMs is that the underlying travel demand is fixed throughout the analyzed timeperiod.Consequently, only average passenger loads are obtained after an assignment procedure whichmeans that only the average perceived on-board crowding can be observed. A direct implementationwould thus not be sufficient for representing how travelers perceive crowding in real life as traveldemand is highly variable but also due to other load-impacting phenomena such as bus bunching.The solution to this problem was to make the TAM consider the actual perceived on-board crowding byderiving mode-wise expressions of the weighted crowding multiplier as a function of the averagecrowding multiplier. These expressions were further implemented into the generalized travel costfunction imbedded in the static TAM.The enhanced model was applied to a case being the proposed plan of building a new metro betweenÄlvsjö and Fridhemsplan in Stockholm. The results proved that the travel time savings were 70 % largerwhen crowding was considered in the TAM than when it was not. Moreover, the CBA resulted in apositive outcome when crowding was considered as opposed to the CBA in which it was not, which indicated a negative outcome.
2
Gong, Mingliang. "Orientation discrimination in periphery: Surround suppression or crowding?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1430433449.
Full text
3
Gong, Mingliang. "The Processing of Threatening Facial Information in Crowding." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1524067932436045.
Full text
4
Rana, Priyanka Shailendra. "Shrinkage, Swelling and Macromolecular Crowding in Cell Death." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1595850511516452.
Full text
5
Sia, Susan. "Molecular crowding and microphase segregation in supermolecular liquid crystals." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418793.
Full text
6
Ting, Tung-yuen, and 丁東源. "Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in skeletal class I crowding." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47147817.
Full text
7
Hui, Michael King-Man. "Perceived control, crowding and consumer satisfaction in service industries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283591.
Full text
8
Masa-ud, Abdul Gafar Abubakar. "Crowding-out Of Household Expenditure By Tobacco In Ghana." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31620.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines whether other expenditure in Ghanaian households is crowded out by expenditure on tobacco over the period under study (2005/2006 and 2012/2013) and whether the magnitude of crowding-out over the period has been changed by the introduction of the tobacco control law in July, 2012. The paper uses household survey data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey in the years 2005/2006 and 2012/2013. A system of quadratic conditional Engel curves was estimated for a set of eleven groups of commodities for both periods. The results show a crowding-out of food, alcohol, clothing and transport and a crowding-in of furnishings, health and communication expenditure by tobacco. The magnitude of crowding-in and crowding-out declined over the period under study. The tobacco control law of 2012 was positively associated with a reduction in the prevalence rate of tobacco use among households, and a reduction in household budget share allocation to tobacco.
9
Nilsson, Alexander. "Crowding out or crowding in? : A study on the effects of the public debt ratio on private investments of countries in the euro area." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173254.
Full textAbstract:
The evolution of public debt in the euro area into unsustainable levels is discussed now more than ever after the recent financial crisis of 2008 and the European sovereign debt crisis that followed. With countries like Greece and Italy hovering around the level of 181.2- and 134.8 percent of GDP in public debt in 2018 (AMECO database), it is hard not to be worried about the future. Macroeconomic theory predicts that increased bond-financed government expenditure will crowd out private investment. This paper tests the credibility of this theory by empirically examining the effect of public debt ratios on private investment in 26 countries in the euro area from 1999 to 2018. By using panel data regression, accounting for fixed effects, it emerged that public debt ratios are negatively correlated with private investment as is predicted by the crowding out theory. However, no statistically significant negative correlation was found when introducing an instrumental variable, military expenditure.
10
Frederick, Kortne King. "Maxillary incisor crown form and crowding in adolescent orthodontic patients." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version, 2008. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2008-024-Frederick-index.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. )--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008<br>Title from title page screen (viewed on July 30, 2008). Research advisor: Edward F. Harris, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (xvi, 154 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-154).
11
Lu, Cheng [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Stock. "Modeling protein dynamics in solution: effects of ligand binding and crowding." Freiburg : Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119452643/34.
Full text
12
Moros, Cañón Lina. "Payments for ecosystem services in Colombia: discourses, design and motivation crowding." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670175.
Full textAbstract:
Els pagaments dels serveis ecosistèmics (PSE) han estat promoguts des de la dècada dels noranta per institucions globals, ONGs de conservació i governs nacionals i regionals per incentivar els propietaris a mantenir la biodiversitat i la cobertura forestal, així com per restaurar o millorar la prestació de serveis ecosistèmics. PES ha penetrat a l’agenda de polítiques globals mediambientals perquè promet un enfocament de conservació directa que aborda simultàniament la protecció del medi ambient i la reducció de la pobresa. Amèrica Llatina predomina l’implementació del PES, amb els programes nacionals de Costa Rica (1998) i Mexico (2003) sent dos dels sistemes més grans del món, seguits del programa de conversió de terres inclinades de la Xina. Malgrat la creixent popularitat del PES, segueix sent un concepte controvertit i dinàmic que planteja moltes preocupacions, incloent-hi la monetització de les funcions dels ecosistemes, els compromisos entre l’eficàcia ambiental i les consideracions d’equitat i els possibles riscos d’amuntegament de la motivació. disminuir les motivacions proambientals. Mitjançant un enfocament multidisciplinari i de mètodes mixts, aquesta tesi contribueix a aquests debats investigant com s’ha conceptualitzat i implementat el PES a Colòmbia, un dels que es troben més tard a l’agenda del PSE, que es distingeix globalment tant pel seu alt nivell de biodiversitat com per la seva taxes de deforestació. Aquesta tesi fa dues contribucions principals a la literatura del PSE: en primer lloc, teòricament es mostra la importància d’identificar els punts de convergència entre els discursos del PSE per facilitar l’implementació del SPO segons les necessitats i realitats locals. També destaca el paper important de les motivacions en l’eficàcia de les polítiques de conservació que tenen com a objectiu canvis de comportament. En segon lloc, metodològicament, avança la metodologia Q desenvolupant un protocol sistemàtic i replicable per capturar, definir i prioritzar les declaracions PES de les xarxes socials. També proposa que les motivacions i els comportaments s’analitzin per separat i no s’assumeixin com a intercanviables.<br>Los Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) han sido promovidos desde la década de 1990 por instituciones globales, ONG conservacionistas y gobiernos nacionales y regionales para incentivar a los propietarios de tierras a conservar la biodiversidad y las coberturas forestales, así como a restaurar o mejorar la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Los PSA han permeado la agenda de la política ambiental global porque prometen un enfoque de conservación directo que aborda simultáneamente la protección del medio ambiente y la reducción de la pobreza. América Latina domina la implementación de PSA, y los programas nacionales de Costa Rica (1998) y México (2003) son dos de los esquemas más grandes del mundo, seguidos por el programa de Sloping Land Conversion de China. A pesar de la creciente popularidad de los PSA, éste sigue siendo un concepto controvertido y dinámico que plantea muchas inquietudes, incluida la monetización de las funciones de los ecosistemas, las posibles tensiones entre la efectividad ambiental y las consideraciones de equidad, y los riesgos potenciales de que los PSA disminuyan las motivaciones pro-ambientales de quienes participan en los esquemas. Utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario y de métodos mixtos, esta disertación contribuye a estos debates al investigar cómo se ha conceptualizado e implementado el PSA en Colombia, un país que acaba de entrar en la agenda de PSA mundial y que se destaca globalmente por su alto nivel de biodiversidad y tasas de deforestación. Esta tesis hace dos contribuciones principales a la literatura de PSA: en primer lugar, teóricamente muestra la importancia de identificar puntos de convergencia en los discursos de PSA para facilitar la implementación de PSA de acuerdo con las necesidades y realidades locales. También destaca el importante papel de las motivaciones pro-ambientales en la efectividad de las políticas de conservación dirigidas a buscar cambios de comportamiento. En segundo lugar, metodológicamente, avanza la metodología Q mediante el desarrollo de un protocolo sistemático y replicable para capturar, definir y priorizar los objetivos de los PSA mencionados en las redes sociales. También propone que las motivaciones y los comportamientos se deben analizar por separado y no deben ser asumidos como intercambiables.<br>Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been promoted since the 1990s by global
institutions, conservation NGOs, and both national and regional governments to
incentivise landowners to maintain biodiversity and forest cover, as well as to restore or
enhance the provision of ecosystem services. PES has permeated the environmental
global policy agenda because it promises a direct conservation approach that
simultaneously tackles environmental protection and poverty reduction. Latin America
dominates PES implementation, with the Costa Rican (1998) and Mexican (2003)
national programmes being two of the largest schemes in the world, followed by China’s
Sloping Land Conversion programme. Despite the growing popularity of PES, it remains
a contested and dynamic concept that raises many concerns including the monetisation of
ecosystem functions, trade-offs between environmental effectiveness and equity
considerations, and potential risks of motivation crowding, meaning that PES can, over
time, diminish pro-environmental motivations.
Using a multi-disciplinary and mixed methods approach, this dissertation contributes to
these debates by investigating how PES has been conceptualised and implemented in
Colombia, a late-comer in the PES agenda which stands-out globally for both its high
level of biodiversity and its rates of deforestation. This thesis makes two main
contributions to PES literature: first, theoretically it shows the importance of identifying
points of convergence across PES discourses to facilitate PES implementation according
to local needs and realities. It also highlights the important role of motivations in the
effectiveness of conservation policies aiming at behavioural changes. Second,
methodologically, it advances Q-methodology by developing a systematic and replicable
protocol to capture, define and prioritise PES statements from social media. It also
proposes that motivations and behaviours should be analysed separately and not assumed
as interchangeable.
13
Fiske, Steven William. "Does Crowding Obscure the Presence of Attentional Guidance in Contextual Cueing?" Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4039.
Full textAbstract:
The contextual cueing effect was initially thought to be the product of memory guiding attention to the target location. However, the steep search slopes obtained in contextual cueing indicate an absence of attentional guidance. We hypothesized that crowding could be obscuring the presence of attentional guidance and investigated this possibility in 2 experiments. Crowding was manipulated by varying the density of items in the local target region in a contextual cueing task. We observed a significant reduction in search slopes between the novel and repeated conditions when crowding was reduced. Enhancing crowding eliminated the contextual cueing effect. These findings suggest that increased crowding at larger set sizes attenuates the memory-based attentional guidance in contextual cueing thereby producing steep search slopes.
14
Zhang, Wanzhen. "Redox-dependent regulation of molecular crowding barrier in the nuclear pore." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263794.
Full text
15
Barile, Lory. "Environmental morale : an application of behavioural economics." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616874.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis makes a contribution to that part of the economics literature that explores how behavioural economics can inform environmental economics. Theoretically, the thesis develops the concept of environmental morale. Empirically, the study investigates the role of environmental morale on individuals’ behaviour within two different contexts: recycling participation and intertemporal choices over different goods (i.e., money, environment, and health) and outcomes (i.e., gains and losses). Major objectives of this analysis are: to shed light on how environmental morale interplays with individuals’ behaviour under different recycling policy schemes, and to examine whether temporal discounting is domain specific and depends on environmental morale heterogeneity. Original survey investigations are employed to analyse these issues. Results highlight the relevance of environmental morale both in motivating individuals’ contribution to recycling and intertemporal choices towards environmental outcomes. Regarding the interaction between environmental morale, recycling participation and government interventions, results from this analysis suggest that a facilitating nudge policy seems to be relatively more powerful in increasing individuals’ contribution and motivation towards recycling. Considering intertemporal choices, a paradox of hyperopia seems to be located in data provided in this analysis. Some of the original contributions of the thesis are, first the broader reconceptualization of the definition of environmental morale and its operationalization in analyses of questionnaire preferences. Secondly, in line with other areas of research (i.e., tax compliance literature); this study pursues an investigation of individual and cultural differences with respect to recycling policies, an area which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. In this regard, the analysis considers a comparison between psychology and economics students in Italy and the UK. Thirdly, conditioning discounting on environmental morale offers a unique opportunity to analyse how ethical considerations influence the way individuals form expectations on (near and far distant) future environmental outcomes.
16
Connors, Benjamin James. "Simulation of current crowding mitigation in GaN core-shell nanowire led designs." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41206.
Full textAbstract:
Core-shell nanowire LEDs are light emitting devices which, due to a high aspect
ratio, have low substrate sensitivity, allowing the possibility of low defect density GaN
light emitting diodes. Current growth techniques and physical non-idealities make the
production of high conductivity p-type GaN for the shell region of these devices difficult.
Due to the structure of core-shell nanowires and the difference in conductivity between ntype and p-type GaN, the full junction area of a core-shell nanowire is not used
efficiently. To address this problem, a series of possible doping profiles are applied to
the core of a simulated device to determine effects on current crowding and overall
device efficiency. With a simplified model it is shown that current crowding has a
possible dependence on the doping in the core in regions other than those directly in
contact with the shell. The device efficiency is found to be improved through the use of
non-constant doping profiles in the core region with particularly large efficiency
increases related to profiles which modify portions of the core not in contact with the
shell
17
Haywood, Luke, and Martin Koning. "The distribution of crowding costs in public transport: New evidence from Paris." Elsevier, 2015. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37008.
Full textAbstract:
Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project.
18
McGarvey, William. "Evaluating Heuristics and Crowding on Center Selection in K-Means Genetic Algorithms." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/31.
Full textAbstract:
Data clustering involves partitioning data points into clusters where data points within the same cluster have high similarity, but are dissimilar to the data points in other clusters. The k-means algorithm is among the most extensively used clustering techniques. Genetic algorithms (GA) have been successfully used to evolve successive generations of cluster centers. The primary goal of this research was to develop improved GA-based methods for center selection in k-means by using heuristic methods to improve the overall fitness of the initial population of chromosomes along with crowding techniques to avoid premature convergence. Prior to this research, no rigorous systematic examination of the use of heuristics and crowding methods in this domain had been performed.
The evaluation included computational experiments involving repeated runs of the genetic algorithm in which values that affect heuristics or crowding were systematically varied and the results analyzed. Genetic algorithm performance under the various configurations was analyzed based upon (1) the fitness of the partitions produced, and by (2) the overall time it took the GA to converge to good solutions. Two heuristic methods for initial center seeding were tested: Density and Separation. Two crowding techniques were evaluated on their ability to prevent premature convergence: Deterministic and Parent Favored Hybrid local tournament selection.
Based on the experiment results, the Density method provides no significant advantage over random seeding either in discovering quality partitions or in more quickly evolving better partitions. The Separation method appears to result in an increased probability of the genetic algorithm finding slightly better partitions in slightly fewer generations, and to more quickly converge to quality partitions. Both local tournament selection techniques consistently allowed the genetic algorithm to find better quality partitions than roulette-wheel sampling. Deterministic selection consistently found better quality partitions in fewer generations than Parent Favored Hybrid. The combination of Separation center seeding and Deterministic selection performed better than any other combination, achieving the lowest mean best SSE value more than twice as often as any other combination. On all 28 benchmark problem instances, the combination identified solutions that were at least as good as any identified by extant methods.
19
Maloney, Tina M. "Crowding out the girls : issues of gender access in the use of computers /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0031/MQ47463.pdf.
Full text
20
Eltayeb, Alaa. "Implementing crowding in SL’s transit assignment model : Case study: Stockholm Public Transport Network." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272205.
Full text
21
Maini, Anika. "The relationship between plaque accumulation and anterior crowding in an adolescent orthodontic population." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/4373/.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: To evaluate the longitudinal relationship of anterior tooth alignment and intra-oral plaque accumulation during orthodontic fixed appliance treatment, using novel intra-oral imaging techniques. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Setting: Countess of Chester Hospital Subjects: 13 adolescent patients (9 females, 4 males) recruited prior to commencing fixed appliance therapy. The mean age of patients recruited was 13.4 years with an age range of 11.9 – 17 years. Methods: Clinical data were collected for each participant at consecutive appointments until the anterior teeth were aligned with the minimum follow-up being 6 months. Data included an assessment of plaque accumulation using a novel hand-held device (ToothcareTM) and upper and lower labial segment crowding was evaluated using sectional plaster models to determine the Little’s Irregularity Index [1975]. Repeat measures were used to assess reliability of the plaque scoring method and measurement of the Little’s Index via dial callipers and a reflex metrograph. The accuracy of hand scoring Little’s Index was also compared to the reflex metrograph measurements. Dahlberg’s method error formula was used to determine the accuracy of Little’s Index scores whilst Cohen’s Kappa statistic determined the degree of agreement in repeat plaque measurements. Uni-variate non-parametric statistics were used to assess any differences between test re-test measurements and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient was used to determine associations between plaque and crowding over time. The multi-variate Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the trend of plaque and crowding over time. Results: Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient showed an inverse relationship between plaque and crowding over the course of the study (r = -0.375) although this association was very weak. The inverse relationship was stronger for the baseline data (prior to bonding of the fixed appliances) r = -0.602, which was statistically significant at the five percent level. There was no consistent trend amongst patients of plaque accumulation over time (p=0.741) although the degree of labial segment irregularity did consistently improve over the first three visits (p=0.038). Hand scoring with dial callipers showed acceptable accuracy with a method error of 0.17mm, although the reflex metrograph did not show the same consistency (method error = 0.22mm) and tended to over score the irregularity when compared to the hand scoring method (p=0.000). Reproducibility of the plaque scoring method was acceptable when using the ToothcareTM light at the chair side (un-weighted kappa statistic = 0.92) and when compared to an image from the digital camera based on the same technology, QLF-D BiluminatorTM (un-weighted kappa statistic = 0.76). Conclusions: The plaque scoring index based on a novel hand-held device (ToothcareTM) shows acceptable reliability and reproducibility. Measuring Little’s Irregularity Index [1975] by hand may be preferable to using a similar index on a reflex metrograph due to the increased error in the vertical dimension. Plaque accumulation does not appear to show a consistent trend over time and is very variable in nature. In this cohort there was a very weak and inverse relationship demonstrated between labial segment crowding and plaque quantity.
22
Ménard, Amélie. "P450 enzymes in biocatalysis: exploration of chemical auxiliaries, macromolecular crowding, bioconjugation and oriented-immobilization." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114213.
Full textAbstract:
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs or P450s) form a ubiquitous family of heme-dependent monooxygenases known mainly for their role in xenobiotic metabolism and their remarkable ability to regio- and stereoselectively oxidize inactivated C-H bonds, a feat that is difficult to achieve by chemical methods. Unfortunately, our ability to study and exploit these enzymes as in vitro biocatalysts has been limited by their low activity, low stability and poor product predictability. This thesis focuses on the study of human drug metabolizing P450 isoforms, namely CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 because of their exceptional ability to accept a large variety of substrates. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate the utility of "type II ligands" as chemical auxiliaries for biocatalysis with human CYP2E1. We show that linking the chemical auxiliary nicotinate to a variety of short hydrocarbon substrates can promote their oxidation with predictable regioselectivity at the secondary aliphatic or alkenyl C-H bond furthest from the auxiliary. The origin of this selectivity was rationalized through docking studies of our auxiliary-substrate compounds with reported X-ray crystals structures of CYP2E1. These results not only confirm the general utility of the chemical auxiliary approach pioneered by our lab to direct the predictable oxidation of inactivated C-H bonds by P450 enzymes, but also provide a system with complementary regioselectivity.A short study of the effects of macromolecular crowding on the activity of human CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 is presented in Chapter 3. We found that certain crowding agents were not detrimental to enzyme activity while others had a negative effect. Moreover, certain conditions (initially tested as controls) that improved enzymatic activity were uncovered. In Chapter 4, the non-covalent oriented-immobilization of CYP3A4 via its C-terminal histidine-tag is described. We show that immobilization on Ni-NTA agarose resin via this strategy has no detrimental effect on enzyme activity or stability. The lyoprotectant properties of Ni-NTA were also investigated. In Chapter 5, we designed and characterized a mutant of CYP3A4 that retains its enzymatic activity upon modification with a variety of fluorescent maleimide dyes via a single cysteine residue on its surface, namely C64. We also show that the activity of this mutant is preserved upon immobilization onto solid supports via this same cysteine residue. Finally, results of a preliminary feasibility study towards applying this immobilization strategy to eventual single-molecule fluorescence microscopy studies are presented.<br>Les enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYPs ou P450) forment une famille omniprésente de mono-oxygénases possédant un noyau hème au site-actif. Ces enzymes sont surtout connues pour leur rôle dans le métabolisme de produits pharmaceutiques et pour leur capacité remarquable à oxyder les liens C-H non-activés de façon régio- et stéréosélective. Malheureusement, notre capacité d'étudier et d'utiliser ces enzymes comme biocatalyseurs in vitro est limitée par leur faible activité, instabilité et une incapacité des connaissances actuelles à prédire leurs produits.Dans le chapitre 2, nous démontrons l'utilité des ligands de type II comme auxiliaires chimiques pour la biocatalyse avec CYP2E1 humaine. Nous démontrons que l'auxiliaire chimique nicotinate, lorsque lié à une variété d'hydrocarbures courts, peux promouvoir leur oxydation avec une régiosélectivité prévisible pour le lien C-H secondaire aliphatique ou alcényle le plus éloigné de l'auxiliaire. L'origine de cette sélectivité a été rationalisée à l'aide de «docking» moléculaire de nos composés auxiliaire-substrats à l'intérieure de structures cristallines de CYP2E1 publiées par d'autres chercheurs. L'utilité d'auxiliaires chimiques pour contrôler la régiosélectivité des enzymes P450 avait déjà été démontrée par notre groupe de recherche. Les résultats présentés dans ce chapitre offrent non seulement une confirmation du potentiel de cette stratégie, mais aussi un système complémentaire pour l'oxydation prévisible de liens C-H non-activés par les enzymes P450. Ces résultats confirment également la généralité de l'approche mis au point dans notre laboratoire qui décrit l'utilisation d'une auxiliaire chimique pour diriger l'oxydation prévisible de liens C-H non-activés par les enzymes P450.Une étude des effets de l'encombrement macromoléculaire sur l'activité enzymatique des CYP3A4 et CYP2D6 humaines est présentée dans le chapitre 3. Nous avons trouvé que leur activité demeure inchangée par la présence de certains agents encombrants alors que d'autres ont un effet négatif. De plus, certaines conditions (testées initialement comme contrôle) qui améliorent l'activité enzymatique ont été découvertes.Dans le chapitre 4, l'immobilisation orienté non-covalente de CYP3A4 par son étiquette de type his-tag C-terminale est décrite. Nous démontrons que son immobilisation sur une résine Ni-NTA à base d'agarose via cette stratégie n'a aucun effet négatif sur l'activité ou la stabilité de l'enzyme. Les propriétés lyoprotectrices de cette résine ont aussi été investiguées.Dans le chapitre 5, nous concevons et caractérisons un mutant actif de CYP3A4 lors de modifications avec une variété de maléimides fluorescentes à l'endroit d'un unique résidu cystéinique à sa surface, soit le C64. Nous démontrons aussi que ce mutant préserve son activité lorsqu'immobilisé sur des supports solides par ce même résidu cystéinique. Finalement, les résultats d'études préliminaires sont présentés qui envisagent l'application de cette stratégie d'immobilisation envers des études éventuelles de spectroscopie de fluorescence à la résolution d'une seule molécule.
23
Gheri, Carolina. "The role of salience on crowding and visual search in the context of synaesthesia." Thesis, City University London, 2008. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11924/.
Full textAbstract:
Visual crowding is a phenomenon in which the identification of visual stimuli is impaired by nearby directions. it occurs both for simple stimuli (oriented lines) and for more complex forms. The literature on crowding is reviewed, along with relevant literature on visual search and stimulus salience. Experiments are reported to test the idea that visually salient stimuli can escape, in part from crowding. The salience of stimuli was manipulated by varying their motion direction, colour, or temporal frequency relative to dis tractors. Salience was also measured independently of crowding using the pop out paradigm in visual search. Results showed that stimuli independently defined as salient did escape, in part, from crowding. A following experiment attempted to see whether the same would be true for the subjective colours experienced by synaesthetes.
24
Johnson, Mathew. "Continuity, change and crowding out : the reshaping of collective bargaining in UK local government." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/continuity-change-and-crowding-out-the-reshaping-of-collective-bargaining-in-uk-local-government(553b0d62-5790-4a6a-8a5a-9980e6dae647).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines elements of continuity and change in systems of pay determination in UK local government, with a specific focus on the period of austerity since 2010. Spending cuts present significant challenges for collective bargaining through the National Joint Council (NJC), which also serves as a ‘critical case’ to test our understanding of contemporary collective bargaining and industrial relations. The research draws on 56 interviews with a total of 62 key actors from the employers’ representative organisations and trade unions at both national and local level, and eight local authority case studies. The interview data are complemented by a range of secondary qualitative and quantitative data sources. It seeks to understand the changing power relationships between employers and unions as they attempt to navigate increasingly turbulent waters, and the pragmatic trade-offs both sides are willing make over pay, terms and conditions, and working practices in pursuit of longer-term strategic goals. These issues are addressed through three levels of analysis. Firstly, building on a rich tradition of industrial relations research, the thesis shows how the national employers have repositioned the sector level collective agreement as a means to deliver cost control rather than ‘fair wages’, which the unions have so far tolerated in preference to a complete dissolution of national bargaining. Second, drawing on contingency models of pay and HRM, case study data are used to explore the mixture of managerialism and political opportunism which characterises the development and implementation of pay and reward strategies at the level of the organisation. The findings identify the continued importance of transparent job evaluation processes in determining wage structures, but also show how pay practices act as a means to signal desired behaviours from employees, and are used to reinforce local level political narratives. Finally, through a critical re-appraisal of New Public Management (NPM) reforms in local government since the 1980s, further case study data reveal the way in which employers have reorganised staffing structures to match reduced budgets, but it appears that increased levels of work intensity for a significantly depleted workforce are beginning to impact on service standards. The findings also suggest that the on-going process of restructuring serves as a means to increase managerial control of ‘the labour process’ through the efforts to standardise working practices and break down embedded departmental and professional identities. Taken together, the evidence suggests that although the formal institutions of employment relations have proved to be remarkably resilient, collective bargaining as a dynamic mode of joint regulation built on the notion of partnership has steadily been crowded out from both above and below. The meaningful content of negotiations has been squeezed by the tight financial constraints applied by central government, and in the vacuum created by stalled sector level negotiations local level pay and HRM strategies are becoming increasingly important to explain the level and distribution of wages. Perhaps as important as negotiations over pay are negotiations over working practices which fall outside the formal regulatory scope of the collective agreement, and change expectations about working time, task discretion, and job boundaries. A degree of drift across these three dimensions has resulted in an increasingly fluid adjustment of the wage-effort bargain over which the unions have a declining sphere of influence.
25
Lalor, Sarah J. H. "Measures of visual acuity, contour interaction and crowding with contrast-modulated optotypes in adults and children." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2018. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/703807/.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of ‘crowding’ features on visual acuity tests for young children are considered important for detecting amblyopia, early treatment of which is key to success. The optimum placement of ‘crowding’ features has not previously been investigated, nor has the change in magnitude of crowding with age been measured with such stimuli. Recently, contrast-modulated noise (CM) stimuli have been suggested to be potentially more sensitive to amblyopia, than standard black on white, or luminance (L) stimuli. CM stimuli also result in larger magnitudes of crowding in normal adults, but this has not been tested in children, or in adults with child-friendly CM optotypes. The first study of this thesis shows that placement of features surrounding the target optotype provide more consistent crowding across symbols, pictures and letters, when separation is specified in units of stroke width, as opposed to units of optotype width. Steeper slopes of the underlying psychometric functions, and thereby increased sensitivity, are produced by placing contour interaction or crowding features near to 1 (one) stroke width away. This separation also maximises contour interaction and crowding. In normal adults, the magnitude of contour interaction is smaller than that of crowding with L and LM, but not with CM, stimuli. The second study of this thesis shows that visual acuity develops more slowly, and becomes adult-like later with CM, compared to L and LM (luminancemodulated noise) stimuli. The magnitude of contour interaction is similar for L, LM and CM stimuli and varies very little across age group (3 to 16 years old and adults). Crowding is larger than contour interaction with L and LM, but not CM stimuli in binocularly normal participants; this is not the pattern of results found in very young children or in binocularly anomalous adults. A comparison of ‘equivalent ages’ for binocularly abnormal adults finds that CM crowded acuity predicts an earlier arrest of normal development, than do L or LM crowded, or any of the isolated optotype acuities.
26
Christiansen, Alexander. "Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Folding : - in-vitro equilibrium and kinetic studies on selected model systems." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-82059.
Full textAbstract:
Protein folding is the process during which an extended and unstructured polypeptide converts to its compact folded structure that is most often the functional state. The process has been characterized extensively in dilute buffer in-vitro during the last decades but the actual biological place for this process is the inside of living cells. The cytoplasm of a cell is filled with a plethora of different macromolecules that together occupy up to 40% of the total volume. This large amount of macromolecules restricts the available space to each individual molecule, which has been termed macromolecular crowding. Macromolecular crowding results in excluded volume effects and also increases chances for non-specific interactions. Macromolecular crowding should favor reactions that lead to a decrease in the total occupied volume by all molecules, such as folding reactions. Theoretical models have predicted that the stability of protein folded states should increase in presence of macromolecular crowding due to unfavorable effects on the extended unfolded state. To understand protein folding and function in living systems, we need to have a defined quantitative link between in-vitro dilute conditions (where most biophysical experiments are made) and in-vivo crowded conditions. An important question is thus how macromolecular crowding modifies the biophysical properties of a protein. The work underlying this thesis focused on how macromolecular crowding tunes protein equilibrium stability and kinetic folding processes. To mimic the crowded cellular environment, synthetic sugar-based polymers (Dextrans of different sizes and Ficoll 70) were used as crowding agents (crowders) in controlled in-vitro experiments. In contrast to previous studies which often have focused on one protein and one crowder at a time, the goal here was to make systematic analyses of how size, shape and concentration of the crowders affect both equilibrium and kinetic properties of structurally-different proteins. Three model proteins (cytochrome c, apoazurin and apoflavodoxin) were investigated under crowding by Ficoll 70 and different-size Dextrans, using various spectroscopic techniques such as far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Thermodynamic models were applied to explain the experimental results. It was discovered that equilibrium stability of all three proteins increased in presence of crowding agents in a crowder concentration dependent manner. The stabilization effect was around 2-3 kJ/mol, larger for the various Dextrans than for Ficoll 70 at the same g/l, but independent of Dextran size (in the range 20 to 70 kDa). To further investigate the cause for the stabilization a theoretical crowding model was applied. In this model, Dextran and Ficoll were modeled as elongated rods and the protein was represented as a sphere, where the folded sphere representation was smaller than the unfolded sphere representation. It is notable that the observed stability changes could be reproduced by this model taking only steric interactions into account. This correlation showed that when using sugar-based crowding agents, excluded volume effects could be studied in isolation and there were no contributions from nonspecific interactions. Time-resolved experiments with apoazurin and apoflavodoxin revealed an increase in the folding rate constants while the unfolding rates were invariant in the presence of crowding agents. For apoflavodoxin and cytochrome c, the presence of crowding agents also altered the folding pathway such that it became more homogeneous (cytochrome c) and it gave less misfolding (apoflavodoxin). These results showed that macromolecular crowding restricts the conformational space of the unfolded polypeptide chain, makes the conformations more compact which, in turn, eliminates access to certain pathways. The results from kinetic and equilibrium measurements on three model proteins, together with available data from the literature, demonstrate that macromolecular crowding effects due to volume exclusion are in the order of a few kJ/mol. Considering the numerous concentration balances and cross-dependent reactions of the cellular machinery, small changes in energetics/kinetics of the magnitudes found here can still have dramatic consequences for cellular fitness. In fact local and transient changes in macromolecular crowding levels may be a way to tune biochemical reactions without invoking gene expression.
27
Norgett, Yvonne. "Crowding in visual acuity tests : unravelling the relative roles of optotype separation, gaze control and attention in children and adults." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/702121/.
Full textAbstract:
The measurement of visual acuity in children is important to detect visual anomalies including amblyopia. The use of visual acuity tests that induce ‘crowding’ are often recommended despite little standardization of the features in such tests. In addition, crowding in children’s foveal vision is known to be greater in extent than in adults and to be influenced by the nature of the flankers. This thesis presents new evidence that foveal crowding in children and amblyopic adults with strabismus is greater for letter acuity tests which require accurate gaze control and where the similarity of target and flankers imposes a greater attention demand. A slower maturation of crowded than single optotype acuity in young children is also shown. Using commercially available children’s acuity tests, the first study of this thesis showed that greater foveal crowding occurred with smaller inter-optotype spacing and with letter rather than picture optotypes. A decrease in crowding, resulting in improved visual acuity between the ages of 4 and 9 was also shown. In order to follow up these initial results, custom-designed visual acuity tests were produced to disentangle the contributions of contour interaction, eye movements and attention to the overall crowding effect. The second study in this thesis showed that crowding is greater with linear rather than single letter presentation and with letter rather than bar flankers in young children (aged 4-6), but not in adult controls. In a further study using a sample of amblyopic adults with strabismus more crowding was observed with linear presentation of letters and letter rather than bar flankers, a result consistent with the results seen in young children. These findings improve our understanding of crowding in children and in strabismic amblyopia and can be used to improve the standardizing of crowded acuity measurement and have the potential to increase the sensitivity of visual screening for amblyopia.
28
Senske, Michael [Verfasser], Martina [Gutachter] Havenith, and Simon [Gutachter] Ebbinghaus. "Protein stability in crowding and confinement / Michael Senske ; Gutachter: Martina Havenith, Simon Ebbinghaus ; Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/117736431X/34.
Full text
29
Ruder, Franziska [Verfasser]. ""Crowding-assoziierte" Atemwegserkrankungen beim Kalb - Ergebnisse einer Feldstudie über Auftreten, Verlauf und beteiligte Erreger in einem Aufzuchtbetrieb / Franziska Ruder." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080171150/34.
Full text
30
Majumdar, Bibhab Bandhu [Verfasser], Matthias [Gutachter] Heyden, and Lars [Gutachter] Schäfer. "Macromolecular crowding effects in crowded biomolecular environments / Bibhab Bandhu Majumdar ; Gutachter: Matthias Heyden, Lars Schäfer ; Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177364123/34.
Full text
31
Kalisch, Dennis [Verfasser], and Volkmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Hartje. "Recreational use of protected areas in Germany: Evaluating visitors’ perception of crowding in the Wadden Sea National Park / Dennis Kalisch. Betreuer: Volkmar Hartje." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1023947153/34.
Full text
32
Harman, Luke. "Cross-sector insights into the challenges of targeting and crowding-out in agricultural and health voucher subsidy schemes : an economic analysis." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23679/.
Full text
33
Ferreira, João Marcelo Grossi. "Evolução dos investimentos no Brasil: uma análise econométrica: por que não houve recuperação das taxas de investimentos no país após a estabilização da inflação em 1994?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2038.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
joaomarceloferreiraturma2003.pdf.jpg: 14925 bytes, checksum: df498c91cdb430c463307b2d17171402 (MD5)
joaomarceloferreiraturma2003.pdf: 341537 bytes, checksum: 05d5e2e600196fc209a92cab8cd98d1b (MD5)
joaomarceloferreiraturma2003.pdf.txt: 138094 bytes, checksum: 9b39a668792a751b0cf2901bddcc8005 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2006-02-06T00:00:00Z<br>Empirical studies on the determinants of private investments in development countries, including several studies in Brazil, have shown that there is a negative impact of high inflation on private investments. However, the recent Brazilian experience shows clearly that stabilization by itself is not sufficient to generate higher investments ratios. The main goal of this thesis is to find empirical evidence that explains why private investment and the investment ratio did not recover after the Real-plan, even though inflation was under control in the 1995-2004 period. In order to achieve this goal econometric estimations were done for long-term private investiments and also of the crowding-out effect of public investments in other areas than infrastructure on private investments. In order to find empirical evidence of the negative impact of both increased government revenues as well as the increase of relative prices of capital goods on private investments since 1995 a model using quarterly data for 1995-2004 was estimated. A more datailed analysis of the Brazilian tax burden and its composition has shown that the tax burden is, not only ever high but also not optimally allocated. Tax revenue comes mainly from taxing production (goods and services) and less from taxing income and property. Moreover, although tax revenue has increased over the last ten years, government spending has become more inefficient, largely in the form of low or non-productive spending while productive government expediture, including government spending on infrastructure, has fallen.<br>Estudos empíricos sobre os determinantes de investimentos privados em países em desenvolvimento, incluindo vários estudos para o Brasil, mostraram o impacto negativo de elevadas taxas de inflação sobre os investimentos privados. No entanto, a experiência brasileira recente mostra claramente que a estabilização por si só não é capaz de fazer com que as taxas de investimento se recuperem. Este trabalho objetiva a busca de respostas em evidências empíricas sobre quais teriam sido os principais fatores responsáveis pela não recuperação dos investimentos no Brasil pós-plano Real, apesar do controle inflacionário, no período 1995-2004. Para isso, foi estimado um modelo de investimento privado em nível de longo prazo (1970-2003) com dados anuais. Estas estimações mostram evidência empírica de crowding-in dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura sobre os investimentos privados e do efeito de crowding-out dos demais investimentos públicos (que não são em infra-estrutura) sobre os investimentos privados. Para obter evidências empíricas do impacto negativo da carga tributária e dos preços relativos dos bens de capital sobre as taxas de investimento foi estimado um modelo trimestral com dados de 1995-2004. Uma análise mais detalhada sobre a carga tributária brasileira e sua composição mostrou ainda que, além de sua magnitude elevada, a carga tributária brasileira tem uma alocação desfavorável ao investimento privado, pois seu peso é muito maior sobre o setor produtivo do que sobre renda e patrimônio. Além disso, a despeito da arrecadação crescente nos últimos 10 anos, os gastos do governo têm se concentrado em gastos pouco ou não produtivos e tem diminuído a participação relativa dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura, que são gastos produtivos e estimuladores de investimentos privados (efeito de crowding-in).
34
Lehmann, Swen [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Richtering, and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Böker. "Smart crowding in poly-Acrylamide/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) composite hydrogels, studied by two-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy / Swen Lehmann ; Walter Richtering, Alexander Böker." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1156630037/34.
Full text
35
Vannan, E. Joan. "Adolescents under stress in Northern Ireland : the occupational and employment status of fathers, family size and crowding as variables of importance in relation to adolescent behaviour problems in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252796.
Full text
36
Gnutt, David [Verfasser], Simon [Gutachter] Ebbinghaus, and Stefan [Gutachter] Herlitze. "The macromolecular crowding effect in the living cell and its implications for superoxide dismutase 1 folding / David Gnutt ; Gutachter: Simon Ebbinghaus, Stefan Herlitze ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177364298/34.
Full text
37
Dupal, Jiří. "Účinky přímých zahraničních investic podpořených investičními pobídkami v kontextu svých pozitiv a negativ." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76679.
Full textAbstract:
In the past ten years the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become a phenomenon, which is nowadays considered to be one of the major future perspectives of an economy. For many economists and politicians, the FDI is perceived as a saving instrument, which should help solve problems such as structure, regional discrepancies and most importantly a high unemployment rate especially under the conditions of global economic and financial crisis. The inflow of the FDI to host economy brings many positive effects that cannot be substituted. In fact, it is considered as a positive externality that must be paid. In order to attract the FDI in a country, the investment incentives are proposed and current incentives are being rebuilt. But attracting FDI at all costs can also be counterproductive. The intended aim of this thesis is to analyze positive and negativ effects of the FDI.
38
Zeng, Chunxi. "Riboswitch-targeted Drug Discovery: Investigation of Factors that Affect the T Box Transcription Antitermination Mechanism." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1451943674.
Full text
39
Flores-Romero, Mayra-Cecilia. "Efecto crowding-in entre la inversión pública y privada en el Perú - análisis de los efectos contemporáneos y futuros de la inversión del sector público sobre la inversión del sector privado (1999-2014)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2017. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/4627.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo general de este trabajo será hallar el efecto que tiene la Inversión Pública sobre la Inversión Privada para el caso peruano durante el periodo 1999 ? 2014, tanto el efecto contemporáneo (corto plazo), como el efecto futuro (largo plazo); y poder comprobar, de esta manera, si existe complementariedad (crowding in), pues cabe la posibilidad que ambos efectos se produzcan en diferentes periodos. He ahí la necesidad de analizar en su conjunto los efectos contemporáneos y futuros y determinar si es el crowding in o crowding out el efecto que predomina en el largo plazo.<br>Trabajo de investigación
40
Semião, Patrícia Margarida Floro. "Efeitos macroeconómicos do investimento público central e local: uma comparação internacional." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21971.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia.<br>O investimento público tem sido alvo de interesse por parte das investigações económicas mais recentes, enquanto uma variável que pode fomentar o crescimento económico. Através da observação dos seus impactos na economia, consegue-se compreender se os esforços empreendidos no investimento público são eventualmente produtivos.
Este estudo pretende analisar essa produtividade, medindo os efeitos do investimento público no PIB, no investimento privado e no emprego, no longo prazo. A especificidade do exposto neste trabalho consiste numa desagregação diferente do investimento público, ao analisar em separado os efeitos do investimento feito pela administração central, pela administração local e pela administração estadual, quando aplicável. É efectuado para sete países da União Europeia, a saber; Alemanha, Bélgica, Finlândia, França, Holanda, Itália e Portugal, permitindo assim uma comparação a nível internacional. A abordagem metodológica baseia-se em modelos de vectores autoregressivos - modelos VAR. Com base nas funções acumuladas de resposta a um impulso por tipo de investimento público, são calculadas as elasticidades, as produtividades marginais parciais e totais do PIB e do investimento privado, bem como as taxas de rendibilidade parciais e totais do PIB. É ainda calculado o número marginal de empregos criados. Conclui-se que, de modo geral, o investimento público por subsector é produtivo, apresentando efeitos positivos no PIB, no investimento privado e no emprego. Por tipo de investimento público, o investimento local tem sempre efeitos positivos no PIB, apresenta impactos positivos no investimento privado para um maior número de países e, no emprego, embora as elasticidades de longo prazo sejam superiores, os empregos criados são menores do que para o investimento central.<br>Public investment has been a target of many economical investigations in the recent years, because of its potential to promote economic growth. Through the observation of its impacts in the economy, one can understand if the efforts of public investment are productive. The aim of this study is to analyse that productivity, through the measurement of the public investment effects in the long run in GDP, private investment and employment. The specificity of this work, is the different disaggregation of public investment, that analyse separately the effects of public investment made by the central administration, local administration and state administration, when exists. It is made to seven European Union countries: Germany, Belgium, Finland, France, Netheriands, Italy and Portugal, allowing an intemational comparison. The methodological approach is a model of vector autoregression - a VAR model. With theaccumulated impulse response functions for different t ypes of public investment, elasticities, partial and total marginal productivities and, partial and total rates of retum are calculated for GDP. The number of marginal jobs is also calculated. One can conclude that, generally, public investment is productive, with positive effects in GDP, in private investment and in employment. For a analyse through different types of public investment, the local one hasalways positive effects in GDP, has positive effects in private investment for most countries and, in employment, although the elasticities are greater, the job creation are less than for the central investment.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
41
Bolehovský, Petr. "Vliv umístění zařízení na nakládání s odpady na regionální rozvoj a síla vlivu NIMBY efektu ("not in my backyard")." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72752.
Full textAbstract:
NIMBY is widely used acronym for people's unwilingness to house noxious facilities in their immediate neighborhood. People feel that they are somewhat and they expect to be compensated for this. Goal of this thesis is to evaluate influence of monetary compensations on people's willingness to accept these facilities. Evaluates effects of Crowding Theory, extristic and intristic motivations on willingness to accept these facilities. Used method was qualitative analysis in form of controlled interviews with key stakeholders (mayor and town citizens). Author tries to evaluate if the NIMBY effect is the main reason for generally bad acceptance of this facilities. This thesis explores the NIMBY effect on construction of one of these facilities in town Chotíkov with a view on the gradual development of view throughout the population of this town.
42
Cessford, Gordon R. "Recreation in the Greenstone and Caples Valleys: for whom and how?" Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1365.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates issues of changing recreation use and management in the Greenstone and Caples Valleys. Its underlying research themes are the differing characteristics and activities of four distinct user-groups, how such differences could contribute to conflict in recreation use and management, and the implications of such for management. The conceptual framework used to deal with these issues is the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), which is based upon the assumption that quality in recreation experiences and management is best achieved through provision of a range of recreation opportunities. This recognises that objective research input into recreation management cannot substitute for the ultimate subjectivity required in decision-making. Management has two roles here. First, to maintain and/or enhance the range of recreation opportunities availible. Second, to provide users with appropriate signals regarding the availibility of opportunities, and the acceptable norms of use and behaviour. Thus user choice of area and activities undertaken within becomes more a consequence of management action. This differs from most recreation management to date, which has tended to be in response to changing conditions (eg'demand-driven'). The absence of an equitable management approach results in selective reduction of opportunities for certain experiences, as evident from research into effects of conflict/crowding perceptions. In contrast, approaches such as the ROS emphasise management for such opportunities. On this basis and from research results, this study found that maintenance of experiences associated with angling and hunting opportunities in the study area, should be the basis for its management. These opportunities were exploited by relatively more experienced participants. For anglers in particular this was reflected by their characteristics of high activity specialisation. Greater experience and specialisation involved more specific resource requirements and norms of appropriate behaviour. Thus opportunities for hunting and angling in the study area were more susceptible to negative impacts from other uses and users. These impacts would be greatest for angling experiences. This would be more a consequence of perceived inappropriate behaviour by less specialised anglers than a consequence of physical crowding. For hunters these impacts would be primarily a result of concern about the increased presence of others on hunting management, rather than their actual presence. Experiences from the tramping and commercial guided walking opportunities availible are also important, but their participants were relatively less experienced and their recreation opportunities less unique in the region. In the context of an equitable regional ROS approach, there is greater flexibility for their provision elsewhere than there is for experiences from hunting and fishing opportunities. For maintenance of a spectrum of opportunities in the regional ROS, these hunting and angling opportunities should be emphasised in management decision-making. Within the study area itself, management for a regional ROS requires that the Greenstone and Caples Valleys be managed differently. It was clear that the Caples was perceived as providing more 'back-country'-type experience opportunities. In the regional ROS context, management should emphasise maintenance of such opportunities there. Along with this should be noted the greater preference for the CapIes by hunters, and for the Greenstone by anglers.
43
Harris, Anna Maynard. "Willingness to Pay for Alternative Programs to Improve Water Quality in the Chesapeake Bay." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34363.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last century the Chesapeake Bay has been plagued by pollution, disease and overharvesting of its resources. As a result, the Bay has been the focus of substantial research and the beneficiary of numerous environmental programs. Previous work has suggested that people are willing to pay for improved water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. For policymakers, the key challenge is to determine how to allocate scarce funds across alternative regulatory and subsidy programs. This thesis investigates three new research questions that relate to the policymakerâ s problem. First, does WTP for a given water quality improvement depend on the process used to obtain that improvement? Second, does introducing a publicly funded program to improve water quality crowd out private donations to charitable organizations? Third, could oysters in the Chesapeake Bay be successfully marketed as a â greenâ good?
<p>
The results from an attribute based choice experiment survey indicate that individuals value process and that they have a higher value for water quality improvement processes that include positive externalities such as increasing oyster populations and planting acres of tall grasses. The results also imply that the new water quality program will crowd out a small portion of private donations to charitable organizations. For example, a $1 tax increase for a new water quality program would crowd out approximately $0.02 of private donations to Chesapeake Bay organizations. Finally, results from a contingent valuation exercise suggest that oyster consumers are willing to pay a significant premium for ecolabeled oysters. Specifically, consumers are willing to pay a 58% premium for half-shell oysters.<br>Master of Science
44
Aguilar, Ximena. "Folding and interaction studies of subunits in protein complexes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-84726.
Full textAbstract:
Proteins function as worker molecules in the cell and their natural environment is crowded. How they fold in a cell-like environment and how they recognize their interacting partners in such conditions, are questions that underlie the work of this thesis. Two distinct subjects were investigated using a combination of biochemical- and biophysical methods. First, the unfolding/dissociation of a heptameric protein (cpn10) in the presence of the crowding agent Ficoll 70. Ficoll 70 was used to mimic the crowded environment in the cell and it has been used previously to study macromolecular crowding effects, or excluded volume effects, in protein folding studies. Second, the conformational changes upon interaction between the Mediator subunit Med25 and the transcription factor Dreb2a from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mediator is a transcriptional co-regulator complex which is conserved from yeast to humans. The molecular mechanisms of its action are however not entirely understood. It has been proposed that the Mediator complex conveys regulatory signals from promoter-bound transcription factors (activators/repressors) to the RNA polymerase II machinery through conformational rearrangements. The results from the folding study showed that cpn10 was stabilized in the presence of Ficoll 70 during thermal- and chemical induced unfolding (GuHCl). The thermal transition midpoint increased by 4°C, and the chemical midpoint by 0.5 M GuHCl as compared to buffer conditions. Also the heptamer-monomer dissociation was affected in the presence of Ficoll 70, the transition midpoint was lower in Ficoll 70 (3.1 μM) compared to in buffer (8.1 μM) thus indicating tighter binding in crowded conditions. The coupled unfolding/dissociation free energy for the heptamer increased by about 36 kJ/mol in Ficoll. Altogether, the results revealed that the stability effect on cpn10 due to macromolecular crowding was larger in the individual monomers (33%) than at the monomer-monomer interfaces (8%). The results from the interaction study indicated conformational changes upon interaction between the A. thaliana Med25 ACtivator Interaction Domain (ACID) and Dreb2a. Structural changes were probed to originate from unstructured Dreb2a and not from the Med25-ACID. Human Med25-ACID was also found to interact with the plant-specific Dreb2a, even though the ACIDs from human and A. thaliana share low sequence homology. Moreover, the human Med25-interacting transcription factor VP16 was found to interact with A. thaliana Med25. Finally, NMR, ITC and pull-down experiments showed that the unrelated transcription factors Dreb2a and VP16 interact with overlapping regions in the ACIDs of A. thaliana and human Med25. The results presented in this thesis contribute to previous reports in two different aspects. Firstly, they lend support to the findings that the intracellular environment affects the biophysical properties of proteins. It will therefore be important to continue comparing results between in vitro and cell-like conditions to measure the magnitude of such effects and to improve the understanding of protein folding and thereby misfolding of proteins in cells. Better knowledge of protein misfolding mechanisms is critical since they are associated to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's. Secondly, our results substantiate the notion that transcription factors are able to bind multiple targets and that they gain structure upon binding. They also show that subunits of the conserved Mediator complex, despite low sequence homologies, retain a conserved structure and function when comparing evolutionary diverged species.
45
Madikiza, Zimkitha Josephine Kimberly. "Population biology and aspects of the socio-spatial organisation of the woodland dormouse Graphiurus Murinus (Desmaret, 1822) in the Great Fish River Reserve, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/443.
Full textAbstract:
The population biology and socio-spatial organisation of the woodland dormouse, Graphiurus murinus (Desmarest, 1822), was investigated in a riverine forest at the Great Fish River Reserve (GFRR), South Africa. Data were collected by means of a monthly live trapping and nestbox monitoring programme. Between February 2006 and June 2007, 75 woodland dormice were trapped and/or found in nestboxes and marked: these were 39 adults (13 males, 21 females, five undetermined) and 36 juveniles (five males, 14 females, 17 undetermined). The population showed a steady increase from June 2006–November 2006 and a peak in December 2006–January 2007 as a result of the influx of juveniles. The minimum number of dormice known to be alive (MNA) varied between 40 in December 2006– January 2007 (summer), and a low of three in June 2007 (winter). The range in population density was therefore between 1.2 and 16 dormice per ha. Winter mortality and/or spring dispersal accounted for the disappearance of 55 percent of juveniles. The overall annual adult:juvenile ratio was 1.08. The overall sex ratio was 1.94 female per one male. In females, reproductive activity was observed from September 2006 to end January 2007. The pattern observed in males was similar, as dormice with descended testes were exclusively found from October to end January. Females gave birth during the second half of October to beginning of February. Litters (n = 11) consisted of an average (± SD) 3.73 ± 0.47 young. Over the study period, 27 dormice were trapped or found in nestboxes more than eight times, thus allowing me to estimate their home range size and the spatial overlap between these individuals. On average, dormouse home range size was 2,514 m2 (range: 319 – 4,863 m2). No difference was recorded between one-year old adults and older adults, or between all adults and juveniles. However, adult male dormice (3,989 m2, n = 5) had home ranges almost twice as large as females (2,091 m2, n = 9). No similar trend was found in juveniles. Intrasexual home range overlap was on average 62 percent in adult males, and 26 percent in adult females. However, females overlapped with more neighbouring female home ranges than did males with neighbouring male home ranges, so that, as for males, only small parts of female home ranges were really exclusive. On average, males overlapped a larger Abstract Ecology of woodland dormice M.Sc. Thesis 16 proportion (48 percent) of female home ranges than did females with neighbouring male home ranges (27 percent). In addition, males overlapped with significantly more female home ranges (7.8) than did females with male home ranges (4.9). Trapping success and nestbox data agree with the socio-ecological model. Females showed increased mobility during summer, more likely to find suitable nesting sites, and food for milk production during the reproductive season. The use of nestboxes, however, was constant throughout the year. In males, both the trapping success and nestbox use were higher during the mating season (spring), when an increased mobility and occupation of nestboxes probably increased the chances to locate and mate with (a) receptive female(s). Hence, food and (artificial) nest sites may constitute an important resource for females, whereas females seem to represent the main resource for males. Although food availability was not determined, a comparison of female and male distribution patterns provided interesting information on the mating system of woodland dormice. In GFRR, the dispersion pattern of female woodland dormice was “rather” clumped, i.e. females were non-territorial. As some females showed a dyadic intrasexual overlap of up to 90 percent, and population density was very high at the study site, this may indicate that food was very abundant and/or renewed rapidly. Based on the wide range of birth dates observed during the study period, females clearly come into oestrus at different times. In such circumstances (asynchronous sexual receptivity in females), the Female in Space and Time Hypothesis (Ims 1987a) predicts that males will be non-territorial and promiscuous. Live-trapping, nestbox use and home range data indeed suggested that male woodland dormice do not defend territories, but search for and aggregate around receptive females during the mating season.
46
Sebastian, Ahlberg. "A Monte Carlo study of the particle mobility in crowded nearly one-dimensional systems." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-92769.
Full textAbstract:
The study of crowding effects on particle diffusion is a large subject with implications in many scientific areas. The studies span from pure theoretical calculations to experiments actually measuring the movement of proteins diffusing in a cell. Even though the subject is important and has been studied heavily there are still aspects not fully understood. This report describes a Monte Carlo simulation approach (Gillespie algorithm) to study the effects of crowding on particle diffusion in a quasi one-dimensional system. With quasi meaning that the particles diffuses on a one-dimensional lattice but has the possibility to disassociate from the lattice and then rebind at a latter stage. Different binding strategies are considered: rebinding to the same location and randomly choosing the binding location. The focus of the study is how these strategies affects the mobility (diffusion coefficient) of a tracer particle. The main result of this thesis is a graph showing the diffusion coefficient as a function of the binding rate for different binding strategies and particle densities. We provide analytical estimates for the diffusion coefficient in the unbinding rate limits which show good agreement with the simulations.<br>Hur "trängsel" (från engelskans "crowding" t ex molecular crowding) påverkar diffusionsprocesser är viktigt inom många olika vetenskapliga områden. Forskningen som för tillfället utförs sträcker sig från rent teoretiska beräkningar till experiments där man kan följa enskilda proteiners rörelse i en cell. Även fast ämnet är viktig och väl undersökt finns det fortfarande många aspekter som man inte förstår till fullo. I det här examensarbetet beskrivs en Monte Carlo metod (Gillespie algoritmen) för att studera hur trängsel påverkar en partikel som diffunderar i ett "nästan" en-dimensonellt system. Det är nästan en-dimensionellt i det avsedde att partiklarna diffunderar på ett gitter men kan binda av från gittret och binda tillbaka i ett senare skedde. Olika metoder för hur partiklarna binder till gittret undersöks: Återbinding till avbindingsplatsen och slumpmässigt vald återbindingsplats. Fokus ligger på att förklara hur dessa påverkar mobiliteten (diffusionskonstanten) av en spårningspartikel (tracer particle). Resultatet är en graf som visar diffusionskonstanten för spårningspartikeln som en funktion av avbindingsfrekvens för olika bindingstrategier och partikeldensiteter. Vi ger också analytiska resultat i gränsvärdet för höga och låga avbindingstakter vilka stämmer bra överens med simuleringar.
47
Smith, Gregory Robert. "Unraveling the Role of Cellular Factors in Viral Capsid Formation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/475.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the mechanisms of virus capsid assembly has been an important research objective over the past few decades. Determining critical points along the pathways by which virus capsids form could prove extremely beneficial in producing more stable DNA vectors or pinpointing targets for antiviral therapy. The inability of current experimental technology to address this objective has resulted in a need for alternative approaches. Theoretical and computational studies offer an unprecedented opportunity for detailed examination of capsid assembly. The Schwartz Lab has previously developed a discrete event stochastic simulator to model virus assembly based upon local rules detailing the geometry and interaction kinetics of individual capsid subunits. Applying numerical optimization methods to learn kinetic rate parameters that fit simulation output to in vitro static light scattering data has been a successful avenue to understand the details of virus assembly systems; however, information describing in vitro assembly processes does not necessarily translate to real virus assembly pathways in vivo. There are a number of important distinctions between experimental and realistic assembly environments that must be addressed to produce an accurate model. This thesis will describe work expanding upon previous parameter estimation algorithms for more complex data over three model icosahedral virus systems: human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). Then it will consider two important modifications to assembly environment to more accurately reflect in vivo conditions: macromolecular crowding and the presence of nucleic acid about which viruses may assemble. The results of this work led to a number of surprising revelations about the variability in potential assembly rates and mechanisms discovered and insight into how assembly mechanisms are affected by changes in concentration, fluctuations in kinetic rates and adjustments to the assembly environment.
48
Moreira, Kim-Sun. "Perfecting Patient Bed Flow in the Emergency Department." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4010.
Full textAbstract:
Emergency department (ED) crowding is a serious problem in the United States. Crowding in the ED can result in delays that may negatively affect patient outcomes and increase the cost of care. The purpose of this project was to understand strategies that can help to improve patient flow in the ED. The plan-to-do-study act model for process improvement influenced this project. Secondary data were collected for a 2-month period to determine the impact of workflow processes (patient boarding time in ED, surge capacity and workflow processes including the impact of ancillary departments) on the movement of admitted patients from the ED to the inpatient units. Descriptive statistics were used to provide numerical summaries, frequencies, and percentages for the identified variables. The findings were consistent with an increased length of stay and longer ED boarding of patients due to the workflow process. Resulting recommendations included standardized calls for report on admitted patients within 30 minutes, timely discharge of patients, collaboration with attending physicians to facilitate evaluation of patients and orders, modification of staffing roles to ensure adequate staff, and identification of staff transporters to ensure timely transport of patients to their rooms. The findings helped to inform the development of a Bed Utilization Policy. The policy has been shared with the organization with the recommendation to implement and further evaluate to help manage bed flow. Development of utilization strategies that contribute to facilitating throughput will promote positive social change by providing nurses with the tools to help prepare for and respond to unexpected increases in patient volume. Improving efficiency with flow can help to improve patient care, timeliness, and safety.
49
Serries, Christoph. "Die Bedeutung der intrinsischen Motivation in Prinzipal-Agent-Beziehungen am Beispiel der Beratungsstellen kirchlicher Wohlfahrtsverbände." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/483693596.pdf.
Full text
50
Monchambert, Guillaume. "Three essays on the economics of congestion in public transport." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLN006/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'intéresse aux fondements du comportement des usagers face à la congestion dans les transports publics. Elle se compose de trois essais distincts. Les deux premiers essais examinent l'adaptation des usagers au manque de ponctualité et à l'inconfort. Le troisième essai offre une analyse empirique de l'effet « foule ». Dans le premier chapitre, je présente un modèle de compétition bimodale entre une ligne de transport public sujette aux retards, et un mode alternatif. A l'équilibre du marché, le niveau de fiabilité choisi par la firme en charge des transports publics augmente avec le prix du mode alternatif via un effet « demande » évoquant l'effet Mohring. L'étude de la qualité de service optimale montre que souvent, la fiabilité des transports publics et donc leur fréquentation à l'équilibre sont inférieurs à ce qu'ils seraient à l'optimum social. Dans le second chapitre, afin d'étudier le coût de l'inconfort et ses implications quant au choix de l'heure de déplacement, je développe un modèle structurel dans lequel les usagers des transports public choisissent entre voyager dans un véhicule bondé et arriver à destination à l'heure désirée ou alors voyager plus tard ou plus tôt pour éviter la foule. J'établis la distribution des usagers parmi les véhicules à l'équilibre et à l'optimum social, et montre que l'optimum social peut être décentralisé par une tarification fine par véhicule. Les propriétés du modèle sont comparées avec celles du modèle du « bottleneck » et des modèles de congestion routière. Dans le troisième chapitre, j'analyse l'influence de la densité d'usagers sur la satisfaction liée au confort durant un déplacement en transport public. De plus, je décris l'anatomie de l'effet « foule » en testant différents aspects (odeur, bruit, position debout...) comme des causes d'inconfort lorsque la densité d'usagers augmente. J'identifie un net effet « foule » : en moyenne, un usager supplémentaire par mètre carré diminue de 1 la satisfaction liée au confort qui est mesurée sur une échelle de 0 à 10. Je ne trouve pas de corrélation entre temps de transport et l'effet « foule ». Cependant, cet effet augmente avec le revenu des usagers. Trois causes de désutilité liée à la foule sont identifiées : une plus grande probabilité de devoir voyager debout, un usage limité du temps, et des conditions de déplacement plus bruyantes. Ces désagréments sont plus importants chez les femmes et les usagers les plus aisés<br>This dissertation addresses the foundations of user’s behavior with respect to the congestion in public transport. It is made of three distinct essays. The two first essays investigate how users get used to lack of punctuality and crowding. The third essay presents an empirical analysis of the crowding effect. In the first chapter, I consider the modeling of a bi-modal competitive network involving a public transport mode, which may be unreliable, and an alternative mode. The public transport reliability set by the public transport firm at the competitive equilibrium increases with the alternative mode fare, via a demand effect. This is reminiscent of the Mohring Effect. The study of the optimal service quality shows that often, public transport reliability and thereby patronage are lower at equilibrium compared to first-best social optimum. In the second chapter, to study the behavioral implications and costs of crowding, I develop a structural model in which public transport users face a choice between traveling in a crowded train and arriving when they want, and traveling earlier or later to avoid crowding but arriving at an inconvenient time. I derive the user equilibrium and socially optimal distribution of passengers across trains, show how the optimum can be decentralized using train-specific fares, and characterize the welfare gains from optimal pricing. Properties of the model are compared with those obtained from the bottleneck and flow congestion models of road traffic. In the third chapter, I investigate the influence of in-vehicle crowding on the comfort satisfaction experienced during a public transport journey. Moreover, I describe the anatomy of the crowding effect by testing various nuisance factors (Smell, Noise, Standing...) as channels through which crowding may decrease the comfort satisfaction. I find a clear crowding effect: on average, an extra-user per square meter decreases by one the expected 0 to 10 scale individual well-being. I do not find any empirical evidence of this effect being intensified by the travel time. However, the crowding effect increases with the income of users. I find three causes of crowding disutility: a higher probability to stand for all or part of the journey, a poorer use of the time during the journey, and noisier travel conditions. These features of discomfort matter more for women and wealthy individuals