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1
Dmitriev, S. "U.S.-China Technological Rivalry: from “Arrogance” to Boycott." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 12 (2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-12-70-77.
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The spread of the coronavirus pandemic and the slowdown in economic activity in the United States have strengthened the position of supporters of “decoupling” from China. The U.S.-China relations are progressing from “patient integration” to “impatient disengagement”. Escalating research spending, accelerated industrial modernization, and the expansion of China’s high-tech exports have been identified as major challenges to American technology dominance. The fragility of global value chains in cooperative relationships between US and Chinese companies has become particularly evident. The United States plan to free themselves from dependence on China’s innovative technologies and critical materials. Washington’s efforts to revive the country’s manufacturing industry received a new impetus. American TNCs have begun to return some of their enterprises to the USA. The “technological boycott” of China is aimed at causing maximum damage to the development of any competitive business that presents a challenge to American multinational corporations, and to slow down the progressive technological development of the PRC. Equally important are considerations of industrial policy aimed at crowding out competitors. Washington’s protectionist actions led to a reduction in trade and mutual investment and have put American companies targeting Asian consumers in a difficult position. Washington is beginning to fear that Beijing may powerfully respond to the United States with countermeasures that are sensitive to the American military-industrial complex and innovative sectors of the economy. Washington’s aggressive actions are mobilizing China’s efforts to move up the value chain and localize products to achieve self-sufficiency in key technologies. However, the threat remains that protectionism could become a “new normal” not only for U.S.-China relations. The only viable alternative to this scenario may be the joining of efforts of market participants interested in returning to international legal norms of trade.
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Go, Sun, and Peter Lindert. "The Uneven Rise of American Public Schools to 1850." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000033.
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Three factors help to explain why school enrollments in the Northern United States were higher than those in the South and in most of Europe by 1850. One was affordability: the northern schools had lower direct costs relative to income. The second was the greater autonomy of local governments. The third was the greater diffusion of voting power among the citizenry in much of the North, especially in rural communities. The distribution of local political voice appears to be a robust predictor of tax support and enrollments, both within and between regions. Extra local voice raised tax support without crowding out private support for education.
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Mazumdar, Abhijit. "India in the United States Press: Framing us South Asia policy." South Asia Research 41, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728020964607.
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This article employs qualitative research to examine the media depiction of India in The Washington Post after the Cold War. The published literature has laid out that India and the USA became allies on a host of issues in recent decades. Using indexing theory and framing as a theoretical construct, this research identified key themes in the news reporting about India over a 24-year-period, finding that the press portrayals match the academic literature. The research methodology employed confirms that indexing theory remains a viable research tool for examining high-quality press coverage.
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LUNDQUIST, JENNIFER H., and DOUGLAS S. MASSEY. "Politics or Economics? International Migration during the Nicaraguan Contra War." Journal of Latin American Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04008594.
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The issue of whether Central Americans in the United States are ‘political’ or ‘economic’ migrants has been widely debated, yet little empirical research has informed the controversy. Earlier studies have relied primarily on cross-sectional aggregate data. In order to overcome these limitations we draw on recent surveys conducted in five Nicaraguan communities by the Latin American Migration Project. Using retrospective data, we reconstruct a history of a family's migration to the United States and Costa Rica from the date of household formation to the survey date and link these data to national-level data on GDP and Contra War violence. While out migration to both Costa Rica and the United States is predicted by economic trends, US-bound migration was more strongly linked to the level of Contra War violence independent of economic motivations, especially in an interactive model that allows for a higher wartime effect of social networks. We conclude that elevated rates of Nicaraguan migration to the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s were a direct result of the US-Contra intervention. The approach deployed here – which relates to the timing of migration decisions to macro-level country trends – enables us to address the issue of political versus economic motivations for migration with more precision than prior work.
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Gintis, Herbert. "Review of Hanushek "Making Schools Work"." education policy analysis archives 3 (March 31, 1995): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v3n7.1995.
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Making Schools Work is about the economics of educational policy. The Brookings Institution, publisher of the volume, is among the most respected institutions of economic policy research in the United States. The analysis and recommendations offered by Eric Hanushek, Professor of Economics at the University of Rochester, are based on original research financed by the Pew Charitable Trusts, and carried out by a distinguished group of economists.
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Imran, Mohammed, Mosharrof Hosen, and Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous Chowdhury. "Does poverty lead to crime? Evidence from the United States of America." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 1424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0167.
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Purpose Economic hardship and crime is always a debatable issue in the political economy literature. Some authors define poverty leads to crime some are completely opposite. The purpose of this paper is to find out the impact of poverty on crime in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Using time series data of USA over the period from 1965 to 2016, this study applies autoregressive distributed lag approach to identify the effect of poverty on crime. Findings The outcomes confirm a positive co-integrating relationship between poverty and property crime. It can be argued that poverty ultimately leads property crime in long run in the USA. However, unemployment and GDP exhibit neither long-run nor short-run relationship with property crime and they are not cointegrated for the calculated period. Research limitations/implications The subject of this paper helps to explain and analyze the nexus between poverty and crime in the USA. Practical implications Government and policymakers should focus more on poverty rather than unemployment alone to control property crime. Originality/value This study attempts to identify the consequences of economic hardship and poverty on the crime in the advanced economy like USA.
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Pérez, Patricio, Marta Bengoa, and Adolfo Fernández. "Research, technology frontier and productivity growth." Acta Oeconomica 65, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.65.2015.1.4.
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This paper uses the Jones (1995) framework to examine the contribution of imitation activities and innovative research effort on productivity growth for the US and some European leading economies. We carry out a comparative analysis for the last 50 years, with two model specifications, assuming country differences in the parameters associated with R&D effort. In the first one, the technological frontier position is determined by the country with the highest productivity, the United States. Alternatively, in the second specification, we alter the definition of the technological frontier, allowing it to transcend the leader. The empirical analysis leads to very different outcomes. The first specification estimation, using GMM techniques, indicates that American researchers are more technology growth enhancing than their European counterparts. In contrast, the results obtained for the second, using Kalman’s filter, show that when using an alternative definition of technological frontier, it is possible to observe a boost in innovation that reduces the dispersion among countries. Then, the leading European countries can take advantage; in this case, Germany exhibits the best performance, followed by the US.
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Boitan, Iustina Alina, and Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak. "The Sovereign-Bank Nexus in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak—Evidence from EU Member States." Risks 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9050098.
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The major focus of this paper is on the sovereign–banks relationship following the COVID-19 pandemic crisis outbreak, with a view to gaining an insight into banks’ exposure to the sovereign. We rely on a series of complementary research approaches, such as desk research, comparative statistical analysis, exploratory learning algorithm, and a deterministic panel regression framework. The analysis reveals that most EU countries were not prepared for the pandemic crisis as they lacked a financial security buffer. The growing fiscal pressure and lockdown restrictions additionally resulted in an increase in banks’ exposure to the government debt market and higher government debt securities exposure on their balance sheets. One of the novelties of the research is the adoption of the gap method in order to measure the changes between banking assets major items (government securities vs. loans) and uncovering the preference for holding a specific type of asset. Additional insight is brought by the clustering solution, which shows increased cross-country heterogeneity in terms of the sovereign–banks relationship. Empirical research shows that banks’ involvement in the sovereign debt market is sensitive mainly to negative information related to pandemic occurrence and, to a lower extent, to positive information reflected by government’s reactions and economic stimulus measures. In addition, our results reveal there is no crowding-out effect triggered by the pandemic, in terms of lending to the sovereign against lending to the real economy. In the pandemic onset banks did not proceed to a sharp portfolio rebalancing in favor of the sovereign.
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Tan, Kong Yam, Tilak Abeysinghe, and Khee Giap Tan. "Shifting Drivers of Growth: Policy Implications for ASEAN-5." Asian Economic Papers 14, no. 1 (January 2015): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00331.
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How the old saying “when the United States sneezes, the world catches a cold” holds true has been the subject of many research papers on global and country group business cycle synchronization and divergence. Instead of business cycle linkages, however, this paper examines the evolution of the dependence of ASEAN-5 and other Asian economies on their traditional and emerging growth engines (the United States, EU, Japan, China, and India). For this we use a structural vector autoregression model that yields time-varying growth multiplier effects. Although China has overtaken others as a major export destination for ASEAN-5 and despite the United States losing much of its relative economic clout in Asia, the multiplier effects show that the United States is still about 1.5 times more growth-enhancing than China for ASEAN-5. The EU has also not lost out completely to China as a growth engine. China, however, has overtaken Japan to become about 1.88 times more growth enhancing than Japan for ASEAN-5. India has yet to become a significant growth engine, although it is of increasing importance to Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These results call for new initiatives to balance the rising over-dependence on China.
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Partridge, Mark, Sydney Schreiner, Alexandra Tsvetkova, and Carlianne Elizabeth Patrick. "The Effects of State and Local Economic Incentives on Business Start-Ups in the United States: County-Level Evidence." Economic Development Quarterly 34, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242420916249.
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Even as economic incentives are increasingly used by policy makers to spur state and local economic development, their use is controversial among the public and academics. The authors examine whether state and local incentives lead to higher rates of business start-ups in metropolitan counties. Existing research indicates that start-ups are important for supporting (net) job creation, long-term growth, innovation, and development. The authors find that incentives have a statistically significant, negative relationship with start-up rates in total and for some industries including export-based and others that often receive incentives. The findings support critics who contend that incentives crowd out other economic activity, potentially reducing long-term growth. The authors also find that greater intersectoral job flows are positively linked to total start-ups, consistent with claims of those who advocate for policies that enhance labor market flexibility through reducing barriers to job mobility.
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Shih, Ya-Chen T., Jim C. Hu, Chan Shen, and Scott E. Eggener. "Adoption of robot-assisted surgery and its impact on treatment patterns for newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6513.
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6513 Background: With the rapid increase of robotic surgical systems in hospitals, it is important to understand the impact on treatment patterns for localized prostate cancer. The objective of this study is to determine whether the presence of robotic surgical systems independently influenced rates of surgery, radiation, and active surveillance for localized prostate cancer. Methods: We conducted an observational study using National Cancer Database (NCDB) state-level data, 2002-2010. Our study cohort includes patients newly diagnosed with clinical stage I-III prostate cancer from 48 states and Washington D.C. in the United States. The number of robotic systems installed in each state over time was obtained from publicly available information on-line. We characterized the state-level treatment pattern as the proportion of patients having surgery, radiation and active surveillance as their first course of treatment. Results: Between 2002 and 2010, the average number of robotic surgical systems per state increased from 2 to 26.3, while the unadjusted rate of surgery increased from 37.5% to 52.4%, radiation therapy decreased from 43.3% to 30.2%, and active surveillance increased from 7.0% to 9.3%. For every 10 additional robotic systems installed in a state, there would be a 2.5% increased rate of surgery (p<0.01), accompanied by a 1.3% (p=0.04) and 1.0% (p<0.01) decrease in the rate of radiation and active surveillance, respectively. Subgroup analyses suggest that the robotic adoption crowding out effect on radiation and active surveillance was driven primarily by men with stage I-II prostate cancer. If the adoption trajectory for robotic systems continues, the increased cost of treating localized prostate cancer in 2012 will be close to $27 million. Conclusions: During a period of rapid acquisition of robotic surgical systems, we found the number of robotic systems available at the state-level is significantly and directly associated with a higher rate of surgery for localized prostate cancer, and lower rates of radiation therapy and active surveillance.
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Yi, Youngjoo. "Asian adolescents’ out-of-school encounters with English and Korean literacy." Multiple Perspectives on L1 and L2 Academic Literacy in Asia Pacific and Diaspora Contexts 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2005): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.15.1.06yi.
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The acquisition of second language (L2) academic literacy has attracted increasing interest among L2 literacy researchers as the number of English Language Learners (ELLs) studying in schools in Anglophone countries like Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States continues to grow. However, this emphasis on academic literacy has led L2 researchers to overlook the importance of exploring other types of literacy, especially out-of-school literacy. In particular, few studies have examined the impact of out-of-school literacy activities on overall literacy acquisition, as well as on the development of academic literacy skills. This article describes a study that examined the nature of three Asian adolescent ELLs’ out-of-school literacy practices and their implications for school-based literacy growth. These Asian adolescent ELLs engaged in various types of reading and forms of writing in both their native language (L1), Korean, and their L2, English, within both print and computer-based contexts. The findings suggest some often overlooked connections, direct or indirect, between in and out-of-school literacy. The article discusses the implications of these findings for pedagogy and future research.
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Nord, Derek, Richard Luecking, David Mank, William Kiernan, and Christina Wray. "The State of the Science of Employment and Economic Self-Sufficiency for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 51, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-51.5.376.
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Abstract Employment, career advancement, and financial independence are highly valued in the United States. As expectations, they are often instilled at a young age and incentivized throughout adulthood. Despite their importance, employment and economic sufficiency continue to be out of reach for most people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Over the last quarter century, extensive research and effort has been committed to understanding and improving these phenomena. This paper summarizes this employment research base by reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of the current employment support system, employment-specific interventions, and the economics and cost benefits of employment for people with IDD. Recommendations and directions for future research are also presented.
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Zuikov, R. "Origins of Global Crisis: Towards Mapping Out A Concept of International Mobile Capital Movement." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2012): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-4-16-24.
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The global financial and economic crisis that began in 2007 in the United States, the main center of capitalist accumulation from the second half of the 20th-early 21st centuries, once again pointed out to the academic community on the continuing relevance of the research of the cycle/crisis tendencies of development of the now globalized capitalism. In addition to the scientific and educational tasks of the exploring of this topic there is an urgent challenge to design a theoretical model of efficient management systems (including anti-crisis management) for the global economy. Such a model will form the basis on which the new system should be established and become virtually operational. To build such a model we have to primarily identify the regularities of functioning and development of the global economy, as well as those of its variables should be affected within the simulated regulatory system.
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Saez, Emmanuel, Joel Slemrod, and Seth H. Giertz. "The Elasticity of Taxable Income with Respect to Marginal Tax Rates: A Critical Review." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.1.3.
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This paper critically surveys the large and growing literature estimating the elasticity of taxable income with respect to marginal tax rates using tax return data. First, we provide a theoretical framework showing under what assumptions this elasticity can be used as a sufficient statistic for efficiency and optimal tax analysis. We discuss what other parameters should be estimated when the elasticity is not a sufficient statistic. Second, we discuss conceptually the key issues that arise in the empirical estimation of the elasticity of taxable income using the example of the 1993 top individual income tax rate increase in the United States to illustrate those issues. Third, we provide a critical discussion of selected empirical analyses of the elasticity of taxable income in light of the theoretical and empirical framework we laid out. Finally, we discuss avenues for future research. (JEL H24, H31, J22)
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Kiyota, Kozo, and Robert M. Stern. "An Assessment of the Economic Effects of the Menu of U.S. Trade Policies." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850070. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1157.
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The Michigan Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of World Production and Trade is used to calculate the aggregate welfare and sectoral employment effects of the menu of U.S. trade policies. The menu of policies encompasses the various preferential U.S. bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated and in process, unilateral removal of existing trade barriers, and global (multilateral) free trade. The welfare impacts of the FTAs on the United States are shown to be rather small in absolute and relative terms. The sectoral employment effects are also generally small but vary across the individual sectors depending on the patterns of the bilateral liberalization. The welfare effects on the FTA partner countries are mostly positive though generally small, but there are some indications of potentially disruptive employment shifts in some partner countries. There are indications of trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on nonmember countries for some of the FTAs analyzed. In comparison to the welfare gains from the U.S. FTAs, the gains from both unilateral trade liberalization by the United States and the FTA partners and from global (multilateral) free trade are shown to be rather substantial and more uniformly positive for all countries in the global trading system. The U.S. FTAs are based on “hub” and “spoke” arrangements. It is shown that the spokes emanate out in different and often overlapping directions, suggesting that the complex of bilateral FTAs may create distortions of the global trading system, which could be avoided if multilateral liberalization in the context of the Doha Round were to be carried out. Kozo Kiyota is Associate Professor of International Economics in the Faculty of Business Administration, Yokohama National University. He is also a Research Fellow at the Manufacturing Management Research Center (MMRC), the University of Tokyo and a Faculty Fellow at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). He received his Ph.D. from Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. His research focuses on empirical microeconomics. He has published articles in the International Journal of Industrial Organization, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, and The World Economy. Robert M. Stern is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
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van Asseldonk, Marcel, Harold van der Meulen, Ruud van der Meer, Huib Silvis, and Petra Berkhout. "Does subsidized MPCI crowds out traditional market-based hail insurance in the Netherlands?" Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2017-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine which factors influence the choice to adopt subsidized multi-peril crop insurance (MPCI) in the Netherlands and whether prior hail insurance uptake is one of the determinants of MPCI adoption. In addition, it is analyzed whether subsidized MPCI has reduced disaster relief spending. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional survey with 512 respondents using a stratified design comprising MPCI adopters and non-adopters sampled from the Dutch national census data base. The national census, including information on subsidized MPCI adoption from 2010 up to and including 2015, was supplemented with information on (prior) traditional market-based hail insurance uptake, and other underlying determining factors were elicited. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors influence the choice to adopt MPCI. Findings Analysis of MPCI adoption reveals that subsidized MPCI mainly substituted for market-based hail insurance uptake up to now. Growers who did not insure against hail in the past were hardly reached. Approximately, three-quarter of MPCI adopters insured hail prior to market introduction of MPCI. In the arable sector, MPCI adoption was 2.89 (p<0.01) more likely for prior hail insurance adopters compared to non-adopters, while it was 9.67 (p<0.01) more likely in the fruit sector. Research limitations/implications In the arable sector, it is expected that MPCI uptake in the coming years will reach more prior non-adopters of hail insurance as demand is expected to increase. Prior hail insurance adopters in the arable sector can be seen as the early MPCI adopters. In the fruit sector, adoption rates are already at a relative high level and a further significant increase by targeting non-adopters of hail insurance is not likely. Originality/value Governmental support has crowded out to some extend traditional market-based hail insurance in the Netherlands. Since the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union is creating more momentum to subsidize crop insurance more member states with a long history of a mature hail insurance market may be confronted with similar crowding-out effects.
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Basso, Gaetano, and Giovanni Peri. "Internal Mobility: The Greater Responsiveness of Foreign-Born to Economic Conditions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.77.
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In this article, we review the internal geographic mobility of immigrants and natives in the United States in the recent decades, with a focus on the period since 2000. We confirm a continuing secular decline in mobility already pointed out by the existing literature, and we show that it persisted in the post great recession period. We then focus on foreign-born and establish that, on average, they did not have total mobility rates higher than that of natives. However, their mobility response to local economic conditions was stronger than the response of natives in the period from 1980 to 2017. A review of recent research reveals that the higher elasticity of mobility of immigrants to economic conditions is a combination of lower sensitivity to local prices, higher propensity to move in the early years after immigration, and strong economic success of cities that were immigrant enclaves in the 1980s.
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Chavez, Daniel E., Marco A. Palma, David H. Byrne, Charles R. Hall, and Luis A. Ribera. "Willingness to Pay for Rose Attributes: Helping Provide Consumer Orientation to Breeding Programs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.28.
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AbstractFloriculture value exceeds $5.8 billion in the United States. Environmental challenges, market trends, and diseases complicate breeding priorities. To inform breeders’ and geneticists’ research efforts, we set out to gather consumers’ preferences in the form of willingness to pay (WTP) for different rose attributes in a discrete choice experiment. The responses are modeled in WTP space, using polynomials to account for heterogeneity. Consumer preferences indicate that heat and disease tolerance were the most important aspects for subjects in the sample, followed by drought resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify breeding priorities in rosaceous plants from a consumer perspective.
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Getsios, Denis, Ingrid Caro, Wissam El-Hadi, and Jaime J. Caro. "Assessing the economics of vaccination forNeisseria meningitidisin industrialized nations: A review and recommendations for further research." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 3 (August 2004): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304001096.
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Objectives:To review the existing health economic literature on meningococcal disease vaccination.Methods:A Medline search for economic evaluations of vaccination programs for meningococcal disease in developed countries was conducted. All identified studies were reviewed.Results:Nine published studies were identified examining either mass vaccination during outbreaks or routine vaccination. Although net expenses were estimated in almost all studies, the resulting cost-effectiveness ratios varied widely. Vaccination of college-age students was found to be potentially cost-effective in Australia but not in the United States. With one exception, routine vaccination of children and adolescents in Europe was predicted to be cost-effective. Many simplifying assumptions were made, and important elements were often left out, in particular the potential for reduced transmission of disease.Conclusions:The methods used and the vaccination strategies vary widely, and results do not provide strong grounds for making conclusions as to whether vaccination is cost-effective. Furthermore, in all instances, transmission of disease, changes in population carriage rates, and outbreaks are either ignored, dealt with using very broad simplifying assumptions, or are not necessarily generalizable to other settings. The analyses provide some insight into the potential cost-effectiveness of vaccination, but more importantly, they highlight areas requiring further study. Economic evaluations based on observed outcomes from recently implemented strategies would be helpful, as would more sophisticated health economic models. The choice of vaccination strategies cannot be based on the results of existing economic analyses.
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SCHEFFLER, RICHARD M., and TIMOTHY T. BROWN. "Social capital, economics, and health: new evidence." Health Economics, Policy and Law 3, no. 4 (October 2008): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133108004593.
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AbstractIn introducing this Special Issue on Social Capital and Health, this article tracks the popularization of the term ‘social capital’ and sheds light on the controversy surrounding the term and its definitions. It sets out four mechanisms that link social capital with health: making information available to community members, impacting social norms, enhancing the health care services and their accessibility in a community, and offering psychosocial support networks. Approaches to the measurement of social capital include the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey (SCCBS) developed by Robert Putnam, and the Petris Social Capital Index (PSCI), which looks at community voluntary organizations using public data available for the entire United States. The article defines community social capital (CSC) as the extent and density of trust, cooperation, and associational links and activity within a given population. Four articles on CSC are introduced in two categories: those that address behaviors – particularly utilization of health services and use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; and those that look at links between social capital and physical or mental health. Policy implications include: funding and/or tax subsidies that would support the creation of social capital; laws and regulations; and generation of enthusiasm among communities and leaders to develop social capital. The next steps in the research programme are to continue testing the mechanisms; to look for natural experiments; and to find better public policies to foster social capital.
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Gretz, Richard T., and Jannett Highfill. "Recession, R&D Spending, and the Current Account: Bad News, Bad News, and a Little Encouragement." Global Economy Journal 10, no. 1 (February 19, 2010): 1850192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1619.
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Coming out of the global recession, it has been suggested that certain United States’ trading partners that have relied on exchange rates policy should switch to the industrial policy, particularly, government subsidies for private sector research and development. The present paper argues that the recession itself is sufficient bad news. The prospect of our trading partners instigating an R&D subsidy game in the interests of an export-led growth strategy is even more sobering—especially if the U.S. fails to respond with its own R&D subsidy program. Whatever your view of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, one could make the case that the U.S. economy would have been better served investing in new technologies leading to new factories producing innovative products rather than simply paving a road to, at best, business as usual.
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Onuferová, Erika, Veronika Čabinová, and Mária Matijová. "Categorization of the EU Member States in the Context of Selected Multicriteria International Indices Using Cluster Analysis." Review of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0018.
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AbstractThe main aim of the paper was to analyse the economic and social development of the European Union (EU) member states (28 countries) on the basis of selected five multicriteria indices (the Global Competitiveness Index, the Economic Freedom Index, the Global Innovation Index, the Corruption Perceptions Index, the Human Development Index). To perform settled aim, a multidimensional classification of EU countries for years 2011 and 2018 using cluster analysis was realized. The purpose of the analysis was to categorize the individual EU countries into clusters and to find out to what extent the position of EU member states has changed in terms of selected international indices over the analysed period. Based on the findings, it is arguable that a major part of the EU member states cluster into the same groups based on the selected indices assessment, regardless of the time period. However, six countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, and United Kingdom) improved their position during the period under review and ranked into the cluster of more prosperous countries in 2018. The rate of change (improvement) was quantified at the level of 21.43%. Based on the results, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in terms of economic prosperity (Euclidean distance reached the level of 3.08), while the least similar countries were Greece and Sweden (Euclidean distance reached the level of 70.8). Declining Euclidean distances indicate that economic disparities of the individual EU countries have decreased in the period under review. This paper aims at developing the research to find out how, besides hierarchy, we can analyse the EU member states from the perspective of various multicriteria indices. The four proposed clusters could be used as a starting point for future policy reforms, pointing to the weaknesses of various countries.
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Chang, Chia-Lin, and Duc Hong Vo. "Contemporary Issues in Business and Economics in Vietnam and Other Asian Emerging Markets." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13060109.
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This Special Issue publishes high quality papers on contemporary issues in business and economics in Vietnam and other Asian emerging markets. These papers were accepted and presented at the 2019 Vietnam’s Business and Economics Research Conference (VBER2019) organized by Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vietnam in July 2019. Emerging issues in business and economics from Vietnam and other emerging markets in the Asian region have been addressed from various angles, from economics, finance, and statistics to management science. Five out of the 14 studies in this book were conducted to investigate various issues in relation to the Asian region such as the exchange rate regime in Asia, financial inclusion, and financial development and income inequality in Asian emerging markets. Seven studies were conducted in response to emerging business and economic issues in Vietnam such as fiscal decentralization, urbanization, foreign direct investment, and corporate financial distress. Other papers even considered various relevant aspects from the United States and Europe to the Asian region including double taxation treaties and agricultural shocks to the oil price. The findings from these papers are useful for practitioners, policymakers, and academics.
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Kolodko, Grzegorz W., and Marta Postula. "Determinants and implications of the eurozone enlargement." Acta Oeconomica 68, no. 4 (December 2018): 477–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.4.1.
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To join the Eurozone (EZ), a candidate country has to fulfil five nominal Maastricht convergence criteria and ensure compliance of national legislation with the acquis communautaire. With this regard special difficulties pose the fiscal criterion relating to the maximum allowed budget deficit of 3 per cent of GDP. If it is not met, the European Commission launches the Excessive Deficit Procedure. Currently, such formula applies to France, Spain and the United Kingdom. Although the issue is not absolutely certain, one can assume that euro will weather the present difficulties and will come out stronger, though the economically unjustified Euro scepticism of some countries is not helping. It may be expected that in the 2020s the European Monetary Union will be joined by all countries that are still using their national currencies and that the EU will be extended to include new member states, enlarging the euro area further. In this article authors are discussing the issue whether Poland will join the EZ in the coming years, considering the challenges of meeting all Maastricht criteria, on the one hand, and the reluctance of the government to give up the national currency, on the other. A mixed method combining the results of qualitative and quantitative research has been used to empirically verify the research question presented.
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Tassey, Gregory. "Competing in Advanced Manufacturing: The Need for Improved Growth Models and Policies." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.1.27.
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The United States has underinvested for several decades in a set of productivity-enhancing assets necessary for the long-term health of its manufacturing sector. Conventional characterizations of the process of bringing new advanced manufacturing products to market usually leave out two important elements: One is “proof-of-concept research” to establish broad “technology platforms” that can then be used as a basis for developing actual products. The second is a technical infrastructure of “infratechnologies” that include the analytical tools and standards needed for measuring and classifying the components of the new technology; metrics and methods for determining the adequacy of the multiple performance attributes of the technology; and the interfaces among hardware and software components that must work together for a complex product to perform as specified. If the public–private dynamics are not properly aligned to encourage proof-of-concept research and needed infratechnologies, then promising advances in basic science can easily fall into a “valley of death” and fail to evolve into modern advanced manufacturing technologies that are ready for the marketplace. Each major technology has a degree of uniqueness that demands government support sufficiently sophisticated to allow efficient adaptation to the needs of its particular industry, whether semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, computers, communications equipment, medical equipment, or some other technology-based industry.
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Ismail, Maimunah, Nordahlia Umar Baki, and Noor Ainun Yeop Kamaruddin. "Profile and Career Aspiration of Malaysian Returnees." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14224.
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This study examined profiles and predictors of career aspiration of Malaysian returnees from European and non-European countries. This study, involving 226 returnees, was carried out in the industrialized areas of the Klang Valley, Johore Bharu and Penang, and the state of Sabah. Based on the Social Cognitive Career Theory and the Chaos Theory of Careers the study derived personal and environmental factors within the major groups of push-pull factors that served as the predictors. Most returnees from Europe came back from the United Kingdom while Australia, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Korea and the United States were the host countries outside Europe. A regression analysis showed the explanatory power of career aspiration for returnees from European countries was higher (33.9%) than that of returnees from non-European countries (29.1%). Push political and pull social factors were significant for the former, whereas push social, pull personal and pull family factors were stronger for the latter ones. The implications of these findings for human resource practices and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Kapstein, Ethan B. "The Political Economy of National Security." Political Science Teacher 3, no. 2 (1990): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800001045.
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In recent years, public officials in the United States and abroad have expressed increasing concern over the economic effects of defense spending. It has been alleged that defense spending is a major cause of the budget deficit and is at the root of America's economic “decline.” Even in the Soviet Union, questions are now being raised about the impact of military spending on the civilian economy.As director of a research program at Harvard that focuses on economics and national security, I decided it was important to offer a course on the “political economy of national security.” While Harvard and other major universities in the Boston area offer courses in political economy on the one hand and national security on the other, students have few opportunities to examine national defense from an economic perspective. Given that national security is the largest single economic activity in the United States and many other countries, and given intense student interest in the topic, the time was ripe to devise such a course.The course was first offered in the Harvard Summer School, which is open to undergraduate and graduate students from Harvard and other universities. The only prerequisite was an introductory course in economics. As it turns out, most of the students were more than adequately prepared; among those who attended were students from Harvard Business School, the Kennedy School of Government, some local defense industry executives, military officers, and a number of Ph.D. candidates. For those who might consider offering such a course, I would suggest that the required economics course not be waived in any circumstances; otherwise you will spend a lot of time explaining basic concepts.
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Yan, Jiayi, Qian Pu, and Junfei Liu. "Research on Economic Periodicity Based on Principal Component-Weighted Distance and Clustering Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403003.
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Based on the knowledge of economics, this paper selects 22 macroeconomic indicators that best reflect the overall economic situation of the United States. After differential, logarithmic and exponential preprocessing of the original data, this paper, based on the power spectral analysis model, adaptively identifies the periodicity of the selected economic indicators, and visualize the results. As a result, it screens out 11 indicators with obvious periodicity. In the process of solving the weighted distance based on principal component analysis, correlation test is first conducted on the selected 11 single indicators of periodicity to obtain Pearson correlation heatmap. Then, the principal components are extracted by selecting the first five principal components as the virtual indicators to represent the monthly economic situation, and calculating the weighted distance value between months for visualization. Finally, we select the results of 36 months’ smoothing for analysis, figure out the time intervals with similar economic situation, and verify the conjecture of economic periodicity. Finally, based on K-MEAN clustering analysis, the economic conditions of 352 months are classified into 3 clusters by using the weighted distance after 36 months’ smoothing. From the visualized results, it is found that there are two complete cycles, i.e. red-yellow-blue and red-yellow-blue, which is consistent with the conclusion of principal component analysis model, and proves the existence of economic cycle again. In conclusion, based on the above PCA weighted distance and clustering analysis, it can be concluded that the economic period is around 176 months, in favor of medium long periodicity theory.
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Moya-Clemente, Ismael, Gabriela Ribes-Giner, and Joana Carolina Chaves-Vargas. "SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN APPROACH FROM BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 22, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.13934.
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Researchs on issues of Sustainable Entrepreneurship are gaining traction in recent years, with this trend being aligned to the achievement of sustainable development goals set by the UN in 2030. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a bibliometric analysis on research on the subject of sustainable entrepreneurship. The information gathered is extracted from the main collection of the Web of Science (WoS) database since 1999 up to December 2019. Nvivo and VOSviwer software are used to perform initial analysis and citation analysis, co-citations, bibliographic coupling, coauthoring, among others. This study presents advances associated with the main authors, journals and countries, the general and annual citation structure and the development of this field. The results show that the publication trend increases from 2015 onwards, however 2018 and 2019 have seen the greatest production of articles. In relation to the most influential countries, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, England and Spain are the most representative. It was also found that the most influential journals are the Journal of Cleaner Production and Sustainability. The main contribution is to show the evolution of this topic, so that researchers can use it in their theoretical frameworks and research.
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Martín-del-Río, Beatriz, Marie-Carmen Neipp, Adrián García-Selva, and Angel Solanes-Puchol. "Positive Organizational Psychology: A Bibliometric Review and Science Mapping Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105222.
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Positive organizational psychology (POP) is a research area that focuses on the positive aspects of optimal functioning at work. Although consolidated and with a large volume of publications, no bibliometric analysis has been performed that allows knowing its high-level structure, developments, and distribution of knowledge since its origins. The objective is to analyze the 7181 articles published in POP on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). A retrospective bibliometric analysis and science mapping were performed. The title, authors, institutions, countries, scientific categories, journals, keywords, year, and citations were extracted from WoSCC. Impact factor, quartile, and country were collected from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2019. Authors were classified according to the proposal of Crane, and Bradford’s law was calculated. The results show that it is an area with more than 100 years of experience, divided into three stages of different productivity and visibility, highlighting a decrease in its visibility in recent years. With a multidisciplinary and international interest, psychology and business and economics stand out, especially in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Four popular study topics emerged: well-being at work, positive leadership, work engagement, and psychological capital.
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Gaa, James. "Introduction: Special Issue on Accounting Ethics." Business Ethics Quarterly 14, no. 3 (July 2004): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200414327.
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This special issue of Business Ethics Quarterly was organized for two reasons. First, the academic fields of business ethics and accounting ethics have developed without close theoretical or empirical connections. This is the case even though the profession of accounting is an important component of the organizational world. For this reason, it is important to foster attempts to build a bridge between the two fields, so that research in accounting ethics is more closely related to business ethics. Second, the recent deluge of business scandals (primarily, but not only, in the United States) in which financial reporting and auditing were central elements suggests that a special issue on accounting ethics is timely.The original hope was that the special issue would contain a balance of papers from researchers in “accounting ethics” and those in “business ethics.” In line with the hope that the papers would be responsive to both fields, almost every paper submitted was reviewed by one person who is identified with business ethics and one person who is identified with accounting ethics. As it turns out, most of the papers in this issue were written by people whose academic home is the accounting department. The mix of papers reflects the emphasis in the accounting literature on empirical research on ethical behavior.
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Meseguer-Sánchez, Víctor, Gabriel López-Martínez, Valentín Molina-Moreno, and Luis Jesús Belmonte-Ureña. "The Role of Women in a Family Economy. A Bibliometric Analysis in Contexts of Poverty." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 10328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410328.
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The concept of family economy in the context of extreme poverty is of interest when it comes to analyzing the strategies displayed to prevent or reduce the effects of this situation of exclusion. Gender roles in the nucleus of the family institution will indicate the distribution of these tasks, so that we can understand, in the case of the role of women, the specific weight of their actions in this scenario. For this work, an investigation of our object of study was carried out for the period 1968–2019. A bibliometric analysis of 2182 articles was carried out in which the final versions of articles, books, and book chapters whose subject matter was related to the categories of family economy and poverty were included. The most productive journal was the Journal of Development Economics, while World Economies was the most cited. The authors with the most articles were Ravaillon, Sadoulet, and Lanjouw. The most productive institution was the World Bank. The country with the most publications and citations was the United States. Future research should focus on analyzing the role of women within the family economy in the context of poverty. Thus, a line of research is proposed that also includes the proposals from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which means an urgent call for action by all countries.
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Souza, Maria do Socorro de, Jakeline Rodrigues de Aquino Bezerra, Luis Paulo Bresciani, and Edimilson Eduardo da Silva. "Industry 4.0: An analysis of the production of scientific papers based on indicators." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 28, 2021): e193101118923. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18923.
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The application of technologies related to Industry 4.0 is already underway in countries such as the United States, Germany, China, South Korea and Japan. Given the importance of using new technologies of Industry 4.0, listed in the scientific literature, we aim to understand how international academic publications on Industry 4.0 are characterized, based on their scientific indicators. In order to meet the objective, scientific publications were extracted from the Web of Science platform and analysis techniques such as Bibliometric, Spearman Correlation and Clustering (Cluster) were used. The revelations have pointed out that the Industry 4.0 theme is recent in terms of scientific publications by the Web of Science platform. In this database, the first Management, Business and Economics academic publications took place in 2016, although from 2018 onwards, there is a significant increase of academic publications in the researched area. Empirical disclosure provided evidence that the various measurements of indicators on the Impact Factor and number of citations converge with each other. The results pointed to a gap in indicators that demonstrate academic publications with expressive citations in low-impact journals. Finally, it is pointed out that these quantitative disclosures contribute to the decision-making initial process, but with limitations, considering the importance of interpretive analysis of the scientific literature content.
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Vinogradov, A. "“Unipolar Asia”: Chinese Regional Order." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-23-32.
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In recent years, the PRC was considered to be the main revisionist power in the world, challenging the leadership of the United States. The rivalry between the two countries in various fields was the subject of close attention of both politicians and scientists. Depending on how this rivalry would end, forecasts were made about the future of the system of international relations. Today it has become obvious that an equally serious challenge to the existing international order is posed by the economic and political crisis of the Western world, which cannot be overcome in the foreseeable future. The question of what kind of international order can replace the current one is gradually moving from a theoretical level to a practical one. As a rule, it is pointed out the multipolar nature of the coming world political order, but how this fundamentally new structure will function in practice remains unclear. The article emphasizes the following questions: What are the characteristics of the Chinese version of the multipolarity, does it have historical analogs, what are traditional Chinese ideas about the world structure and China’s interaction with neighbors, it also argues how useful they can be in contemporary world, in the formation of a new world and regional order. The focus is on China’s relations with neighboring powers, with developing countries and great powers, primarily the United States, as well as the problem of combining world-building functions and international order, which is embodied in Xi Jinping’s concept “Community of common destiny of mankind” and particularly in the Belt and Road Initiative. As a result of its practical implementation, for the first time in world history, two traditions can claim to regulate global relations – Western and Eastern, reflecting different ideas about the world order and organization of international community and having their own ideas about justice. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by a grant from the Russian science Foundation (project no. 19-18-00142).
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Lyozin, Alexander I. "The asymmetry of Laos conflict in the views of the RAND Corporation experts (1960–1973)." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202213.
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The paper deals with analytical reports prepared by the experts of the RAND Corporation on the Secret War in Laos (19601973) between the Royal Laotian Army, tacit living in the United States, and the communist movement Patet Lao, which received assistance from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Initially, it was Laos, not Vietnam that was the strategic and important region of Southeast Asia in the concept of domino theory of the US policy. A vivid example is the study of Laos in the RAND Corporation, which began earlier than the study of Vietnam. Analyst reports were created on the basis of geography, demography, geology, economics, etc. The paper addresses reports on the development of the military-political situation in Laos by the experts of the corporation such as Joel Martin Halpern, Paul Langer and Joseph Zastoff. It is shown that a part of the research was carried out with the aim of developing the theory of counterinsurgency at the request of the Agency for Perspective Research under the Ministry of Defense of the USA for the development of a foreign policy strategy in the countries of the Third world. Special attention is paid to the connection of research on the situation in Laos with the analysis of the prospects of the American policy in Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Scott Drinkall, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Climate Change, Migration, and Vulnerability." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1245.
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As global sea levels continue to rise, atoll countries—facing persistent and imminent risk—are expected to become source nations of climate migrants in the foreseeable future. This special issue features 10 academic articles, which examine if residents in Pacific atoll countries were, are, or will be ready to re-establish their livelihoods after relocation. The topic of migration is akin to a kaleidoscope, with continuously evolving shapes and colors, necessitating a broad spectrum of approaches across various disciplines. The authors of these articles thus examined the topic through mathematics, civil engineering, cultural and disaster studies, economics, education, geography, international relations, language, law, sociology and politics. The methodologies applied range from policy analysis to structural equation modeling. Migration driven by climate change takes place gradually, even over a few decades. Unlike forced migration due to causes such as war and conflict, future climate migrants have the short-term advantage of time to ready themselves for displacement from their homeland. Preparation prior to relocation may include enhancing one’s language or vocational skills. One of the focal points of this special issue is therefore the preparedness of migrants, both past and future. Case studies were carried out across Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and the United States. We also considered how migrants are received following resettlement, both in terms of legal instruments and assistance given by the public and private sectors. Case studies conducted in Austria and the United States address this aspect. Yet another focus is to identify prevailing factors through which people develop their perceptions of climate change and its implications, for such perceptions are a driving force for migration. Case studies in Kiribati and the Marshall Islands contribute to this understanding. We hope this special issue sharpens the vision of climate change and migration, and serves as a stepping stone for further research in the field.
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Ghanbari, Mahboubeh Khaton, Masoud Behzadifar, Leila Doshmangir, Mariano Martini, Ahad Bakhtiari, Mahtab Alikhani, and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. "Mapping Research Trends of Universal Health Coverage From 1990 to 2019: Bibliometric Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e24569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24569.
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Background Universal health coverage (UHC) is one of many ambitious, health-related, sustainable development goals. Sharing various experiences of achieving UHC, in terms of challenges, pitfalls, and future prospects, can help policy and decision-makers reduce the likelihood of committing errors. As such, scholarly articles and technical reports are of paramount importance in shedding light on the determinants that make it possible to achieve UHC. Objective The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of UHC-related scientific literature from 1990 to 2019. Methods We carried out a bibliometric analysis of papers related to UHC published from January 1990 to September 2019 and indexed in Scopus via VOSviewer (version 1.6.13; CWTS). Relevant information was extracted: the number of papers published, the 20 authors with the highest number of publications in the field of UHC, the 20 journals with the highest number of publications related to UHC, the 20 most active funding sources for UHC-related research, the 20 institutes and research centers that have produced the highest number of UHC-related research papers, the 20 countries that contributed the most to the research field of UHC, the 20 most cited papers, and the latest available impact factors of journals in 2018 that included the UHC-related items under investigation. Results In our analysis, 7224 articles were included. The publication trend was increasing, showing high interest in the scientific community. Most researchers were from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, with Thailand being a notable exception. The Lancet accounted for 3.95% of published UHC-related research. Among the top 20 funding sources, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) accounted for 1.41%, 1.34%, and 1.02% of published UHC-related research, respectively. The highest number of citations was found for articles published in The Lancet, the American Journal of Psychiatry, and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The top keywords were “health insurance,” “insurance,” “healthcare policy,” “healthcare delivery,” “economics,” “priority,” “healthcare cost,” “organization and management,” “health services accessibility,” “reform,” “public health,” and “health policy.” Conclusions The findings of our study showed an increasing scholarly interest in UHC and related issues. However, most research concentrated in middle- and high-income regions and countries. Therefore, research in low-income countries should be promoted and supported, as this could enable a better understanding of the determinants of the barriers and obstacles to UHC achievement and improve global health.
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Ghanbari, Mahboubeh Khaton, Masoud Behzadifar, Leila Doshmangir, Mariano Martini, Ahad Bakhtiari, Mahtab Alikhani, and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. "Mapping Research Trends of Universal Health Coverage From 1990 to 2019: Bibliometric Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e24569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24569.
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Background Universal health coverage (UHC) is one of many ambitious, health-related, sustainable development goals. Sharing various experiences of achieving UHC, in terms of challenges, pitfalls, and future prospects, can help policy and decision-makers reduce the likelihood of committing errors. As such, scholarly articles and technical reports are of paramount importance in shedding light on the determinants that make it possible to achieve UHC. Objective The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of UHC-related scientific literature from 1990 to 2019. Methods We carried out a bibliometric analysis of papers related to UHC published from January 1990 to September 2019 and indexed in Scopus via VOSviewer (version 1.6.13; CWTS). Relevant information was extracted: the number of papers published, the 20 authors with the highest number of publications in the field of UHC, the 20 journals with the highest number of publications related to UHC, the 20 most active funding sources for UHC-related research, the 20 institutes and research centers that have produced the highest number of UHC-related research papers, the 20 countries that contributed the most to the research field of UHC, the 20 most cited papers, and the latest available impact factors of journals in 2018 that included the UHC-related items under investigation. Results In our analysis, 7224 articles were included. The publication trend was increasing, showing high interest in the scientific community. Most researchers were from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, with Thailand being a notable exception. The Lancet accounted for 3.95% of published UHC-related research. Among the top 20 funding sources, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) accounted for 1.41%, 1.34%, and 1.02% of published UHC-related research, respectively. The highest number of citations was found for articles published in The Lancet, the American Journal of Psychiatry, and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The top keywords were “health insurance,” “insurance,” “healthcare policy,” “healthcare delivery,” “economics,” “priority,” “healthcare cost,” “organization and management,” “health services accessibility,” “reform,” “public health,” and “health policy.” Conclusions The findings of our study showed an increasing scholarly interest in UHC and related issues. However, most research concentrated in middle- and high-income regions and countries. Therefore, research in low-income countries should be promoted and supported, as this could enable a better understanding of the determinants of the barriers and obstacles to UHC achievement and improve global health.
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Croizier, Ralph. "Art and Society in Modern China—A Review Article." Journal of Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (August 1990): 587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800051494.
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Until recently, modern Chinese art attracted little scholarly attention, either in China or in the West. Western art historians might occasionally glance at the more traditional kinds of painting in the twentieth century, but their serious publications were on the great periods of Chinese art, Ming or before. The contemporary China-watchers—social scientists and modern period historians—trained their gaze on the harder stuff of politics and economics, ideology and organization. In the United States and the West in general, art seemed to slip through the crack between ACLS- and SSRC-funded research projects. In China, anything on the twentieth century, even art, was too sensitive politically for safe handling. The result was that throughout the Maoist years modern Chinese art could occasionally pique the interest of collectors or dealers outside China or draw carefully calculated praise from critics and publicists within, but it was not a promising area for critical scholarship. Michael Sullivan's pioneering survey, Chinese Art in the Twentieth Century, London and Berkeley, 1959—strong on developments in the later Guomindang period when he was in China, but understandably rather out of touch with the main currents in the People's Republic—remained for almost thirty years the sole monument in a neglected field.
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Rishi, Bikramjit, and Archit Kacker. "Kingfisher: Ultra Max re-positioning hurdle." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2020-0322.
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Learning outcomes To appraise the product positioning in an emerging market. To recognize and discuss a positioning plan for a new product. To apply, describe the Kapferer brand identity prism along with different competition levels for Kingfisher Ultra Max. To deliberate the marketing mix for improving the sales of Kingfisher Ultra Max. Case overview/synopsis United Breweries Limited (UBL) was part of UB Group, which was a business conglomerate. United Breweries Holdings Limited or UB Group was headquartered at UB City, Bangalore, India. It dealt in many businesses, out of which UBL was one of them. Kingfisher Ultra Max was Kingfisher’s newest addition to the super-premium strong beer segment. It was a larger-based beer with 8% alcohol by volume content and was stronger in terms of alcohol content than Kingfisher Ultra, which was also from the super-premium segment. This brands positioning was such that it targeted the premium segment. The top management was considering a change in positioning for their Ultra Max brand. A research report submitted by a premier business school also recommended a change in positioning. The officials in the meeting are contemplating the two options for the shift in positioning; one is to make the change of positioning across India and the other is to make the change specific to some states. Complexity academic level The case is targeted at students of post-graduation and under-graduation programs in business administration, specializing in marketing management, brand management or marketing strategy. Also, the case study can be included as part of courses related to strategic management and competitive analysis. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only.
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Hodges, Alan W., Charles R. Hall, Bridget K. Behe, and Jennifer H. Dennis. "Regional Analysis of Production Practices and Technology Use in the U.S. Nursery Industry." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1807.
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The National Nursery Survey has been conducted four times at 5-year intervals (1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003) by a multistate research committee on economics and marketing to help fill the void of publicly available information on management characteristics of the nursery industry. For the first time in 2003, the National Nursery Survey was conducted using a standard sampling methodology with 15,588 total firms representing 44 states. The objective of this study was to provide a regional analysis of nursery production practices, because production practices and technology use may differ across regions in response to varying economic and environmental conditions. From analysis of the 2485 returned surveys, firms in the northern and interior regions of the country with more seasonal activity made greater use of temporary labor. Containerized growing systems were the predominant system throughout the United States; however, firms in the Southeast, South Central, and Pacific coast regions used this system to a greater degree, whereas firms in other regions also commonly used bare root and balled and burlapped systems. Nurseries in the Southeast region, with a warmer climate, used Integrated Pest Management practices more prevalently. Most regions had a significant share of total production from native American plants, approaching or exceeding 20% of total sales, except the Pacific region. In some regions, forward-contracting accounted for a significantly higher share of total sales, perhaps indicating greater aversion to market risk. The Mountain region stood out for its high level of adoption of computer technologies for production, marketing, and management. Data on water use and irrigation technology did not indicate any clear pattern with respect to regional differences in relation to water scarcity.
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Galan, Cesar, Kjel Andrew Johnson, and Elisea Avalos-Reyes. "US oncologists' perception of the efficacy, safety, and willingness to prescribe biosimilar cancer therapies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e15213-e15213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15213.
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e15213 Background: Biosimilars are the fastest-growing class of therapeutic products in the United States and can offer treatment options that can potentially lower healthcare-related costs in cancer care. It is essential to know if an oncologist will use such products. Therefore, we assessed the expected biosimilar prescribing behaviors of practicing oncologists for the originator products Avastin, Herceptin, Rituxan and Neulasta. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of 75 hospital affiliated (46.7%) and community-based (53.3%) oncologists in July 2019 and used a Likert scale rating of “Never,” “Seldom,” “Sometimes,” “Often” and Always.” Descriptive statistics and percentages are reported; the Chi-square test was used for between-group comparisons. Results: The majority of oncologists (62.7%) worked in a for-profit practice, with 38.7% of primary practices offering exclusive in-office dispensing. Physicians currently reported prescribing branded drugs often or always 76% of the time. When asked to rate biosimilars by quality, safety and effectiveness, over 70% of providers perceived these four biosimilars to be the same or near equivalent to the branded drug. When asked to report their expected likelihood of prescribing a biosimilar in the future, 60% of providers believed they would often or always prescribe a biosimilar. There was no difference in the providers’ current biosimilar prescription pattern by type of insurance plan. Provided financial equivalence, oncologists reported being more likely to prescribe a biosimilar to new patients (85.3%) compared to existing patients (69.3%) (p = 0.019). The top 3 drivers of using biosimilar cancer therapies are the patient’s out of pocket cost, value of reimbursement and cost to the practice; 61%, 51% and 52%, respectively for fee-for-service reimbursement and 69%, 44% and 61%, respectively for value-based reimbursement. When asked why providers would not switch from buy-and bill to white-bagging, control of the drug (41.3%) and financial benefit to the providers’ practice (40%) were the top 2 reasons. Conclusions: Biosimilars are expected to reduce drug expenditures in cancer care. While providers in this study found biosimilars to be safe and effective, they reported being less likely to prescribe these drugs when there is a potential for their practice to lose money and control of the drug. Payment models for biosimilars in cancer care must support practice economics.
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Hutchinson, Chad. "695 Weed Control in Minor Crops After the Loss of Methyl Bromide." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 519A—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.519a.
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The economics of pesticide production and registration has limited the number of pesticides registered for use in minor crops relative to agronomic crops. Current regulations such as the Food Quality Protection Act may further reduce the number of efficacious compounds registered for use on minor crops. Traditionally, the lack of registered pesticides for minor crops has been offset by soil fumigation. However, methyl bromide use is scheduled for phase-out in the United States by 2005, leaving a pest control vacuum in some crops. Loss of methyl bromide has stimulated research into the use of other soil fumigants for weed control. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, propargyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metham sodium have been tested alone and in combination with chloropicrin in laboratory experiments to determine their efficacy against Cyperus esculentus L (yellow nutsedge) tubers. All the fumigants controlled nutsedge equal to or better than methyl bromide and resulted in synergistic control when combined with chloropicrin. Although excellent weed control can be achieved with all the fumigants in the laboratory, weed control in the field with the same fumigant may result in poor or no control. Further research is necessary to optimize the field application of the remaining fumigants to maximize pest control. In the near future, to achieve the broad-spectrum pest control obtained with methyl bromide, growers will need to rely on multiple control strategies. The most promising replacement program for broad-spectrum pest control includes dichloropropene/chloropicrin fumigation followed by a herbicide program or mechanical weed control. To control problem weeds that are not controlled with the in-season herbicide program, a chemical fallow program should be instituted in the off-season to reduce weed pressure during the cropping season.
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Utkin, Olexandr. "UKRAINIAN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE IN 1932–1952." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2019.1.8.
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The article gives a detailed analysis of the main reasons which allowed to create the Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning. It was formed by scientists, public figures of emigrants. The Institute carried out the work in Czechoslovakia and Germany in the 1930s-50s. It was being formed in the difficult conditions of the international economic crisis. In this way the socio-economic and cultural sphere of European countries, the nature and content of the activities of the diaspora scientific and educational structures were influenced on.The newly created Institute formed a system of correspondence training for agricultural workers in comparison with the Ukrainian Academy of Economics. There were found non-state independent ways of financing the educational and research process to write and publish a methodological literature, the textbooks. The students and lectures got opportunity to participate in scientific forums. Overcoming the difficulties of the occupation of Czechoslovakia during the Second World War when the activity of the Institute was meticulously controlled by the police, the Gestapo, a censorship. It braked and suspended the educational work. In spite of this fact it could not deprive Ukrainian students of the desire to study. As a result the student’s emigrant community of the High School was saved and replenished. After the end of World War II the Institute moved to the territory of Germany. The Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning was expanded. There were five high school departments, a network of technical schools, secondary and lower secondary schools and courses, training skilled personnel for agricultural and industrial production. In 1952 the Institute was relocated to the United States of America. There it functioned as a research institution.
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Kerr, David. "Dan Watkins Scholarship in Weed Science." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.227.
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Dan Watkins was one of the founders of the Ivon Watkins Ltd herbicide company, based in New Plymouth, which later became Ivon Watkins Dow and is now Dow AgroSciences. He was a leading figure in the early weed science research arena within New Zealand. Dan Watkins was a founder of the New Zealand Weeds conference, forerunner of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society. He was also a member of the New Zealand National Research Council and was involved with other scientific bodies. This scholarship has been set up and financed by Dr
George Mason, one of the founders of Taranaki Nuchem (now Zelam Limited), in memory of Dan Watkins and to recognise his contribution to weed science within New Zealand.
David Kerr, recipient of the 2017/18 Dan Watkins Scholarship in Weed Science, is an MSc student at Canterbury University. His thesis is on the reproduction and ecology of Mimulus guttatus DC, a persistent riparian weed imported from the western United States into New Zealand as an ornamental plant. This weed grows vigorously from the smallest fragments and has potential to cause major damage to river systems; crowding out natives and increasing flooding potential. David’s research aims to investigate how reproductive strategy facilitates the spread of M. guttatus, particularly the role of seed banks in establishing populations after habitat disturbance.
Mimulus guttatus produces abundant seeds of very small size (approx. 500 µm in diameter), which have been demonstrated to be viable after travelling hundreds of metres downstream or dispersing in large numbers by wind from dry seed pods. Traditional management techniques involve mechanical clearance or use of herbicides in affected rivers adjoining pasture land. These approaches have notable negative consequences, including waterway contamination and facilitation of fragment dispersal and growth.
The first part of David’s thesis involved a survey of 250 contiguous 50-m long stretches of river at six valley locations around Banks Peninsula; recording the presence of M. guttatus and abundance as well as site data such as shading and evidence of grazing on M. guttatus plants. The data from this survey indicated a trend towards greater abundance in more open areas and occasional patches in more shaded regions where the canopy allows sufficient light to grow. Previous work has identified a lack of understanding of transient overwintering seed banks.
The second part of David’s thesis will investigate the hypothesis that persistent seed banks allow M. guttatus to establish upstream of populations in shaded areas when the canopy is disturbed. Mimulus guttatus in its native range has high fitness costs associated with selfing. The third will investigate the reproductive strategy of M. guttatus with reference to rates of selfing, and seed viability to test the hypothesis that historic pollinator and mate limitation have driven a change towards selfing.
This work will further the understanding of the reproductive strategy of M. guttatus and how it invades river systems and inform land-management and conservation decisions. This has particular relevance to the role of sustainable ecosystem-level approaches to weed management such as native shade belts and conservation of existing forest around waterways to prevent weed establishment.
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Sheetal, Sheetal, Rajiv Kumar, and Shashi Shashi. "Export competitiveness and concentration analysis of major sugar economies with special reference to India." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 5 (June 14, 2020): 687–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2019-0096.
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PurposeThis paper seeks to examine the export competitiveness and concentration level of the 15 top sugar exporting countries over the last 18 years (2001–2018) with special reference to India.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the paper utilizes a review based approach and explains the structures of major sugar economies in context to protected and unprotected perspectives. Subsequently, empirical research was carried out to assess the competitiveness level of sugar using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach and Hirschman Herfindahl Index.FindingsThe study found structural changes in cane or beet sugar, and molasses over the time period between 2006 and 2015. Further, the findings confirmed that despite the stringent regulations in European Union, the United States of America, Guatemala, Mexico, Thailand, China, and India, the comparative advantage is high up to seven to nine sugar categories. Besides, despite the indulgent regulations in the Colombia, Brazil, and Canada, the comparative advantage is only consistent up to two to three sugar categories.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides an overview of competitiveness patterns of 15 sugar exporting countries and further compare their comparative and concentration levels. In this context, in future, it would be interesting to study the macro-economic and firm and industry-specific factors which may strengthen the study findings.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that the sugar export of few countries (i.e. Mexico and Canada) is restricted up to their trade pacts and free trade zones which is restricting the competitiveness level and performance. Accordingly, such countries need to enlarge their business boundaries to foster their export competitiveness level. Rational subsidies and governmental assistance in diversification schemes in terms of products' range and sustainable processes can make India a consistent exporter in more categories.Originality/valueAlthough, the previous studies attempted to examine the sugar industry with particular country context, this study enlarge the body of knowledge through simultaneously examining the sugar export scenario of fifteen sugar exporting countries and providing a broad comparative view of their competitiveness and concentration levels.
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Istomin, I., and A. Sokolov. "American Forces in Germany: Security Symbol, Loyalty Warrant or Excessive Luxury?" World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-60-72.
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The article discusses the dynamics of the US military presence in Germany through the evolution of American foreign policy. The article presents data on the quantitative presence of the American army in Germany and assesses the impact of various incentives to change the size of the American contingent and their comparison. The presence of the US armed forces in Germany is one of the most striking examples of the long-term deployment of foreign troops on the territory of a major power. In terms of the duration and size of the contingent, it is comparable only to the deployment of American troops in Japan. In both countries, foreign troops played an occupying role after the end of World War II. In the future, the American contingent remained in them already as an ally. At the same time, in the case of Germany, the presence of foreign military personnel was combined with the creation of an efficient and relatively large army. For a long time, Tokyo was limited only by compact self-defense forces. The presence of independent capabilities to ensure security is often a prerequisite for pursuing an independent policy and encourages the refusal to deploy a contingent of another state on its territory. It is all the more surprising that in the FRG the question of the withdrawal of US forces was never seriously raised. On the contrary, the German leadership has repeatedly expressed concern about the possibility of reducing the American presence. In this it was very different from the Japanese establishment, in which the expediency of maintaining allied relations with the United States was sometimes critically assessed. The authors conclude that ensuring the loyalty of the German leadership was not associated with the size of Washington’s military presence on the territory of Germany. The buildup of the American contingent in the Federal Republic of Germany was influenced by fears around external threats, the correlation of conventional and nuclear deterrence in the US strategy and the desire to reduce military costs. Acknowledgements. The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 17-78-20170 “Typology of Modern Military-Political Alliances and Model of Russia’s Relations with Allies”).
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1990): 149–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002021.
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-Mohammed F. Khayum, Michael B. Connolly ,The economics of the Caribbean Basin. New York: Praeger, 1985. xxiii + 355 pp., John McDermott (eds)-Susan F. Hirsch, Herome Wendell Lurry-Wright, Custom and conflict on a Bahamian out-island. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987. xxii + 188 pp.-Evelyne Trouillot-Ménard, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, 1,000 proverbes créoles de la Caraïbe francophone. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1987. 114 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Amon Saba Saakana, The colonial legacy in Caribbean literature. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. 1987. 128 pp.-Andrew Sanders, Cees Koelewijn, Oral literature of the Trio Indians of Surinam. In collaboration with Peter Riviére. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1987. (Caribbean Series 6, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics anbd Anthropology). xiv + 312 pp.-Janette Forte, Nancie L. Gonzalez, Sojouners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xi + 253 pp.-Nancie L. Gonzalez, Neil L. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: a history of the Caribs in colonial Venezuela and Guyana 1498-1820. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988. (Caribbean Series 10, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology.) x + 250 pp.-N.L. Whitehead, Andrew Sanders, The powerless people. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1987. iv + 220 pp.-Russell Parry Scott, Kenneth F. Kiple, The African exchange: toward a biological history of black people. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. vi + 280 pp.-Colin Clarke, David Dabydeen ,India in the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing Ltd., 1987. 326 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Juris Silenieks, Edouard Glissant, Caribbean discourse: selected essays. Translated and with an introduction by J. Michael Dash. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1989. xlvii + 272 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, J. Michael Dash, Haiti and the United States: national stereotypes and the literary imagination. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. xv + 152 pp.-Evelyne Huber, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: state against nation: the origins and legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. 282 pp.-Leon-Francois Hoffman, Alfred N. Hunt, Hiati's influence on Antebellum America: slumbering volcano of the Caribbean. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. xvi + 196 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, David Healy, Drive to hegemony: the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xi + 370 pp.-Anthony J. Payne, Jorge Heine ,The Caribbean and world politics: cross currents and cleavages. New York and London: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1988. ix + 385 pp., Leslie Manigat (eds)-Anthony P. Maingot, Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, The Caribbean in world affairs: the foreign policies of the English-speaking states. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. vii + 244 pp.-Edward M. Dew, H.F. Munneke, De Surinaamse constitutionele orde. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Ars Aequi Libri, 1990. v + 120 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, O. Nigel Bolland, Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in historical sociology. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions / Institute of Social and Economic Research / Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1989. ix + 218 pp.-Ken I. Boodhoo, Selwyn Ryan, Trinidad and Tobago: the independence experience, 1962-1987. St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, 1988. xxiii + 599 pp.-Alan M. Klein, Jay Mandle ,Grass roots commitment: basketball and society in Trinidad and Tobago. Parkersburg, Iowa: Caribbean Books, 1988. ix + 75 pp., Joan Mandle (eds)-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Reinhard Sander, The Trinidad Awakening: West Indian literature of the nineteen-thirties. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988. 168 pp.
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Mwambuli, Erick Lusekelo, Zhang Xianzhi, and Zakayo S. Kisava. "Volatility Spillover Effects Between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Turkey." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 2 (November 2, 2016): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i2.10245.
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Volatility spillover effects between stock prices and exchange rates in emerging countries are a critical focus in the financial economics research arena. This paper focused to investigate the volatility spillover effects between stock prices and exchange rates of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) by employing an exponential generalized autoregressive condition heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model. The period of study covered 11 years (i.e. 2005 to 2015) inclusive a period of the global financial crises (i.e. from 2005 to 2009) which resulted out from subprime mortgage in United States of America (USA).Our results suggest an existence of short run relationship between stock prices and exchange rates in Istanbul stock exchange (ISE).This empirical evidence suggest that there is symmetric volatility spillover between stock prices and exchange rates of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) for full sample employed as a result good and bad news has got a balanced effect to the market. The findings of the significant volatility spillover effects between exchange rates and stock prices suggest that, the markets are informationally efficient and one market exchange rate has significant predictive power of equal weight to another in case of two markets. Our study recommends investors and multinational firm managers to consider the general behaviour of the financial market before making decision whether to invest in or not since there is existence of relationship and volatility spillover between stock prices and exchange rates meanwhile economic policy makers both in Turkey and outside Turkey should consider these findings in their policy as one of the determinant to economic growth, as macroeconomic variable should be stable like exchange rates. Furthermore, this study may be extended after including of other variables which were not considered in this study like interest rate, inflation and agency theory.