Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crown fire

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crown fire'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Crown fire"

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Ex, Seth, Frederick W. Smith, and Tara L. Keyser. "Characterizing crown fuel distribution for conifers in the interior western United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 7 (2015): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0503.

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Canopy fire hazard evaluation is essential for prioritizing fuel treatments and for assessing potential risk to firefighters during suppression activities. Fire hazard is usually expressed as predicted potential fire behavior, which is sensitive to the methodology used to quantitatively describe fuel profiles: methodologies that assume that fuel is distributed uniformly throughout crowns have been shown to predict less severe fire behavior than those that assume more realistic nonuniform fuel distributions. We used crown fuel data from seven interior western United States conifer species to ch
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Rodríguez y Silva, Francisco, Mercedes Guijarro, Javier Madrigal, et al. "Assessment of crown fire initiation and spread models in Mediterranean conifer forests by using data from field and laboratory experiments." Forest Systems 26, no. 2 (2017): e02S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-10652.

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Aims of study: To conduct the first full-scale crown fire experiment carried out in a Mediterranean conifer stand in Spain; to use different data sources to assess crown fire initiation and spread models, and to evaluate the role of convection in crown fire initiation.Area of study: The Sierra Morena mountains (Coordinates ETRS89 30N: X: 284793-285038; Y: 4218650-4218766), southern Spain, and the outdoor facilities of the Lourizán Forest Research Centre, northwestern Spain.Material and methods: The full-scale crown fire experiment was conducted in a young Pinus pinea stand. Field data were com
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Cohn, Gregory M., Russell A. Parsons, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Daniel G. Gavin, and Aquila Flower. "Simulated western spruce budworm defoliation reduces torching and crowning potential: a sensitivity analysis using a physics-based fire model." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 5 (2014): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13074.

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The widespread, native defoliator western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) reduces canopy fuels, which might affect the potential for surface fires to torch (ignite the crowns of individual trees) or crown (spread between tree crowns). However, the effects of defoliation on fire behaviour are poorly understood. We used a physics-based fire model to examine the effects of defoliation and three aspects of how the phenomenon is represented in the model (the spatial distribution of defoliation within tree crowns, potential branchwood drying and model resolution). Our simulations
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Raymond, Crystal L., and David L. Peterson. "Fuel treatments alter the effects of wildfire in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 12 (2005): 2981–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-206.

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We had the rare opportunity to quantify the relationship between fuels and fire severity using prefire surface and canopy fuel data and fire severity data after a wildfire. The study area is a mixed-evergreen forest of southwestern Oregon with a mixed-severity fire regime. Modeled fire behavior showed that thinning reduced canopy fuels, thereby decreasing the potential for crown fire spread. The potential for crown fire initiation remained fairly constant despite reductions in ladder fuels, because thinning increased surface fuels, which contributed to greater surface fire intensity. Thinning
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Cruz, Miguel G., Martin E. Alexander, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Development and testing of models for predicting crown fire rate of spread in conifer forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (2005): 1626–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-085.

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The rate of spread of crown fires advancing over level to gently undulating terrain was modeled through nonlinear regression analysis based on an experimental data set pertaining primarily to boreal forest fuel types. The data set covered a significant spectrum of fuel complex and fire behavior characteristics. Crown fire rate of spread was modeled separately for fires spreading in active and passive crown fire regimes. The active crown fire rate of spread model encompassing the effects of 10-m open wind speed, estimated fine fuel moisture content, and canopy bulk density explained 61% of the
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Ritter, Scott M., Chad M. Hoffman, Mike A. Battaglia, Rodman Linn, and William E. Mell. "Vertical and Horizontal Crown Fuel Continuity Influences Group-Scale Ignition and Fuel Consumption." Fire 6, no. 8 (2023): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6080321.

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A deeper understanding of the influence of fine-scale fuel patterns on fire behavior is essential to the design of forest treatments that aim to reduce fire hazard, enhance structural complexity, and increase ecosystem function and resilience. Of particular relevance is the impact of horizontal and vertical forest structure on potential tree torching and large-tree mortality. It may be the case that fire behavior in spatially complex stands differs from predictions based on stand-level descriptors of the fuel distribution and structure. In this work, we used a spatially explicit fire behavior
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Karna, Yogendra K., Trent D. Penman, Cristina Aponte, and Lauren T. Bennett. "Assessing Legacy Effects of Wildfires on the Crown Structure of Fire-Tolerant Eucalypt Trees Using Airborne LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202433.

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The fire-tolerant eucalypt forests of south eastern Australia are assumed to fully recover from even the most intense fires; however, surprisingly, very few studies have quantitatively assessed that recovery. The accurate assessment of horizontal and vertical attributes of tree crowns after fire is essential to understand the fire’s legacy effects on tree growth and on forest structure. In this study, we quantitatively assessed individual tree crowns 8.5 years after a 2009 wildfire that burnt extensive areas of eucalypt forest in temperate Australia. We used airborne LiDAR data validated with
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McCaskill, George. "The Hungry Bob Fire & Fire Surrogate Study: A 20-Year Evaluation of the Treatment Effects." Forests 10, no. 1 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010015.

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The Hungry Bob fuels reduction project was part of a 12-site National Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) network of experiments conducted across the United States from the late 1990s through the early 2000s to determine the regional differences in applying alternative fuel-reduction treatments to forests. The Hungry Bob project focused on restoration treatments applied in low elevation, dry second-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Beissn.) Franco forests of northeastern Oregon. Treatments included a s
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Cruz, Miguel G., Bret W. Butler, and Martin E. Alexander. "Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: model evaluation." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05045.

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A crown fuel ignition model (CFIM) describing the temperature rise and subsequent ignition of the lower portion of tree crowns above a spreading surface fire was evaluated through a sensitivity analysis, comparison against other models, and testing against experimental fire data. Results indicate that the primary factors influencing crown fuel ignition are those determining the depth of the surface fire burning zone and the vertical distance between the ground/surface fuel strata and the lower boundary of the crown fuel layer. Intrinsic crown fuel properties such as fuel particle surface area-
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Putnam, T., and B. W. Butler. "Evaluating fire shelter performance in experimental crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1600–1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-091.

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Fire shelters are critical safety items required for use by most wildland firefighters in the United States. Most testing of fire shelters, clothing and other personal protective equipment (PPE) has been limited to prescribed fires or laboratory based studies. This study reports results from experiments where lined and unlined stainless steel or aluminum and glass fabric shelters were tested under high intensity crown fire conditions in and adjacent to experimental burn plots. Firefighter clothing and standard (pre-2003) fire shelters were also tested. Measured shelter surface and air temperat
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crown fire"

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Page, Wesley G. "Bark Beetle-Induced Changes to Crown Fuel Flammability and Crown Fire Potential." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2081.

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Recent outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) forests and spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) forests have affected vast areas across western North America. The highlevels of tree mortality associated with these outbreaks have raised concerns amongst fire managers and wildland firefighters about the effects of the tree mortality on fire behavior, particularly crown fire behavior, as crown fires hinder the ability of firefighte
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Botequim, Brigite Roxo. "Tools to support design of fire-resistant landscapes in Portuguese ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9257.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Forests are a key element in the Portuguese landscape. Moreover, fire hazard is a central challenge at national context. How can appropriate management potentially change fire behaviour, fire damage and the difficulty of fire suppression? What are the causal relationships between fire proneness, stand structure and forest stand composition? The common objective of the doctoral research among the five studies is to address the above issues based on principles of creating fire-resistant forests, und
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Deane, McKenna Daniel C. "Managing for Multiple Objectives in Southwestern Forests: Evaluating the Trade-offs between Enhancing Mexican Spotted Owl Nest Habitat and Mitigating Potential Crown Fire." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6878.

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The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), the United States’ forest census, measured sixty-six Mexican spotted owl nest stands in order gain insight into the structure and composition of the nest habitat of this threatened species. I used these data, along with the greater FIA database and the Forest Vegetation Simulator to explore questions surrounding the management of Mexican spotted owl habitat, specifically how to balance the objective of sustaining and enhancing nest habitat in face of increasing forest fire size and severity in the Southwest. My research consisted of three studies. The f
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Lacy, Philip Alan Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Burning Under Young Eucalypts." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43663.

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Fuels management in eucalyptus plantations is essential to minimise the impact of wildfire. Prescribed burning has the potential to reduce the fuel hazard in plantations, but is not routinely conducted due to concerns relating to tree damage. Through a series of experimental burns, the issues of tree damage are addressed and minimum tree sizes are recommended that are capable of withstanding the effects of low to moderate intensity fires. Data was collected between 2005 and 2007 over six sites, two species, and three age classes. Tree response results came from multiple measurements of over 17
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Arantes, Carolina de Silvério. "O processo de nucleação em ambiente savânico do cerrado." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13286.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais<br>Nucleation process occurs naturally at savannic areas as of the changes promoted by scattered trees that facilitate the colonization of crown area by new individuals and species, including species typical of forest environment. This process can be influenced by several factors such as the physical characteristics of the nuclei, the species of nucleus and the response of nuclei and colonizers to fire. The aim of this study was to describe the nucleation process in savannic environment of Cerrado, from: the description of the environment
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Jamaladdeen, Rawaa. "Investigation on Wildfire Flashovers in the Mediterranean Climate Regions with Emphasis on VOCs Contributions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0015.

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Cette thèse apporte des réponses aux demandes de la communauté des pompiers d'étudier les facteurs probables responsables de l'intensification des régimes de feux de forêt jusqu'aux flashovers en utilisant des approches expérimentales numériques et thermochimiques. Le modèle numérique est un modèle de dispersion de gaz validant les données expérimentales des essais en soufflerie pour résoudre la controverse quant à savoir si les accumulations de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans des topographies confinées finissent par induire des incendies de forêt. Il comprend un front de feu se propag
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Gupta, Indra. "Use of crown length to define stem form : segmented taper equation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5593.

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Mårtensson, Charlie, and Jacob Brännström. "Simulating Effects of Agent Velocity Changes on Crowd Behavior During Fire Emergency Evacuations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302345.

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Fire emergencies are both deadly and difficult to accurately model in real life. Computer-simulated crowds provide a way to observe the possible outcome of a fire emergency evacuation without endangering real human subjects. However, many previous studies in this area do not account for the fact that evacuating people will not move at a constant velocity, but rather speed up to attempt to evade danger. The aim of this study is to explore how agents increasing their velocity when in close proximity to a fire threat affects the results of a simulated emergency evacuation from a classroom environ
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Farrell, Bethany Megan. "Gems for Her Crown: The Stained Glass Drum Oculi of Santa Maria del Fiore." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/233293.

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Art History<br>M.A.<br>The literature on the stained glass windows installed in the eight oculi of the drum of Santa Maria del Fiore are mainly found in the monographs of the four artists that provided the cartoons--Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Paolo Uccello, and Andrea del Castagno. Few studies have focused on the program in its entirety. This thesis will attempt to provide a more thorough understanding of the program. Analysis of the primary documents reveals how the windows functioned as part of the building and its liturgical and public life. In particular, the central argument is that Don
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Jaganathan, Sivakumar. "ON THE INCORPORATION OF THE PERSONALITY FACTORS INTO CROWD SIMULATION." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4113.

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Recently, a considerable amount of research has been performed on simulating the collective behavior of pedestrians in the street or people finding their way inside a building or a room. Comprehensive reviews of the state of the art can be found in Schreckenberg and Deo (2002) and Batty, M., DeSyllas, J. and Duxbury, E. (2003). In all these simulation studies, one area that is lacking is accounting for the effects of human personalities on the outcome. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on researching the effects of human personalities and adding the results to the simulations to make th
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Books on the topic "Crown fire"

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Annandale, David. Crown fire. Ravenstone, 2003.

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Tyers, Kathy. Crown of fire. Bethany House Publishers, 2000.

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Greenwood, Ed. Crown of fire. Wizards of the Coast, 2002.

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Greenwood, Ed. Crown of fire. TSR, 1994.

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1950-, Parshall Janet, ed. Crown of fire. Harvest House Publishers, 2005.

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Greenwood, Ed. Crown of fire. TSR, 1994.

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Property Advisers to the Civil Estate., ed. CFS[Crown Fire Standards]. PACE, 1997.

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Scott, Joe H. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Scott, Joe H. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Hass, Ed. Crown Firecoach history. E. Hass, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crown fire"

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Xanthopoulos, Gavriil, and Miltiadis Athanasiou. "Crown Fire." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_13-1.

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Xanthopoulos, Gavriil, and Miltiadis Athanasiou. "Crown Fire." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_13.

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Perminov, Valeriy. "Numerical Solution of the Crown Forest Fires Spread Taking into Account Fire Barriers and Breaks." In Recent Developments in the Field of Non-Destructive Testing, Safety and Materials Science. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99060-2_14.

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Karabyn, Oksana, Olga Smotr, Andrij Kuzyk, Igor Malets, and Vasy Karabyn. "Mathematical and Computer Model of the Tree Crown Ignition Process from a Mobile Grassroots Fire." In Lecture Notes in Data Engineering, Computational Intelligence, and Decision Making. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16203-9_9.

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Alexander, Martin E., Miguel G. Cruz, and Stephen W. Taylor. "Crown Scorch Height." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_72-1.

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Alexander, Martin E., Miguel G. Cruz, and Stephen W. Taylor. "Crown Scorch Height." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_72.

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Weise, David R., Jeanette Cobian-Iñiguez, and Marko Princevac. "Surface to Crown Transition." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_24-1.

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Weise, David R., Jeanette Cobian-Iñiguez, and Marko Princevac. "Surface to Crown Transition." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_24.

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Guijt, C. B., S. Verhoeven, and J. M. Greer. "Bonded repairs for C-5A fuselage crown cracking." In Fibre Metal Laminates. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0995-9_31.

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Grishin, A. M. "Interaction of Shock Waves with Tree Crowns and the Front of Crown Forest Fires." In Shock Waves @ Marseille III. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78835-2_70.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crown fire"

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Razak, Nur Aida Suraya A., Hamizan Sharbini, Chiu Po Chan, Noor Hazlini Borhan, and Cheah Wai Shiang. "ClassEscape: The Conceptual Design of Crowd Modeling in Fire Evacuation Simulation." In 2024 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology & Applications (ISWTA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswta62130.2024.10651942.

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Lippold, John C. "Cracking of Alloy 800 Tubing in Superheated Steam Sections of the Solar One Central Receiver." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85019.

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Abstract The solar central receiver at the Barstow Pilot Plant is a once-through steam boiler consisting of vertical arrays of Alloy 800 tubes. Water/steam leaks associated with tube bends near the receiver outlet were observed after 16 months of service. The leaks resulted from through-wall cracks localized in the crown of tube bends which operated in the temperature range from 550 to 650°C. Initiation occurred on the I.D. (steam side) of the tube and propagated transgranularly through the tube wall. Cracking was both axial and circumferential; in general, the circumferential cracks were more
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Charnov, Bruce. "The Man Who Beat Amelia Earhart: The Fabulous Aviation Life of John McDonald Miller (1905 - 2008)." In Vertical Flight Society 71st Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0071-2015-10180.

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Inspired watching Glenn Curtiss landing to refuel on his historic 1910 flight from Albany to New York City, the almost 5-year old John McDonald "Johnny" Miller decided he wanted to be a pilot, a decision reinforced five years later in a chance encounter with famed aviatrix Ruth Law (3rd licensed woman pilot in America) at the Curtiss Flying school in Mineola, Long Island. Miller taught himself to fly in used WWI Jenny from a text by Captain Horatio Barber, a book Miller still had in his family home in Poughkeepsie, NY eighty years later. His career in aviation, begun in a $1,500 used WWI aircr
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Perminov, Valeriy. "Mathematical Modeling of Crown Forest Fire Initiation and Spread." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssim.2009.56.

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Konovalov, V., J. L. Dupuy, F. Pimont, D. Morvan, and R. R. Linn. "Assessment of the plume theory predictions of crown scorch or crown fire initiation using transport models." In CMEM 2009. WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cmem090531.

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Dahale, Ambarish R., Selina Dover, Babak Shotorban, and Shankar Mahalingam. "Effects of Crown Fuel Bulk Density Distribution and Thermophoresis of Soot Particles on Wildland Fires." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62324.

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The roles of two physical effects in wildfire are explored through simulations in this study. They are the spatial variation of the bulk density of crown fuel and the thermophoresis forces acting on the produced soot particles. The spatial variation of crown fuel bulk density is modeled as a function of shrub height. This function is available from experimental measurements carried out on Chamise, as crown fuel, in a previous study. In the current study, it is shown that flame spread rate and crown fire initiation are two global parameters considerably affected when the spatial variation of th
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Perminov, Valeriy, and Elina Soprunenko. "Numerical solution of crown forest fire initiation and spread problem." In 2016 11th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifost.2016.7884279.

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Li, Yanxi, Gengke Lai, and Xingwen Quan. "A Physical Method for Crown Foliage Fuel Load Retrieval from Landsat Data: Toward Crown Fire Danger Assessment." In IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9883232.

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Pacaldo, Renato S., Miraç Aydın, and Randell Keith Amarille. "Soil CO2 Effluxes in Post-fire and Undisturbed Pinus nigra Forests: A Soil Moisture Manipulation Study." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.41.

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Climate change impacts are driving hydrological extremes and frequent occurrences of forest fires. Whether these impacts result in dramatic changes in the soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) remains poorly understood. This study seeks to understand the changes in the soil FCO2 in recently burned forest (post-fire) and an undisturbed black pine (Pinus nigra, Arnold) forest in Türkiye. A field experiment in a three-way factorial randomized complete block design experiment was established with four replications and three factors; shaded (west) and exposed (east), types of forest fires (surface, crown, and con
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Schreuder, M. D., M. D. Schaaf, and V. Sandberg. "Evaluation of the FCCS crown fire potential equations in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece." In FOREST FIRES 2010. WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva100231.

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Reports on the topic "Crown fire"

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Scott, Joe H., and Elizabeth D. Reinhardt. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-29.

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Scott, Joe H. Comparison of crown fire modeling systems used in three fire management applications. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-58.

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Andrews, Patricia L., Faith Ann Heinsch, and Luke Schelvan. How to generate and interpret fire characteristics charts for surface and crown fire behavior. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-253.

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Fiedler, Carl E., Charles E. Keegan, Christopher W. Woodall, and Todd A. Morgan. A strategic assessment of crown fire hazard in Montana: potential effectiveness and costs of hazard reduction treatments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-622.

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Stebbing, Nicola, Claire Witham, Frances Beckett, Helen Webster, Lois Huggett, and David Thomson. © Crown copyright 2024, Met Office Page 1 of 43 Can we improve plume dispersal modelling for fire related emergency response operations by utilising short-range dispersion schemes? Met Office, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/wnnr5415.

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Large fires that produce plumes of smoke and other contaminants can cause harm to both people and the environment. To support UK emergency responders, the Met Office Environmental Monitoring and Response Centre (EMARC) provides dedicated weather advice and forecasts of the plume in the form of CHEmical METeorological (CHEMET) reports. The plume’s expected location, extent and relative air concentrations of pollutants are predicted using the Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME), which simulates the transport and dispersion of pollutants using numerical weather predictio
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Rothermel, Richard C. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-rp-438.

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Mason, Richard R., Donald W. Scott, and H. Gene Paul. Forecasting outbreaks of the Douglas-fir tussock moth from lower crown cocoon samples. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-460.

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Snell, J. A. Kendall, and Timothy A. Max. Estimating the weight of crown segments for old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-329.

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Ingram, Charlie, Michaella Gummerum, and Yaniv Hanoch. Towards an ‘FR’ Model for Reducing Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour at Live Events and Festivals. Coventry University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18552/cdare/2025/0001.

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This report explores the impact of policy interventions and social/cultural factors on crowd behaviour at Reading Festival from 2000 to 2024, examining how crime and antisocial behaviour have evolved over time. While measures such as eviction policies, safeguarding, fire bans, and inclusivity campaigns like #LookOutForEachother have had positive effects, perceived gaps remain in security enforcement and drug prevention. Social and environmental factors, including media portrayals and festival culture shifts, have also played a role in changing attendee behaviour.
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Thompson, Peter, Håkan Frantzich, Silvia Arias, and Jesper Friholm. Determining Evacuation Capability with Biomechanical Data. SFPE Foundation, 2020. https://doi.org/10.64167/k24s-qsb5.

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Experimental data on single file pedestrian movement has been analysed and implemented in a prototype movement model. The prototype model is developed to predict movement of persons based on a first principle approach using basic population data such as age, height, gender and response time to adapt the walking speed in a crowd. The experimental data provide the biomechanical information needed in the model. The intention with the new approach is to present a predictive capability for the future as a consequence of the identified demographical changes observed in today's society.
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