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Journal articles on the topic 'Crown fire'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ex, Seth, Frederick W. Smith, and Tara L. Keyser. "Characterizing crown fuel distribution for conifers in the interior western United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 7 (2015): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0503.

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Canopy fire hazard evaluation is essential for prioritizing fuel treatments and for assessing potential risk to firefighters during suppression activities. Fire hazard is usually expressed as predicted potential fire behavior, which is sensitive to the methodology used to quantitatively describe fuel profiles: methodologies that assume that fuel is distributed uniformly throughout crowns have been shown to predict less severe fire behavior than those that assume more realistic nonuniform fuel distributions. We used crown fuel data from seven interior western United States conifer species to ch

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2

Rodríguez y Silva, Francisco, Mercedes Guijarro, Javier Madrigal, et al. "Assessment of crown fire initiation and spread models in Mediterranean conifer forests by using data from field and laboratory experiments." Forest Systems 26, no. 2 (2017): e02S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-10652.

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Aims of study: To conduct the first full-scale crown fire experiment carried out in a Mediterranean conifer stand in Spain; to use different data sources to assess crown fire initiation and spread models, and to evaluate the role of convection in crown fire initiation.Area of study: The Sierra Morena mountains (Coordinates ETRS89 30N: X: 284793-285038; Y: 4218650-4218766), southern Spain, and the outdoor facilities of the Lourizán Forest Research Centre, northwestern Spain.Material and methods: The full-scale crown fire experiment was conducted in a young Pinus pinea stand. Field data were com

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3

Cohn, Gregory M., Russell A. Parsons, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Daniel G. Gavin, and Aquila Flower. "Simulated western spruce budworm defoliation reduces torching and crowning potential: a sensitivity analysis using a physics-based fire model." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 5 (2014): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13074.

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The widespread, native defoliator western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) reduces canopy fuels, which might affect the potential for surface fires to torch (ignite the crowns of individual trees) or crown (spread between tree crowns). However, the effects of defoliation on fire behaviour are poorly understood. We used a physics-based fire model to examine the effects of defoliation and three aspects of how the phenomenon is represented in the model (the spatial distribution of defoliation within tree crowns, potential branchwood drying and model resolution). Our simulations

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4

Raymond, Crystal L., and David L. Peterson. "Fuel treatments alter the effects of wildfire in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 12 (2005): 2981–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-206.

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We had the rare opportunity to quantify the relationship between fuels and fire severity using prefire surface and canopy fuel data and fire severity data after a wildfire. The study area is a mixed-evergreen forest of southwestern Oregon with a mixed-severity fire regime. Modeled fire behavior showed that thinning reduced canopy fuels, thereby decreasing the potential for crown fire spread. The potential for crown fire initiation remained fairly constant despite reductions in ladder fuels, because thinning increased surface fuels, which contributed to greater surface fire intensity. Thinning

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Cruz, Miguel G., Martin E. Alexander, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Development and testing of models for predicting crown fire rate of spread in conifer forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (2005): 1626–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-085.

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The rate of spread of crown fires advancing over level to gently undulating terrain was modeled through nonlinear regression analysis based on an experimental data set pertaining primarily to boreal forest fuel types. The data set covered a significant spectrum of fuel complex and fire behavior characteristics. Crown fire rate of spread was modeled separately for fires spreading in active and passive crown fire regimes. The active crown fire rate of spread model encompassing the effects of 10-m open wind speed, estimated fine fuel moisture content, and canopy bulk density explained 61% of the

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6

Ritter, Scott M., Chad M. Hoffman, Mike A. Battaglia, Rodman Linn, and William E. Mell. "Vertical and Horizontal Crown Fuel Continuity Influences Group-Scale Ignition and Fuel Consumption." Fire 6, no. 8 (2023): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6080321.

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A deeper understanding of the influence of fine-scale fuel patterns on fire behavior is essential to the design of forest treatments that aim to reduce fire hazard, enhance structural complexity, and increase ecosystem function and resilience. Of particular relevance is the impact of horizontal and vertical forest structure on potential tree torching and large-tree mortality. It may be the case that fire behavior in spatially complex stands differs from predictions based on stand-level descriptors of the fuel distribution and structure. In this work, we used a spatially explicit fire behavior

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7

Karna, Yogendra K., Trent D. Penman, Cristina Aponte, and Lauren T. Bennett. "Assessing Legacy Effects of Wildfires on the Crown Structure of Fire-Tolerant Eucalypt Trees Using Airborne LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202433.

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The fire-tolerant eucalypt forests of south eastern Australia are assumed to fully recover from even the most intense fires; however, surprisingly, very few studies have quantitatively assessed that recovery. The accurate assessment of horizontal and vertical attributes of tree crowns after fire is essential to understand the fire’s legacy effects on tree growth and on forest structure. In this study, we quantitatively assessed individual tree crowns 8.5 years after a 2009 wildfire that burnt extensive areas of eucalypt forest in temperate Australia. We used airborne LiDAR data validated with

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8

McCaskill, George. "The Hungry Bob Fire & Fire Surrogate Study: A 20-Year Evaluation of the Treatment Effects." Forests 10, no. 1 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010015.

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The Hungry Bob fuels reduction project was part of a 12-site National Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) network of experiments conducted across the United States from the late 1990s through the early 2000s to determine the regional differences in applying alternative fuel-reduction treatments to forests. The Hungry Bob project focused on restoration treatments applied in low elevation, dry second-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Beissn.) Franco forests of northeastern Oregon. Treatments included a s

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9

Cruz, Miguel G., Bret W. Butler, and Martin E. Alexander. "Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: model evaluation." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05045.

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A crown fuel ignition model (CFIM) describing the temperature rise and subsequent ignition of the lower portion of tree crowns above a spreading surface fire was evaluated through a sensitivity analysis, comparison against other models, and testing against experimental fire data. Results indicate that the primary factors influencing crown fuel ignition are those determining the depth of the surface fire burning zone and the vertical distance between the ground/surface fuel strata and the lower boundary of the crown fuel layer. Intrinsic crown fuel properties such as fuel particle surface area-

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10

Putnam, T., and B. W. Butler. "Evaluating fire shelter performance in experimental crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1600–1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-091.

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Fire shelters are critical safety items required for use by most wildland firefighters in the United States. Most testing of fire shelters, clothing and other personal protective equipment (PPE) has been limited to prescribed fires or laboratory based studies. This study reports results from experiments where lined and unlined stainless steel or aluminum and glass fabric shelters were tested under high intensity crown fire conditions in and adjacent to experimental burn plots. Firefighter clothing and standard (pre-2003) fire shelters were also tested. Measured shelter surface and air temperat

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11

Baysal, İsmail. "Vertical Crown Fuel Distributions in Natural Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Stands." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 2 (2021): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.800.

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Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is the most widely distributed coniferous species in Turkey. Forests mostly composed of Calabrian pine constitute the most flammable forests in fire sensitive regions of the country. Especially, regenerated and immature stands of this species have the most fire-prone fuel type. This study evaluates the results of vertical crown fuel distribution and develops some crown fuel models to explain canopy fuel characteristics in natural Calabrian pine stands. A total of 35 trees were cut down and crown fuels were determined vertically. The highest crown fuel load wa

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12

Cobian-Iñiguez, Jeanette, Amir Hessam Aminfar, Shusmita Saha, Kyle Awayan, David R. Weise, and Marko Princevac. "The Transition and Spread of a Chaparral Crown Fire: Insights from Laboratory Scale Wind Tunnel Experiments." Journal of Combustion 2022 (July 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5630594.

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Fire occurring in the chaparral behaves as a crown fire, a dual-layer fire that typically ignites in a dead surface fuel layer and transitions to an elevated live crown layer where it continues to spread. In chaparral fuels including chamise, a dominant species in southern California, flame transition to live crown fuels is associated with higher spread rates and greater fire intensity. Despite the relative importance of surface-to-crown transition and crown fire spread, most fire models represent chaparral fire as surface fire, therefore omitting key behavior processes driving this fire syste

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13

Cruz, Miguel G., Martin E. Alexander, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Modeling the Likelihood of Crown Fire Occurrence in Conifer Forest Stands." Forest Science 50, no. 5 (2004): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/50.5.640.

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Abstract The unknowns in wildland fire phenomenology lead to a simplified empirical model approach for predicting the onset of crown fires in live coniferous forests on level terrain. Model parameterization is based on a data set (n = 71) generated from conducting outdoor experimentalfires covering a significant portion of the spectrum of burning conditions associated with the initiation of crown fires. A logistic model is developed to predict the likelihood of crown fire occurrence based on three fire environment variables, namely the 10-m open wind speed, fuel stratagap (equivalent to live c

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14

Schaaf, Mark D., David V. Sandberg, Maarten D. Schreuder, and Cynthia L. Riccardi. "A conceptual framework for ranking crown fire potential in wildland fuelbedsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (2007): 2464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-102.

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This paper presents a conceptual framework for ranking the crown fire potential of wildland fuelbeds with forest canopies. This approach extends the work by Van Wagner and Rothermel, and introduces several new physical concepts to the modeling of crown fire behaviour derived from the reformulated Rothermel surface fire modeling concepts proposed by Sandberg et al. (this issue). This framework forms the basis for calculating the crown fire potentials of Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) fuelbeds (Ottmar et al., this issue). Two new crown fire potentials are proposed (i) the torch

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15

Whight, Sandra, and Ross Bradstock. "Indices of fire characteristics in sandstone heath near Sydney, Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 2 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00012.

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The relative sensitivity and performance of post-hocindices of fire characteristics were examined in a heathland area burnt in1994. Sites burnt at differing times before 1994 were selected andqualitatively allocated to classes of high and low crown damage. Subsequentmeasures were made of height of consumption of crowns, length of the deadportion of Xanthorrhoea resinifera leaves, and minimumtip diameters of burnt branches of the shrubs,Banksia oblongifolia andBanksia ericifolia. Results indicated that significantdifferences in mean, minimum tip diameter corresponded to contrasting classesof cr

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16

Sandberg, David V., Cynthia L. Riccardi, and Mark D. Schaaf. "Fire potential rating for wildland fuelbeds using the Fuel Characteristic Classification SystemThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (2007): 2456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-093.

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The Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) is a systematic catalog of inherent physical properties of wildland fuelbeds that allows land managers, policy makers, and scientists to build and calculate fuel characteristics with complete or incomplete information. The FCCS is equipped with a set of equations to calculate the potential of any real-world or simulated fuelbed to spread fire across the surface and in the crowns, and consume fuels. FCCS fire potentials are a set of relative values that rate the intrinsic physical capacity of a wildland fuelbed to release energy and to spread

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Cruz, Miguel G., Martin E. Alexander, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Assessing the probability of crown fire initiation based on fire danger indices." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 5 (2003): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79976-5.

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The initiation of crown fires in conifer stands was modelled through logistic regression analysis by considering as independent variables a basic physical descriptor of the fuel complex structure and selected components of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System. The study was based on a fire behaviour research database consisting of 63 experimental fires covering a relatively wide range of burning conditions and fuel type characteristics. Four models were built with decreasing input needs. Significant predictors of crown fire initiation were: canopy base height, wind speed measure

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18

Tachajapong, Watcharapong, Jesse Lozano, Shankar Mahalingam, and David R. Weise. "Experimental modelling of crown fire initiation in open and closed shrubland systems." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 4 (2014): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12118.

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The transition of surface fire to live shrub crown fuels was studied through a simplified laboratory experiment using an open-topped wind tunnel. Respective surface and crown fuels used were excelsior (shredded Populus tremuloides wood) and live chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum, including branches and foliage). A high crown fuel bulk density of 6.8kgm–3 with a low crown fuel base height of 0.20m was selected to ensure successful crown fire initiation. Diagnostics included flame height and surface fire evolution. Experimental results were compared with similar experiments performed in an open e

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19

de Groot, William J., Chelene C. Hanes, and Yonghe Wang. "Crown fuel consumption in Canadian boreal forest fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 31, no. 3 (2022): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf21049.

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Predictive crown fuel consumption models were developed using empirical data from experimental burning projects. Crown fuel load for foliage, bark, branchwood and stemwood were calculated for live overstorey and understorey trees in each plot using nationally derived tree biomass algorithms. Standing dead tree branchwood and stemwood biomass were similarly calculated. Crown bulk density values were calculated for all non-stemwood fuel components. Factors that affect the initiation and spread of crown fires (live crown base height, foliar moisture content, surface fuel consumption, critical sur

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20

de Groot, W. J., P. M. Bothwell, S. W. Taylor, B. M. Wotton, B. J. Stocks, and M. E. Alexander. "Jack pine regeneration and crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-073.

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The effect of crown fires on Pinus banksiana Lamb. regeneration was studied in separate forest- and cone-burning experiments. Nine plots (0.562.25 ha) of jack pine trees near Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, were burned using crown fires to determine the effects of fire intensity, rate of fire spread, depth of burn, and postfire duff depth on seed viability and regeneration. Fire intensities were 36 902 93 476 kW/m, and fire spread rates were 2470 m/min. Depths of burn were low (2.03.6 cm), and postfire duff depths averaged 2.05.5 cm. Postfire seed rain was highly variable (64634

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21

Cruz, Miguel G., and Martin E. Alexander. "Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 4 (2010): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08132.

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To control and use wildland fires safely and effectively depends on creditable assessments of fire potential, including the propensity for crowning in conifer forests. Simulation studies that use certain fire modelling systems (i.e. NEXUS, FlamMap, FARSITE, FFE-FVS (Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator), Fuel Management Analyst (FMAPlus®), BehavePlus) based on separate implementations or direct integration of Rothermel’s surface and crown rate of fire spread models with Van Wagner’s crown fire transition and propagation models are shown to have a significant underpredict

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22

Zhou, Kuibin, and Albert Simeoni. "An analytical model for predicting the flame length of fire lines and tree crown scorching." International Journal of Wildland Fire 31, no. 3 (2022): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf21087.

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In forest fires, the fire plume can heat tree crowns and cause the mortality of live vegetation, even though the surface fire spread is of low burning intensity. A lot of empirical or semi-empirical correlations have been built to link the fire intensity and flame height to the crown scorch height. These correlations lack the basic physical processes of heat transfer and thermal response of needles and leaves. Besides the flame height, the fire plume temperature and velocity are also of great importance to quantify the heat transfer to the tree crown. Accordingly, an analytical model, derived

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23

Storey, Michael, Owen Price, and Elizabeth Tasker. "The role of weather, past fire and topography in crown fire occurrence in eastern Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 10 (2016): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15171.

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We analysed the influence of weather, time since fire (TSF) and topography on the occurrence of crown fire, as mapped from satellite imagery, in 23 of the largest wildfires in dry sclerophyll forests in eastern Australia from 2002 to 2013. Fires were analysed both individually and as groups. Fire weather was the most important predictor of crown consumption. TSF (a surrogate for fuel accumulation) had complex nonlinear effects that varied among fires. Crown fire likelihood was low up to 4 years post-fire, peaked at ~10 years post-fire and then declined. There was no clear indication that recen

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Kwon, Kyeongnam, Sungyon Kim, Sunjoo Lee, Chungeun Kwon, Kyunngwon Seo, and Seongkyun Im. "Analysis of Crown Fire Transition and Spread over Various Pine Trees Using Wildland–Urban Interface Fire Dynamic Simulator." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 4 (2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.4.31.

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The crown fire of various pine trees was investigated using a wildland–urban interface fire dynamics simulator (WFDS). The effects of wind speeds and the spatial distances between fuels on crown fire ignition and spread were investigated. The average 30-year values of atmospheric conditions in March and April were used as the reference conditions to represent the climatic conditions for the wildfire season. As the wind speed increases, crown fire initiation is promoted, and the intensity and spread rate of the crown fire increase. The effects of the spatial distance on the crown fire depend on

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25

Nelson, Kellen N., Monica G. Turner, William H. Romme, and Daniel B. Tinker. "Simulated fire behaviour in young, postfire lodgepole pine forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 10 (2017): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16226.

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Early-seral forests are expanding throughout western North America as fire frequency and annual area burned increase, yet fire behaviour in young postfire forests is poorly understood. We simulated fire behaviour in 24-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States using operational models parameterised with empirical fuel characteristics, 50–99% fuel moisture conditions, and 1–60kmhr−1 open winds to address two questions: [1] How does fireline intensity, and crown fire initiation and spread vary among young, lodgepole pine s

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Mc Alpine, RS, and MW Hobbs. "Predicting the Height to Live Crown Base in Plantations of Four Boreal Forest Species." International Journal of Wildland Fire 4, no. 2 (1994): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9940103.

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A critical parameter for the initiation and propagation of a crown fire in the boreal forest is the height to the base of the live crown. The initiation of a crown fire requires that the surface fire intensity must be sufficient to ''jump'' the gap between the forest floor and the live crown and ignite crown fuels. The greater the height of the live crown base, the more intense the surface fire must be to induce a crown fire. Plantation forest fuels tend to be more structured and have less variability than naturally regenerated areas, allowing prediction of the height of the live crown base to

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Page, Wesley, and Michael J. Jenkins. "Predicted Fire Behavior in Selected Mountain Pine Beetle–Infested Lodgepole Pine." Forest Science 53, no. 6 (2007): 662–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/53.6.662.

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Abstract Using custom fuel models developed for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model, we predicted and compared fire behavior in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands with endemic, current epidemic, and postepidemic mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations using standardized sets of wind speeds and fuel moistures. We also compared our fire behavior results with those from standard fuel models. Results indicated that for surface fires both rates of fire spread and fireline intensities were higher in the current epidemic stands t

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Splawinski, T. B., D. F. Greene, S. T. Michaletz, S. Gauthier, D. Houle, and Y. Bergeron. "Position of cones within cone clusters determines seed survival in black spruce during wildfire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (2019): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0209.

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It has recently become clear that the regeneration density of serotinous species within a burned area declines with local fire intensity. It is assumed that this occurs because variation in local fire intensity leads to variation in incident heat fluxes and, ultimately, seed necrosis. We argue here that this same relationship between incident heat flux and seed necrosis is important at the scale of individual plant crowns. Using Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce), we show that postfire seed viability increases with crown height, depth into the crown, and angle from wind direction (wit

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Kim, Taehyun, Yugyeong Kim, Jeman Lee, Choongshik Woo, and Sangjun Im. "Post-Fire Changes in Canopy Solute Leaching in Pinus densiflora Forests." Forests 14, no. 10 (2023): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101996.

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Fires can burn canopy fuel and replace leafy crowns with charred branches and trunks, thereby affecting hydrological flow and water chemistry. However, little is known about the effects of fire on throughfall volumes and chemical fluxes in temperate forests. Therefore, we aimed to monitor the volume and chemistry of throughfall in pine trees (Pinus densiflora) damaged by the 2022 Gangneung-Donghae Forest fire in the Republic of Korea. Immediately after the forest fire, funnel-type measurements were performed to collect the throughfall beneath five trees at foliage necrosis and crown consumptio

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Cohen, Jack D. "Relating flame radiation to home ignition using modeling and experimental crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-049.

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Wildlandurban fire destruction depends on homes igniting and thus requires an examination of the ignition requirements. A physicaltheoretical model, based on severe case conditions and ideal heat transfer characteristics, estimated wood wall ignition occurrence from flame radiation heating and piloted ignition requirements. Crown fire experiments provided an opportunity for assessing model reliability. The crown fire experiments were specifically instrumented with wood wall sections and heat flux sensors to investigate direct flame heating leading to home ignition during wildland fires. The

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Johnston, D. C., M. R. Turetsky, B. W. Benscoter, and B. M. Wotton. "Fuel load, structure, and potential fire behaviour in black spruce bogs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 7 (2015): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0334.

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Boreal peatlands in Canada comprise a substantial store of soil organic carbon (peat), and this peat is vulnerable to extensive burning during periods of extended drying. Increased frequency of extreme weather events in boreal regions is expected with future climate change, and the conditions that would support sustained smouldering peat combustion within peatlands may be more common. Organic soils tend to burn by smouldering combustion, a very slow-moving process in fuels such as those found in peatlands. Thus the most extreme conditions for carbon loss to the atmosphere due to the burning of

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Taylor, Jennifer E., Vaughan Monamy, and Barry J. Fox. "Flowering of Xanthorrhoea fulva: the Effect of Fire and Clipping." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 2 (1998): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96100.

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Xanthorrhoea fulva (A.Lee) Bedford is a dominant plant of wet heath at Myall Lakes National Park, New South Wales, Australia. As for many other members of the genus, fire is the main stimulus for flowering of X. fulva. The stimulus to flowering provided by fire and by crown removal (clipping) of X. fulva was compared in two different seasons and for two different between-fire intervals. The percentage of X. fulva crowns flowering was greater following: (i) summer disturbance when compared with winter disturbance; (ii) short between-fire intervals (3.75 or 5.25 years) when compared with long be

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Roos, Christopher I., and Andrew C. Scott. "A comparison of charcoal reflectance between crown and surface fire contexts in dry south-west USA forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 6 (2018): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17139.

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The historical and modern importance of crown fires in ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer forests of the south-west USA has been much debated. The microscopic reflectance of charcoal in polished blocks under oil shows promise as a semiquantitative proxy for fire severity using charcoal from post-fire landscapes. We measured the reflectance of 33 modern charcoal samples to evaluate (1) whether charcoal reflectance can distinguish between crown fires and surface fires in these forests; and (2) whether surface fires with masticated fuels burn with severities similar to surface fires in grass, l

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Alexander, Martin E., and Miguel G. Cruz. "Evaluating the 3-m tree crown spacing guideline for the prevention of crowning wildfires in lodgepole pine forests, Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 96, no. 02 (2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2020-021.

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A 3-m between crown spacing is a commonly cited criterion found in the wildland-urban interface fire literature for minimizing the likelihood of a fully-developed crown fire from occurring in a conifer forest on level terrain. The validity of this general recommendation is examined here in light of our current state-of-knowledge regarding crown fire propagation in relation to canopy bulk density. Given the characteristics of the overstory structure for 20 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands located in Alberta, as sourced from the literature, the canopy

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Alexander, Martin E., and Miguel G. Cruz. "Corrigendum to: Interdependencies between flame length and fireline intensity in predicting crown fire initiation and crown scorch height." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 1 (2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11001_c1.

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This state-of-knowledge review examines some of the underlying assumptions and limitations associated with the inter-relationships among four widely used descriptors of surface fire behaviour and post-fire impacts in wildland fire science and management, namely Byram's fireline intensity, flame length, stem-bark char height and crown scorch height. More specifically, the following topical areas are critically examined based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature: (i) estimating fireline intensity from flame length; (ii) substituting flame length for fireline intensity in Van Wag

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Alexander, Martin E., and Miguel G. Cruz. "Interdependencies between flame length and fireline intensity in predicting crown fire initiation and crown scorch height." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 2 (2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11001.

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This state-of-knowledge review examines some of the underlying assumptions and limitations associated with the inter-relationships among four widely used descriptors of surface fire behaviour and post-fire impacts in wildland fire science and management, namely Byram’s fireline intensity, flame length, stem-bark char height and crown scorch height. More specifically, the following topical areas are critically examined based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature: (i) estimating fireline intensity from flame length; (ii) substituting flame length for fireline intensity in Van Wag

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Alexander, Martin E., and Miguel G. Cruz. "Corrigendum to: Interdependencies between flame length and fireline intensity in predicting crown fire initiation and crown scorch height." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 4 (2017): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11001_co.

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Abstract:

This state-of-knowledge review examines some of the underlying assumptions and limitations associated with the inter-relationships among four widely used descriptors of surface fire behaviour and post-fire impacts in wildland fire science and management, namely Byram's fireline intensity, flame length, stem-bark char height and crown scorch height. More specifically, the following topical areas are critically examined based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature: (i) estimating fireline intensity from flame length; (ii) substituting flame length for fireline intensity in Van Wag

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38

Cruz, Miguel G., Bret W. Butler, Martin E. Alexander, Jason M. Forthofer, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part I: model idealization." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 1 (2006): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04061.

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A model was developed to predict the ignition of forest crown fuels above a surface fire based on heat transfer theory. The crown fuel ignition model (hereafter referred to as CFIM) is based on first principles, integrating: (i) the characteristics of the energy source as defined by surface fire flame front properties; (ii) buoyant plume dynamics; (iii) heat sink as described by the crown fuel particle characteristics; and (iv) energy transfer (gain and losses) to the crown fuels. Fuel particle temperature increase is determined through an energy balance relating heat absorption to fuel partic

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Cruz, Miguel G., and Martin E. Alexander. "Modelling the rate of fire spread and uncertainty associated with the onset and propagation of crown fires in conifer forest stands." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 5 (2017): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16218.

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Crown fires are complex, unstable phenomena dependent on feedback mechanisms between the combustion products of distinct fuel layers. We describe non-linear fire behaviour associated with crowning and the uncertainty they cause in fire behaviour predictions by running a semiphysical modelling system within a simple Monte Carlo simulation framework. The method was able to capture the dynamics of passive and active crown fire spread regimes, providing estimates of average rate of spread and the extent of crown fire activity. System outputs were evaluated against data collected from a wildfire th

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Fulé, P. Z., A. E. M. Waltz, W. W. Covington, and T. A. Heinlein. "Measuring Forest Restoration Effectiveness in Reducing Hazardous Fuels." Journal of Forestry 99, no. 11 (2001): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/99.11.24.

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Abstract Forest restoration treatments of thinning young trees followed by prescribed burning in north-western Arizona led to significantly lower stand density, lower crown fuel load, and higher crown base height than untreated stands. Simulated fire under extreme weather conditions caused 48 percent more canopy burning and higher flame lengths, heat/area, and rate of spread in untreated stands. Wind speeds required for passive crown fire (torching) were twice as high in treated stands. Treated stands were highly heterogeneous, but restoration treatments clearly enhanced crown-fire resistance.

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Barker, Jason S., Andrew N. Gray, and Jeremy S. Fried. "The Effects of Crown Scorch on Post-fire Delayed Mortality Are Modified by Drought Exposure in California (USA)." Fire 5, no. 1 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5010021.

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Accurately predicting the mortality of trees that initially survive a fire event is important for management, such as planning post-fire salvage, planting, and prescribed fires. Although crown scorch has been successfully used to predict post-fire mortality (greater than one-year post-fire), it remains unclear whether other first-order fire effect metrics (e.g., stem char) and information on growing conditions can improve such predictions. Droughts can also elevate mortality and may interact, synergistically, with fire effects to influence post-fire tree survival. We used logistic regression t

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Temiño-Villota, Salomé, Dante A. Rodríguez-Trejo, Domingo M. Molina Terrén, and Kevin Ryan. "Modelling initial mortality of Abies religiosa in a crown fire in Mexico." Forest Systems 25, no. 1 (2016): 047. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016251-06887.

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Aim of study: The objectives of this work were to determine which morphological and fire severity variables may help explain the mortality of adult Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham., to model the probability of this species after being affected by crown fire, and to obtain more elements to classify the sacred fir in terms of fire resistance. This type of studies are relevant to estimate the impact of crown fires on the climax forests that forms this species.Area of study: The burned forest was located in the southern Mexico City, borough.Material and methods: Morphological variables

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Engle, David M., Jimmy F. Stritzke, and P. Larry Claypool. "Effect of Paraquat Plus Prescribed Burning on Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)." Weed Technology 2, no. 2 (1988): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030347.

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Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) was evaluated as a pretreatment for eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L. # IUPVI) before spring burning in tallgrass prairie. Wetting sprays of paraquat at 0.3 g ai/L or 0.6 g/L were applied to crowns of small (0.8 to 1.5 m), medium (1.5 to 2.5 m), and large (2.5 to 5.0 m) eastern redcedar trees in August 1983 and 1984 before prescribed burns in the springs of 1984 and 1985. Paraquat alone at the 0.6 g/L concentration killed about 90% of the crown of small trees but as little as 30% of the crown of large trees. Paraquat pretreatments increase

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Stocks, B. J., M. E. Alexander, B. M. Wotton, et al. "Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine black spruce forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (2004): 1548–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-054.

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This paper reports on the behaviour of 10 experimental crown fires conducted between 1997 and 2000 during the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment (ICFME) in Canada's Northwest Territories. The primary goal of ICFME was a replicated series of high-intensity crown fires designed to validate and improve existing theoretical and empirical models of crown fire behaviour. Fire behaviour characteristics were typical for fully developed boreal forest crown fires, with fires advancing at 1570 m/min, consuming significant quantities of fuel (2.85.5 kg/m2) and releasing vast amounts of therma

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Battaglia, Mike, Frederick W. Smith, and Wayne D. Shepperd. "Predicting mortality of ponderosa pine regeneration after prescribed fire in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 2 (2009): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07163.

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Reduction of crown fire hazard in Pinus ponderosa forests in the Black Hills, SD, often focuses on the removal of overstorey trees to reduce crown bulk density. Dense ponderosa pine regeneration establishes several years after treatment and eventually increases crown fire risk if allowed to grow. Using prescribed fire to control this regeneration is hampered by the limited knowledge of fire-related mortality threshold values for seedlings (<1.4 m tall) and saplings (0.25 to 10 cm diameter at breast height). The present study was initiated to assess fire-related mortality of ponderosa pine s

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Mansfield, Shawn D., Roberta Parish, James W. Goudie, Kyu-Young Kang, and Peter Ott. "The effects of crown ratio on the transition from juvenile to mature wood production in lodgepole pine in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 8 (2007): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-299.

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Crown depth, tree spacing, and stand density have major effects on wood quality and fibre characteristics of trees. Lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud.) trees from a mixture of plantation and fire origin stands were employed to determine how crown ratio, a surrogate for stand density, affected mature wood production. In total, 104 trees were sampled, ranging from 24 to 110 years of age, from stands in western Alberta and interior British Columbia, Canada. Samples taken along the bole were measured for wood density, which was subject to segmented regression analysis to identify the t

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Keyes, Christopher R., and Kevin L. O'Hara. "Quantifying Stand Targets for Silvicultural Prevention of Crown Fires." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (2002): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.2.101.

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Abstract Forest managers are expressing a growing interest in proactively reducing susceptibility to crown fires, but the quantitative basis for defining specific stand targets and prescribing silvicultural regimes for this objective is lacking. A procedure is presented for creating resistant stand structures that exploits the relationship between crown fire development and characteristics of stand structure. The BEHAVE surface fire model was integrated with modified versions of the Van Wagner crown ignition and crown fire spread equations in order to quantify structural targets for mitigative

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Viedma, Olga, Danilo R. A. Almeida, and Jose Manuel Moreno. "Postfire Tree Structure from High-Resolution LiDAR and RBR Sentinel 2A Fire Severity Metrics in a Pinus halepensis-Dominated Burned Stand." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (2020): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213554.

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Tree and plant structures remaining after fires reflect well their degree of consumption, and are therefore good indicators of fire severity. Satellite optical images are commonly used to estimate fire severity. However, depending on the severity of a fire, these sensors have a limited ability to penetrate the canopy down to the ground. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can overcome this limitation. Assessing the differences between areas that have been burned in different fire severities based on satellite images of plant and tree structures remaining after fires is important, give

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Azuma, David, Vicente J. Monleon, and Donald Gedney. "Equations for Predicting Uncompacted Crown Ratio Based on Compacted Crown Ratio and Tree Attributes." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (2004): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.4.260.

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Abstract Equations to predict uncompacted crown ratio as a function of compacted crown ratio, tree diameter, and tree height are developed for the main tree species in Oregon, Washington, and California using data from the Forest Health Monitoring Program, USDA Forest Service. The uncompacted crown ratio was modeled with a logistic function and fitted using weighted, nonlinear regression. The models were evaluated using cross-validation. Mean squared error of predicted uncompacted crown ratio was between 0.1 and 0.15, overall bias was negligible, and correlation between the predicted and obser

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Dickinson, James D., Andrew P. Robinson, Paul E. Gessler, Richy J. Harrod, and Alistair M. S. Smith. "Flatland in flames: a two-dimensional crown fire propagation model." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 5 (2009): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07107.

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The canopy bulk density metric is used to describe the fuel available for combustion in crown fire models. We propose modifying the Van Wagner crown fire propagation model, used to estimate the critical rate of spread necessary to sustain active crown fire, to use foliar biomass per square metre instead of canopy bulk density as the fuel input. We tested the efficacy of our proposed model by comparing predictions of crown fire propagation with Van Wagner’s original data. Our proposed model correctly predicted each instance of crown fire presented in the seminal study. We then tested the propos

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