Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crown Height Model

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crown Height Model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Seymour, Robert S., and David M. Smith. "A New Stocking Guide Formulation Applied to Eastern White Pine." Forest Science 33, no. 2 (1987): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/33.2.469.

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Abstract A procedure is described for incorporating stand age, or stage in development, into the widely used stocking guides based on the crown competition factor (CCF). A simple model that predicts dbh of individual trees from crown projection area and total height is derived from a three-dimensional relationship between cumulative foliage production (crown volume) and total volume of the main stem. Procedures employed by previous researchers to prepare CCF-based stocking guides are then used to convert this individual-tree model to stand basal areas and numbers of trees per unit area at succ
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Dyer, Michael E., and Harold E. Burkhart. "Compatible crown ratio and crown height models." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 6 (1987): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-096.

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Several published crown ratio and crown height models were fitted to plantation loblolly pine tree data, but none were considered entirely adequate. A nonlinear model form that yields logical estimates is presented. Required inputs are stand age, tree diameter, and tree height. Both ordinary least squares and seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) were used to estimate model parameters. Cross equation constraints with the SUR procedure result in compatible estimates of crown ratio and crown height for a tree of given height.
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Antos, Joseph A., Roberta Parish, and Gordon D. Nigh. "Effects of neighbours on crown length of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii in two old-growth stands in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 4 (2010): 638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-011.

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Crown length is a key aspect of vertical structure in multi-aged, multistrata, mixed-species forests. Crown length, defined as the distance from the tree top to the lowest live branch whorl, was determined for 3169 mapped trees ≥4.0 cm in diameter, in four 0.25 ha plots in each of two old-growth Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. – Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. stands. We randomly selected half the trees to build models and half for validation. Crown length was modelled as a function of tree height, incorporating modifiers to account for neighbouring trees. The inclusion radius and height thr
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Zhu, Wancai, Zhaogang Liu, Weiwei Jia, and Dandan Li. "Modelling the Tree Height, Crown Base Height, and Effective Crown Height of Pinus koraiensis Plantations Based on Knot Analysis." Forests 12, no. 12 (2021): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121778.

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Taking 1735 Pinus koraiensis knots in Mengjiagang Forest Farm plantations in Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province as the research object, a dynamic tree height, effective crown height, and crown base height growth model was developed using 349 screened knots. The Richards equation was selected as the basic model to develop a crown base height and effective crown height nonlinear mixed-effects model considering random tree-level effects. Model parameters were estimated with the non-liner mixed effect model (NLMIXED) Statistical Analysis System (SAS) module. The akaike information criterion (AIC)
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Nasiri, Vahid, Ali A. Darvishsefat, Hossein Arefi, Marc Pierrot-Deseilligny, Manochehr Namiranian, and Arnaud Le Bris. "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)-based canopy height modeling under leaf-on and leaf-off conditions for determining tree height and crown diameter (case study: Hyrcanian mixed forest)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 7 (2021): 962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0125.

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Tree height and crown diameter are two common individual tree attributes that can be estimated from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images thanks to photogrammetry and structure from motion. This research investigates the potential of low-cost UAV aerial images to estimate tree height and crown diameter. Two successful flights were carried out in two different seasons corresponding to leaf-off and leaf-on conditions to generate a digital terrain model and a digital surface model, which were further employed in calculation of a canopy height model (CHM). The CHM was used to estimate tree height u
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Escoto-Rodríguez, Martín, José M. Facelli, and Jennifer R. Watling. "Do wide crowns in arid woodland trees reflect hydraulic limitation and reduction of self-shading?" Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 12 (2014): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14022.

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In arid regions many tree species develop broad crowns. A number of hypotheses involve trade-offs between growth in height and horizontal spreading, but there is no explanation for the switch from vertical to horizontal growth during development. Using Acacia papyrocarpa Benth as a model, we measured tree height and crown shape across different sites and topographic positions. We also measured δ13C of phyllodes from crown tops and lateral spreading branches. Trees were significantly taller at the base of a hill, where water availability is typically greater, than on the adjacent steep hillslop
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Valentine, H. T., and T. G. Gregoire. "A switching model of bole taper." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 8 (2001): 1400–1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-061.

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Numerical switches are employed to change the values of two exponents in a variable-form model of bole taper. The taper of a bole is modeled, with respect to height from the ground, by three connected geometric segments (i.e., a basal, middle, and top segment). The numerical switches provide for either graded or abrupt transition from the basal to the middle segment and from the middle to the top segment. The height of the base of the crown was assumed to be the point of transition between the middle and top segments. Crown height can be either measured or estimated with a simple submodel that
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Zheng, Yujie, Weiwei Jia, Qiang Wang, and Xu Huang. "Deriving Individual-Tree Biomass from Effective Crown Data Generated by Terrestrial Laser Scanning." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (2019): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232793.

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Biomass reflects the state of forest management and is critical for assessing forest benefits and carbon storage. The effective crown is the region above the lower limit of the forest crown that includes the maximum vertical distribution density of branches and leaves; this component plays an important role in tree growth. Adding the effective crown to biomass equations can enhance the accuracy of the derived biomass. Six sample plots in a larch plantation (ranging in area from 0.06 ha to 0.12 ha and in number of trees from 63 to 96) at the Mengjiagang forest farm in Huanan County, Jiamusi Cit
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Short III, E. Austin, and Harold E. Burkhart. "Predicting Crown-Height Increment for Thinned and Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantations." Forest Science 38, no. 3 (1992): 594–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/38.3.594.

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Abstract Several nonlinear, individual tree crown-height increment equations were tested for their ability to predict annual crown-height increment in thinned and unthinned loblolly pine plantations. The selected model contained tree height (HT), tree crown ratio (CR) raised to the one-half power, age (A), and a measure of competition. The distance-dependent and the distance-independent models were the same form; however, the competition index (CI) in the distance-dependent model was replaced by the ratio of quadratic mean diameter to tree dbh (DR) for the distance-independent model. The indiv
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Moraes, Sandra Lucia Dantas de, Fellippo Ramos Verri, Joel Ferreira Santiago Junior, Daniel Augusto de Faria Almeida, Caroline Cantieri de Mello, and Eduardo Piza Pellizzer. "A 3-D Finite Element Study of the Influence of Crown-Implant Ratio on Stress Distribution." Brazilian Dental Journal 24, no. 6 (2013): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302287.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the crown height of external hexagon implants on the displacement and distribution of stress to the implant/bone system, using the three-dimensional finite element method. The InVesalius and Rhinoceros 4.0 softwares were used to generate the bone model by computed tomography. Each model was composed of a bone block with one implant (3.75x10.0 mm) with external hexagon connections and crowns with 10 mm, 12.5 mm and 15 mm in height. A 200 N axial and a 100 N oblique (45°) load were applied. The models were solved by the NeiNastran 9.0 and
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Novotný, Jan. "Matematické metody segmentace obrazu pro dálkový průzkum Země." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234262.

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Segmentation of an image into individual tree crowns is a key step in the processing of remotely sensed data for forestry practice. The doctoral thesis gives a broad overview of this topic. It comprehends theoretical context from mathematical point of view and defines basic terms from airborne imaging and laser scanning. Mathematical methods of tree detection are focused on a robust adaptation to the actual conditions in a region of interest. A novel approach of crown area delineation is introduced, it combines a seeded region growing technique with an active contour as a crown boundary repres
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Holmgren, Johan. "Estimation of forest variables using airborne laser scanning /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s278.pdf.

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Bienert, Anne, Louis Georgi, Matthias Kunz, Hans-Gerd Maas, and Oheimb Goddert von. "Comparison and Combination of Mobile and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Natural Forest Inventories." Molecular Diversity Preservation International MDPI, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31826.

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Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been successfully used for three-dimensional (3D) data capture in forests for almost two decades. Beyond the plot-based data capturing capabilities of TLS, vehicle-based mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems have the clear advantage of fast and precise corridor-like 3D data capture, thus providing a much larger coverage within shorter acquisition time. This paper compares and discusses advantages and disadvantages of multi-temporal MLS data acquisition compared to established TLS data recording schemes. In this pilot study on integrated TLS and MLS data proce
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Books on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Hanus, Mark L. Predicting height to crown base for undamaged and damaged trees in southwest Oregon. Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, 2000.

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Hann, David W. Equations for predicting height-to-crown-base, 5-year diameter-growth rate, 5-year height-growth rate, 5-year mortality rate, and maximum size-density trajectory for Douglas-fir and western hemlock in the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Quevedo-Rojas, Ana, and Mauricio Jerez-Rico. "Mixed Forest Plantations with Native Species for Ecological Restoration in Cloud Forests of the Venezuelan Andes." In Silviculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95006.

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Tropical cloud forests play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle of mountain watersheds having the largest biodiversity per unit area. In Venezuela, cloud forests are subject to intense deforestation and fragmentation by farming and cattle-ranching causing soil erosion, water cycle alteration, and biodiversity loss. Reforestation projects used exotic species as Pines and Eucalyptus, native species were rarely planted by lacking knowledge on species requirements and management. We report the performance of 25 native cloud forest species differing in shade-tolerance, planted in mixed ass
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Bohlman, Stephanie A. "Tropical Tree Allometry: Variation, Theory, and Application." In The First 100 Years of Research on Barro Colorado: Plant and Ecosystem Science. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.26880727.

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<p dir="ltr">Tree allometry, the relationship between different tree dimensions such as diameter, height, and crown area, is important for understanding physiological and structural constraints on trees, such as growing tall enough to access light while resisting wind damage. Understanding these relationships is also essential for calculating tree and forest biomass. Data from Barro Colorado Island (BCI) have shown that while crown size increases as a power of diameter, height approaches an asymptote as diameter increases. Diameter-to-height allometries deviate from predictions of metabo
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Chehreh, Babak, Carlos Viegas, and Alexandra Moutinho. "Tree geometrical attributes measurement using UAV-born laser scanning." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_206.

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Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forest management as one of the categories of forestry, is essential to exploit forest’s full economic and environmental value while ensuring the safety and resilience of the territory against natural or anthropogenic threats such as wildfires. UAV-based remote sensing is a powerful tool for forestry related tasks and measurements. Various studies and experiments have been conducted by different teams all around the world;
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Roßmann, Jürgen, Martin Hoppen, and Arno Bücken. "GML-Based Data Management and Semantic World Modelling for a 4D Forest Simulation and Information System." In Geospatial Intelligence. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8054-6.ch020.

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Various types of 3D simulation applications benefit from realistic forest models. They range from flight simulators for entertainment to harvester simulators for training and tree growth simulations for research and planning. This paper's 4D forest simulation and information system integrates the necessary methods for data extraction, modelling and management. Using modern methods of semantic world modelling, tree data can efficiently be extracted from remote sensing data. The derived forest models contain position, height, crown volume, type and diameter of each tree. This data is modelled us
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Marino, Eva, Stefano Arellano-Pérez, Santiago Martín-Alcón, and José Luis Tomé. "Canopy fuel modelling in Mediterranean forest stands with airborne LiDAR data at regional scale: preliminary results." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_215.

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Canopy fuel characterization is highly relevant for wildfire prevention, especially in the context of extreme events involving crown fires. Airborne laser scanning has been proven very useful to retrieve 3D forest structure at large scales, becoming freely available in many countries in the recent years which provide an opportunity to map fuel parameters that are critical for fire behaviour simulation. Previous studies on canopy fuel modelling predict canopy base height (CBH), fuel load (CFL) and bulk density (CBD) mainly in tree species from temperate conifer forest, with specific models stil
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Ranney, Joseph A. "Thresholds of Change: Mississippi Law in the Progressive and New Deal Eras." In A Legal History of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822574.003.0006.

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During the Progressive (1890-1915) and New Deal eras (1929-41), Mississippi’s economic liberalism stood in sharp contrast to its reactionary racial policies. The state was an early supporter of Progressive measures such as open primaries, lawmaking by initiative and referendum and child labor laws. During the Depression, Mississippi created the Balance Agriculture with Industry (BAWI) program of municipal subsidies to business. BAWI was upheld by Mississippi’s supreme court against constitutional challenge and became a national model. But the early twentieth century also marked the height of M
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Chen, Fengzhen, Zhe Yang, Xueqin Liu, Wansheng Wang, Yongcheng Pu, and Wanglin Li. "Analysis of the Influence of Constrained Shape on the Bulging Deformation of Geomembrane." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde241067.

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The bulging deformation constraint environment of the anti-seepage geomembrane for the plain reservoir is relatively complex, but it is not the ring restrained currently used. Based on the research results of the laboratory bulging deformation test and numerical simulation of the geomembrane under ring restrained, the numerical simulation under the non-ring constraint conditions of the triangle, quadrilateral, and Pentagon was carried out using mechanical simulation and numerical simulation, and then the influence of the constraint shape on the bulge deformation characteristics of the geomembr
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Aymeric, Jung. "Crowdfunding and Slow Money." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9604-4.ch014.

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Investment is always needed for new business or business development, and we are living with the emergence of new kinds of providers. Alongside banks, funds, or capital markets, efficient funding through people is doable on a larger scale than ever before, thanks in part to the Internet. Crowdfunding platforms and Slow Money are part of this bottom-up trend. In this chapter we compare crowdfunding and Slow Money and by analyzing how they attract people, we discuss their similarities and differences to respond to the research questions. The analysis might help identify potential synergies betwe
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Aymeric, Jung. "Crowdfunding and Slow Money." In Start-Ups and SMEs. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1760-4.ch003.

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Investment is always needed for new business or business development, and we are living with the emergence of new kinds of providers. Alongside banks, funds, or capital markets, efficient funding through people is doable on a larger scale than ever before, thanks in part to the Internet. Crowdfunding platforms and Slow Money are part of this bottom-up trend. In this chapter we compare crowdfunding and Slow Money and by analyzing how they attract people, we discuss their similarities and differences to respond to the research questions. The analysis might help identify potential synergies betwe
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Conference papers on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Zhao, Dan, Yong Pang, Zengyuan Li, and Lina Bai. "Study of morphological crown control in LiDAR-derived canopy height model." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352259.

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Dave, Gaurav R., Ramachandra Krishnaswamy, Lohith M. Chandrappa, Krishna Kulkarni, and Nikhil Jain. "Design and Analysis of Crown Profile of Fan Rotor Blade Roots for Gas Turbines." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8180.

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The present work is aimed at reducing the stresses developed at the fillet region of the fan disk through crowning of the dovetail flanks of blade roots. The crowning was done along the flank (in-plane crowning) and across the flank (out-of-plane crowning) of the blade root and their influence on the fillet and flank stresses was studied independently, for varying crown heights. A generalized blade root and disk model was analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS WorkBench 14.5 as a tool, by varying the crown height in different combinations. It was found that out-of-plane crowning of
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Ballani, Abhishek, Jeff Schlautman, Chiranth Srinivasan, and Rayhan Ahmed. "3D CFD Modeling of an Electric Motor to Predict Spin Losses at Different Temperatures." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2208.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With the advent of this new era of electric-driven automobiles, the simulation and virtual digital twin modeling world is now embarking on new sets of challenges. Getting key insights into electric motor behavior has a significant impact on the net output and range of electric vehicles. In this paper, a complete 3D CFD model of an Electric Motor is developed to understand its churning losses at different operating speeds. The simulation study details how the flow field develops inside this electric motor at different ope
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Tropea, Cam, and Ilia V. Roisman. "Spray Impact Onto a Rigid Wall: Modelling Strategy." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31392.

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The common approach to the modelling of spray impact is to treat the phenomenon as a simple superposition of single drop impact events [1]. The main input for such model formulation is obtained either from experimental [2,3] or theoretical [4,5,6] studies of the impact of a single drop onto a dry wall, onto a uniform, undisturbed liquid film or into a deep pool [7]. However, in [8] it was shown that this conventional approach is not universal in the description of the spray impact and that in the case of relatively dense sprays, the interaction of crowns (Fig. 1) and the oscillations of the li
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Asenova, Maria, Georgi Donchev, and Evgeni Evangelov. "PERSONAL LASER SCANNING TECHNOLOGY FOR 3D MAPPING AND FOREST INVENTORY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s10.41.

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LiDAR technology expands the possibilities for forest inventory using aerial and terrestrial scanning. A technological scheme for terrestrial personal laser scanning (PLS) has been developed in order to extract numerical tree parameters. The aim of the paper is to determine the characteristics of individual trees and average taxation indicators of forest stands via terrestrial PLS method. The PLS system includes Sensor Ouster OS1-16, mounted on a folding monopod and mini PC for control and recording of primary raw data, the base of creation of the 3D cloud of points. Google Cartographer is a s
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Pappaccogli, Gianluca, Riccardo Buccolieri, Giuseppe Maggiotto, et al. "The Effects of Trees on Micrometeorology in a Medium-Size Mediterranean City: In Situ Experiments and Numerical Simulations." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21566.

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This study analyses the aerodynamic effects of trees on local meteorological variables through in situ measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Measurements are taken in the inner core of a medium-size Mediterranean city (Lecce, IT) where two adjacent street canyons of aspect ratio H/W∼1 (where H is the average building height and W is the average width of the street) with and without trees are investigated. Building façades and ground temperatures are estimated from infrared (IR) images, while flow and turbulence are measured through three ultrasonic anemometers placed
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Popovas, Darius, Valentas Mikalauskas, Dominykas Šlikas, Simonas Valotka, and Tautvydas Šorys. "Individual Tree Parameters Estimation from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.230.

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Tree models and information on the various characteristics of trees and forests are required for forest management, city models, carbon accounting and the management of assets. In order to get precise characteristics and information, tree modelling must be done at individual tree level as it represents the interaction process between trees. For sustainable forest management, more information is needed, however, the traditional methods of investigating forest parameters such as, tree height, diameter at breast height, crown diameter, stem curve and stem mapping or tree location are complex and
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Sego, T. J., Yung-Ting Hsu, Tien-Min Gabriel Chu, and Andres Tovar. "Towards the Optimal Crown-to-Implant Ratio in Dental Implants." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67889.

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Short dental implants are commonly recommended to be implemented with small crown-to-implant (C/I) ratios due to their mechanical stability — decreasing C/I ratios cause less deformation in skeletal tissue under occlusal force. However, the long-term stability of short implants with high C/I ratios remains a controversial issue due to biomechanical complications. This study evaluates the strain distribution and functional implications in an implant-supported crown with various C/I ratios using a high-fidelity, nonlinear finite-element model. Several clinical scenarios are simulated by loading
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Sinha, Avick, Vaibhav Ramakrishnan, and Kathy Johnson. "Droplet Impact on a Curved Moving Liquid Film." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-79505.

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Abstract The European Commission has set targets to reduce the emissions of CO2 and NOx by 75% and 90% respectively, per passenger kilometre, by 2050. Computational modelling of elements within the aero-engine will play a key role in achieving this goal. Currently, the computational models used to characterise impact outcomes from droplets splashing on wall films in bearing chambers are based on correlations obtained for droplet impacts on plane films. The present study bridges that gap, being the first experimental study investigating droplet impact on a film moving on a curved surface. Exper
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Chanika, H. K. P., N. Weerasinghe, and R. U. Halwatura. "Effect of urban vegetation cover on CO2 reduction in the city." In Civil Engineering Research Symposium 2024. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/cers.2024.28.

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Rising urban carbon dioxide levels have emerged as a critical issue due to their adverse effects on public health and the environment. Trees are a natural and sustainable solution to mitigate urban carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, as they absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. However, the specific relationship between tree density and CO2 concentration within cities is unclear. The main objectives of this research are to determine the relationship between tree density and CO2 concentration reduction in cities and to identify the optimum tree density to reduce the CO2 level
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Reports on the topic "Crown Height Model"

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Thompson, Peter, Håkan Frantzich, Silvia Arias, and Jesper Friholm. Determining Evacuation Capability with Biomechanical Data. SFPE Foundation, 2020. https://doi.org/10.64167/k24s-qsb5.

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Experimental data on single file pedestrian movement has been analysed and implemented in a prototype movement model. The prototype model is developed to predict movement of persons based on a first principle approach using basic population data such as age, height, gender and response time to adapt the walking speed in a crowd. The experimental data provide the biomechanical information needed in the model. The intention with the new approach is to present a predictive capability for the future as a consequence of the identified demographical changes observed in today's society.
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