Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Croyance (philosophie)'
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Coirault-Neuburger, Sylvie. "Dire la croyance." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H094.
Full textWhat is believing? Believing is neither knowing, nor plain imagination. One’s belief expresses itself so as to develop a world of original relations. Dialogue is not always possible there. Its logics admit impossible. Are signs and speeches that express belief faithful? Relations with other people, with the object of belief demand to go on ways leading from meeting to recognition
Caulea, Cornel. "Croyance et connaissance dans la philosophie de Th. Reid." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120051.
Full textThis work has three aims in view: to abstract the acceptations, the sources, the processes, the behaviour, the problems of belief and knowledge from Reid's theory of faculties and operations (perception, memory, conception, abstraction, judgment, reasoning, sense of beauty, principles of action); to show that Reid's philosophy is not only the foundationalist philosophy of cominon sense, of nativism and direct realism, but also a fallibilist, empiricist, rationalist philosophy, a potentially idealist philosophy and a partially sceptical philosophy with regard to the common or scientific possibility of truth; to use Reid's thought in order to give occupation to personal questionings concerning the ambiguous relations of belief and knowledge, of founda- tionalism and scepticism, of philosophers and common understanding, of science and metaphysics
Bienfait, Joël. "Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la croyance ou le coût de dieu." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30013.
Full textRousseau aims at defining the particular status of Rousseau's novel in his whole work, as regards his literary genre but also others perspectives. Rousseau considers two sorts of beliefs : one pertaining to religion specifically and the other having to do with purely mundane values (possession, power and glory). In his philosophical work, he approves the former and absolutely condemns the latter. This study aims to show that the novel, which matches the philosophical works regarding religion, has a much more amiguous position as far as mundane values are concerned (particularly power and glory)
Sanchez, Pascal. "Les théories explicatives de la magie : les sciences sociales à l'épreuve d'une croyance collective." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040174.
Full textMagic makes up an interesting range of observation in order to study the explanatory mechanisms of the theories in a field that is as fundamental as the understanding of collective beliefs. At first reading, the disputes which have stirred anthropology and sociology circles reveal a myriad of miscellaneous, even contradictory opinions. Actually, this complexity is apparent in so far as magic has roused three major questions. The first one is concerned with the definition of magic worked out in relation with religion and science. Then the second bears on the different psychological, social and cognitive functions which magic exerts on people. The third one aims at identifying in what conditions of time and space magical beliefs change. Thus these debates provide a leading thread and offer the possibility to compare the explanatory power of theories with an apparently irrational belief. Among the various formulations taken up by anthropology and sociology, only one seems to be able to meet the criteria of a good theory. Explaining magic is to restore the reasons which lead believers to adhere to subjectively founded representations, is then to restore a point of view which leads a believer to convince himself of the consistency and the empirical validity of his representations. This approach to magical belief can be especially detected in the writings of Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and E. E. Evans-Prichard; these writings associating an extensive description of the context in which magic is inserted to a sharp and complex analysis to the cognitive factors contributing to bringing people to this belief
Gomez, Carole. "Recherches sur les croyances traditionnelles des peuples du Congo et du Gabon." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100091.
Full textVanatoru, Brigitte. "Le statut de la croyance à travers les représentations mythiques et scientifiques du monde." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210443.
Full textDoctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Aiken, David Wyatt. "La croyance comme présupposé herméneutique : étude comparatiste de quelques exemples et domaines d'application." Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE2010.
Full textSuzuki, Takami. "La notion de croyance chez Proust." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/SUZUKI_Takami_2010.pdf.
Full textThe notion of belief, very polysemic and problematic, plays an important role in "In Search of Lost Time" by Marcel Proust. In this history of the birth of a writer, Proust used the different meanings of this notion to characterize each stage of the hero's learning of literature. In order to integrate this notion in the novel, Proust created a system of symbols of belief : cathedral, church, church tower, bell, sea, atmosphere. . . The purpose of this treatment of the notion is to establish an idealism proper to Proust that marks the break between the 19th and the 20th centuries
Demotier, Sabrina. "Approches probabiliste et crédibiliste de quantification du risque de production d'une eau non-conforme." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1501.
Full textLn order to minimize sanitary and financial risks due to the distribution of drinking water non-compliant with current legislation, it is fundamental to define an efficient treatment process line, without increasing production cost. This thesis thus proposes a decision aid approach dedicated to treatment plant design, based on quantification of non-compliant water production risk. Ln a first step, usual dependability methods (FMECA, Fault trees. . . ) are used in order to calculate probability of non-compliant water production. This approach takes into account quality of raw water to be treated, technical characteristics of treatment line as weil as possible failures mode. Ln a second time and in order to mitigate uncertainties in this model and lack of data, the belief function theory is applied and permits to define the credibility degree of compliant water production
Clément, Fabrice. "La crédulité : perspectives philosophiques et empiriques." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0119.
Full textGirel, Vincent Mathias. "Croyance et conduite dans le pragmatisme : facettes de la croyance dans les écrits sur le pragmatisme de Peirce et dans la critique des pragmatistes." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010706.
Full textCaplan-Arpin, Maria Dalila. "Figures de l'incroyance." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082669.
Full textIn psychoanalysis, unbelief cannot be confused with the refusal to believe. It is a subjective position without subject in which the Knowledge situated in the Other takes the whole space. Knowledge is separated from the truth; not being determined by signifying chains, it is different from unconscious knowledge. Unbelief is peculiar to psychosis, determined by the mechanism of the Verwerfung. The imaginary profusion is raging because of the lack of symbolic inscription. The dimension of speech as fides is not settled, hence the paranoid’s wariness. The Other is real and reality is not endowed by the libido because of the non-extraction of the object by the signifying operation. Nevertheless, the couple belief/unbelief has proved insufficient to account for clinical dinstinctions. The move of the accent towards the real in the latest teachings of Lacan underlines that belief and unbelief are equally related to the worse because they disregard the real. Certainty provides a better locating in clinics. It was approached by Wittgenstein and classical psychiatry. It is structured like pulsion and, as such, it reveals the relation of the subject with jouissance
Angue, Medoux Irma Julienne. "Science, croyance et solidarité : analyse des implications épistémologiques de la critique rortyenne de la tradition réaliste de la vérité." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA083639.
Full textFeller, Sophie. "Anthropologie de la croyance et analyse des représentations à l'âge classique : l'apport des libertins érudits." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS027S.
Full textIn the times immediately following the Religious Wars, at the dawn of the Galilean revolution, the seventeenth century opens on a world without bearings, where theology seems unable to answer all the questions any longer. The only thing man has left is to turn toward himself : subject and object of this new epistemology, he takes the place of God, and of every principle of unity, as a point of reference ; that’s the reason why we see here the birth of some anthropological thought strictly speaking. In the relations that this very thought – still faltering – is having with literature – in many respects its breeding ground – but also with philosophy, the part of the “libertins érudits” is not often put forward ; the critical attitude which defines them however makes them the spearhead of a new way of thinking. So the “anthropological” discourse which emerges in their writings – descendants of Montaigne and Charron – first and foremost characterizes man as a creature fed by believes and representations, and this from the ethical, as well as from the political or aesthetic point of view. We would like to explore these different fields of research through an analysis of representations, especially in La Mothe Le Vayer’s and Cyrano de Bergerac’s works. The choice of such a corpus lies in the multiplicity of the genres it allows to explore, and the diverse influences (scepticism and epicureanism, among others) which feed it, and which make it an enriching gateway to the thought of the “libertins érudits”
Dioba, Mélanie Zita. "Interprétation et croyance : le sens de la religion chez Ludwig Feuerbach." Thesis, Lille 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL3H019/document.
Full textOur work deals with Feuerbachian criticism of religion. We consider that criticism from an articulation between interpretation and belief. This analysis reports on various, real or imaginary (but sometime necessary) relationship that consciousness has with itself, with others and the surrounding world. That is to highlight the genetics and critical method which claims to be a hermeneutics of meaning - as direction and meaning - which aims to unveil or uncover and update the true meaning of religion, which is an anthropological (and not theological) meaning. As natural and intrinsic expression of human essence, eternal function of human mind, the structure of religious consciousness must be reinterpreted, according to Feuerbach, in order to spell the end of/sound the death knell for false religion - which is characterized by a distorted relationship to the real - and return to the true religion, the religion of Man in which the latter can be fulfilled as a free and communal being. For Feuerbach, therefore, it is not a question of suppressing or forgetting religion, but of restoring it and perhaps reinventing it. To achieve this goal, Feuerbach proposed to anthropologvically read religion - rather than religiously or theologically. For that it was necessary to move thet criticism to a secular ground/field. Disputing the value, nor the historical value of religions data, is not the objective. Feuerbach wants to restore the meaning which aligns with human reality. It is on this basis that Feuerbach proposes his philosophy of the future in relation to this new religion of man which requires a feedback to the sensible. Then we can see - from the need and the urgency to let the meaning appears through the various experiences of subject consciousness - a humanism which is both atheistic and religious. But what seems to be the paradox deserves to be analyzed as a possibility for redefinition of the concepts of atheist and religious, in such a way that it is not necessarily oxymoronic - from a general point of view, but especially Feuerbachian one - to talk about a religious atheism. It also joins the development of more current topics/contemporary thems which, more and more, value and make room for this possibility of living religion or spirituality otherwise than in connection with dogmas or codified practices. Our thesis thus intends to grasp the intention, the value, the scale of Feuerbach's thought and especially the influence he had on other philosophical thoughts
Bonalume, Anna. "Effet, interprétation, croyance, communauté : aspects pragmatistes de la philosophie de Nietzsche à la lumière de Peirce." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE019.
Full textIn this study, we will propose an analysis of Nietzsche's epistemological and ethical conceptions in the light of Peirce's pragmatism. Peirce is recognized as a semiotician and a logician, but, unlike Nietzsche, has often been neglected as a philosopher in the strict sense: it is from this perspective that we present some of his conceptions. To this end, we have particularly examined in both authors the concepts of effect, interpretation, belief and community. Since they never read their respective works or met, we adopted three methods: the historical research method, the critical analysis of the texts and the hermeneutical method. Our study is, according to these methodological axes, divided into three parts: history, epistemology and ethics. The idea underlying this research results from the fact that Nietzsche and Peirce both consider the problem of knowledge as that of the disjunction between the theoretical and the practical dimension. The analysis of their references and of their common influences, notably that of Darwin and the evolutionary ideas, makes it possible to identify the source of a certain number of epistemological concepts that they share. Peirce's pragmatism and Nietzsche's perspectivist philosophy attribute a central role to the concepts of effect, action, and belief. According to Peirce the theory of inference, the analysis of the sign, the pragmatic maxim and the conception of belief-habit highlight three fundamental aspects of knowledge: the necessity of considering ideas from their sensible and conceivable practical effects, the importance of thinking these ideas as signs in an inferential process, and of considering knowledge as a hypothetical and experimental activity. These concepts are found in Nietzsche’s late works through his formulation of genealogy, perspectivism and will to power. Our thesis argues that the epistemology of the two authors presents similarities, to be found especially in their conceptions of the practical, hypothetical and experimental value of knowledge, but also essential differences, such as the role attributed to logic. Their respective treatment of the ethical question presents a number of dissimilarities that we will explore, thanks to the concept of community
Lefebvre, Romain. "Hong Sang-soo, un cinéma de la croyance : continuités, discontinuités, conflits d’images et mutation des personnages." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080106/document.
Full textOur thesis proposes a comprehensive view of Hong Sang-soo’s work, from the assumption that thereis a special affinity between cinema images and thought. This assumption agrees with Hong Sang-soo’s project, whichis to modify habits of thoughts and to struggle against illusions through movies.We build our run around the problem of « belief », which refer according to Gilles Deleuze to the possibility forman to connect himself again to the world after a breaking of unity, and allows us to articulate image analysis,philosophical approach and the characters existences. By studying narrative structures and the use of some formalprocesses such as repetition or undoubling effects, we highlight the production of a discontinuous world by the imagesand conceptions of death, time, identity, possible and reality that are specific to Hong Sang-soo. An hidden plot emergesfrom our analysis : a conflict between « images of thought », a tension between continuity and discontinuity that takesplace both inside movies, within the characters existences, and between movies and a spectator.By building a coherent lecture of Hong Sang-soo’s cinema, we want to emphasize his critical implications. Whencritical reception too often confines him to the topic of sentimental relationships, we show that everything that takesplace on the sentimental field involves a mental stake. We also mean to underline that Hong Sang-soo’s cinema, fromthe loss of traditional beliefs, bears within himself a positive outcome, bringing into play new capacities and anaffirmation of new values (difference againt resemblance, instant against prolongation, novelty against reproduction,etc.), and appeals to an evaluative perspective
Etchegaray, Claire. "La croyance naturelle chez David Hume et Thomas Reid : scepticisme et réalisme." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF20010.
Full textThe aim of this study is to examine how David Hume's and Thomas Reid's philosophies promoted the concept of belief in order to be able to rethink the so-called "traditional logic", and the metaphysical reflection on the reliability of our natural faculties. Fisrtly, the philosophical opposition between the two thinkers requires that we redefine the respective meanings that they have given to the notion of "natural belief", without taking into account the subsequent connotations that arose from the debates of the nineteenth century. Secondly, the goal is to understand if and how a philosophy such as Hume's, which takes on a critical distance, is able to account for our natural realism ; but also to understand what meaning a philosophy such as Reid's, which is realistic by principle, might give to the notion of natural belief. Since belief is regarded as a fact of nature, how can it be epistemologically justified and imputable to our responsability ? What epistemologies and what ethics of belief do Hume's and Reid's naturalistic decisions imply ? The first part is devoted to the elucidation of the concept of belief whose role is prima facie to promote a logic of the existing by redefining judgment as mental behaviour. The second part aims at evaluating the consistency of the promoted psychologies, considering their respective options in metaphysics. Henceforth the link between scepticism and naturalism for Hume, and between theism and naturalism for Reid can be drawn, and their respective athics of belief outlined
Lagos, Dondé Francisco Lorenzo. "Corps et devenir chez Nietzsche après la mort de Dieu." Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/122058623#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe issue involves a Nietzschean redefinition of man from the perspective of the body. Bodies are the most accomplished realizations of that which distinguishes the organic from the inorganic : the mistake (Irrthum). It is a physiological appreciation and not an objective perception of reality. It is not opposed to truth but rather to other more or less coarse mistakes. These are not only necessary to the survival of organisms but constitute life itself, they are the organic event of the will to power. Bodies and their instincts (cases of particularly strong mistakes) fight to impose their own perspectives — which are particularly open for man. Rivalry between wills to power is characterized by a physiological type : strong or weak. Ascetic morale is the creation of the weak. He alienates himself by inventing an ideal world in response to a world too menacing and ephemeral. The strong faces the world by assertively recognizing his individuality. Hence the philosophy of Dionysus who, as opposed to the Crucified, says yes to life even with all it’s suffering
Abou, Tayeh Paula. "La biologie entre opinions et connaissances : conceptions d'enseignants et d'étudiants libanais sur le cerveau et son épigenèse, et sur d'autres déterminismes génétiques /épigénétiques." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10030.
Full textRagot, Isabelle. "Réduction des ressources cognitives, motivation au contrôle et recours aux "croyances"." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100095.
Full textIn these researches, we try to explain why and how people recourse to irrational explanations (that can be designated by "beliefs" ) when they are faced with events that are rationally unexplainable. These researches are based on control theories, as they are defined in the literature as a fundamental need ; and particularly on works about consequences of control deprivation. A first research line, essentially cognitive, shows that the recourse to beliefs to explain an unexplainable event, is activated or inhibited by the rhetoric style used to tell the event. More accurately, the use of a "fantastic" rhetoric (with para factual lyric and symbolic indicators), compared with a factual rhetoric (without para factual lyric and symbolic indicators), constitute a source of cognitive noncontrol and, reducing the individual cognitive resources, lead people to recourse to the less costly solutions: explanations of an irrational type (the "beliefs"). A second research line explores cognitive and motivational processes underlying the recourse of "beliefs". The hypothesis is that recourse to beliefs, when people have to explain an explainable event, can also be motivated by research of control. Some results are observed in this way, accompanied with a reduction of the performance in a future cognitive task
Égré, Paul. "Attitudes propositionnelles et paradoxes épistémiques." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010691.
Full textPenot-Lacassagne, Olivier. "Les metamorphoses de la croyance. Antonin artaud et les fictions de l'esprit." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030157.
Full textSoussen, Quentin. "Une défense du quasi-réalisme épistémique." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0052.
Full textThis thesis presents a defence of quasi-realism regarding norms of belief. The main metaethic theories are explored in relation to metaethical relativism (i.e. are normative jugements on beliefs to be considered true in a relative sense or not ?). The different arguments in favour of metaethical relativism and non-relativist theories regarding norms of belief are scrutinized before considering several forms of realisms asserting the truth of certain normative judgements on belief norms because of the existence of susbtantial normative facts. After pointing out the limits of these theories, several expressivist answers to relativism will be developed and come to a quasi-realist answer which lead to two statements : first, normative judgements are endowed with truth-aptness in order to regulate our attitudes in individual thinking and collective discussion - secondly, the truth we attribute to normative judgements is an absolute truth
Kaci, Souhila. "Connaissances et préférences : représentation et fusion en logique possibiliste." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30029.
Full textOung, Bouchra. "Contrôle et croyances devant un événement inexplicable : processus généraux et contexte culturel." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100050.
Full textThe author's work is to establish the cognitive processes from which individuals deal with a message whose aim is to persuade them that an " inexplicable " event happened. In a first experiment, she points out that the individuals put first in a situation of cognitive control and then exposed to a " fantastic " rhetoric message (versus factual) understand it in a " systematic " way rather than in a " heuristic " way. In a second experiment, she shows that, in an attempt to nevertheless explain that event, those same individuals turn to " wild beliefs " (non-socially implemented by institutions nor Schools. . . ). In a third experiment, she focuses on showing that final year students in high schools, identified as "Muslims", not only exposed to a message that places this event in a cultural context from the Maghreb but as well under the effect of those same factors, tend to turn more to data extracted from their own corpus of beliefs
Fondacci, Clarisse. "L' inconscient freudien entre science et croyance : Des années 1890 à 1915 : Clarisse Fondacci." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070125.
Full textThe concept of unconscious discovered by S. Freud between 1894 and 1909 is sometimes seen as essential in Humanities, sometimes as a false invention, sometimes as a cell activity underlying psychic life. The use of this word in the common, scientific or clinical language draws attention by the individual and collective value which it is responsible for, although it resists the precision of a scientific description. Widely criticized as psychoanalysis since the end of the 19e s it is commonly used since the 1970 s by the neurosciences and cognitive sciences authors who reject yet essential quality, to be a psychogenic instance which is not synonymous with cellular life. The reading of our scientists concerned by Psychology and knowing the work of S. Freud, Georges Edelman, Antonio Damasio, Jean-Pierre Changeux and Lionel Naccache shows how the meaning of the concept of the unconscious depends on its status in the physics matters. We assume that the situation of the unconscious in nature is inseparable from the recognition of the language as dynamic structure of a new type, with result the appearance of a natural, psychological order, whose structures, matter and the laws differ from those set out by the biology
Quost, Benjamin. "Combinaison de classifieurs binaires dans le cadre des fonctions de croyance." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1647.
Full textSupervised classification aims at building a system, or classifier, able to predict the class of a phenomenon being observed. Its architecture may be modular : the problem to be tackled is decomposed into simpler sub-problems, solved by classifiers, and the combination of the results gives the global solution. We address the case of binary sub-problems in particular the decompositions where each class is opposed to each other, each class is opposed to an the others, and the general case where two disjoint groups of classes are opposed to each other. The combination of the classifiers is formalized within the theory of evidence framework. We interpret the outputs of the binary classifiers as belief functions defined on restricted domains, according to the decomposition scheme used. The classifiers are then combined by determining the belief function which is the most. . . Consistant with their outputs
Seguin, Christel. "De l'action à l'intention : vers une caractérisation formelle des agents." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30048.
Full textNous proposons une formalisation logique des univers multi-agents. Pour cela, nous avons analyse les agents rationnels a travers les liens qui existent entre leurs attitudes mentales et leur comportement. Les attitudes mentales, connaissance et intention, constituent les objets du raisonnement de l'agent. Les connaissances correspondent a la perception partielle mais objective que l'agent a de son environnement alors que les intentions decrivent les situations que l'agent souhaite atteindre. Le comportement de l'agent est analyse a travers l'enchainement de ses actes. Ces differentes composantes sont interdependantes. La notion d'action est le trait d'union qui les relient toutes. Ainsi, les intentions motivent les actions; la realisation effective d'une action est fonction des connaissances; la realisation d'une action modifie connaissance et intention puisqu'elle affecte l'environnement. Nous proposons un cadre logique qui prend en compte ces differentes notions et explicite la facon dont les agents gerent l'evolution de leurs attitudes mentales. La formalisation est basee sur la combinaison de trois logiques modales: logique de l'action, logique des croyances et logique de l'intention. Pour definir la rationalite des agents, il faut determiner le type d'interactions qui existe entre les systemes de base. Cette etude pose le probleme de la representation de l'univers, des lois physiques qui regissent sa structure et son evolution, des actions. Nous proposons de traiter les contraintes physiques comme des actions particulieres et normalisons la description des actions et des contraintes de maniere a expliciter le type de changement suscite. Cette representation permet de resoudre le probleme du decor (frame problem) et des effets de bord d'une action (ramification problem). Elle permet ainsi de traiter des problemes de planification. Elle est utilisee pour creer un lien entre les croyances des agents et les actions qu'ils observent et determine ainsi la facon dont les croyances d'un agent rationnel evoluent. Plus generalement, le cadre complet nous permet de prendre en compte des problemes de cooperations en considerant que la communication entre agents est une action particuliere dont les effets dependent de l'etat mental (etat de connaissance et d'intention) de l'auditeur comme du locuteur. D'autre part, les strategies de cooperation peuvent etre basees sur les qualites des differents agents et les qualites d'un agent peuvent etre vues comme l'interaction entre son etat mental et son comportement
Rimbert, Guillaume. "Le développement de la théorie de l'esprit chez l'enfant de 4 à 7 ans : articulation des concepts de savoir et de croyance en situation d'incertitude." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA1037.
Full textTheory of mind is in the centre of our design of human person; it enables us to explain and predict our behaviours in reference to our representations. Its comprehension constitutes both a social and an epistemic stake. Based on five experiments for children aged from 4 to 7-years-old, this thesis explores their attributions of beliefs and knowledge in situation of uncertainty. This type of ignorance is different from the standard situation of false belief in which a single belief, opposed to reality, has to be identified. In uncertain situations, the multiple beliefs of an intentional agent are not defined on the basis of reality (true and false beliefs), but in term of possible or impossible beliefs. This study shows that the concept of belief is gradually independent from reality: At the first stage (before 4 years) beliefs must correspond to reality in all points; at the second stage (between 4 years ½ and 6 years ½) uncertainty is raised by beliefs systematic attributions either in conformity or opposed to reality; at the third stage, the child manage to attribute beliefs in situation of uncertainty independently of the state of the world. Beyond this actualisation of the development of the epistemic concepts, the author proposes a dynamic reading of the child development. He updates the changes in the structure of the reasoning and suggests taking into account the heuristics that the child uses to make for a conceptual deficit when growing from a stable structure to another one
Troyano, Victor. "Croyance en un monde juste, travail et santé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2053/document.
Full textJustice, and the yearning for justice are present in everyone’s life. In our societies justice is one of the most highly respected notions. It has a special satus superseding all other norms and values. Justice is seen as a central factor of our personal life and interpersonal relationships. Hence, justice, and perceptions of justice are recurrent themes in everyday life. Today, one can consider that the workplace is a major area of social interactions and that justice is a common concern in this area. The “Just World Theory” focuses on the need to believe in a just world for everyone, that is to say a world where one can get what he deserves and deserves what he gets. This belief has important adaptative functions. Since the belief that the world is just serves such an important adaptive function for the individual, people are very reluctant to give up this belief, and they can be greatly troubled if they encounter evidence that suggests that the world is, after all, not really just or orderly. Some cognitive strategies are associated with the maintainance of this belief. Furthermore, research has shown that belief in a just world is an essential resource in everyday life and allows one to enjoy a better state of mental health and well-being. In the frame of this research we searched to verify if the belief in a just world is present in the work environment and if it participates in maintaining health at work as a result of links between justice at work and health at work. Our results show that implicitly, individuals associate work and merit and work and justice. These are preconditions for the belief in a just world. Second, we identify indicators that show that situations of injustice can threaten the belief in a just world. Potentially, some cognitive strategies can be implemented to counter this threat. Finally, we note links between justice feelings and indicators of malaise and supports of well-being.This bring us to discuss the impact of this belief in a just world on the health of workers just as well as the limits of this belief. We then discuss the dominant models of analysis of health at work and the need to link this analysis to questions of justice
Lagos, Dondé Francisco Lorenzo Vermeren Patrice. "Corps et devenir chez Nietzsche après la mort de Dieu." Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2008. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/LagosDondeThese.pdf.
Full textPiaton-Hallé, Véronique. "Le Père Noe͏̈l : destins de l'objet de croyance : du "croire-savoir" à la symbolisation." Rennes 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN20023.
Full textIn believing they know that Father Christmas exists, the child is said to be experiencing the sacred, which situates this figure as a myth and as an object of belief. This could take the form of an idelized object, a treasured object, a fetishistic object or a relic. When he discovers that Father Christmas does not exist, the child find himself confronted with the loss of an object taken from a support-framework established by the myth. W>hat "destinies" shall he reserve for this object of belief? The parents, confronted with their mystification, set up scenarios of legitimation one of which, the scenario of approach to reality and to castration, explicitly tackles castration and plays a decisive role with regards to the destiny of the object of belief, in the child. Indeed, when it is present in a preponderant fashion, that is to say when a sort of fantastical prescription of castration is witnessed in the parents, the child reorganizes himself by embarking upon the path of symbolization, Whereas, when there is ponderation of the other scenarios which deny, avoid or ignore castration, difficulties in setting up the process of symbolization are observed in the child
Rose, Sébastien. "Actualités de la névrose obsessionnelle." Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416390/fr/.
Full textAre there still neuroses? And, in particular, can we still rely on the category of obsessional neurosis? This question is a bit provocative; however it is far from being groundless. Dealing with the topicality of neuroses implies not only studying the contemporary symptomatic modalities of the neurosis, which changed in the course of time, thus modifying even the forms of demanding an analysis, but also more fundamentally the role that neurosis – obsessional neurosis – can have today in clinical nosography and in the social field. Obsessional neurosis was represented for the first time under this name five years before the beginning of last century. Is it by chance that it appears so late in nosography descriptions and if it is by the pen of Freud? What has it become today? This work seeks to demonstrate the relevance of the topicality of obsessional neurosis, especially as it no longer seems valid for "psychologists" who cut themselves off from the clinic. It is however more topical than ever, as soon as one returns to the clinic and articulates it to the movements across the social field. We seek to show that the Freudian description of obsessional neurosis is exemplary and complete. Which is not by chance, as far as the psychoanalytical concepts prove themselves to be necessary to “think" of it as such. From the Freudian description, we propose to demonstrate the modernity of obsessional neurosis and how the social functioning of contemporary society attests to the obsessional logic, in particular through evaluation and the phenomenon of faith
Populaire, Sébastien. "Modèles probabiliste et crédibiliste du raisonnement incertain : Aspects méthodologiques et application dans le domaine du traitement des eaux usées." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1438.
Full textLn this thesis, we propose a methodology for combining expert knowledge with information extracted from statistical data, for estimating pollution solubility in wastewater. The method is based on: 1. A case-based approach allowing to predict a quantity of interest from past cases in the form of a belief function; 2. Bayesian networks for modeling expert knowledge 3. A tuning mechanism allowing to mix information sources, so as to minimize a performance criterion. The use of this method for this environmental problem is motivated by the fact that knowledge in this domain is very partial and ill structured. The belief functions theory allows to handle the induced uncertainty and imprecision. The approach is expected to be useful in situations where both small databases and partial expert knowledge are available
Richier, Jean-Yves. "Croire à la normalité : les représentations sociales des parents de l'enfant déficient intellectuel." Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE29013.
Full textThis doctoral work is interested in the cognitive mechanisms which the parents of the children with intellectual disability develop to ease their feeling in front of the otherness. When the handicap occurs within the family, the parents undergo a social death : they begin the reorganization of a personal identity in accordance with this one. In society, they must be able to continue to live and to make as if their existence was not affected. The tools of social persuasion and deterrence are going to allow them to make a social place at the same time for their child, but also for themselves. The handicap relegated and confined them into a particular social world : they appear, for the common run of people, as prisoners of a particularly stiff circle. The parents live then their existence, not only according to a status imposed by the society, but also according to the representations which they have of their current situation. They develop strategies to ease their relationship of suffering to the world and join a context obliging them to act according to a rationality limited by the possibilities of the child. They have to succeed in destroying the image of the ideal child to create a possible route with a child not fitting the normative social criteria. This binding context, thanks to their belief in normality, will be exceeded and opened to the others. Our postulate thus bases on the fact of considering the social actors as capable of acting on the world and, within the framework of the handicap, to enchant it again to make it livable
Tostain, Yann. "De l'Unheimliche" à l'"Unglaube" : vers une psychopathologie de l'incroyance." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10096.
Full textRenauld, Marion. "Vous avez dit fiction ? Analyse contextualiste du jugement de fictionalité et approche pragmatiste des oeuvres romanesques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0103/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to clarify the concept of “fiction” as it appears in its ordinary and technical uses, by making explicit its presuppositions and effects. First, we study several theories of fiction given by analytical philosophers, from Frege to Walton; these analyses lead to a mentalist definition in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, as a prescribed attitude of make-believe, a characterization for which we appreciate the merits and limits. Then, against an essentialist approach, we offer a contextualist analysis of the judgment of fictionality, its patterns and motivations. So we introduce a semi-formal apparatus which articulates the seven rules of judgment, their meta-rules and standards that make variable our attributions of fictionality, depending on external ontological, epistemical and ethical issues. Finally, in order to avoid the risk of excessive relativism, we focus on the acts of invention which are at play in the genesis and reception of so-called works of fiction, especially, novels. A pragmatist approach, together with a ternary conceptual framework (Information, Interpretation, Invention) and a study of some literary theories of fiction, allow us to sketch coherent answers to central questions about these expressions coming from our imagination and human creativity
Faucher, Nicolas. "Les garanties de la foi chez les penseurs franciscains du XIIIème siècle et du début du XIVème siècle." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE5062/document.
Full textWe have chosen to study the theories of the nature and mechanism of religious belief put forward by Franciscan thinkers, from 1230 to 1330. Our corpus is comprised of disputed questions from a diversity of theological works written by Franciscans and those who influenced them. We tried to understand what psychological acts and faculties come into play to ensure the firmness of the assent of faith, and in what way our authors justify the very fact of having faith as opposed, for example, to knowledge, and the fact of having a given faith, the catholic one, as opposed to another. According to us, there exist two historical movements: the one which leads from Alexander of Hales to Bonaventure to Olivi and the one which leads from Henry of Ghent to Godfrey of Fontaines to Duns Scotus. We show that these two movements are characterized by the combination of two tendencies. The first one consists in a naturalization of faith: the role of supernatural divine action in the production of the habitus and act of faith is reduced. The second tendency consists in a “voluntarization” of faith: on the one hand, the will plays a more and more crucial role in the carrying out of the act of faith and, on the other hand, the scope of its intervention in the production of human beliefs in general is ever larger. These tendencies still exist in the 14th century, for example in Ockham and Holkot. The justifications of faith follow these two movements: voluntarist models demand practical rather than speculative justifications while the naturalization of faith entails that nothing in the process of production of belief can, for the believer, distinguish the assent of catholic faith from others
Sarg, Rachel. "Incertitudes et croyances : approche sociologique des phénomènes d'adhésions et de réadhésions religieuses en prison." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070036.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the meaning of adherence to religious beliefs and practices in prison inmates experience. Starting from a cognitive approach based on methodological individualism, we will examine three specific and transverse dimensions of this object of study. In the one hand, the practice of a religion in such a specific context as prison, questions the degree of autonomy of individuals evolving in a restricting environment. On the other hand, the aim is to understand the dynamics of beliefs through the interaction between the religious offer and the prison experience. Finally, we are to comprehend the organization and experience of religious pluralism at institutional and individual level. Based on observations and qualitative interviews conducted in three different types of prisons, the study was carried out with inmates, chaplains and prison staff. It highlights the sociological processes that underlie the adhesion to religious beliefs and the mobilization of religious resources in prison, by proposing a modelling of cognitive reports of detainees. This approach considers the prison experience as an experience of cognitive and instrumental uncertainties. Thus, adherence to religious beliefs, attendance to chaplaincies and religious practice are effective resources concerning the reduction of uncertainty experiences
Gaudou, Benoît. "Formalizing social attitudes in modal logic." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/315/.
Full textOne of the most powerful tools to explain and predict an agent's behavior is to describe him thanks to his mental states, such as his beliefs or his intentions. In Artificial Intelligence, many researchers have focused on the formalization in modal logic of these individual mental attitudes, in order to use them in artificial agents. Lots of examples, such as: " The government believes that war will begin soon. ", highlight the fact that attitudes, and beliefs in particular, can be ascribed to a group of agents. Besides it is interesting to notice that, even if the government as a whole believes that war will begin soon, some government members can disagree privately. The first aim of this dissertation is to provide a logical framework to represent the concept of group belief and to describe its features and its links with individual mental attitudes. It also appears that group belief in this sense results from a debate between group members. The second aim of this dissertation is thus to highlight the close link existing between group belief, dialog and speech acts
Rebouillat, Alain. "L'étude de la fécondité et de la génération humaines à travers les croyances médicales, philosophiques et sacrées." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23035.
Full textLimoges, Jean-Marc. "Entre la croyance et le trouble : essai sur la mise en abyme et la réflexivité depuis la littérature jusqu'au cinéma." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19587.
Full textEdoh, Koffi Pierrot. "Les croyances traditionnelles et les motivations chez les élèves en République du Bénin." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2066.
Full textCourtois, Fleur. "Arts de la ruse: pour une expérimentation tactique des sciences humaines à partir de Michel de Certeau." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210363.
Full textDoctorat en Philosophie
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Bernard, Stéphane. "Développement de la représentation des croyances et langage chez le jeune enfant : le rôle de la prise de perspective." Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20042.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the relations between the representation of beliefs and language. More specifically, we try to determine the links between representation of beliefs and conversational practices in a socio-discursive framework. The children's expertise of conversational practices has been measured through conversational perspective taking tasks. Two empirical studies have been conducted so as to measure the links and the developmental relation between conversational perspective taking and representation of beliefs. The first study was transversal and was conducted on 77 children from 4 to 7 years old. This study shows a link between representation of beliefs and conversational perspective taking which does not depend on their chronological age or on their general level of language. The second study was longitudinal and was conducted on 81 children from 3 to 5 years old. It shows that conversational perspective taking does influence the development of representation of beliefs indeed. These results support the idea that conversational practices have a specific influence on the development of young children's representation of beliefs
Ouzilou, Olivier. "Analyse sociale et rationalité épistémique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3063.
Full textMy work aims at examining the specificity and the relevance of what Raymond Boudon calls 'the cognitivist model of belief explanation', through an analysis of the notion of 'epistemic rationality' and an examination of some objections against it. Then I ask the compatibility between this kind of explanation with the common idea in social science that social interests and functional mechanisms are relevant to explain the belief formation process. Finally, I will study the question of the influence of the plurality of explanative factors on the rationality of social agent's beliefs. This interrogation will lead us to an elucidation of the notion of 'epistemic context' and its explanative relevance
Boquet, Caroline. "Du cosmos au sujet : étude socio-anthropologique de l’astrologie occidentale contemporaine." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1018.
Full textAs it definitely seems extinguished, astrology reappeared in France in the early 1930s in the horoscope form, those shorts written predictions firstly spread in newspapers. By the twentieth century, astral divination adapted to new broadcast media to increase its speech audience, with the result that zodiacal messages are today on all our screens. Media have in this way favored the rise of a mass astrology, typically modern and completely new. Apart from horoscopes, astrological speech goes on to be stated more secretely, in the divination consultation during which a surprising face to face happens between astrologer and its customer. Based upon thorough interviews and consultations observations, this thesis offers to discover the specificities of contemporary astrology (contemporary astrological facts). In a comprehensive perspective, it focuses on intentions and representations of those involved in the practice of astral divination. From these elements, the issue is to understand the different reasons requiring the use of astrology in a society ruled by scientific rationality. The results of this research shows that contemporary astrology is not a social product (residue) of an archaic practice. Resolutely modern, it is focused on the subject and its problems, and tries to bring concrete solutions. With astrological individualism, cosmos became human's psyche mirror, subjectivity's symbolical representation. Far from being given theoretically, astrological terms's meanings closely depends of its interpreter point of view. Conceived like the terrestrial world's reflection and its inhabitants, the celestial cartography is used to overcome doubts, anxiety, sufferings that torments the subject and impede his action
Jhean-Larose, Sandra. "L'acquisition de connaissances à partir de textes en fonction des structures de connaissances et de croyances initiales des apprenants." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080838.
Full textThe first part of the thesis groups together five theoretical chapters who introduce the different concepts and theoretical fields of the cognitive semantics to which this approach is tied: the central notion of representation for cognitive sciences, the organisation of these mental representations, the theoretical distinction beetween knowledges and beliefs as well as field of the acquisition of knowledge. The second part of the thesis groups together four experimentations. The first experiment analyses the acquisition of knowledge on the starting system in varying presentation modes (texts vs. Texts + drawing), the semantic coherence of the texts (causal vs. Teleological) and the level of students' expertise. The indicators used are a little demanding in terms of recovering in memory information as opposed to those to will be selected in experiment 2, where free recall is set up. The experiment 3 aims to knowing the mode of organisation of type representations with different levels of expertise. For ths reason, the priming paradigm is used. The experiment 4 is an exploration of state of knowledges beliefs of subjects on the field. The coherence of the field is observed on the one hand inside of individual's model and, on the other hand with reference to the theoretical coherence of the field determined by experimenter
Benferhat, Salem. "Raisonnement non-monotone et traitement de l'inconsistance en logique possibiliste." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30015.
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