Academic literature on the topic 'CRU'
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Journal articles on the topic "CRU"
Charrier, Thérèse. "Cru ôté." Psychanalyse 23, no. 1 (2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psy.023.0007.
Full textTrécourt, Fabien. "Incroyable...mais cru !" Sciences Humaines N° 260, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sh.260.0027.
Full textAlmeida, Leonardo Oliveira de. "O cru exposto." Ciencias Sociales y Religión/Ciências Sociais e Religião 20, no. 29 (December 1, 2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/csr.v20i29.12319.
Full textPhilippon, A., G. Arlet, JL Herrmann, and Ph Lagrange. "Bactériologie : CRU 1993." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80204-5.
Full textSkorping, Arne. "Un grand cru." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, no. 1 (January 2002): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02334-5.
Full textGoetz, Paul. "2006, nouveau cru!" Phytothérapie 4, S1 (February 2006): hs1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-006-0126-1.
Full textUsenko, I. A., A. Yu Kniazev, L. N. Berdnikov, A. B. Fokin, and V. V. Kravtsov. "Spectroscopic studies of southern-hemisphere Cepheids: Three Cepheids in Crux (BG Cru, R Cru, and T Cru)." Astronomy Letters 40, no. 7 (July 2014): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106377371407007x.
Full textУсенко, И. А., А. Ю. Князев, Л. Н. Бердников, А. Б. Фокин, and В. В. Кравцов. "Спектральные исследования цефеид южного полушария. Три цефеиды в созвездии Южного Креста (BG Cru, R Cru и T Cru)." Письма в астрономический журнал: Астрономия и космическая астрофизика 40, no. 07 (2014): 484–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0320010814070079.
Full textPetit, Marie. "Le cru du cul." Cahiers de Gestalt-thérapie 9, no. 1 (2001): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cges.009.0074.
Full textCatsaras, Marc, and Roland Rosset. "Anisakiase et poisson cru." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 3 (1993): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/64164.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "CRU"
Antunes, Lucio Alberto Forti. "Caracterização da flora latica de leite cru." [s.n.], 1985. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254607.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola
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Resumo: Existe, no Brasil, uma carência de informações a respeito da flora lática do leite cru, tal como chega na plataforma de recepção da indústria. Assim, com o objetivo de caracterizar essa flora, foram isoladas, a partir de 50 amostras de leite cru, 300 culturas de bactérias láticas. Para a realização dos isolamentos foi utilizado o meio de cultura agar APT-S, desenvolvido, neste trabalho, a partir do agar APT, pela incorporação de 0,1% de sorbato de potássio, 0,5% de agar e concomitante redução do pH para 6,0, pela adição de ácido lático. Comprovou-se que este meio teve um bom comportamento para contagem e isolamento dos microrganismos do grupo lático, apresentando uma eficiência seletiva nas condições utilizadas. Nenhuma inibição sobre culturas puras de bactérias láticas foi detectada. Dentre os isolados, S. Lactis apresentou uma expressiva predominância, correspondendo a 79,20% do total. As demais espécies isoladas compreenderam: S. lactis subsp diacetylactis, (6,55%), S. lactis subsp cremoris (6,55%), L. casei (4,40%), L. lactis, (2,20%) e Leuconostoc cremoris (1,10%). De todas as espécies isoladas, S. lactis foi encontrado em cem por cento das amostras, enquanto que as demais tiveram um índice de ocorrência inferior a 15%. Tais resultados, possivelmente estão relacionados com as condições ecológicas e de manuseio na fase de produção do leite no país. Na caracterização das culturas isoladas foram determinados: comportamento frente a diferentes temperaturas, atividades acidificantes, tempo de geração e atividades proteolíticas. Foi constatado que varias culturas mostraram capacidade de crescer igualmente nas temperaturas de 21°, 32° e 42°C. Entre os isolados, vários apresentaram atividade acidificante superior aquela normalmente descrita para os microrganismos mesófilos. A metodologia empregada no presente trabalho mostrou -se adequada para o isolamento e seleção do microrganismos láticos com potencialidade de serem empregados como fermentos industriais.
Abstract: There is very little information about the lactic flora of the fresh raw milk by the time it arrives at the reception platform in the dairy industry in Brazil. For this reason, the present research work was undertaken to study 300 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated from 50 raw milk samples. The isolation was performed on APT-S agar medium which was developed during this research by the adaptation of the APT agar through the incorporation of 0.1% of potassium sorbate, 0,5% of bacto agar and pH adjustment to 6.0 with lactic acid. The resulting culture medium proved to be quite suitable for the enumeration and isolation of typical lactic microorganisms. There was a good selectivity under the conditions adopted and no inhibition was detected when tested with known pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria. Among the isolates, S. lactis showes a predominance of 79,20% of the total. The other species were: S. lactis subsp diacetylactis, (6,55%), S. lactis subsp cremoris (6,55%), L. casei (4,40%), L. lactis, (2,20%) e Leuconostoc cremoris (1,10%), S. lactis was also present in one hundred percent of the samples, while the others had occurence values below 15%. These results indicate a possible influence of the production conditions mainly in aspects related to climate and way of handling the raw milk in this country. The characterization of the isolated cultures included different incubation temperatures, acid production activity, gene ration time and proteolytic activity. Several isolates presented regular growth in all three temperatures tested: 21, 32 and 42°C. Also, were detected cultures with higher acid production activity than the results indicated in the literature for similar microorganisms. The isolation sequence utilized in the present research work indicated an adequate procedure for isolation and selection of lactic acid bacteria with good potencial for being used as starter cultures in the dairy industry.
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
Soares, Cláudia Dal Molin. "AVALIAÇÃO DO LEITE DE CABRA CRU, CRU CONGELADO, QUEIJO MINAS FRESCAL E DO SORO POR DIFERENTES PERÍODOS DE TEMPO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5766.
Full textGoat milk, its products and byproducts represent a promising niche for the dairy industry, mainly due to the nutritional benefits and their human health properties, however small production per animal and seasonality are limiting factors in the use of goat's milk, with consequent disruption in the supply of raw material. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the physic chemical quality raw goat milk and frozen raw for different periods, as well as the of minas frescal type cheese and whey obtained this raw material. The experiment was performed with samples of raw goat milk separated into six lots, one representing time zero (in nature) and the other five subjected to slow freezing at -18 ° C for seven, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Minas frescal type cheese were made with each raw material to the final established periods and whey was collected after cheese production. Parameters of titratable acidity, pH, moisture, ash, protein, fat, lactose and instrumental determination of color for frozen raw goat milk, minas frescal type cheese and whey. Similarly, we analyzed the gross income of cheeses. Minas frescal type cheese made with raw fresh material and after 60 days of freezing have been evaluated as to the acceptance of the product (color, odor, flavor and texture) and purchase intent. For safety and quality control of these cheeses, was performed before sensory testing, microbiological analyzes for the samples number analyzed (coliforms at 35 ° C and 45 ° C, Staphylococcus sp. and Salmonella sp.). It was found that freezing the raw goat milk for different periods showed a significant effect on the values of the analyzes of acidity of raw milk and minas frescal type cheese, the pH of goat whey in the yield of cheese and the chromaticity coordinates a * and b * of cheeses. For moisture, ash, protein, fat and lactose samples of raw goat's milk and frozen raw, minas frescal type cheese and lactoso no significant differences were observed. As for the sensory analysis the tests of color, odor, flavor and texture, such as purchase intent of minas frescal type cheese made with goat milk at time zero and after 60 days of freezing no was significant difference between the two products. Microbiological results were within the specified limits of the Brazilian law and literature.
O leite caprino, seus produtos e subprodutos representam um nicho promissor para a indústria láctea, devido principalmente aos benefícios nutricionais e suas propriedades para a saúde humana, porém a pequena produção por animal e a sazonalidade são fatores limitantes na utilização de leite de cabra, com consequente descontinuidade no fornecimento de matéria-prima. Portanto, o presente estudo buscou avaliar a qualidade físico-química do leite caprino cru e cru congelado por diferentes períodos, assim como, a do queijo tipo minas frescal e do soro obtidos dessa matéria prima. O experimento foi realizado com amostras de leite de cabra cru separadas em seis lotes, um representando o tempo zero (in natura) e os outros cinco submetidos ao congelamento lento a -18ºC, por sete, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. Os queijos tipo minas frescal foram elaborados com cada matéria-prima ao final dos períodos estabelecidos e o soro foi coletado após a fabricação dos queijos. Foram analisados os parâmetros de acidez titulável, pH, umidade, cinzas, proteínas, gordura, lactose e determinação instrumental de cor para o leite caprino cru congelado, queijo tipo minas frescal e soro. Da mesma forma, analisou-se o rendimento bruto dos queijos. Os queijos tipo minas frescal elaborados com matéria-prima no tempo zero e aos 60 dias de congelamento foram avaliados sensorialmente quanto à aceitação do produto (cor, odor, sabor e textura) e intenção de compra. Para segurança e controle da qualidade destes queijos, foi realizado antes do teste sensorial, análises microbiológicas para todas as amostras analisadas (coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C, Staphylococcus sp. e Salmonella sp.). Verificou-se que o congelamento do leite de cabra cru por diferentes períodos mostrou efeito significativo nos valores das análises de acidez do leite cru e do queijo tipo minas frescal, no pH do soro caprino, no rendimento do queijo e nas coordenadas de cromaticidade a* e b*. Para os teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína, gordura e lactose das amostras de leite de cabra cru e cru congelado, queijo tipo minas frescal e soro não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Quanto à análise sensorial dos parâmetros cor, odor, sabor e textura, assim como para a intenção de compra dos queijos tipo minas frescal elaborados com o leite caprino no tempo zero e aos 60 dias de congelamento, não houve diferença significativa entre os dois produtos. Os resultados microbiológicos obtidos apresentaram-se dentro dos limites previstos da legislação brasileira e literatura consultada.
Frühling, Simone Walbrink. "Modelagem matemática do crescimento bacteriano no leite cru." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIJUI, 2013. http://bibliodigital.unijui.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1640.
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Sampaio, Livia. "Funny Games: o cinema cru de Michael Haneke." Faculdade de Comunicação, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/23551.
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Esta pesquisa aborda as estratégias narrativas e estéticas articuladas no filme Funny Games (1997), do diretor austríaco Michael Haneke, a fim de causar determinadas sensações no espectador. Pretende-se identificar de que forma o estupor causado por este filme, considerado violento e cruel, ao invés de sentenciar o Haneke a um provável ostracismo, abriu as portas do disputado mercado internacional para seus filmes posteriores, com a peculiaridade de ter um remake norte-americano, feito pelo próprio diretor, dez anos depois. No primeiro momento serão analisados os elementos que dão forma ao filme. Para o estudo da narrativa será priorizado o trabalho de Paul Ricoeur. As abordagens de David Bordwell embasarão questões específicas da arte cinematográfica, tanto relacionadas com a narrativa quanto com o estilo. Em seguida, serão apresentados alguns dados sobre a recepção dos filmes de Michael Haneke para contextualizar a reação do espectador de Funny Games no universo fílmico do diretor. Por fim, será feita a análise deste filme, no âmbito de produção dos seus filmes austríacos, com o propósito de mostrar que as emoções convocadas por Funny Games são fruto das estratégias calculadas com precisão para impactar o público através de uma trama que coloca em evidência uma prática perturbadora: a crueldade. Como resultado, pretende-se demonstrar que a elaboração rigorosa de Haneke é a chave para manter e ampliar a visibilidade sobre seus filmes, que persistem nos temas indigestos.
This research addresses the narrative and aesthetic strategies in the film Funny Games (1997), by the Austrian director Michael Haneke, articulated with the purpose of causing certain sensations in the viewer. The aim is to identify how the stupor caused by this film, considered violent and cruel, instead of sentencing Haneke to a probable ostracism, opened the doors of the disputed international market for his later films, with the peculiarity of having an American remake, made by the director himself, ten years later. At first we will consider the elements that form the film. For the analysis of the narrative we will prioritise the work of Paul Ricoeur. The approaches of David Bordwell will support specific issues of the cinematic art, both related to the narrative as to the style. Then we introduce some data on the reception of Michael Haneke’s films, to contextualise the Funny Games viewer's reaction in the filmic universe of the director. Finally, we will analyse the film, in the context of the production of Haneke’s Austrian movies, with the purpose of showing that the emotions convened by Funny Games are the result of strategies precisely calculated to impact the public through a plot that highlights a disturbing practice: cruelty. With that, we intend to demonstrate that Haneke’s rigorous development is the key to maintaining and increasing the visibility of his movies, that persist with hard to digest, disturbing themes.
Machado, Solimar Gonçalves. "Serratia and Pseudomonas as important heat-resistant protease producers in cold raw milk." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6784.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A estocagem de leite cru sob temperatura de refrigeração não impede o crescimento de bactérias psicrotróficas produtoras de proteases termorresistentes que comprometem a qualidade e reduzem a vida de prateleira de produtos lácteos. Para minimizar os problemas tecnológicos resultantes da atividade proteolítica, é desejável que proteases sejam detectadas e quantificadas em leite cru por um método rápido. No entanto, não existe um método eficiente para este fim. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar as espécies psicrotróficas com potencial de deterioração predominantes em leite cru brasileiro; identificar e caracterizar as proteases resistentes ao calor produzidas por esta microbiota e desenvolver um método rápido para detectar estas proteases em amostras de leite. As condições de armazenamento sob refrigeração foram simuladas e as bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas foram isoladas. As bactérias produtoras de proteases termorresistentes foram agrupadas após análise por Rep-PCR. Os testes bioquímicos e o sequenciamento dos genes rDNA 16S e rpoB foram utilizados para identificar representantes de cada grupo. Uma protease termorresistente produzida por Serratia liquefaciens foi caracterizada e o gene que codifica esta enzima foi identificado após análise dos peptídeos trípticos da protease por espectrometria de massa. Placas de microtitulação revestidas com caseína marcada com biotina foram utilizadas para quantificar a atividade proteolítica de amostras de leite e de proteases diluídas em solução tampão. Os isolados bacterianos altamente proteolíticos foram separados em oito grupos diferentes e quatro padrões únicos. Os isolados com potencial proteolítico são correspondentes à espécie Serratia liquefaciens e ao gênero Pseudomonas. Isolados de S. liquefaciens podem produzir uma metaloprotease termorresistente ao tratamento de 95 °C por 8,45 min, identificada como Ser2, com massa molar de, aproximadamente, 52 kDa e semelhante à protease AprX de Pseudomonas spp. Embora sequências de nucleotídeos do gene ser2 sejam conservadas entre os isolados de S. liquefaciens, o potencial de deterioração das estirpes é heterogêneo indicando diferenças nos níveis de expressão gênica, enzima viii ou modificações pós-transcricionais. O imunoensaio desenvolvido neste estudo foi eficiente para a quantificação da atividade de tripsina, papaína, pepsina, termolisina e protease de pâncreas bovino. No entanto, novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para minimizar a influência dos componentes da amostra de leite nesta técnica para permitir a detecção acurada de proteases. Este trabalho destaca o elevado potencial de deterioração da microbiota encontrada em amostras de leite cru, além do desenvolvimento de um ensaio promissor, útil para a indústria de lacticínios, para detecção e quantificação de atividade proteolítica resultante das práticas agrícolas inadequadas nas propriedades produtoras de leite.
The storage of raw milk at cold temperatures does not prevent growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, which can produce heat-resistant proteases that compromise the quality and reduce the shelf life of dairy products. To minimize the technological problems resulting from proteolytic activity, these enzymes should be detected and quantified in raw milk before processing by a rapid method. However, there is no efficient method for this purpose. This work aimed to identify the predominant psychrotrophic species with spoilage potential in Brazilian raw milk, to identify and characterize the heat-resistant proteases produced by this microbiota and to developed a rapid method to detect these proteases in raw milk samples. The cold storage conditions were simulated and the psychrotrophic proteolytic bacteria isolated. The heat-resistant protease-producing bacteria were typing by Rep-PCR and clustered. Biochemical tests, 16S rDNA and rpoB gene sequencing were used for identifying one representative isolate from each cluster. The heat-resistant protease produced by Serratia liquefaciens was characterized. The encoding gene was identified after mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides from the heat-resistant protease. The biotinylated casein was coated on microtiter plates and used as substrate to quantify proteolytic activity in solution and milk samples. Highly proteolytic strains were identified and characterized. The isolates were separated into eight different clusters and four solitary fingerprints. The most proteolytic isolates belonged to Serratia liquefaciens and Pseudomonas species. The S. liquefaciens isolates may produce Ser2, which is a a metalloprotease resistant to the heat treatment of 95 °C for 8.45 min. This metalloprotease showed a molecular weight of approximately, 52 kDa and a heat- resistance similar to AprX from Pseudomonas spp. Although nucleotide sequences of ser2 gene were conserved among S. liquefaciens isolates, the spoilage potential among them was heterogeneous indicating differences in enzyme expression levels or post-transcriptional modifications. The developed immunoassay was efficient for quantification of trypsin, papain, pepsin, thermolysin and protease from bovine x pancreas activity. However, further research should be performed to minimize the influence of milk components on the developed assay for detecting proteases in milk samples. This work highlighted the poor conditions of hygiene in milk farms and the high spoilage potential of the microbiota found in raw milk samples besides the development of a promising assay for detection and quantification of proteolytic activity useful for dairy industry.
Oliveira, Gabriel Silva. "Biofilme multiespécie formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite cru." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/21495.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A formação de biofilmes nas indústrias de alimentos é caracterizada, inicialmente, pelo acúmulo de materiais orgânicos em superfícies, sobre as quais comunidades bacterianas podem se formar. Estas estruturas tornam as células mais resistentes e de difícil remoção durante o processo de higienização e representam fonte potencial de contaminação dos alimentos. Objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar a formação de biofilmes multiespécie em cupons de aço inoxidável pela microbiota contaminante do leite cru e analisar sua diversidade. Foram utilizadas duas amostras de leite, um recém-ordenhado e outro granelizado, com contaminação média de 10 4 UFC/mL e 10 6 UFC/mL de aeróbios mesófilos, respectivamente. Cupons de aço inoxidável foram mantidos imersos no leite a 7 + 2 oC e, a cada dois dias, o leite cru foi trocado por outro de mesma procedência. A formação do biofilme foi acompanhada por contagem padrão em placas das células sésseis e por microscopia de epifluorescência ao longo de 10 dias. No décimo dia, os biofilmes foram observados também por microscopia confocal a laser para determinar a estrutura em seu estado hidratado e visualizar a viabilidade celular. Para analisar a diversidade do biofilme multiespécie, foi utilizada a Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE). As bandas de DNA foram obtidas após amplificação do material genético extraído das células do biofilme utilizando oligonucleotídeos universais para o domínio Bacteria. O número de células sésseis no biofilme formado a partir do leite recém-ordenhado alcançou contagem de 10 5 UFC/cm 2 de psicrotróficos no décimo dia, enquanto o biofilme formado na presença do leite granelizado atingiu 10 6 UFC/cm 2 . A partir do 4o dia de incubação foi observado, pela microscopia de epifluorescência, nos cupons imersos no leite granelizado, aglomerados celulares que possivelmente se tratavam de biofilme, enquanto nos cupons imersos no leite recém- ordenhado essas estruturas foram observadas a partir do 8o dia. Nos cupons que ficaram imersos no leite recém-ordenhado não se visualizou biofilme pela microscopia confocal a laser, enquanto que cupons imersos no leite granelizado foram observados biofilmes com espessuras em torno de 18 μm, com células viáveis desde a base até o ápice. Houve similaridade de 85 % entre a comunidade do biofilme formado na presença das amostras de leite utilizadas. Entretanto, no biofilme formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite recém-ordenhado, a diminuição na diversidade foi observada ao longo dos dias 6, 8 e 10 de incubação, enquanto no biofilme formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite granelizado a diversidade aumentou ao longo do tempo de incubação. Pode-se concluir que a microbiota contaminante do leite cru refrigerado pode se aderir nas superfícies de aço inoxidável e formar biofilmes multiespécies e o grau de contaminação influencia no tempo de formação dessas estruturas.
The formation of biofilms in the food industry is characterized initially by the accumulation of organic materials on surfaces on which bacterial communities can form. These structures make the cells more resistant and difficult to remove during the hygiene process and represent a potential source of food contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of multispecies biofilms in stainless steel coupons by the contaminating microbiota of raw milk and to analyze its diversity. It used two milk samples, one freshly milked and the other bulk tanks, with a mean contamination of 10 4 CFU/mL and 10 6 CFU/mL of mesophilic aerobes, respectively. Stainless steel coupons were kept immersed in the milk at 7 ± 2 oC and, every two days, raw milk was exchanged for another of the same origin. Biofilm formation was monitored by standard counting on sessile cells and by epifluorescence microscopy over 10 days. On the tenth day, biofilms were also observed by laser confocal microscopy to determine the structure in its hydrated state and visualize cell viability. In order to analyze the diversity of the multispecies biofilm, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used. The DNA bands were obtained after amplification of the genetic material, extracted from the biofilm cells and using universal oligonucleotides for the Bacteria domain. The number of sessile cells in the biofilm formed from the freshly milked milk reached a count of 10 5 CFU/cm 2 of psychrotrophs on the tenth day, while the biofilm formed in the presence of the bulk tanks milk reached 10 6 CFU/cm 2 . From the 4 th day of incubation was observed by epifluorescence microscopy, in the coupons immersed in the bulk tanks milk, cell agglomerates that were possibly biofilms, while in the coupons immersed in the freshly milked milk these structures were observed from the 8 th day. In the coupons that were immersed in the freshly milked milk, no biofilm was visualized by laser confocal microscopy, while coupons immersed in the bulk tanks milk were observed biofilms with thicknesses around 18 μm, with viable cells from the base to the apex. There was a similarity de 85% between the community of the biofilm formed in the presence of the milk samples used. However, in the biofilm formed by the contaminating microbiota of freshly milked milk, a decrease in diversity was observed throughout days 6, 8 and 10 of incubation, while in the biofilm formed by the contaminating microbiota of bulk tanks milk the diversity increased over the time of incubation. It can be concluded that the contaminating microbiota of the refrigerated raw milk can adhere to the stainless steel surfaces and form multispecies biofilms and the degree of contamination influences the formation time of these structures.
Currículo Lattes não encontrado.
VALENÇA, Luciana Martins. "Qualidade do leite cru produzido no agreste de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5084.
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Quality and food safety have received increasing attention of the world population, especially in relation to chemical and microbiological hazards in foods. The presence of antibiotic residues at levels above the maximum residue limit (MRL) renders the milk unsuitable for use in industry and human consumption, since no technological treatment can degrade these substances, without compromising the nutritional value of milk. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk produced in rural Pernambuco. 184 samples were collected, between winter 2012 and summer 2013, the producers supplying raw milk to dairy Federal Inspection Service (SIF), State Inspection Service (SIE) and No Inspection Service (SSI). For detection of antibiotic residues used liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results of physicochemical and CCS in general, were in accordance with Instruction 62 (IN 62, MAP). As for CBT, there was significant difference between the inspection services: over 80% of the results for SIF were in accordance with the IN 62, while for SIE and SSI less than 50% achieved the same result. Qualitative analysis of multiresidues, none had violation for antibiotics analyzed. The quantitative analysis of a sample -lactams, the producers supplying the dairy SIE in the summer of 2013, showed superior results to the MRLs for cloxacillin (464 ppb). So the milk produced in the arid zone of Pernambuco caters generally to the values established by legislation for chemical composition, SCC and antibiotic residues. However, for SIE and SSI CBT results were largely in excess of the limits established by law.
Qualidade e segurança alimentar têm recebido cada vez mais atenção da população mundial, especialmente em relação a perigos microbiológicos e químicos presentes nos alimentos. A presença de resíduos de antibióticos em níveis acima do limite máximo de resíduo (LMR) torna o leite inadequado para uso na indústria e consumo humano, uma vez que nenhum tratamento tecnológico pode degradar essas substâncias, sem comprometer o valor nutricional do leite. O presente estudo teve o objetivo avaliar a composição química, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e presença de resíduos de antibiótico no leite cru produzido no agreste de Pernambuco. Foram coletadas 184 amostras, entre o inverno de 2012 e o verão de 2013, de produtores que fornecem leite cru para laticínios com Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE) e Sem Serviço de Inspeção (SSI). Para detecção de resíduos de antibióticos utilizou-se cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa (LC-MS/MS). Os resultados físico-químicos e de CCS, em geral, estavam em conformidade com a Instrução Normativa 62 (IN 62, MAPA). Já para CBT, houve diferença significativa entre os serviços de inspeção: mais de 80% dos resultados para SIF estavam em conformidade com a IN 62, enquanto, para SIE e SSI menos de 50% alcançaram o mesmo resultado. Na análise qualitativa de multirresíduos, nenhuma amostra apresentou violação para os antibióticos analisados. Na análise quantitativa de -lactâmicos uma amostra, dos produtores que fornecem a laticínios com SIE, no verão de 2013, apresentou resultado superior ao LMR para cloxacilina (464 ppb). Portanto, o leite produzido no Agreste de Pernambuco atende, em geral, aos valores estabelecidos pela legislação vigente para composição química, CCS e resíduos de antibióticos. No entanto, para SIE e SSI os resultados de CBT estavam, em grande parte, superiores aos limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente.
Meduri, Beatriz. "Determinação de caseína e ácidos graxos livres em leite cru bovino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-13022012-151522/.
Full textThe casein and the free fatty acids (FFA) are important milk components related to its industrial and sensory characteristics. Some factors are responsible for changes in their concentration among them can highlight the storage conditions, as well as agitation and, especially, the somatic cell count (SCC). To study such changes, we assessed through the present study the effect of storage temperature (-20oC and 7oC) and the age of samples (3, 6, 9 e 12 days), as well as the CCS (CCS1: 400 mil; CCS2: 400-750 mil; CCS3: 750 mil somatic cells/mL of milk). The effect of CCS storage conditions on casein and FFA was evaluated in the first study. The effect of CCS on casein and FFA moreover, was evaluated in the second study. In the first study, it was observed increased levels the AGL over time, ie, accompanying the increase of the storage period, with means higher in refrigerated samples (7oC), in relation to frozen samples (- 20oC). Thus, it is suggested that laboratory examinations shall be performed up to three days to this component, due to their progressive increase in refrigerated samples. For casein, however, was not identified interaction between the factors age and temperature. The mean of this component did not differ considering the storage conditions, indicating that the analyzes for this component can be made until twelve days after collection, regardless of storage temperature. In the second study, we identified interactions between CCS classes and seasons, for casein. From the FFA results, we can conclude that milk meets with high concentrations of this component, when collected in the rural property, being also observed influence of CCS on concentrations of casein and FFA in raw milk. The FFA showed significant increases compared to samples collected at different locations on the path from farm to industry. On the other hand, comparing the same locations, tank, route and silo, the casein average did not differ. Correlation was observed between the variables casein and CCS and FFA and CCS.
ARAÚJO, Flávia Isabel da Rocha Oliveira. "Clostridium estertheticum em leite cru e em queijos parmesão e provolen." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1443.
Full textThe spoilage of semicooked and cooked cheeses and semihard and hard cheeses, known as late blowing, has been the focus of some studies. Some microorganisms already had been related with this spoilage including some species of Clostridium, as C. tyrobutiricum, C. butyricum, C. sporogenes and C. beijerinckii. A new species, C. estertheticum, is being incriminated in the spoilage of cooled meats packed the vacuum, which presents similar characteristics to the late blowing in cheeses, as gas production with blowing of the packing, fort flavor of rancid and presence of acid butyl. However, did not have a story on the occurrence of C. estertheticum in raw milk and cheeses. The present work evaluated 32 samples of raw milk proceeding from country properties of Goiás and 95 samples of cheeses commercialized parmesan and provolone in the retail market of Goiânia, produced in different States of Brazil. C. estertheticum was detected using of the Polimerase Chain Reaction with two pairs of primers, RF/RR and 16SEF/16SER. The effect of the not-selective enrichment of the samples in broth BHI was evaluated, in three incubation periods, five, ten and 30 days 10ºC in anaerobes. The genomics DNA was extracted following the methodology fenol:clorofórmio. The gotten results disclose to the occurrence of C. estertheticum in samples of raw milk (34,4%) and samples of cheeses parmesan and provolone (17,9%). The highest leves of C. estertheticum was gotten in the cheeses parmesan and provolone with signals of spoilage (50,0%) and normal (29,6%) and in provolone with spoilage signals (25,0%). C. estertheticum was detected with the two pairs of primers used in the amplification, being the totality of positives only gotten when it associated the two pairs. The daily pay-enrichment for extraction of the genomics DNA substantially influenced in the detention of the microorganism being the period of 10 days, what it provided better resulted for pair RF/RR. C. estertheticum was found in samples of cheeses proceeding from all the analyzed States, and in raw milk samples harvested in Goiás, what it indicates its dissemination in Brazil
A deterioração de queijos semicozidos e cozidos ou semiduros e duros, conhecida como tufamento tardio, tem sido o foco de vários estudos. Alguns microrganismos já foram relacionados com esta deterioração incluindo algumas espécies de Clostridium, como C. tyrobutiricum, C. butyricum, C. sporogenes e C. beijerinckii. Uma nova espécie, C. estertheticum, está sendo incriminada na deterioração de carnes refrigeradas embaladas a vácuo, que apresenta características semelhantes ao tufamento tardio em queijos, como produção de gás com distensão da embalagem, forte odor de ranço e presença de ácidos butíricos. No entanto, não havia nenhum relato sobre a ocorrência de C. estertheticum em leite cru e queijos. O presente trabalho avaliou 32 amostras de leite cru provenientes de propriedades rurais de Goiás e 95 de queijos parmesão e provolone comercializados no mercado varejista de Goiânia, produzidos em diferentes Estados do Brasil. C. estertheticum foi detectado por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase com dois pares de primers, RF/RR e 16SEF/16SER. O efeito do enriquecimento não-seletivo das amostras em caldo BHI foi avaliado em três períodos de incubação, cinco, dez e 30 dias, a 10ºC em anaerobiose. O DNA genômico foi extraído seguindo a metodologia do fenol:clorofórmio. Os resultados obtidos revelam a ocorrência de C. estertheticum em amostras de leite cru (34,4%) e de queijos parmesão e provolone (17,9%). A maior positividade foi obtida nos queijos parmesão e provolone com sinais de deterioração (50,0%) e normais (29,6%) e no provolone com sinais de deterioração (25,0%). C. estertheticum foi detectado com os dois pares de primers utilizados na amplificação, sendo a totalidade de positivos obtida somente quando se associou os dois pares. O pré-enriquecimento para extração do DNA genômico influenciou substancialmente na detecção do microrganismo sendo o período de 10 dias, o que proporcionou melhores resultados para o par RF/RR. C. estertheticum foi encontrado em amostras de queijos provenientes de todos os Estados analisados, e em amostras de leite cru colhidos em Goiás, o que indica sua disseminação no Brasil
Barletta, Rafael Villela. "Grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-11012012-162657/.
Full textThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of inclusion of crude soybean and full in feeding of dairy cows in early lactation and their effects on intake and dry matter digestibility and nutrients, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, yield and milk composition, fatty acids profile of milk fat, concentrations of blood parameters, energy and nitrogen balance, excretion and composition of soybean present in faeces and productive performance. A total of 12 holstein cows, grouped in three latin squares balanced and contemporary 4x4, fed the following diets: 1) control (C), composed of feed without the inclusion of soybean, 2) grain soybean 8% (G8), 3) grain soybean 16% (G16), and 4) grain of soybean 24% (G24), using respectively 8.0, 16.0 and 24% of whole raw soybean in the diet, in dry matter. Milk yield and dry matter intake were measured daily throughout the experimental period. The samples used for analysis of milk composition were collected on the 16th day of each period, and from the two milkings. Blood samples were collected in tubes by venipuncture vacuolated and/or coccygeal artery. Samples of rumen fluid were collected with use of gavage three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined by means of an internal indicator iADF. A reduction in dry matter intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates in cows fed the G24 ration compared to other diets, which did not differ. Increased linear effect was observed in the ether extract intake in the consumption of fat, where the animals submitted to G24 diet presented higher values. Total apparent digestibility of the nutrients between experimental diets, and the G24 diet showed decreased crude protein digestibility compared to diets C, G8 and G16. No effect of diets used in the values of rumen pH. The rumen ammonia concentration was higher (P<0.05) for cows that received the control diet compared to diets with soybean. Among the rations, ration G24 resulted in decreased milk yield and protein in Kg/day. The levels in milk protein, fat and lactose were not affected by fat sources added to the diet, just as the fatty acid profile of milk fat did not significantly change. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL were higher for cows fed diets containing soybean in relation to the control diet. The urea and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum and milk were similar between the rations. The rations did not affect microbial protein synthesis. The energy balance was not influenced by experimental diets. There was an effect of experimental diets on nitrogen balance, where the G16 ration presented better result, and fecal nitrogen excretion was higher for G24 diet. Regarding the composition of faeces G24 diet showed larger percentages of protein and fat, and excretion of soybean in the feces showed a increasing linear effect, as well as the increased levels of inclusion of grain increased excretion in the faeces. The use of different levels of soybean in the diet alter the intake, productive performance and metabolism in dairy cows, and the results being dependent on the stage of the level of raw and integral soybean added to diets.
Books on the topic "CRU"
Jourdan, Andrea. Complètement cru. Montréal, Québec: Les Éditions de l'Homme, 2013.
Find full textCopyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Grand cru. New York: Forge, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "CRU"
Ludington, Charles C. "Inventing Grand Cru Claret." In The Irish in Eighteenth-Century Bordeaux, 231–53. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003274261-13.
Full textHüttner, W. "132 CRu X 1Σ+ Ruthenium carbide." In Diamagnetic Diatomic Molecules. Part 1, 179–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69954-5_134.
Full textPalmer, Jerry. "After the War and the Norton Cru Quarrel." In Memories from the Frontline, 191–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78051-1_11.
Full textPalpacelli, Matteo, Luca Carbonari, Giacomo Palmieri, and Massimo Callegari. "Mobility Analysis of Non-overconstrained Reconfigurable Parallel Manipulators with 3-CPU/3-CRU Kinematics." In Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots II, 189–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23327-7_17.
Full textValtier, J. C., E. Chapellier, and J. M. Le Contel. "Period Variations in the Beta Cep Star β Cru." In Pulsation, Rotation and Mass Loss in Early-Type Stars, 25–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1030-3_7.
Full textZhang, Dan, Zhen Gao, and Jijie Qian. "Portable Multi-axis CNC: A 3-CRU Decoupled Parallel Robotic Manipulator." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 418–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16584-9_41.
Full textSingh, Asha Devi, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, and Mohammed Sharif. "Trend Analysis of Temperature Using CRU Data for Satluj River Basin." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 893–904. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2_72.
Full textLépine, Jacques R. D., and Marília J. Sartori. "The Oph-Sco-Lup-Cen-Cru-Mus-Cha Star-formation Region." In Open Issues in Local Star Formation, 63–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2600-5_7.
Full textCosta, ALR, LS Lino, AP Souza, IGC Santos, CMO Lobo, and JC Ribeiro Júnior. "QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DE LEITE CRU CLANDESTINO COMERCIALIZADO EM ARAGUAÍNA TOCANTINS." In ANAIS DO III CONGRESSO REGIONAL DE SANIDADE ANIMAL E SAÚDE PÚBLICA E XIII SEMANA ACADÊMICA DE MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA DA UFT - 2020, 59. Teresina: Wissen Editora, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52832/wed.36.184.
Full textPutrayudanto, Pradiktio, Latifah Nurahmi, and Guowu Wei. "Multi Operation Modes of 4-CRU Parallel Mechanism For 3D-Printing Building." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4477-4_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CRU"
Blöcher, Marcel, Malte Viering, Stefan Schmid, and Patrick Eugster. "The Grand CRU Challenge." In SIGCOMM '17: ACM SIGCOMM 2017 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3094405.3094407.
Full textFerreira, Daniel Santos, and Andrea Carla Dalmolin. "Efeito do petróleo cru e da fração dissolvida sobre germinação de sementes e propágulos." In 7º Congresso de Iniciação à Pesquisa, Criação e Inovação. GM Editorial, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61202/2595-9328.7cipcisb0068.
Full textFerreira, Daniel Santos, and Andrea Carla Dalmolin. "Efeito do petróleo cru e da fração dissolvida sobre germinação de sementes e propágulos." In 7º Congresso de Iniciação à Pesquisa, Criação e Inovação. GM Editorial, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61202/2595-9328.7cipcisb0068.
Full textLIma, Ítalo Abreu, Hewerton Barbosa Gomes, Aline Pereira Martins, Henrique Pereira Cazedey, Roberta Hilsdorf Piccoli, Eduardo Mendes Ramos, and Carolina Naves Aroeira. "Análise Microbiológica em Presunto Cru de Cordeiro." In XII Latin American Congress on Food Microbiology and Hygiene. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/foodsci-microal-170.
Full textChen, Yunpeng, Xiaojie Jin, Bingyi Kang, Jiashi Feng, and Shuicheng Yan. "Sharing Residual Units Through Collective Tensor Factorization To Improve Deep Neural Networks." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/88.
Full textHonfoga, John, Mariana Silva, Juliana Lima, Marta Madruga, and Taliana Bezerra. "EFEITO DA ALIMENTAÇÃO ORGANICA NA QUALIDADE DE PRESUNTO CRU." In CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DA AGROINDÚSTRIA. Instituto internacional Despertando Vocações, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31692/iciagro.2020.0156.
Full textLi, Bin, Yangmin Li, Xinhua Zhao, and Weimin Ge. "Comparative study of two 3-CRU translational parallel manipulators." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2014.7090352.
Full textMaziero, João Pedro, Carolina Toledo Santos, Pricila Veiga dos Santos, and Juliano Gonçalves Pereira. "Avaliação do uso de ozônio em temperaturas de leite cru refrigerado na contagem de psicrotróficos." In Semana Online Científica de Veterinária. CONGRESSE.ME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54265/gsri7118.
Full textCallegari, Massimo, Alessandro Cammarata, Andrea Gabrielli, and Rosario Sinatra. "Kinematics and Dynamics of a 3-CRU Spherical Parallel Robot." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35894.
Full textA. S., W. K., l. s. s. p., S. M. F. S., J. J. S. N., and J. P. N. S. "CONTROLE DE QUALIDADE DE LEITE CRU PRODUZIDO NO SERTÃO DA PARAÍBA." In IV ENCONTRO NACIONAL DA AGROINDúSTRIA. Galoa, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/enag-2018-91628.
Full textReports on the topic "CRU"
Need, Ryan F. Cu-Cr Literature Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048824.
Full textGood, D. J., O. R. Eckstrand, A. Yakubchuk, and Q. Gall. World Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr deposit database. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297321.
Full textCIFOR. Nhung bài hoc kinh nghiem ve REDD: Nghiên cuu So sánh Toàn cau ve REDD. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/003028.
Full textFluss, M., L. Hsiung, and J. Marian. Dual and Triple Ion-Beam Irradiations of Fe, Fe(Cr) and Fe(Cr)-ODS Final Report: IAEA SMoRE CRP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034512.
Full textMisra, A., H. Kung, T. E. Mitchell, T. R. Jervis, and M. Nastasi. Microstructures and mechanical properties of sputtered Cu/Cr multilayers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/672097.
Full textNixon, G. T., J. S. Scoates, D. Milidragovic, J. Nott, N. Moerhuis, T J Ver Hoeve, M. J. Manor, and I M Kjarsgaard. Convergent margin Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr ore systems: U-Pb petrochronology and environments of Cu-PGE versus Cr-PGE mineralization in Alaskan-type intrusions. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326897.
Full textBusby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.
Full textBarbee, T. W., A. F. Bello, J. E. Klepeis, and T. Van Buuren. Electronic effects at interfaces in Cu - Cr, Mo, Ta, Re Multilayers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13882.
Full textWang, Ucilia. CRD Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919744.
Full textWang, Ucilia. CRD Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922799.
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