Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crude fibre'

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The objective of this paper was to compare dried corn plant (DCP) as a roughage (R) source for lactating goats to roughages traditionally used for feeding ruminants: alfalfa hay (AH) and coastcross hay (CCH). Twenty-one crossbred goats weighing an average of 66.48 kg were used. After reaching their lactation peak, they were distributed among seven 3 x 3 latin squares. Each experimental diet consisted of one of the roughages fed ad lib plus a commercial concentrate (C) for lactating goats, fed on a basis of 1 kg for every 2.5 kg of milk. Each group, composed by seven animals kept in a collective pen with slatted floor, stayed in each treatment for two weeks; the first week was an adaptation period, whereas milk yield measurements and milk samples were collected during the second week. Dry or as-fed matter intake was higher in AH than in DCP or CCH. No treatment effect on C intake was detected. The higher dry matter intake in AH led to higher intakes of crude protein, ether extract, minerals, nitrogen-free extract, total digestible nutrients and acid detergent fiber, both in R and in the total diet (R + C). No treatment effect was observed for either crude fiber or neutral detergent fiber intakes in R and in R+C. Milk yield and milk PB content were higher in AH than in DCP or CCH; however, milk yield corrected for 3.5% fat and body weight loss were higher in AH than in CCH, but DCP did not differ from the other two treatments. Production cost per kg of milk was lower for DCP than for AH or CCH. The results show that DCP is a valid alternative roughage for dairy goats.

Die zunehmend kritische Betrachtung von Tierhaltungssystemen durch den Verbraucher erfordert eine wissenschaftliche Bewertung der Tiergerechtheit und der arteigenen Bedürfnisse von Nutztieren. Konventionelle ballaststoffarme Schweinemastfutter entsprechen nicht den ethologischen und ernährungsphysiologischen Ansprüchen der Tiere. Verhaltensstörungen sind daher bei Schweinen verbreitet. Der gewählte Forschungsansatz geht davon aus, dass eine erhöhte Befriedigung der Fressmotivation durch rohfaserreiche Futtermittel hier Abhilfe schaffen kann. Daher wurden je 14 Börge über eine Mastperiode mit einer lignocellulosehaltigen Ration gefüttert und mit einer konventionell gemästeten Tiergruppe verglichen. Die Futteraufnahme der Tiere wurde am Fressplatz mit RFID-Respondern registriert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass rohfaserreich gefütterte Schweine langsamer, länger und seltener fraßen und insgesamt weniger Futter aufnahmen. Das lässt auf ein erhöhtes Sättigungsgefühl der Tiere schließen. Das Aktivitäts- und Erkundungsverhalten wurde durch eine Kombination verschiedener Methoden gemessen. Videoanalysen belegten, dass die Tiere beider Gruppen etwa gleich lang ruhten. Die Rohfasertiere zeigten sich dabei weniger empfindlich gegenüber der Umgebungstemperatur. Die Erkundungsintensität, die mittels Respondern gemessen wurde, war ebenfalls nicht durch das Futter beeinflusst. Rohfaserreich gefütterte Schweine zeigten allerdings weniger Interesse an einem Spielzeug und weniger agonistische Auseinandersetzungen. Die Konkurrenz am Futterautomaten war wegen der längeren Fresszeit jedoch erhöht. Vermutlich war die Haltungsumwelt nicht geeignet, bestimmte Unterschiede im Verhalten der Schweine festzustellen. Die Rohfasertiere wuchsen langsamer als die Kontrolltiere, hatten jedoch Schlachtkörper mit erhöhtem Muskelfleischanteil. Die Futterverwertung unterschied sich nicht. Rohfaserreiches Futter verbessert offensichtlich beim Mastschwein die Sättigung und erhöht das Tierwohl.
Animal welfare is of growing importance to consumers of animal products. The development of animal-friendly housing systems and the research on the animal’s requirements are thus aspects of interest. Conventional feeds for fattening pigs are poor in dietary fibre and do not meet the ethologic and nutritional physiologic needs of pigs. This presumably this leads to misdirected behaviour and behavioural disorders, which are widespread in growing pigs. Numerous studies indicate that fibrous feed causes a higher satiation. The thesis on hand is based on the approach that a high level of crude fibre for fattening pigs leads to a reduced motivation to feed and to explore and thus provides relief to the animals. To investigate this, groups of 14 castrated male pigs were fed with a ration containing lignocelluloses during an entire fattening period and were compared to conventionally fed pigs. The feeding pattern of the animals was recorded using RFID responders. Pigs receiving high-fibre feed ate slower, longer and less often and consumed less feed than control pigs. This indicated an improved satiation. Activity and explorative behaviour was measured using various methods. Video analysis showed that both groups performed the same amount of resting behaviour. When choosing a place to rest, high-fibre pigs were less sensitive to their ambient temperature. The intensity of exploration, which was RFID-recorded, was not influenced by the feed. However, high-fibre pigs showed less interest in a toy and less agonistic behaviour. The competition at the feeders was higher, probably because of the prolonged feeding time. Presumably the housing conditions were not suitable for the detection of differences in explorative behaviour between high-fibre and control groups. High-fibre pigs fattened less than control pigs, but delivered better carcasses. The feed conversion was the same for both groups. Fibrous feed apparently enhances satiety in growing pigs and improves animal welfare.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
This essay was part of a ProDer project aiming at measuring and appreciating the natural resources. Was carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária with Fertipadro company as partner. The main goals were the evaluation of five subterranean clover ecotypes (Trifolium subterraneum spp. brachycalycinum), two of pink serradella (Ornithopus sativus), two of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) and one of biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus). Five commercial varieties of subterranean clover and one of pink serradella were sown for comparison with the new ecotypes. Dry matter production, crude protein, crude fiber and dry matter digestibility were evaluated. The results obtained seem to suggest that three of subterranean clover ecotypes and both pink serradella ecotypes present very promising production and qualitative characteristics, for the Mediterranean region

When plants are exposed to multiple environmental stress factors, one form of stress can affect the response to another stress. This study used seedlings of a new cultivar of wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cv. 1862), grown under factorial combinations of two levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B)radiation, two salinity regimes and two levels of iron treatment in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions in a growth chamber. A number of morphological and physiological measurements were made. The accumulation of chlorophyll, UVabsorbing compounds and proline in shoots, as well as phytosiderophores (PSs) in root exudates were measured. Feed value measurements included crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fibre and Fe in shoots and roots. After 21 days of stress exposure, results showed that Fe deficiency and NaCl stress generally decreased plant growth and function as well as nutritive value, but increased plant biochemical protection traits such as proline accumulation (16.3 fold under salinity stress) and release of PSs (2.4 fold under Fe deficiency). Interestingly, UV-B radiation affected belowground parameters, inducing a 47% reduction in PS release, together with decreasing root DM by 9% and Fe concentration in roots by 7%. When Fe deficiency and NaCl stress were combined, the results showed a decrease in PS release by 3.5 fold compared to unstressed plants. UV-B radiation synergistically increased UV-absorbing compound levels in combination with Fe deficiency, compared to plants grown under optimal Fe levels. This stress combination also resulted in a cumulative effect by decreasing Fe concentration in shoots and roots. However, salt stress did not interact with UV-B radiation for any of the traits measured. In addition, some three-way interactions were noted, with the Fe x NaCl x UV-B stress combination slightly decreasing PS release and resulting in a cumulative effect by decreasing Fe concentration in roots. In conclusion, this study found that aboveground stress factors such as UV-B can affect important aspects of belowground plant function, and that Fe deficiency can interact with UV-B and salinity stress in modifying plant responses to either stress alone.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal (TTGI) de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de fibra bruta (5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15%) para pacu. Os experimentos foram realizados no Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. Para o teste de digestibilidade foram utilizados 288 juvenis de pacu (43:1:2,2g) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os animais foram previamente alimentados em aquários e transferidos para coletores de fezes do tipo Guelf Modificado, utilizando-se o método de coleta parcial de fezes. As rações foram marca das com 1% de oxido de cromio para a determinação da digestibilidade da proteína e energia das dietas. No ensaio de TTGI, 288 pacus (48,25:t3,06g) foram distribuídos em 24 aquários em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 1 % oxido de titânio ou cromio que apreseIitam cores diferentes, verde ou branca. Por meio de massagem abdominal foi averiguada periodicamente a cor das fezes. O TTGI foi estabelecido quando as fezes de todos os peixes apresentaram cor verde. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína, matéria seca e energia das dietas foram influenciados pelo aumento do nível de fibra apresentando redução com a elevação deste nutriente nas rações. Da mesma forma, o aumento da fibra reduziu o TTGI. Os peixes alimentados com os três níveis mais altos de fibra (11, 13 e 15%) apresentaram TTGI médio de 18 horas, enquanto os peixes alimentados com os menores níveis (5, 7 e 9%) completaram o TTGI em 20 horas. Conclui-se que em dietas para juvenis de pacu pode-se empregar até 9% de fibra bruta sem efeito negativo na digestibilidade da energia, proteína e matéria seca e sem alterar o TTGI.
This work aimed evaluated the effect of increasing dietary fiber levels (5, 7, 9, lI, 13 and 15%) on pacu digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT). The experiments were developed on São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center. The digestibility trial used 288 pacu juveniles (43:t2,2g) in a completely randomized designo The fish were previouly fed in aquaria and transferred to feces collector of Guelf type, using the partial sampling method. The inert marker on the diets was chromic oxide (1 %) to establish the dietary protein and energy digestibility. In the GTT assay 288 pacu juveniles (48.25:t3.06g) were distributed in 24 aquaria with completely randomizeddesign. Fish were fed with two colored diets, green and white color,. and the color of feces was determined after abdominal pressure. The white and green diets used 1% of titanium and chromic oxides, respectively. The total GTT was determined when all fish showed green feces. The apparent energy and protein digestibility coefficients reduced as dietary fiber levels incresed. Fish fed with high fiber levels (lI, 13 and 15%) completed the GTT in 18 hours, while fish fed lower fiber levels (5, 7 and 9%) completed in 20 hours. These results indicated that 9% of dietary fiber can be used in pacu juveniles diets without negative effects on energy and protein digestibility and GTT.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.
40
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 112-115).
Catastrophic chemical process accidents in the past such as Bhopal (India) and Flixborough (UK) have led to a major increase in societal concerns about the safety of these processing facilities. As the petrochemical industry has changed considerably over the past several decades due to changes in technology, automation control and greater integration of work services, this has led industry operations to become more advanced and complex. Therefore, when accidents occur, they usually have an involvement of multiple factors, which suggests that there are underlying complex systemic problems. Nevertheless, typical accident investigations often show that most accidents were preventable; identifying the cause of the accidents and monitoring warning signs are crucial to preventing the accidents. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a better understanding of the missing causal identification from the use of traditional Swiss cheese base accidental model compared to a structured system-based method. This thesis applies Prof. Leveson's System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, STAMP-CAST, on a case study of the August 2012 Richmond Refinery fire involving a crude unit. Then STAMP-STPA will be use in an example to develop warning signs to detect the deterioration of the Refinery's safety integrity. The analysis identified is complimentary to the refinery and regulatory controls that were not articulately expressed in the company's investigation report. These analyses are included in subsequent sections of this thesis to answer the research question "What could be done differently to understand the causes of accidents and prevent them?"
by Pitiporn Thammongkol.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

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An experiment was realized to compare different methods to determine nutrient digestibility of a dry kibble diet for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Total collection (TC) and internal markers were used to study the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy (GE) of a commercial feline diet with 30.8 % of CP and 23.8% of EE. Acid insoluble ash (AIA), crude fiber (CF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were the marker methods used to estimate the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NFE and GE. Six adult animals, male (n=4) and females (n=2), with average weight of 12.45 ± 1.37 Kg, received the diet during 10 days prior to the total collection period. The AIA method showed no difference from TC (P>0.05) and can be used to determine digestibility coefficients for ocelots. The CF and ADF markers underestimated the digestibility obtained by total collection method and are not recommended to estimate these coefficients in ocelots (P<0.05). It is concluded that the CIA indicator can be used as an alternative to determine the digestibility of dry kibble diets for ocelots
Neste experimento foram comparados os métodos de coleta total de fezes (CT) e indicadores internos para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN) e energia bruta (EB) de ração para jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis). A dieta utilizada foi uma ração comercial, ajustada para gatos domésticos, com 30,8 % de PB e 23,8% de EE. Os indicadores internos avaliados foram a cinza insolúvel em ácido (CIA), fibra bruta (FB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Seis animais adultos, machos (n=4) e fêmeas (n=2), com peso médio (± desvio padrão) de 12,45 ± 1,37 Kg, receberam gradativamente a ração experimental na dieta habitual até o início do experimento e foram submetidos a um período de adaptação de 10 dias anteriores à CT que foi de 12 dias. O método de CIA não apresentou diferença em relação ao de CT (P> 0,05) para todas as variáveis analisadas, enquanto os indicadores FB e FDA subestimaram os coeficientes de digestibilidade obtidos pelo método de CT (P< 0,05). Conclui-se que o indicador CIA pode ser utilizado como alternativa para determinar coeficientes de digestibilidade de dietas para jaguatiricas

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Michael D. Tokach
Eleven experiments using 5,434 growing-finishing pigs were performed in addition to the development of a model to predict dietary NE that yields the greatest economic benefit. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytogenics on growth and carcass performance of growing-finishing pigs. The addition of the combination of two phytogenics products (EOM 1+2) to diets improved ADFI, HCW, and carcass ADG. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences for growth or carcass performance in a second study. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with and without Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, whereas increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio above 20% improved growth and carcass performance when diets contained RAC, pigs fed SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in diets without RAC had reduced growth and carcass performance. Contrary in Exp. 2, pigs fed increasing SID Trp:Lys in diet containing RAC did not provide further performance benefits. Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary SID Lys and CP concentrations in finishing pigs over 100 kg. The SID Lys requirement to obtain 100% of maximum response was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response variable. Growth and carcass performance was maximized in diets containing at least 12% dietary CP. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of SBM concentration and whether dEB, choline, or K are the reasons that performance is reduced when pigs over 100 kg BW are fed low CP diets. Performance was reduced as SBM concentration was reduced in the diet. Choline, K, and dEB do not appear to be the reason that performance is reduced when SBM concentration is decreased in low CP diets fed to pigs over 100 kg BW. A Microsoft Excel®-based model to predict the value of dietary NE that yields the greatest economic return to the production system was developed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the impact of NDF on carcass yield in the model.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami laikomų didžiųjų moliūgų minkštimo cheminės sudėties kitimo duomenys, koreliacijos ryšiai. Tyrimo objektas: laikomi didžiųjų moliūgų vaisiai. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti cheminių junginių kiekio kitimą didžiųjų moliūgų (Cucurbita maxima D.) vaisiuose laikymo metu. Uždaviniai: • Nustatyti didžiųjų moliūgų vaisių minkštimo cheminę sudėtį; • Įvertinti didžiųjų moliūgų cheminės sudėties kitimą laikymo metu; • Jusliškai įvertinti moliūgų vaisių minkštimo kokybę. Tyrimo metodai: Moliūgų vaisių derlius buvo laikomas patalpoje, kurioje aplinkos temperatūra - 14 oC, santykinis oro dėgnis 70 %. Tyrimo rezultatai: • Pirmoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėta moliūgų istorija, maistinė vertė, panaudojimo galimybės. • Antroje darbo dalyje aptariamas tyrimo objektas ir metodika. • Trečioje darbo dalyje pateikiami darbo rezultatai: pagal moliūgų minkštimo cheminę sudėtį, galime teigti, Didžiausias žalios ląstelienos (13,85 %) kiekis, askorbo rūgšties (7,73 mg 100g-1) ir karotenoidų (17,69 mg 100g-1) kiekis, nustatytas 'Amazonka' minkštime. Laikymo metu pastebėtas žalių pelenų kiekio didėjimas 'Karowita' ir 'Justynka' minkštime. Askorbo rūgšties, sausųjų medžiagų, karotenoidų, kalio ir nitratų kiekiai laikymo eigoje, visų tirtų moliūgų minkštime, mažėjo. Jusliškai įvertinus moliūgo minkštimą, galime teigti, pagal skonį, kvapą ir išvaizdą geriausias prieš ir po laikymo buvo 'Justynka' minkštimas.
Research object: great pumpkin fruit storage. Research aim: identify the chemical compounds in the evolution of great pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) fruit during storage. Objectives: • Evaluation of chemical composition of great pumpkin fruit pulp; • Evaluation of great pumpkin chemical composition during their storage; • Pumpkin fruit pulp sesnsory analysis; Research methods: The pumpkin fruits were stored in 14 ºC temperature and 70% air Degn. Research results: o The first part will examine the history of the pumpkin, nutritional value, usability. o The second part deals with the study and methodology. o The third part of the work results: The 'Amazonka' had highest amount of crude fiber (13,85%), ascorbic acid (7,73 mg 100 g -1) and carotenoids (17,69 mg 100 g-1). During the storage raw ash amount increased in 'Karowita' and 'Justynka' varieties pumpkins pulps. Amounts of ascccorbic acid, dry matters, carotenoids, potasium and nitrate decreased during the storage. The best taste, odour and appearance had 'Justynka' pumpkin pulp.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da alimentação com glicerina bruta (GB; 80% de glicerol) - incluída em 10% da MS da dieta, associada ao milho ou casca de soja (CS) em diferentes teores de concentrado (40 - BC ou 60% - AC) sobre a digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal, desempenho, emissão de metano, características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore alimentados em confinamento. Doze novilhos Nelore (401,0 ± 41,5 kg) canulados no rúmen foram usados em um delineamento de quadrado latino truncado replicado, com seis animais em seis tratamentos e quatro períodos para avaliar a fermentação ruminal. Períodos experimentais possuíam 19 dias (14 para adaptação e 5 dias para amostragem). Dietas utilizadas foram: CO - sem GB e milho como ingrediente do concentrado; GBM - inclusão de GB (10% na MS) associada ao milho; GBCS - inclusão de GB (10% na MS) associada á CS. Diferenças em consumo de MS (CMS; P = 0,47), digestibilidade da MS (P = 0,29) e digestibilidade da FDN (P = 0,77) não foram observadas entre dietas. As concentrações de propionato (P < 0,01) e relação acetato:propionato (P < 0,01) foram afetadas pela inclusão de GB nas dietas. As espécies de bactérias e protozoários não foram afetadas pela inclusão de GB nas dietas (P > 0.05). Setenta tourinhos Nelore (373,70 ± 24,70 kg) com 18 meses de idade foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carne. O CMS (P = 0,89) e o GMD (P = 0,98) foram similar entre as dietas. Houve tendência a interação entre teor de concentrado e dietas para emissão de metano (g/kg de MS ingerida; P = 0,07). Animais alimentados com GBM apresentaram melhor eficiência alimentar (g ganho de carcaça (GCr) /kg MS ingerida; P < 0,01). Animais alimentados com GBM ou GBCS apresentaram maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM; P < 0,01) e ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA, 18:2 cis-9, trans-11; P < 0,01). GB pode ser utilizada associada ao ...
This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding crude glycerin (CG) - 80% glycerol - included on 10% of DM diet, associated with corn or soybean hulls (SH) in different concentrate level (CL; 40 or 60%) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation, performance, methane emission, carcass and meat quality traits of Nellore young bulls fed in feedlot. Twelve ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (401.0 ± 41.5 kg) were used in a replicated truncated Latin Square arrangement of treatments with six animals in six treatments and four periods to evaluate the ruminal fermentation. Experimental periods were 19 d (14 d for adaptation and 5 d to sampling). Diets were: CO - without CG and corn as ingredient of concentrate; CGC - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) associated with corn; and CGSH - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) associated with SH. Differences in DMI (P = 0.47), DM digestibility (P = 0.29) and NDF digestibility (P = 0.77) were not observed among the diets. The propionate concentrations (P < 0.01) and A:P ratio (P < 0.01) were affected by inclusion of CG in diets. The bacteria or protozoa species were not affected by inclusion of CG in the diets (P > 0.05). Seventy Nellore bulls with 18 months of age were used to evaluate the performance and meat quality traits. The DMI (P = 0.89) and ADG (P = 0.98) were similar among the diets. The CL and the diets had a tendency an interaction for methane emissions (g) per kg of DMI (P = 0.07). Animals fed CGC had a greater G:F (g carcass gain/kg DMI; P < 0.01). Animals fed diets with CGC or CGSH showed meat with greater deposition of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; P < 0.01) and CLA (18:2 cis-9, trans-11) contents (P < 0.01). CG can be used to replace corn or SH in 10% of diet DM, without affect the DMI, digestibility and growth of microorganisms in the rumen. The inclusion of CG in diets associated with SH in LC diets tends to decrease the methane emission than animals fed with CGSH in HC diets. When CG is ...
FAPESP: 09/18431-2
FAPESP: 10/11043-4
FAPESP: 12/06618-3

Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis
Banca: Emanuel Almeida de Oliveira
Banca: Mário Luiz Chizzotti
Banca: Marco Antônio Álvares Balsalobre
Resumo: Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da alimentação com glicerina bruta (GB; 80% de glicerol) - incluída em 10% da MS da dieta, associada ao milho ou casca de soja (CS) em diferentes teores de concentrado (40 - BC ou 60% - AC) sobre a digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal, desempenho, emissão de metano, características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore alimentados em confinamento. Doze novilhos Nelore (401,0 ± 41,5 kg) canulados no rúmen foram usados em um delineamento de quadrado latino truncado replicado, com seis animais em seis tratamentos e quatro períodos para avaliar a fermentação ruminal. Períodos experimentais possuíam 19 dias (14 para adaptação e 5 dias para amostragem). Dietas utilizadas foram: CO - sem GB e milho como ingrediente do concentrado; GBM - inclusão de GB (10% na MS) associada ao milho; GBCS - inclusão de GB (10% na MS) associada á CS. Diferenças em consumo de MS (CMS; P = 0,47), digestibilidade da MS (P = 0,29) e digestibilidade da FDN (P = 0,77) não foram observadas entre dietas. As concentrações de propionato (P < 0,01) e relação acetato:propionato (P < 0,01) foram afetadas pela inclusão de GB nas dietas. As espécies de bactérias e protozoários não foram afetadas pela inclusão de GB nas dietas (P > 0.05). Setenta tourinhos Nelore (373,70 ± 24,70 kg) com 18 meses de idade foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carne. O CMS (P = 0,89) e o GMD (P = 0,98) foram similar entre as dietas. Houve tendência a interação entre teor de concentrado e dietas para emissão de metano (g/kg de MS ingerida; P = 0,07). Animais alimentados com GBM apresentaram melhor eficiência alimentar (g ganho de carcaça (GCr) /kg MS ingerida; P < 0,01). Animais alimentados com GBM ou GBCS apresentaram maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM; P < 0,01) e ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA, 18:2 cis-9, trans-11; P < 0,01). GB pode ser utilizada associada ao ...
Abstract: This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding crude glycerin (CG) - 80% glycerol - included on 10% of DM diet, associated with corn or soybean hulls (SH) in different concentrate level (CL; 40 or 60%) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation, performance, methane emission, carcass and meat quality traits of Nellore young bulls fed in feedlot. Twelve ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (401.0 ± 41.5 kg) were used in a replicated truncated Latin Square arrangement of treatments with six animals in six treatments and four periods to evaluate the ruminal fermentation. Experimental periods were 19 d (14 d for adaptation and 5 d to sampling). Diets were: CO - without CG and corn as ingredient of concentrate; CGC - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) associated with corn; and CGSH - inclusion of CG (10% of DM) associated with SH. Differences in DMI (P = 0.47), DM digestibility (P = 0.29) and NDF digestibility (P = 0.77) were not observed among the diets. The propionate concentrations (P < 0.01) and A:P ratio (P < 0.01) were affected by inclusion of CG in diets. The bacteria or protozoa species were not affected by inclusion of CG in the diets (P > 0.05). Seventy Nellore bulls with 18 months of age were used to evaluate the performance and meat quality traits. The DMI (P = 0.89) and ADG (P = 0.98) were similar among the diets. The CL and the diets had a tendency an interaction for methane emissions (g) per kg of DMI (P = 0.07). Animals fed CGC had a greater G:F (g carcass gain/kg DMI; P < 0.01). Animals fed diets with CGC or CGSH showed meat with greater deposition of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; P < 0.01) and CLA (18:2 cis-9, trans-11) contents (P < 0.01). CG can be used to replace corn or SH in 10% of diet DM, without affect the DMI, digestibility and growth of microorganisms in the rumen. The inclusion of CG in diets associated with SH in LC diets tends to decrease the methane emission than animals fed with CGSH in HC diets. When CG is ...
Doutor

The current shortage of crude oil from conventional sources has increased interest in developing unconventional resources such as oil sands. Heavy crudes and bitumen are found in Northern Alberta and their exploration, processing, and transport to market pose challenges in the use of these resources. Part of the solution to these challenges involves the reactive thermal processing of heavy crudes and bitumen. This thesis focused on mild thermal cracking reactions, and two studies regarding these reactions were presented. The first was an experimental study performed in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor. The three crude oils were heated to 350, 400, 425, and 450°C at 1240 kPa. A five-lump reaction model combined with a process simulator with VLE calculations was fitted with the experimental data obtained. The goodness of fit between the model predicted values and experimental values for the Hardisty (MBL), Albian Heavy Synthetic (AHS), and Christina Lake Dilute Bitumen (CDB) were determined to be 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Moreover, 80, 85, and 89% of the optimized model’s predicted values had less than 10% error for MBL, AHS, and CDB, respectively. The second study described the implementation of a mild thermal cracking reaction model to the development of a train car fire-model for the assessment of safety aspects in the design of train cars used to transport crude oil. Case studies were conducted using the UniSim® depressuring utility and a previously developed mild thermal cracking reaction model to demonstrate the effect of compositional change. Three crude oils with varying properties and representative of the types of crudes transported by rail in Canada were used here: MBL, AHS, and CDB. The case studies conducted showed the performance of a train car fire-model to be dependent on the crude oil characteristics: up to -57% and -99% difference in model predicted variables for AHS and CDB, respectively, when compared to MBL. Furthermore, the model’s performance was also shown to be affected by the compositional change of a given crude oil due to mild thermal cracking reactions: up to 42% difference in model predicted variables when compared to the base case.

Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Banca: Antônio Cleber da Silva Camargo
Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Elisabeth Cricuolo Urbinati
Banca: Carlo Rossi Del Carratore
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal (TTGI) de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de fibra bruta (5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15%) para pacu. Os experimentos foram realizados no Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. Para o teste de digestibilidade foram utilizados 288 juvenis de pacu (43:1:2,2g) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os animais foram previamente alimentados em aquários e transferidos para coletores de fezes do tipo Guelf Modificado, utilizando-se o método de coleta parcial de fezes. As rações foram marca das com 1% de oxido de cromio para a determinação da digestibilidade da proteína e energia das dietas. No ensaio de TTGI, 288 pacus (48,25:t3,06g) foram distribuídos em 24 aquários em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 1 % oxido de titânio ou cromio que apreseIitam cores diferentes, verde ou branca. Por meio de massagem abdominal foi averiguada periodicamente a cor das fezes. O TTGI foi estabelecido quando as fezes de todos os peixes apresentaram cor verde. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína, matéria seca e energia das dietas foram influenciados pelo aumento do nível de fibra apresentando redução com a elevação deste nutriente nas rações. Da mesma forma, o aumento da fibra reduziu o TTGI. Os peixes alimentados com os três níveis mais altos de fibra (11, 13 e 15%) apresentaram TTGI médio de 18 horas, enquanto os peixes alimentados com os menores níveis (5, 7 e 9%) completaram o TTGI em 20 horas. Conclui-se que em dietas para juvenis de pacu pode-se empregar até 9% de fibra bruta sem efeito negativo na digestibilidade da energia, proteína e matéria seca e sem alterar o TTGI.
Abstract: This work aimed evaluated the effect of increasing dietary fiber levels (5, 7, 9, lI, 13 and 15%) on pacu digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT). The experiments were developed on São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center. The digestibility trial used 288 pacu juveniles (43:t2,2g) in a completely randomized designo The fish were previouly fed in aquaria and transferred to feces collector of Guelf type, using the partial sampling method. The inert marker on the diets was chromic oxide (1 %) to establish the dietary protein and energy digestibility. In the GTT assay 288 pacu juveniles (48.25:t3.06g) were distributed in 24 aquaria with completely randomizeddesign. Fish were fed with two colored diets, green and white color,. and the color of feces was determined after abdominal pressure. The white and green diets used 1% of titanium and chromic oxides, respectively. The total GTT was determined when all fish showed green feces. The apparent energy and protein digestibility coefficients reduced as dietary fiber levels incresed. Fish fed with high fiber levels (lI, 13 and 15%) completed the GTT in 18 hours, while fish fed lower fiber levels (5, 7 and 9%) completed in 20 hours. These results indicated that 9% of dietary fiber can be used in pacu juveniles diets without negative effects on energy and protein digestibility and GTT.
Doutor

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Abstract: The objective of this paper was to compare dried corn plant (DCP) as a roughage (R) source for lactating goats to roughages traditionally used for feeding ruminants: alfalfa hay (AH) and coastcross hay (CCH). Twenty-one crossbred goats weighing an average of 66.48 kg were used. After reaching their lactation peak, they were distributed among seven 3 x 3 latin squares. Each experimental diet consisted of one of the roughages fed ad lib plus a commercial concentrate (C) for lactating goats, fed on a basis of 1 kg for every 2.5 kg of milk. Each group, composed by seven animals kept in a collective pen with slatted floor, stayed in each treatment for two weeks; the first week was an adaptation period, whereas milk yield measurements and milk samples were collected during the second week. Dry or as-fed matter intake was higher in AH than in DCP or CCH. No treatment effect on C intake was detected. The higher dry matter intake in AH led to higher intakes of crude protein, ether extract, minerals, nitrogen-free extract, total digestible nutrients and acid detergent fiber, both in R and in the total diet (R + C). No treatment effect was observed for either crude fiber or neutral detergent fiber intakes in R and in R+C. Milk yield and milk PB content were higher in AH than in DCP or CCH; however, milk yield corrected for 3.5% fat and body weight loss were higher in AH than in CCH, but DCP did not differ from the other two treatments. Production cost per kg of milk was lower for DCP than for AH or CCH. The results show that DCP is a valid alternative roughage for dairy goats.
Mestre

As pastagens ocupam uma grande extensão territorial no Brasil constituindo a principal fonte de alimento para os ruminantes. Entretanto, seu manejo, ainda é frequentemente realizado de forma extensiva e extrativista, tornando a atividade pouco competitiva. O estudo de estratégias de manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua contribui para a diversificação e intensificação dos sistemas de produção de ruminantes baseados em pastagens. O objetivo foi descrever e explicar diferenças no potencial produtivo e nas características qualitativas, através de atributos estruturais e químico-bromatológicos da Brachiaria híbrida (Brachiaria ssp.) Convert HD 364 em resposta ao manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua mimetizada e taxa de lotação variável. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba, no verão de 2013. Foram testadas três intensidades de desfolhação determinadas por alturas de manejo de dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) em combinação com dois ritmos de crescimento (50 e 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1) num arranjo fatorial (3 x 2) e delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Variáveis-resposta medidas incluíram massa, acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem, IAF, composição morfológica e valor nutritivo (Proteína bruta - PB, Fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro- FDN, Digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica - DIVMO) da forragem. Os maiores valores de acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo foram registrados para os dosséis mantidos a 40 cm de altura (12650 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 110 kg MS ha-1 dia-1, respectivamente) e para dosséis adubados com 250 kg N ha-1(13974 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 126 kg MS ha-1dia-1, respectivamente). Esse mesmo tratamento apresentou os maiores valores de IAFs (8,1). A massa de forragem não sofreu influência do N, mas respondeu ao aumento da altura e foi maior para os pastos mantidos a 40 cm (14650 kg MS ha-1). Mais N (250 kg ha-1) resultou em maior proporção de folhas (26 %). Maior proporção de colmo (40%) ocorreu no dosséis de 40 cm e adubados com 50 kg N ha-1 e proporções de material morto foram maiores (49%) nos tratamentos de 10 cm de altura e 50 kg de N ha-1. Dosséis de 10 cm adubados com 50 kg N ha-1, embora com menor produtividade, resultaram em maior DIVMO (670 g kg-1) e PB (153 g kg-1 e 165 g kg-1, para 10 cm e 250 kg N ha-1, respectivamente). O teor de FDN foi maior para 40 cm (545g kg-1) e com 50 kg N ha-1(550 g kg-1). A adubação nitrogenada promove ganhos em produtividade e resulta em forragem com melhor valor nutritivo, enquanto que incrementos em altura do dossel promovem maior acúmulo total e taxa média de acúmulo de forragem, até o ponto em que ocorre estabilidade da produção (25 cm), sendo assim o tratamento que apresentou melhor eficiência produtiva aliada a um bom valor nutritivo foi o com 25 cm de altura do dossel e 250 kg ha-1 de N.
Pastures occupy a large area in Brazil and are key to the country\'s livestock industry, which is almost exclusively forage-based. Grazing management, however, is largely empirical in the country, and technical guidelines for managing specific grasses are either scarce or poorly adopted, which hinders the competitiveness of the activity. Establishing sound management guidelines for key grasses can improve animal output and profitability of the livestock enterprise. The objective was to describe and explain differences in the productive potential and the qualitative traits of Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass through the characterization of agronomic and sward structural attributes as well as forage nutritive in response to three grazing intensities and under two growth rates under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate in a mob-grazing experimental protocol. The study was conducted in Piracicaba, in summer of 2013. Experimental paddocks received treatments corresponding to all possible combinations among three sward heights (10, 25, and 45 cm) and two growth rates generated by two N rates (50 and 250 kg N ha-1) split-applied monthly during the experimental period. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement. Response variables included forage accumulation and accumulation rate, LAI, plant-part composition of forage on offer, as well as plant-part composition and nutritive value (crude protein - CP, neutral detergent insoluble fiber - NDF digestibility in vitro organic matter - IVDMD) of forage. The highest values of forage accumulation and accumulation rate were recorded for swards kept at 40 cm (12650 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 110 kg ha-1 d-1, respectively) and for swards fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 (13974 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 126 kg DM ha-1 day-1, respectively). This same combination resulted the highest LAI (8.1). Forage mass was affected by sward height but not by N rates being higher for 40-cm (14650 kg DM ha-1). Treatments with higher N (250 kg ha-1) resulted in forage with a higher proportion of leaf (26%). Higher percentages of stem (40%) were measured in swards grazed at 40 cm and fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 while the proportion of dead material was higher (49%) in 10-cm swards receiving 50 kg N ha-1 of N. Swards kept at 10 cm and receiving 50 kg N ha-1, although less productive, resulted in forage with higher IVOMD (670 g kg-1). Forage in 10-cm swards had 153 g kg-1 crude protein and that from swards receiving 250 kg N ha-1 had 165 g kg-1. Neutral detergent fiber concentration was higher in forage from 40-cm swards (545 g kg-1) and from those receiving 50 kg N ha-1 (550 g kg-1), which is also associated with the maturity of the tissues at the time of harvest. Nitrogen fertilization promotes gains in productivity and results in forage with better nutritive value, whereas increases in canopy height promote higher total accumulation and rate of herbage accumulation, up to 25 cm. The treatment that combines high productivity with high nutritive value is 25 cm canopy height and 250 kg ha-1.

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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) stands out in Brazil because of its economic and, above all social importance, being an essential source of fiber of the human daily diet. To quantify the fiber content and the genetic variability in Brazilian genotypes is very important because it can ensure the success of breeding programs, evaluating the relative efficiency of the methods for conducting segregating populations. The objective of this research was to compare the genetic potential of segregating populations of the common bean submitted to different breeding methods for the character of crude fiber content and grain yield. Families were obtained by hybridization between the lines CNFC 7812 and CNFC 7829 with 12.7% and 17% of fiber content respectively. The families were conducted by three different breeding methods: Bulk, Bulk within F2 and SSD until the F7 generation. The design to analyze the families was the 14x14 lattice with three replications, conducted in two locations: Santo Antonio/GO and Ponta Grossa/PR. The crude fiber content and grain yield were evaluated in all families from the three methods. The components of variance, genetic and phenotypical parameters were then estimated from the mean square expected values. Based on the results, it can be concluded that for the crude fiber character and the grain yield, the best method was the Bulk within families, which generated the greatest number of families of high rank characteristic. In this research, this method therefore was superior for both SSD and Bulk methods. It was observed among the evaluated families obtained from the crossing CNFC 7812 x CNFC 7829, enough genetic variability to be explored for the characters of crude fiber content and grain yield.
O feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) destaca-se no Brasil por sua importância econômica e, sobretudo social, sendo uma importante fonte de fibra na dieta habitual. Conhecer a variabilidade genética para teor de fibra em feijoeiro comum é muito importante, pois pode garantir o sucesso de programas de melhoramento, avaliando-se a eficiência relativa dos métodos de condução de população disponíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em comparar o desempenho de famílias de feijoeiro comum obtidas por diferentes métodos de condução de populações segregantes, para os caracteres teor de fibra bruta e produtividade de grãos. Foram obtidas famílias a partir do cruzamento entre os genitores CNFC 7812 e CNFC 7829 com 12,7% e 17,0% de teor de fibra, respectivamente. As famílias foram conduzidas por três métodos de melhoramento: bulk, bulk dentro de famílias e o SSD até a geração F7. O delineamento utilizado para analisar as famílias foi um látice 14x14, com três repetições, conduzido em dois locais: Santo Antônio de Goiás/GO, na safra de inverno no ano agrícola 2008 e Ponta Grossa/PR na safra das águas no ano agrícola 2008/2009. Foram realizadas avaliações para teor de fibra bruta e produtividade de grãos em todas as famílias provenientes dos três métodos de condução de populações. A partir das esperanças matemáticas dos quadrados médios estimaram-se os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos. Dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que, para os caracteres fibra bruta e produtividade de grãos, o método mais indicado foi o bulk dentro de famílias, por gerar o maior número de famílias superiores e as melhores médias sendo, por isso, superior neste trabalho ao método SSD e ao método do bulk. Entre as famílias avaliadas do cruzamento CNFC 7812 x CNFC 7829 existe variabilidade genética suficiente para ser explorada para os caracteres teor de fibra bruta e produtividade de grãos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with Elephant grass (EG) + Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + Forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + Red clover (RC), in order to use the area in rotational grazing during all agricultural year. EG was planted in rows with a distance of 4 m each one of them. In the cool-season, IR was sowed between rows of EG; RC was sowed and the FP who has found established since 2006 was preserved on respectively GS. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (GS), two replicates (paddocks) and independent evaluations (grazing cycles). For evaluation, were used lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% of BW day-1 feed supplement concentrate. The pre and post forage mass parameters, botanical and structural composition, forage production and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples were collected by the handplucking method to analyze the organic matter, mineral matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD) of forage. Eight grazing cycle were performed during the experimental period (357 days). The values of forage production and stocking rate were 15.03, 16.33, 17.03 t ha-1 and 3.57, 3.52 and 3.65 animal unit ha-1, respectively grazing systems. Grazing systems involving grasses and forage legumes in different cycles provide use of the area during the agricultural year in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. SGS increased significantly (P≤0.05) over in GS without forage legume. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF for GS mixed with forage legumes. Considering the herbage mass, stocking rate and nutritive value, the pastures mixed to forage legumes showed better performance.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF) com capim elefante (CE) + azevém (AZ) + espécies de crescimento espontâneo (ECE); CE + AZ + ECE + amendoim forrageiro (AM); e CE + AZ + ECE + trevo vermelho (TV), com o intuito de utilização da área em pastejo rotativo durante todo o ano agrícola. O CE foi estabelecido em linhas afastadas a cada 4 m. No período hibernal fez-se o estabelecimento do AZ entre as linhas do CE; o TV foi semeado e o AM que já se encontrava estabelecido desde 2006, foi preservado, considerando os respectivos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (SF), duas repetições (piquetes) e avaliações independentes (ciclos de pastejo). Para avaliação foram utilizadas vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, que receberam suplementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 1% do peso corporal dia-1. Foram avaliados parâmetros de massa de forragem pré e pós pastejo, composições botânica e estrutural, produção de forragem e taxa de lotação. Para analisar a matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, a fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), a proteína bruta (PB), a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS) e a digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica (DISMO) da forragem, foram coletadas amostras de pastejo simulado. Durante o período experimental (357 dias) foram efetuados oito ciclos de pastejo. Os valores de produção de forragem e de taxa de lotação foram de 15,03; 16,33; 17,03 t ha-1 e 3,57; 3,52 e 3,65 UA ha-1, respectivamente para os sistemas forrageiros. Sistemas forrageiros, envolvendo gramíneas e leguminosas de diferentes ciclos, proporcionam a utilização da área durante todo o ano agrícola em pastejo rotativo com bovinos leiteiros. Houve aumento significativo (P≤0,05) para ECE na pastagem sem leguminosa. Foram observados maiores valores de PB, DISMO e menores de FDN para os SF consorciados com leguminosas. Considerando a massa de forragem, a taxa de lotação e o valor nutritivo, as pastagens consorciadas com leguminosas forrageiras apresentaram melhor desempenho.

En el dise��o de embutidos crudos curados enriquecidos en fibra alimentaria, es esencial la obtenci��n de ingredientes funcionales de elevada calidad, que puedan ser incorporados en la formulaci��n del embutido generando las menores modificaciones de las caracter��sticas f��sico-qu��micas y sensoriales del alimento. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consisti�� en optimizar la formulaci��n de un embutido crudo curado enriquecido en un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria. La formulaci��n ��ptima debe proporcionar el contenido m��ximo de fibra alimentaria y producir los m��nimos cambios de calidad respecto al producto tradicional. Se ha propuesto una metodolog��a para optimizar ambos, la obtenci��n de un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de alta calidad y tambi��n la formulaci��n de un embutido crudo curado (sobrasada) enriquecido en fibra alimentaria. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento que consiste en la modelizaci��n, simulaci��n y optimizaci��n del proceso de secado convectivo de zanahoria. El procedimiento de optimizaci��n no solo se refiere a la transferencia de materia, sino tambi��n se incluyen los criterios relacionados con los atributos de calidad del producto final. Una vez obtenido el ingrediente funcional de calidad, fue incorporado en la formulaci��n de la sobrasada. La cantidad ��ptima de concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria necesaria para obtener un embutido enriquecido de calidad se estim�� mediante el an��lisis de los efectos de la adici��n de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria en el proceso de maduraci��n-secado de sobrasada.
To design dry fermented sausages enriched in dietary fibre, it is essential to obtain high quality functional ingredients, which can be incorporated into sausage formulation with minor modifications of the physico-chemical and sensory properties of food. The main objective of this study was to optimize the formulation of a dry fermented sausage enriched with a dietary fibre concentrate from carrot. The optimal formulation should provide maximum dietary fibre content and produce minimal quality changes from the traditional product. A methodology has been proposed to optimize both the acquisition of a high quality fibre concentrate and also for the formulation of a dry fermented sausage (sobrassada) enriched in dietary fibre. First, a procedure comprised of mathematical modelling, simulation and optimization of the convective carrot drying process was developed. The optimization procedure was not only concerned with mass transfer but also included criteria related to quality attributes of the final product. Once the high quality functional ingredient was obtained, it was incorporated into the sobrassada formulation. The optimal amount of carrot dietary fibre concentrate necessary to obtain a high quality enriched sausage was estimated by analysing the effects of carrot dietary fibre addition to the ripening-drying process of sobrassada.
En el disseny d'embotits crus curats enriquits en fibra aliment��ria, ��s essencial l'obtenci�� d'ingredients funcionals d'elevada qualitat que puguin ser incorporats en la formulaci�� de l'embotit generant les menors modificacions de les caracter��stiques fisicoqu��miques i sensorials de l'aliment. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball va consistir a optimitzar la formulaci�� d'un embotit cru curat enriquit en un concentrat de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga. La formulaci�� ��ptima ha de proporcionar el contingut m��xim de fibra aliment��ria i produir la menor quantitat possible de canvis qualitatius respecte al producte tradicional. S'ha proposat una metodologia per optimitzar ambd��s aspectes esmentats, l'obtenci�� d'un concentrat de fibra aliment��ria d'alta qualitat i tamb�� la formulaci�� d'un embotit cru curat (sobrassada) enriquit en fibra aliment��ria. En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat un procediment que consisteix en la modelitzaci��, simulaci�� i optimitzaci�� del proc��s d'assecatge convectiu de pastanaga. El procediment d'optimitzaci�� no nom��s fa refer��ncia a la transfer��ncia de mat��ria, sin�� que tamb�� inclou els criteris relacionats amb els atributs de qualitat del producte final. Una vegada obtingut l'ingredient funcional de qualitat, va ser incorporat en la formulaci�� de la sobrassada. La quantitat ��ptima de concentrat de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga necess��ria per obtenir un embotit enriquit de qualitat es va estimar mitjan��ant l'an��lisi dels efectes de l'addici�� de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga en el proc��s de maduraci��/assecat de sobrassada.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The objective of this research was to evaluate tree pasture-based systems (PS) with elephant grass (EG) + spontaneous growing species (SGS), ryegrass (RG), for PS1; EG + SGS + forage peanut, for PS2; and EG + SGS + RG + red clover, for PS3. EG was planted 4 m spaced rows. In the cool-season, ryegrass was sowed between rows of EG; red clover was sowed and the forage peanut was preserved in respectively PS. Experimental design was completely randomized with tree treatments (SF), two replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (grazing cycles). Holstein cows receiving 5.5 kg-daily and a complementary concentrate feed were used in the evaluation. The herbage mass parameters, botanical composition, forage production and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples were collected by the hand-plucking method to analyze the organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter in situ digestibility (OMISD) of pasture; phenols and tannins on legumes. Nine grazing cycle were performed during the experimental period (341 days). The mean values of forage production, stocking rate, crude protein and digestibility were 17.14; 16.80; and 19.47 t/ha; 3.28; 3.34; and 3.60 UA/ha; 13.86; 15.39; and 14.78%; 78.33; 79.23; and 79.94% on the respective PS. SGS increased significantly (P≤0,05) relation to the PS without forage legume. Similar results were observed for forage production OM an NDF in comparison to PS. Nutritive value was similar between forage legumes. Differences (P≤0,05) on condensed tannin tenors were observed between forage legumes. Considering the forage production, stocking rate and nutritive value, the PS mixed to forage legumes showed better performance.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF) com capim elefante (CE), espécies de crescimento espontâneo (ECE), azevém anual (AZ), como SF1; CE + ECE + AZ + amendoim forrageiro (AF), como SF2; e CE + ECE + AZ + trevo vermelho (TV), como SF3. O capim elefante foi estabelecido em linhas afastadas a cada 4 m. No período hibernal fez-se o estabelecimento do AZ entre as linhas do capim elefante; o trevo vermelho foi semeado e o amendoim forrageiro foi preservado, considerando os respectivos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (SF), duas repetições (piquetes) em parcelas subdivididas no tempo (pastejos). Para avaliação foram usadas vacas da raça Holandesa que receberam complementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 5,5 kg/dia. Foram avaliados parâmetros da massa de forragem pré-pastejo, a composição botânica, a produção de forragem e a lotação. Para analisar a matéria orgânica (MO), a fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade in situ da MO (DISMO) da pastagem e os teores de fenóis e taninos das leguminosas, foram coletadas amostras de pastejo simulado. Durante o período experimental (341 dias) foram efetuados nove ciclos de pastejo. Os valores médios de produção de forragem, lotação, PB e de DISMO foram 17,14; 16,80; e 19,47 t/ha; 3,28; 3,34; e 3,60 UA/ha; 13,86; 15,39; e 14,78%; 78,33; 79,23; e 79,94% nos respectivos SF. Houve aumento significativo (P≤0,05) para espécies de crescimento espontâneo na pastagem sem leguminosa. Resultados similares foram observados entre SF para MO e FDN. O valor nutritivo foi similar entre as leguminosas forrageiras. Foram observadas diferenças (P≤0,05) entre as leguminosas para os teores de taninos condensados. Considerando a massa de forragem, a lotação e o valor nutritivo, as pastagens consorciadas com leguminosas forrageiras apresentaram melhor desempenho.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The objective of this research was to evaluate the productivity and nutritive value of elephant grass pastures, subjected to conventional and organic production system. In the conventional system elephant grass was planted in rows 1.2 m apart from each other. In the organic system elephant grass was planted in rows 3 m apart from each other. In the space between rows, in cool season, annual ryegrass was sown; allowing the development of spontaneous growing species in the warm season. It was applied 100 kg of N/ha from chemical and organic fertilizers (manure of cattle and pig slurry) in the respective pastures. The grazing method was rotated with time to occupy the two days. Holstein cows receiving 0.9% of body weight complementary concentrate feed were used. Pre and post grazing forage mass, botanical and structural composition, forage production and stocking rate were evaluated. Hand-plucked samples were collected to analyze chemical composition and digestibility. Experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (forage systems), three replicates (paddocks) and repeated measures (mean values of grazing cycles or season). Eight and seven grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period for respective systems. Organic system present best forage distribution thought the year and highest participation of elephant grass leaf blades on herbage mass. The pasture under conventional system presented higher forage mass and stocking rate. Similar value was found in the chemical composition and digestibility of elephant grass pastures in both pasture systems. The organic as much as conventional system showed high qualitative values considering the fertilization, manage and utilization time, in proposed strategy. The results show that the elephant grass can be used under the organic system proposed.
Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a produtividade e o valor nutritivo de pastagens de capim elefante submetidas aos sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional. No sistema convencional, o capim elefante foi plantado em linhas afastadas a cada 1,2 m. No sistema orgânico, o capim elefante foi plantado em linhas afastadas a cada 3 m; no espaço entre as linhas, no período hibernal, foi semeado o azevém anual e, no período estival, permitiu-se o desenvolvimento de espécies de crescimento espontâneo. Foram utilizados 100 kg de N/ha com fertilizantes químico e orgânico (esterco de bovino e chorume de suínos) para os respectivos sistemas de produção. O método de pastejo adotado foi o rotacionado, com tempo de ocupação de um ou dois dias, utilizando vacas em lactação que receberam complementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 0,9% do peso vivo. Foram avaliados a massa de forragem de pré-pastejo e pós-pastejo, composições botânica e estrutural, taxa de desaparecimento, e de acúmulo, produção de forragem e carga animal. Para a determinação da composição química e digestibilidade da forragem, foram retiradas amostras simulando o pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), com três repetições (piquetes) e com medidas repetidas (valores médios dos pastejos em cada ciclo ou estação do ano). Durante o período experimental, foram conduzidos oito e sete pastejos para os respectivos sistemas. Na pastagem sob o sistema orgânico, houve melhor distribuição de forragem e maior participação de lâminas foliares do capim elefante na massa de forragem. Na pastagem sob o sistema convencional, verificaram-se maiores valores de produção de forragem e carga animal. Valores similares foram observados quanto à composição química e digestibilidade do capim elefante em ambos os sistemas. Na estratégia proposta, tanto no sistema orgânico quanto no convencional apresentaram teores qualitativos elevados, considerando-se a adubação, manejo e tempo de utilização. Os resultados demonstram que o capim elefante pode ser utilizado segundo o sistema de produção orgânico proposto.

En el diseño de embutidos crudos curados enriquecidos en fibra alimentaria, es esencial la obtención de ingredientes funcionales de elevada calidad, que puedan ser incorporados en la formulación del embutido generando las menores modificaciones de las características físico-químicas y sensoriales del alimento. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consistió en optimizar la formulación de un embutido crudo curado enriquecido en un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria. La formulación óptima debe proporcionar el contenido máximo de fibra alimentaria y producir los mínimos cambios de calidad respecto al producto tradicional. Se ha propuesto una metodología para optimizar ambos, la obtención de un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de alta calidad y también la formulación de un embutido crudo curado (sobrasada) enriquecido en fibra alimentaria. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento que consiste en la modelización, simulación y optimización del proceso de secado convectivo de zanahoria. El procedimiento de optimización no solo se refiere a la transferencia de materia, sino también se incluyen los criterios relacionados con los atributos de calidad del producto final. Una vez obtenido el ingrediente funcional de calidad, fue incorporado en la formulación de la sobrasada. La cantidad óptima de concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria necesaria para obtener un embutido enriquecido de calidad se estimó mediante el análisis de los efectos de la adición de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria en el proceso de maduración-secado de sobrasada.
To design dry fermented sausages enriched in dietary fibre, it is essential to obtain high quality functional ingredients, which can be incorporated into sausage formulation with minor modifications of the physico-chemical and sensory properties of food. The main objective of this study was to optimize the formulation of a dry fermented sausage enriched with a dietary fibre concentrate from carrot. The optimal formulation should provide maximum dietary fibre content and produce minimal quality changes from the traditional product. A methodology has been proposed to optimize both the acquisition of a high quality fibre concentrate and also for the formulation of a dry fermented sausage (sobrassada) enriched in dietary fibre. First, a procedure comprised of mathematical modelling, simulation and optimization of the convective carrot drying process was developed. The optimization procedure was not only concerned with mass transfer but also included criteria related to quality attributes of the final product. Once the high quality functional ingredient was obtained, it was incorporated into the sobrassada formulation. The optimal amount of carrot dietary fibre concentrate necessary to obtain a high quality enriched sausage was estimated by analysing the effects of carrot dietary fibre addition to the ripening-drying process of sobrassada.
En el disseny d'embotits crus curats enriquits en fibra alimentària, és essencial l'obtenció d'ingredients funcionals d'elevada qualitat que puguin ser incorporats en la formulació de l'embotit generant les menors modificacions de les característiques fisicoquímiques i sensorials de l'aliment. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball va consistir a optimitzar la formulació d'un embotit cru curat enriquit en un concentrat de fibra alimentària de pastanaga. La formulació òptima ha de proporcionar el contingut màxim de fibra alimentària i produir la menor quantitat possible de canvis qualitatius respecte al producte tradicional. S'ha proposat una metodologia per optimitzar ambdós aspectes esmentats, l'obtenció d'un concentrat de fibra alimentària d'alta qualitat i també la formulació d'un embotit cru curat (sobrassada) enriquit en fibra alimentària. En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat un procediment que consisteix en la modelització, simulació i optimització del procés d'assecatge convectiu de pastanaga. El procediment d'optimització no només fa referència a la transferència de matèria, sinó que també inclou els criteris relacionats amb els atributs de qualitat del producte final. Una vegada obtingut l'ingredient funcional de qualitat, va ser incorporat en la formulació de la sobrassada. La quantitat òptima de concentrat de fibra alimentària de pastanaga necessària per obtenir un embotit enriquit de qualitat es va estimar mitjançant l'anàlisi dels efectes de l'addició de fibra alimentària de pastanaga en el procés de maduració/assecat de sobrassada.

Grasses of the genera Brachiaria and Cynodon are some of the most important pasture introductions in Brazil. Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass, a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions, high nutritive value and forage production. Forage-based livestock systems are complex and interactions among animals, plants, and the environment exist at several levels of complexity, which can be evaluated using computer modeling. Herbage accumulation, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), plant-part composition, leaf photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), and light interception (LI) were evaluated as affected by two harvest frequency (28 and 42-days), irrigated and rainfed in a clipping study from April 2011 to April 2013, contrasting Convert HD 364® brachiariagrass (Brachiaria hybrid CIAT 36061), Marandu palisadegrass {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). The experimental design for both the irrigated and the rainfed trials was a randomized complete block with four replications. Convert HD 364 had similar or higher annual herbage accumulation, seasonal yield and herbage accumulation rate than Marandu and Tifton 85, (15% more herbage accumulation than Marandu and 12% more than Tifton 85 when irrigated and when harvested at shorter regrowth intervals). Convert HD 364 had good seasonal distribution of total annual herbage produced and accumulates about 30% of the total herbage mass during the cool season in Piracicaba, similar to Marandu. Tifton 85 produced around 20% of its average annual yield during dry season. Tifton 85 forage had higher CP concentration than the other two grasses when harvested at shorter intervals and when irrigated. The NDF concentration in Convert HD 364 was lower than in the other grasses regardless of irrigation treatment, harvest frequency, and season of the year, resulting in high IVOMD (more than 650 g kg-1), similar to that of Marandu. Regard to CROPGRO calibration, in general the model performance was good for the three grasses. Leaf and stem weight simulations were improved, due to increase partitioning to stem for low harvest frequencies. The LAI and LI were well performed by the model, showing increase for lower harvest frequency, with exception to Tifton 85. Under rainfed conditions, the simulations using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method gave more realistic water stress responses than using the Priestley and Taylor method. Calibration results suggest that the CROPGRO - Perennial Forage Model can be used to adequately simulate growth of Marandu, Convert HD 364, and Tifton 85 under irrigated and rainfed conditions, being able to simulate different harvest frequency managements.
As gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria e Cynodon são algumas das pastagens cultivadas introduzidas no Brasil de maior importância. Convert HD 364, um novo híbrido de Brachiaria, foi lançado como uma opção para uso numa ampla gama de condições ambientais, com alto valor nutritivo e produção de forragem. Sistemas pecuários em pastagens são complexos e as interações entre os animais, as plantas e o meio ambiente existem em vários níveis de complexidade, que podem ser avaliados utilizando modelagem computacional. Acúmulo de forragem, proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO), a composição morfológica da planta, fotossíntese foliar, índice de área foliar (IAF) e interceptação luminosa (IL) foram avaliados em resposta à duas frequências de colheita (28 e 42 dias), irrigada e não irrigada, em um estudo com parcelas colhidas mecanicamente a partir de abril de 2011 até abril de 2013, contrastando os capins Convert HD 364® (Brachiaria híbrida CIAT 36061), Marandu {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297} e Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). O delineamento experimental utilizado tanto para o irrigado quanto para o não irrigado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Convert HD 364 teve acúmulo de forragem anual, produção sazonal de forragem e taxa de acúmulo de forragem semelhante ou superior ao Marandu e Tifton 85, (acúmulo de forragem 15% maior do que Marandu e 12% maior do que o Tifton 85, quando irrigado e colhido em intervalos de rebrotação mais curtos). Convert HD 364 teve boa distribuição sazonal de forragem total do ano, produzindo cerca de 30% da massa total de forragem durante a estação fria, em Piracicaba, semelhante ao Marandu. Tifton 85 produziu cerca de 20% do seu rendimento médio anual durante a estação fria. Tifton 85 teve PB maior do que as outras duas gramíneas, quando colhidas em intervalos mais curtos e quando irrigadas. A concentração de FDN em Convert HD 364 foi menor do que nas outras gramíneas, independentemente da irrigação, da frequência de colheita e das estações do ano, resultando em alta DIVMO (mais de 650 g kg-1), semelhante à do capim Marandu. Em relação à calibração do CROPGRO, em geral, o desempenho do modelo foi bom para as três gramíneas. Simulações de massa de folha e colmo foram melhoradas para os capins, devido ao aumento na partição de assimilados direcionados para colmo em condição de baixa freqüência de colheita. O IAF e IL foram bem simulados pelo modelo, mostrando aumento com a diminuição da freqüência de colheita, com exceção do Tifton 85. Em condição não irrigada, as simulações utilizando o método de Penman -Monteith - FAO 56 deram respostas mais realistas de estresse hídrico do que usando o método de Priestley e Taylor. Os resultados da calibração sugerem que o modelo CROPGRO - forragem perene pode ser usado para simular adequadamente o crescimento de Marandu, Convert HD 364 e Tifton 85 sob condições irrigadas e não irrigada, sendo capaz de simular diferentes manejos de frequência de desfolhação.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020
A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary crude (CF) levels of (3, 4, 5 and 7 %) on feed intake, digestibility, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and live weight of male Ross 308 broiler and indigenous Venda chickens aged 1 to 42 days. The study, also, determined the effect of dietary CF level on the gastrointestinal morphology and digesta pH of gut organs of male Ross 308 broiler and indigenous Venda chickens aged 42 days. Dietary CF levels affected (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate and live weight of male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens aged 1 to 21 days. A dietary CF level of 3.9 % optimized feed intake, while 4.5 % dietary CF optimized growth rate and live weight in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, dietary CF levels of 4.4, 4.8, 5.9 and 4.7 % optimized feed intake, growth rate, FCR and live weight, respectively, of male Venda chickens aged 1 to 21 days. Therefore, dietary CF level for optimal productivity depended on the breed of the chicken and production parameter of interest. Higher dietary CF levels decreased (P<0.05) crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility values in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Dietary CF levels of 3.8, 3.7 and 4.1 % optimized dry matter (DM) digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME) intake and nitrogen retention, respectively, in male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 14 to 21 days. Increased dietary CF level, also, decreased (P<0.05) NDF and ADF digestibility values in male Venda chickens aged 14 to 21 days. Dry matter and CP digestibility values, ME intake and nitrogen retention of Venda chickens were optimized at dietary CF levels of 3.5, 3.7, 3.3 and 4.1 %, respectively. Feed intake of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days were affected (P<0.05) by dietary CF level; and it was optimized at a dietary CF level of 6.4 %. Increased dietary CF level resulted in poorer growth rate, FCR and live weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, dietary CF levels of 4.5, 5.8, 6.4 and 5.7 %, optimized feed intake, growth rate, FCR and live weight, respectively, of male Venda chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Dietary CF levels of 3.4, 4.4, 3.7 and 4.4 %, optimized DM, CP and NDF digestibility values, and nitrogen retention, respectively, in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, dietary CF levels of 5.1, 5.3, 4.9, 10.1 and 5.1 % optimized DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility values, and nitrogen retention, respectively, of male Venda chickens. Therefore, dietary CF level for v optimal response in the chickens depended on breed, age and production variable of interest. The GIT weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens was optimized at a dietary CF level of 4.1 %. In increased dietary CF level in male Ross 308 broiler chickens increased gizzard weights and decreased small intestine weights (P<0.05). Dietary CF levels of 6.3, 5.9 and 8.0 % optimized GIT, gizzard and caecum weights, respectively, in male Venda chickens. The small intestine weight of male Venda chickens was not affected (P<0.05) by dietary CF level. Caecum weight of male Venda chickens increased (P<0.05) with higher dietary CF level. However, caecum weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary CF level. The GIT and small intestine lengths were affected (P<0.05) by dietary CF level in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Dietary CF levels of 5.6 and 5.5 % optimized GIT and small intestine lengths, respectively. However, in male Venda chickens, GIT and small intestine lengths were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary CF level. Digesta pH of the proventriculus and gizzard were affected (P<0.05) by dietary CF level in male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. Different dietary CF levels of 5.5 and 7.4 % optimized the proventriculus and gizzard digesta pH in male Ross 308 broiler chickens, respectively. However, dietary CF levels of 4.2 and 4.3 % optimized the proventriculus and gizzard digesta pH values, respectively, in male Venda chickens. The two breeds of chickens had similar digesta pH values of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard and large intestines. However, male Venda chickens had higher (P<0.05) small intestine digesta pH values than male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 42 days. Caecum digesta pH values of Ross 308 broiler chickens were higher (P<0.05) than those of Venda chickens aged 42 days. The second study was conducted to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation level in the drinking water on feed intake, digestibility, FCR, growth rate, gut organ weight, length and digesta pH of male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The study, also, determined the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation level in drinking water on types of bacterial species in crop and gizzard digesta, as well as its effect on meat quality of male Ross 308 broiler and indigenous Venda chickens. Increased sodium bicarbonate vi supplementation level increased (P<0.05) water pH. Supplementation levels of 8.9, 2.04, 2.97 and 2.97 g of sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized water intake, feed intake, growth rate and live weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens, respectively. In male Venda chickens, there was a strong and positive relationship between sodium bicarbonate supplementation level and water intake of Venda chickens. A single supplementation level of 3.8 g of sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized growth and live weight of male Venda chickens. There was a negative relationship between sodium bicarbonate supplementation level in the drinking water and NDF digestibility of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Supplementation levels of 2.63, 6.67 and 7.0 g of sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized DM and CP digestibility values, and nitrogen retention, respectively, in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, supplementation levels of 3.2 and 4.52 g of sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized DM and NDF digestibility values, respectively, in male Venda chickens. There were negative relationships between sodium bicarbonate supplementation level in the drinking water and CP digestibility and nitrogen retention of male Venda chickens. Supplementation levels of 5.7, 2.2, 3.8, 7.6 and 7.2 g of sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized proventriculus, gizzard and small intestinal weights, and GIT and small intestines lengths, respectively, in male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, a sodium bicarbonate supplementation level of 2.8 % optimized proventriculus weights of male Venda chickens; the other digestive organ weights and lengths of Venda chickens were not affected (P>0.05) by sodium bicarbonate supplementation level. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation in the drinking water affected bacterial species found in the crops and gizzards of the chickens. There were different bacterial species found in the crop and gizzard digesta of male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. Meat colour (L*, a* and b*) of the breasts and thighs of both breeds of chickens were not affected (P>0.05) by sodium bicarbonate supplementation. However, the redness (a*) values of the breast meat of male indigenous Venda chickens were higher (P<0.05) than those of breast meat from male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation level did not affect (P>0.05) breast meat tenderness, juiciness, flavour and overall acceptability values and meat pH of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Supplementation levels of 3.6, 3.2 and 4.7 g of vii sodium bicarbonate per litre of drinking water optimized meat juiciness, flavour and shear force of male Venda chickens, respectively. It was concluded that sodium bicarbonate supplementation in the drinking water affected growth, NDF digestibility and bacterial species composition of male Ross and Venda chickens. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation level for optimal response in chickens depended on the breed and production variables of interest.
VLIROUS

Diverse fresh grass and grass silage samples (n = 292) were collected from 138 dairy farms in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Sources of variation within the forage sample population included different crop years, harvests, grass species, ensiling additives and storage facilities. These samples were used to determine the accuracy of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (MRS) for predicting the feeding value of undried, unground fresh grass and grass silage. NIRS spectra were collected from intact samples with a NIRSystems 6500 scanning monochromator instrument followed by analyses for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and fermentation end-products (lactic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids) by conventional chemical laboratory procedures. The means and standard deviations of the sample population were 34.7 and 13.0% for DM, 17.1 and 3.5% for CP, and 34.3 and 3.9% for ADF when corrected to a moisture-free basis. The calibration set (n =216) was selected by spectral variation using the "neighbourhood Ff" method and the spectral duplicates were assigned to the validation set (n = 67). Prediction equations were developed with modified partial least square regression and cross validation utilizing different scatter treatments, derivatives and wavelength segments. The calibration R2 and standard errors of cross validation (SECV) for DM, CP, and ADF corrected to a moisture-free basis were 1.00 and 1.15%, 0.95 and 1.05%, and 0.95 and 1.16%, respectively. Standard errors of performance (SEP), means, and coefficients of variability (SEP* 100 ⌯ mean) for the validation set were 0.73, 27.2 and 2.69% for DM, 0.79, 15.7 and 5.03% for CP, and 0.95, 34.5 and 2.75% for ADF. The errors associated with the equations developed for the short chain organic acids were unacceptably high. Prediction equations were also developed on reference values calculated on an "as received" basis. Different procedures for calibration and validation set selection were compared with no one common method producing the lowest error on all constituents. It was concluded that the NIRS prediction equation for DM produced excellent accuracy as indicated by the low SECV and SEP. The prediction equations for CP and ADF had acceptable accuracy for monitoring forage nutrient quality for livestock ration balancing programs. The NIRS method of analysis will provide forage quality information faster and at a reduced cost compared to conventional chemical procedures.

Text in English with abstracts and keywords in English, Afrikaans, Sepedi and Sesotho
Soil and other geological materials found on the crust of the Earth are known to be rich in naturally occurring silicate minerals. Asbestos is one of the fibrous silicate minerals that was mined predominantly in some regions of Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape provinces in South Africa. Despite the cessation of asbestos mining due to associated human health effects in 2002, there is still a concern about possible environmental exposure to asbestos fibres. A single asbestos fibre is made of millions of microscopic needle-like fibrils which break easily to produce inhalable size fractions that are reported to cause lung diseases. The main source of asbestos fibres in former mining areas is asbestos mine dumps and asbestos contaminated surface soil. Asbestos mine dumps in Limpopo Province are partially rehabilitated, while in Mpumalanga Province they are not rehabilitated and all these dumps are now under the care of government because the original owners have abandoned them. The settleable dust is the first indicator of airborne dust pollution and the rate of settleable dust rates was used to select the sites to be monitored. A pilot study was conducted to test the performance of the ASTMD1739:1998 and ASTM D 1739:1970 methods. The method was further modified and optimized to measure asbestos load in settleable dust samples. A total ten sites located around vulnerable human settlements that are in close proximity to the abandoned asbestos mine dumps were chosen in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces respectively. Airborne, surface and trapped dust samples were collected once a month around human settlements that are in close proximity to the abandoned asbestos mine dumps from April 2016 to June 2017. Airborne dust samples were collected using the official settleable dust monitoring method, the general particulate matter E-sampler and the official asbestos Air-Con 2 sampler. Surface dust was collected outdoors around the settleable dust collection units using a brush and dust pan and was stored in labeled zipper bags made of plastic material. Trapped dust samples were collected using sticky tape both indoors and outdoors around the window panes, on surfaces of furniture and on windscreens of old cars and were stored in labeled closed containers. Surface soil samples were also screened with the hand held asbestos analyser before collection. The samples were extensively and carefully prepared and handled to avoid or minimize cross contamination using standard laboratory methods and were analysed using calibrated analytical instruments. An adapted method (ASTMD 1739:1970) was used to determine the presence of asbestos hazard in a form of mineral count. This method was also used for the identification of asbestos and other minerals in different dust samples using the XRD technique. Physical features of all minerals such as the shape, size and type were also determined as part of the characterization process using the SEM-EDS technique. The ASTMD1739:1998 method gave rise to higher retention of settleable dust, hence it was found to be more efficient. Unfortunately, this best performing method is not legislated or regulated by the government. This researcher concludes that the reasons could be due to the different shapes of the windshield designs (which means the different designs of windshields) at may make it difficult to standardize and control. However, this information gap provides an opportunity of a longer focused study of this method with the intention of finding a standardized windshield design that could be recommended for use in the country. Secondly, the units that had both water and algaecide gave rise to higher settleable Mpumalanga. Three exceedances of 600 mg/m2/day of residential limit regulated through National Dust Control Regulation no.28 of 2013 presented in decreasing order in Limpopo were 2724 mg/m2/day at Site E, 1638 mg/m2/day at Site D and 834 mg/m2/day at Site B in the same month of March 2017 . The XRF data of metal oxides, including these top three [Si(IV)O2, Fe2(III)O3 and Al2(III)O3], confirm the dominance of silicate minerals in surface dust samples from both provinces. The XRD mineralogy data from filtered settleable dust show the dominance of the amphibole asbestos particulates ranging from 18 to 56 % in Limpopo province and 2.0 to 3.0 % in Mpumalanga province. Low presence of serpentine minerals with the highest being 2.0 % and 7.0 % in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces respectively. About 8.0 to 43 % of amphibole asbestos minerals were measured on trapped dust in Limpopo together with zero detection of serpentine. No asbestos minerals were detected on trapped dust from Mpumalanga, despite the close proximity of the unrehabilitated asbestos mine dumps All airborne asbestos fibres that were captured on the filter substrates were a bove the limit value of 100 f/mL of air. The highest airborne asbestos fibre and concentration counts m easured were 40 fibres and 0, 00434 f /mL concentration in October 2017 at Site A. The second highest fibre count concentration was measured in June with 0,00287 f/mL at Site A in September 2017 and 0,01085 f/mL at the Site D in June 2017 monitoring sites. Again, the highest in June 2017 with 0,00125 f/mL for Site A for Limpopo Province. In Mpumalang a the lowest asbestos fibre concentration which are be low the OHSA no. 39 of 1993 and MDHS 39/ 4, 1995 0.1 f/mL and 100 f/mL However, from the safety perspective all asbestos fibres or minerals inhaled are a hazard to human health. The study established that the adapted asbestos mineral count method succeeded in identifying and quantifying the asbestos minerals that existed in the settleable dust samples from the study areas. These outcome s were successfully validated with the test undertaken using both the officially (Air Con 2 sampler) and unofficial (E sampler) recognized method of asbestos fibre count. The adapted mineral count method provides the research community with an alternative, cost effective and user friendly method of analysis. Also, the validation method s gave additional new information. Of a total of 120 of ex- posed filter papers used in the official asbestos fibre Air Con 2 sampler, 28 filters had positive presence of asbestos fibres, making it 23 collection efficiency And of the 100 exposed filt er papers used in for E samplers, only 8% collection efficiency was recorded. The results means that the official asbestos fibre Air Con 2 sampler has 23 more collection efficiency than the general particulate matter E sampler for air- borne asbestos monitoring. The impact of these results could also be that a general particulate matter high volume sampler c ould still be used for asbestos fibre monitoring in the absence of a specific and selective Air Con 2 sampler, as long as the user appreciates abo ut 23 collection deficiency. These findings go a long way in helping to make air quality research domain accessible. Since the ASTM D1739:1998 method has been found to perform better than the officially recognized method, this study recommends that the regulators of air quality in the country consider it. But, the method will first require some improvement and standardization particularly the different wind shield designs before it could be officially accepted as the method of collection and analyses for settleable dust. It is hoped that the air quality research community will take up the challenge.
Grond en ander geologiese materiale wat op die aardkors aangetref word, is bekend dat hulle ryk is in silikaatminerale wat natuurlik voorkom. Asbes is een van die veselagtige silikaatminerale wat hoofsaaklik in sommige streke van die Limpopo, Mpumalanga en Noord-Kaap Provinsies in Suid-Afrika ontgin is. Ondanks die staking van asbesmynbou in 2002 as gevolg van gepaardgaande gesondheidseffekte op mense, is daar steeds kommer oor moontlike blootstelling aan asbesvesels in die omgewing. 'n Enkele asbesvesel bestaan uit miljoene mikroskopiese naaldagtige vesels wat maklik breek om partikels van inasembare grootte te produseer wat volgens berigte longsiektes veroorsaak. Die belangrikste bron van asbesvesels in voormalige myngebiede is asbesmynhope en besmette asbesoppervlakgrond. Asbesmynhope in Limpopo Provinsie word gedeeltelik gerehabiliteer, terwyl hulle in Mpumalanga Provinsie nie gerehabiliteer word nie, en al hierdie mynhope is nou onder die regering se toesig omdat die oorspronklike eienaars die mynhope verlaat het. Die neerslagbare stof is die eerste aanduiding van stofbesoedeling in die lug en is gebruik om die terreine wat gemoniteermoet word, te kies. 'n Loodsstudie is uitgevoer om die prestasie van die ASTMD1739:1998 en ASTMD1739:1970 metodes te toets. In die loop van die studie is 'n amptelike ASTMD1739:1970 metode gebruik en toegepas vir die versameling van neerslagbare stofmonsters. In Mpumalanga en Limpopo Provinsies respektiewelik is daar altesaam tien (10) terreine gekies rondom kwesbare menslike nedersettings wat naby die verlate asbesmynhope geleë is. Stofmonsters in die lug, oppervlak en wat vasgevang is, is een keer per maand versamel vanaf April 2016 tot Junie 2017 rondom menslike nedersettings in die nabyheid van die verlate asbesmynhope. Stofmonsters in die lug is versamel volgens die amptelike neerslagbare stofmoniteringsmetode, die E monsternemer en die Air-Con 2 monsternemer. Oppervlakstof is buite met behulp van 'n kwas en stofpan rondom die neerslagbare stofopvangeenhede opgevang en is in gemerkte ritsakke van plastiekmateriaal geberg. Stofmonsters wat vasgevang is, is met behulp van kleeflint, binne en buite, om vensterruite, op meubeloppervlaktes en op voorruitte van ou motors versamel, en is in gemerkte geslote houers geberg. Oppervlakgrondmonsters is ook voor versameling met die draagbare asbesanaliseerder gefilter. Die monsters is breedvoerig en sorgvuldig voorberei en hanteer om kruisbesmetting tot ‘n minimum te beperk deur gebruik te maak van standard laboratoriummetodes en is ontleed met behulp van gekalibreerde analitiese instrumente. 'n Aangepaste metode is gebruik om die teenwoordigheid van asbesgevaar in 'n vorm van mineraaltelling te bepaal. Hierdie metode is ook gebruik vir die identifisering van asbes en ander minerale in verskillende stofmonsters met behulp van die XRD tegniek. Die fisiese kenmerke van alle minerale soos die vorm, grootte en tipe is ook bepaal as deel van die karakteriseringsproses met behulp van die SEM-EDS tegniek. Die ASTMD1739:1998 metode het gelei tot 'n hoër retensie van neerslagbare stof, en daarom is gevind dat dit doeltreffender is. Ongelukkig word hierdie metode wat die beste presteer nie deur die regering gewettig of gereguleer nie. Hierdie navorser kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die redes kan wees as gevolg van die verskillende vorms van die voorruitontwerpe wat dit moeilik kan maak om dit te standaardiseer en te beheer. Hierdie inligtingsgaping bied egter 'n geleentheid tot 'n langer gefokusde studie van hierdie metode met die doel om 'n gestandaardiseerde voorruitontwerp te vind wat aanbeveel kan word vir gebruik in die land. Tweedens het die eenhede wat beide water en alge-suurwater gehad het, gelei tot 'n hoër neerslagbare stof in Mpumalanga Provinsie. Drie oorskrydings wat in dalende volgorde in Limpopo aangebied is, was 2724 mg/m2/dag op perseel E, 1638 mg/m2/dag op perseel D en 834 mg/m2/dag op perseel B in dieselfde maand van Maart 2017. Die XRF data van metaaloksiede, met inbegrip van hierdie top drie [Si(IV)O2, Fe2(III)O3 en Al2(III)O3], bevestig die oorheersing van silikaatminerale in oppervlakstofmonsters van beide provinsies. Die XRD mineralogiedata van gefiltreerde, neerslagbare stof toon die oorheersing van die amfibool asbesdeeltjies wat wissel tussen 18 en 56 % in Limpopo Provinsie en 2.0 en 3.0 % in Mpumalanga Provinsie. Daar is ‘n lae teenwoordigheid van serpentynminerale met die hoogste onderskeidelik 2.0 % en 7.0 % in die Limpopo en Mpumalanga Provinsies onderskeidelik. Ongeveer 8.0 tot 43 % van die amfibool asbesminerale is op vasgevangde stof in Limpopo gemeet, tesame met geen opsporing van serpentyn. Geen asbesminerale is opgespoor in die vasgevangde stof van Mpumalanga nie, ondanks die nabyheid van die ongerehabiliteerde asbesmynhope. Alle asbesvesels in die lug wat op die filtersubstrate vasgelê is, was bo die grenswaarde van 100 f/mL lug. Die hoogste asbesvesel en konsentrasietellings in die lug gemeet, was 40 vesels en 'n konsentrasie van 2.083 f/mL in Oktober op Terrein A. Die volgende hoogste veseltellingkonsentrasie is in Junie gemeet met 6.590 f/mL op die Terrein A en 5.272 f/mL op die Terrein D moniteringsterreine. In Mpumalanga was die hoogste asbesveselkonsentrasie 2.190 f/mL in Junie en 2.083 f/mL in November op Terrein D. Uit ‘n veiligheidsperspektief is alle asbesvesels of minerale wat ingeasem word egter 'n gevaar vir die mens se gesondheid. Die studie het vasgestel dat die aangepaste asbesmineraaltellingmetode daarin geslaag het om die asbesminerale wat in die neerslagbare stofmonsters uit die studiegebiede bestaan te identifiseer en te kwantifiseer. Hierdie uitkoms is suksesvol bekragtig met die toets wat onderneem is met behulp van die amptelik erkende metode vir die telling van asbesvesel. Die aangepaste mineraaltellingmetode bied aan die navorsingsgemeenskap 'n alternatiewe, koste-effektiewe en gebruikersvriendelike ontledingsmetode. Aangesien daar gevind is dat die ASTMD1739:1998 metode beter presteer as die amptelik erkende metode, beveel hierdie studie aan dat die reguleerders van luggehalte in die land dit oorweeg. Maar die metode sal eers verbetering en standaardisering verg, veral die verskillende windskermontwerpe voordat dit amptelik aanvaar kan word as die metode om neerslagbare stof te versamel en te ontleed. Daar word gehoop dat die gemeenskap wat luggehalte navors die uitdaging sal aanpak.
Mabu le dišomišwa tše dingwe tša bothutaswika tše di hwetšagalago bokagodimo ba Lefase di tsebja di e na le diminerale tše dintši tša tlhago tše di diragalago ka tlhago. Marela ke e ngwe ya diminerale tše di nago le dimela tše di ntši kudu tše di bego di epšwa kudu mafelong a mangwe a diphrofentshe "diphrofentsheng tša Limpopo, Mpumalanga le North Cape Afrika Borwa. Le ge go feditšwe go epšwa marela ka lebaka la ditlamorago tše amanago le maphelo a batho ka 2002, go na le pelaelo malebana le go utullwa ga malwetši a marela. Fibre ke ye ngwe ya marela ye e dirilwego ka maekrosekopiki tše dimilione tše di ka senyegago bonolo go tšweletša khemobonolo yeo e hlamago malwetši a mafahla. Sehlodikgolo sa malwetši a marela mafelong a mathomo ao go bego go le meepo ke sekoti sa marela le mabu a ka godimo ga marela. Dikoti tša meepo ya Marela Phrofentsheng ya Limpopo di mpšhafaditšwe ka tsela ye itšego, eupša Phrofentsheng ya Mpumalanga ga se tša mpšhafatšwa gomme mafelo a ka moka a laolwa ke mmušo gobane beng ba tšona ba di tlogetše. Lerole le ka rarollwago ke sešupopele sa tšhilafalo ya moya e dirwago ka moya gomme se be se šomišwa go kgetha mafelo ao a loketšwego go hlokomelwa. Go ile gwa dirwa tekolo ya go leka tšhomo ya mekgwa ya ASTMD1739: 1998 le ASTM D 1739: 1970. Ge re ntše re tšwela pele ka thuto, go šomišitšwe mokgwa wa semmušo wa ASTM D1739: 1970 gomme wa šomišwa lebakeng la go kgoboketša sampole ya lerole e ka rarollwago. Mafelo a lesome (10) a hweditšwe kgauswi le bodulo ba batho bjo bo lego kotsing ka dikoti tša meepo ya marela di ile tša kgethwa diphrofentsheng tša Mpumalanga le Limpopo ka go latelana. Disampole tša moya tša ka godimo ga lefase, godimo le tše di khutilego di ile tša kgoboketšwa ga tee kgweding kgauswi le bodulo ba batho tše di bego kgauswi kudu le dikoti tša meepo ya marela go tloga ka la 2016 Mopitlo go fihla ka Phupu 2017. Mehuta ya lerole ye sepetšwago ke moya e ile ya kgoboketšwa go šomišwa mokgwa wa semolao wa go tšweletša lerole, E-sampler le sampole ya Air-Con 2. Lerole la ka godimo le be le kgoboketšwa ka ntle go rarela dikarolo tša go kgoboketša lerole go šomišwa poratšhe le pane ya kota gomme le bolokelwa ka mekotleng e nago le zipper ye dirilwego ka polasetiki. Sampole ya lerole le le bego le gaeletšwe le ile la kgoboketšwa ka theipi ya go momela bokagareng le bokantle bja morumofasetere,mabotong a phahlo , le godimo ga galasebokapele dikoloing tša kgale gomme tša bolokwa ka gare ga didirišwa tšeo di makilwego. Disampolo tša mabu a ka godimo di be di hlahlobjwa gape ka mokgwa wa go kgwa ka letsogo ke mohlahlobi wa marela pele go kgoboketšwa. Disampole di be di lokišitšwe kudu ebile di dirilwe ka tlhoko go efoga tšhilafalo ka mekgwa ye tlwaelegilwego ya laporatori gomme ba e hlahloba ba šomiša didirišwa tša go hlahloba. Mokgwa o ikgethilego o šomišwa go hwetša bogona ba kotsi ya marela ka mokgwa wa palo ya diminerale. Mokgwa wo o be o šomišitšwe gape le go bošupong ba marela le diminerale tše dingwe ka gare ga disampole tše di fapanego tša lerole go šomišwa mokgwa wa XRD. Dibepegopono tša diminerale ka moka go swana le sebopego, bogolo le mohuta le tšona di be di tšewa e le karolo ya tshepetšo ya pharodipataka go bogolo le mohuta le tšona di be di tšewa e le karolo ya tshepetšo ya pharodipataka go šomišwa mokgwa wa SEM-EDS. Mokgwa wa ASTMD1739: 1998 o ile wa dira gore go bolokwe lerole le phagameng ka go fetolegago, ka gona go hweditšwe gore le šoma gabotse kudu. Ka bomadimabe, mokgwa wo o tšweletši kudu ge o ngwadišwa ke molao go mmušo. Monyakišiši wo o phetha ka gore mabaka e ka ba ka lebaka la dibopego tše di fapaneng tša meralo ya setsi sa moya se se ka dirago gore go be boima go tseba le go laola. Le ge go le bjalo, sekgoba se sa tshedimošo se fa monyetla wa go ithuta nepišo e telele ya maikemišetšo a go hwetša moralo o tiišitšwego wa moya o ka šišinywago gore o šomišwe ka nageng. Ya bobedi, diyuniti tše di bego di e na le meetsi le algaecide di ile tša tšweletša maemo a phagamego Mpumalanga Phrofentsheng. Ditekanyetšo tše tharo tše di tšweleditše ka tatelano ya taolo e fokotšegago e be e le 2724 mg/ m2/ letšatši go Site E, 1638 mg / m2/ letšatši go Site D le 834 mg/ m2/ letšatši go Site B kgweding ye tee ya Hlakola 2017 Dintlha tša XRF tša di-oxide tša tšhipi, go akaretša tše tše tharo tša godimo [Si (IV) O2, Fe2 (III) O3 le Al2 (III) O3], di tiiša boleng bo phagameng ba diminerale tša silrate mehuteng ya lerole ye e tšwago diphrofentsheng ka bobedi. Dintlha tša XRD tša mineralogy tše di tšwago leroleng le tšhilafatšong di ka tšewa di bontšha phelo ya marela ya amphibole go tloga go 18 go iša go 56% phrofentsheng ya Limpopo le 2.0 go iša go 3.0% phrofentsheng ya Mpumalanga. Bogonatlase ba diminerale tša serpentine tše phagameng ka go fetišiša e le 2.0% le 7.0% diphrofentsheng tša Limpopo le Mpumalanga ka go latelana. Go lekana 8.0 go iša go 43% ya diminerale tša marela tše lekantšwego di ile tša lekanywa leroleng le ageeletšwego ka Limpopo gammogo le go utullwa ga serpentine. Ga go na diminerale tša marela tše di hweditšwego leroleng le ageeletšwego le tšwago Mpumalanga, le ge e le kgauswi kgauswi le dikoti tša mope wa maraba wa marela se a mpšhafatšwago. Mehuta ka moka ya moya ya marela ye e bego e swerwe ka gare ga moya o bego o Mehuta ka moka ya moya ya marela ye e bego e swerwe ka gare ga moya o bego o le ka godimo wa boleng ba moya wa 100 f /mL. Mohuta o phagamego go fetišiša wa moya wa marela le dipalo tša mahlorišo a lekantšwego e be e le tše 40 le bogolo ba 2.083 f /mL ka Diphalane go Site A. Tekanyomahloriš e latelago ya fiber e lekantšwe Phupu ka 6.590 f /mL go Site A le 5.272 f /mL Site D mafelong a tlhahlobo. Nageng ya Mpumalanga, di-fibre tša marela tše phagamego ka go fetišiša e be e le 2.190 f / mL ka Phupu le 2.083 f /mL ka Dibatsela go Site D. Le ge go le bjalo, go latela ponego ya tšhireletšo, fibre ka moka tša marela goba diminerale tše di hengwago di kotsi maphelong a botho. Boithuto bo bo utullotše gore mokgwa wo lekantšwego wa marela o bontšhitšwegošupo o atlegile go kgetholla le go hlakola diminerale tša marela tše di bego di le gona ka gare ga disampolo tša lerole le tšwago mafelong a boithuto. Sephetho se se netefaditšwe katlego le tlhahlobo ye e dirilwego e šomišwago mokgwa wo amogetšwego ke molao wa marela fiber. Mokgwa o lekantšwego wa diminerale o thuša setšhaba sa dinyakišišo ka mokgwa o mongwe wa tlhahlobo ye e šongwago, gabotse e bile ye botho. Go tloga go mokgwa wa ASTM D1739: 1998 o hweditšwe o šoma gabotse go feta mokgwa wo amogetšwego ke molao, thuto ye e šupetša gore balaodi ba boleng ba moya nageng ba e nagane. Empa, mokgwa wo o tla hloka mpšhafatšo le maemo pele kudu meralo ye fapaneng ya thebe ya moya pele e ka amogelwa ke molao e le mokgwa wa go kgoboketša le go sekaseka lerole le le ka rarolwago. Re tshepa gore setšhaba sa dinyakišišo tša boleng ba moya se tla tšea bothata bo.
Mobu le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa jioloji tse fumanehang bokaholimo ba Lefatše li tsejoa li na le liminerale tse ngata tsa tlhaho tse etsahalang ka tlhaho. Asbestos ke e 'ngoe ea liminerale tse nang le silika e ngata e neng e chekoa haholo libakeng tse ling tsa liprofinse tsa "liprofinse tsa Limpopo, Mpumalanga le North Cape Afrika Boroa. Leha ho felisoa morafo oa asbestos ka lebaka la litlamorao tse amanang le bophelo bo botle ba batho ka 2002, ho ntse ho na le ts'oenyeho mabapi le ho pepesetsoa ha tikoloho likhoele tsa asbestos. Fiber e le 'ngoe ea asbestos e entsoe ka likhoele tse limilione tse kang nale tse tsoang habonolo ho hlahisa likaroloana tse sa bonoeng tse tlalehang libaka-mafuamatšo. Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa likhoele tsa asbestos libakeng tseo pele e neng e le tsa meepo ke lithako tsa asbestos le mobu o silafetseng oa asbestos. Likotlo tsa merafo ea Asbestos Profinseng ea Limpopo li nchafalitsoe ka tsela e itseng, athe Profinseng ea Mpumalanga ha e nchafatsoe 'me libaka tsena kaofela li laoloa ke mmuso hobane beng ba tsona ba ba lahlile. Lerōle le ka rarolloang ke letšoao la pele la tšilafalo ea moea e tsoang ka moea mme le ne le sebelisetsoa ho khetha libaka tseo li lokelang ho-shebelloa. Ho ile ha etsoa boithuto ba ho leka ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea ASTMD1739: 1998 le ASTM D 1739: 1970. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele ka thuto, ho sebelisitsoe mokhoa oa semmuso oa ASTM D1739: 1970 'me oa sebelisoa bakeng sa ho bokella sampole ea lerōle e ka rarolloang. Sebaka sa libaka tse leshome (10) tse fumanehang haufi le bolulo ba batho ba tlokotsing tse haufi le libaka tse lahliloeng tsa meepo ea asbestos li ile tsa khethoa liprofinseng tsa Mpumalanga le Limpopo ka ho latellana. Lisampole tsa moea tse ka holim'a lefatše, holimo le tse patiloeng li ile tsa bokelloa hang ka khoeli ho potoloha libaka tsa bolulo tsa batho tse haufi haholo le libaka tse lahliloeng tsa moepo oa asbestos ho tloha ka Mmesa 2016 ho fihlela ka Phuptjane 2017. Mefuta ea lerōle e tsamaisoang ke moea e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa semolao oa ho hlahisa lerōle, E-sampler le sampole ea Air-Con 2. Lerōle le kaholimo le ne le bokelloa ka ntle ho potoloha likarolo tsa ho bokella lerōle le sebelisa brashi le pane ea patsi mme le bolokiloe ka mekotleng e nang le zipper e entsoeng ka thepa ea polasetiki. Mehlala ea lerōle e neng e tšoasehile e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa theipi e khangoang ka tlung le kantle kahare ho lifensetere, ka holim'a thepa ea ka tlung le lifensetereng tsa likoloi tsa khale 'me li bolokiloe ka har'a lisebelisoa tse koetsoeng. Meetso ea mobu e kaholimo le eona e ile ea hlahlojoa ka letsoho le ts'oaroang ka asbestos pele ho pokello. Mehlala e ne e hlophisitsoe haholo ebile e entsoe ka hloko ho qoba ho silafatsa kapa ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea tšebeliso ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea laboratori mme e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa tekanyetso. Mokhoa o ikhethileng o sebelisitsoe ho fumana ho ba teng ha kotsi ea asbestos ka mokhoa oa palo ea liminerale. Mokhoa ona o ne o boetse o sebelisoa bakeng sa ho khetholla asbestos le liminerale tse ling ka har'a disampole tse fapaneng tsa lerōle ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa XRD. Litšobotsi tsa 'mele tsa liminerale tsohle tse kang sebopeho, boholo le mofuta le tsona li ne li nkuoa e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea sebopeho ho sebelisa mokhoa oa SEM-EDS. Mokhoa oa ASTMD1739: 1998 o ile oa etsa hore ho bolokoe lerōle le phahameng ka ho fetelletseng, ka hona ho fumanoe hore le sebetsa hantle haholo. Ka bomalimabe, mokhoa ona o atlehileng ka ho fetisisa ha o ngolisoe ke molao kapa 'muso. Mofuputsi enoa o phethela ka hore mabaka a ka ba teng ka lebaka la sebopeho se fapaneng sa meralo ea setsi sa moea se ka etsang hore ho be thata ho tseba le ho laola. Leha ho le joalo, lekhalo lena la tlhaiso-leseling le fana ka monyetla oa ho ithuta ho tsepameng molemong oa mokhoa ona ka sepheo sa ho fumana moralo o tiisitsoeng oa moea o ka khothalletsoang hore o sebelisoe ka har'a naha. Ya bobedi, diyuniti tse neng di na le metsi le algaecide li ile tsa hlahisa maemo a phahameng a ho tsetsahala Mpumalanga. Litekanyetso tse tharo tse fanoeng ka tatellano ea taolo e fokotsehang e ne e le 2724 mg/ m2/ letsatsi ho Site E, 1638 mg /m2/ letsatsi ho Site D le 834 mg / m2/letsatsi ho Site B ka khoeli e tšoanang ea Hlakubele 2017. Lintlha tsa XRF tsa li-oxide tsa tšepe, ho kenyelletsa tsena tse tharo tse holimo [Si (IV) O2, Fe2 (III) O3 le Al2 (III) O3], li tiisa boleng bo phahameng ba liminerale tsa silrate mefuteng ea lerōle e tsoang liprofinseng ka bobeli. Lintlha tsa XRD tsa mineralogy tse tsoang lerōleng le ts'ilafatsoang li ka nkuoa li bonts'a phello ea asbestos ea amphibole ho tloha ho 18 ho isa ho 56% profinseng ea Limpopo le 2.0 ho isa ho 3.0% profinseng ea Mpumalanga. Boteng bo tlase ba liminerale tsa linoha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa e le 2.0% le 7.0% liprofinseng tsa Limpopo le Mpumalanga ka ho latellana. Hoo e ka lerōleng le ts'oaroang ho la Limpopo hammoho le ho sibolloa ha noha. Ha ho na liminerale tsa asbestos tse fumanoeng lerōleng le tsubelletsoeng le tsoang Mpumalanga, leha ho le haufi le marang-rang a litopo tsa asbestos tse sa ntlafatsoang. Mefuta eohle ea moea e kang asbestos e neng e hapiloe kahare ho moea o ne o le kaholimo ho boleng ba moea oa 100 f /mL. Mofuta o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa moea oa asbestos le lipalo tsa mahloriso tse lekantsoeng e ne e le likhoele tse 40 le boholo ba 2.083 f /mL ka Mphalane ho Site A. Khakanyo e latelang ea fiber fiber e latelang e lekantsoe ka Pherekhong ka 6.590 f /mL ho Site A le 5.272 f /mL setsing D libaka tsa tlhahlobo. Naheng ea Mpumalanga, li-fiber tsa asbestos tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa e ne e le 2.190 f /mL ka Phuptjane le 2.083 f /mL ka Pulungoana ho Site D. Leha ho le joalo, ho latela pono ea ts'ireletso, likhoele tsohle tsa asbestos kapa liminerale tse kentsoeng li kotsi bophelong ba motho. Boithuto bo fumane hore mokhoa o lekantsoeng oa "asbestos" o ntlafalitsoeng o atlehile ho tseba le ho hlakisa liminerale tsa asbestos tse neng li le teng ka har'a mehlala ea lerōle e tsoang libakeng tsa boithuto. Sephetho sena se netefalitsoe ka katleho le tlhahlobo e entsoeng e sebelisang mokhoa o amohetsoeng ka molao oa asbestos fiber count. Mokhoa o lekantsoeng oa liminerale o thusa sechaba sa lipatlisiso ka mokhoa o mong oa tlhahlobo o sebetsang, o sebetsang hantle ebile o sebelisang botsoalle. Ho tloha ha mokhoa oa ASTM D1739: 1998 o fumanoe o sebetsa hantle ho feta mokhoa o amohetsoeng ka molao, thuto ena e khothaletsa hore batsamaisi ba boleng ba moea naheng ba e nahane. Empa, mokhoa ona o tla hloka ntlafatso le maemo pele haholo mealo e fapaneng ea thebe ea moea pele e ka amoheloa ka molao e le mokhoa oa ho bokella le ho sekaseka lerōle le ka rarolloang. Re tšepa hore sechaba sa lipatlisiso tsa boleng ba moea se tla nka bothata bona.
Environmental Science
Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系
96
The main purpose of this research is to study the compositions, physicochemical properties and in vitro physiological functions of water-insoluble solid (WIS), alcohol-insoluble solid (AIS) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) prepared from pitaya peel and mangosteen husk. These crude fiber materials were prepared by using distilled water, alcohol and enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The results showed the physicochemical properties (e.g. water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity and swelling capacity) of WIS is better than those of AIS and IDF while the contents of extractable polyphenols and condensed tannins as well as the antioxidative activity are higher than those of AIS and IDF. According to its lower production cost and simpler preparation method WIS was used as the crude fiber sample in this study. The results showed that the pitaya peel WIS exhibited higher inhibitory effects against Bacillus cereus BCRC 10603, Salmonella BCRC 10747 and Salmonella choleraesuis BCRC 12948 while mangosteen husk WIS exhibited higher inhibitory effects against Bacillus cereus BCRC 10603 and Escherichia coli BCRC 10675. The antimicrobial activity of mangosteen husk WIS was better than that of pitaya peel WIS. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the mangosteen husk WIS was found to be 0.5 g/100 mL. It indicated that there was a relationship between the antimicrobial activity and condensed tannins of WIS samples. Respecting the considerable amounts of residual pigment in the waste water during the preparation of WIS, the waste water was collected to recover natural pigments and then to evaluate their potential uses in replacement of red beet and anthocyanin. The results suggested the possibility of replacing red beet pigment with the residual pigment recovered from pitaya peel. This study showed that the crude fiber materials prepared from the marc of pitaya and mangosteen could be exploited as high-fiber ingredients of desired antioxidative and antimicrobial activities, hence to increase their applications and economical values. Natural pigments could also be recovered from the residual pigment in the waste water produced during WIS preparation. Therefore, the fruit marc which is available in large quantity as a byproduct in juice production could be fully utilized for higher economical values.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
野生動物保育研究所
93
Ocadia sinensis is the most common turtle in Taiwan. According to the field research, it was omnivorous. The diet habit, size and growing rate were different between sexes. With the increasing of the carapace, females ingested more plants. And as they grew, the growing rate of females was higher than that of males, the size of females would be larger than that of males significantly, too. The purpose of this study is to experiment the effect of different diet compositions to O. sinensis by captivity raised. We want to know if the digestive perform will affect their diet habit and growth. At first, we kept turtles in pool individually, fed them three kinds of diets: plant, animal, both plant and animal (mix), respectively, and then collected their feces. We counted the digestibility of crude fiber and total nitrogen of these turtles. The digestibility of crude fiber and total nitrogen of males had no significant differences among the three diets, but there was significant difference between that for females. The digestibility of crude fiber and total nitrogen had no significant difference between males and females.

Tese de Doutoramento Programa Doutoral em Ciência e Engenharia de Polímeros e Compósitos
Specifications of new products have become increasingly more demanding in terms of price, performance, reliability, and consumer safety. Additionafly, environmental legislation has become a powerful driver for industry. As a consequence, over the past decades the plastic industry has strived to ensure adequate environmental and economic planning and optimization of its products. This particularly applies to the composites industry, due, for instance, to limitations in mechanical recycling of post-used composite parts. Sustainabie development requires quantitative methods to measure and compare the environmental, economic and social impacts of human activities for the provision of products. Life cycle thinking originated from the awareness that any product, process or activity has an effect on those impacts, from the moment raw materiais are extracted from nature until they end their service life, and return to nature. Life Cycie Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) are sustainable tools that consider the fulI life cycle (LC) of a product. jOA evaluates the environmental impacts attributable to the LC of a product. On the other hand, LCC is the equivalent of LCA from an economic perspective. This thesis is focused on the integration of environmentai and economic tools into the product development cycle. Specifically, its main goal was to employ adequate environmental and economic methodologies in the product development process of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite non-mobile structures, with particular emphasis given to the integration of LCA and LCC tools. An additional goal was to analyse alternative material and end-of-life (E0L) treatment scenarios, as well as the effect of externai conditions, such as fluctuations in crude oil price. In this context, an exhaustive literature review was conducted in order to define the LCNLCC integrated framework to be used in this work. The adopted LCA/LCC integrated model was then applied in three different non-mobile structure FRP composite case studies: Iighting columns, anti-glare Iamellae and storage tanks. A benchmark study comparing the use FRP composites with alternative conventional materiais was also done. Finally, alternative material and EoL treatment scenarios, as well as the effect of fluctuations in the crude oil price, were considered, in order to analyse the sensitivity of the results to external conditions. A deeper understanding of the incorporation of the LCA/LCC integrated model into the product development process was accomplished with this work. It was possible to recognize that the overali goal of a LCA/LCC integrated model study is to identify environmental and economic win-win and trade-off situations related to the fuli LC of a given product system. Undoubtediy, some uncertainties are associated to this study (such as parameter, scenario and modei uncertainties); however, the results can stiil be used as guidelines in product development, namely in material selection, processing technology selection, E0L management, strategic planning, and marketing.
As especificações de novos produtos têm vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais exigentes em termos de preço, desempenho, confiança e segurança dos consumidores. Além disso, a legislação ambiental tornou-se um vector determinante para a indústria. Como consequência, nas últimas décadas, a indústria de plásticos tem-se esforçado para garantir um planeamento e otimização ambiental e económico adequado dos seus produtos. Isto aplica-se, em particular, à indústria de compósitos, devido, por exemplo, às limitações na reciclagem mecânica de peças em materiais compósitos em fim-de-vida. O desenvolvimento sustentável exige métodos quantitativos para medir e comparar os impactos ambientais, económicos e sociais das atividades humanas envolvidas no fornecimento de produtos. O conceito de ciclo de vida fortalece a consciência que qualquer produto, processo ou atividade tem um efeito sobre esses impactos, desde que suas matérias-primas são extraídas da natureza até o fim de sua vida útil, quando são devolvidos à natureza Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e Avaliação de Custos do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV) são ferramentas sustentáveis que consideram o ciclo de vida (CV) completo de um produto. A ACV avalia os impactos ambientais atribuíveis ao CV de um produto. Por outro lado, a ACCV é o equivalente da ACV numa perspetiva económica. Esta tese foca-se na integração de ferramentas ambientais e económicas no ciclo de desenvolvimento do produto. O principal objectivo foi integrar metodologias ambientais e económicas adequadas no desenvolvimento de estruturas não-móveis de compósitos políméricos reforçados com fibra (PRF), com particular ênfase na integração das ferramentas de ACV e ACCV. Um objetivo adicional deste estudo foi analisar cenários alternativos de material e tratamento de fim-de-vida, assim como o efeito de condições externas tais como flutuações do preço do petróleo. Neste contexto, fez-se uma revisão exaustiva da literatura a fim de definir o âmbito da integração ACV/ACCV a utilizar neste trabalho. O modelo integrado ACV/ACCV adotado foi aplicado em três estruturas não-móveis de compósitos PRF: colunas de iluminação, lamelas anti-encadeamento e tanques de armazenamento. Foi também feito um estudo de "benchmark" comparando a utilização deste material e de materiais convencionais alternativos. Finalmente foram estudados cenários alternativos de materiais e tratamentos de fim-de-vida, bem como o efeito das flutuações do preço do petróleo, a fim de analisar a sensibilidade dos resultados a condições externas. O trabalho realizado permitiu adquirir uma mais profunda compreensão das vantagens do modelo integrado ACV/ACCV no processo de desenvolvimento do produto. Também permitiu reconhecer que o objetivo global de um estudo integrado ACV/ACCV é identificar, numa visão ambiental e económica, as situações "completamente preferíveis" ("win-win") e "de compromisso" ('trade-off) relacionadas com o CV completo de um determinado sistema de produto. Este estudo incorpora incertezas (por exemplo, as correspondentes a parâmetros, cenários e modelos); no entanto, os resultados podem ser usados como linhas orientadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos, ou seja, na seleção de materiais, na seleção de tecnologias de fabrico, no planeamento do destino final, na definição de estratégias, e em marketing.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) SFRH/BD/60852/2009 and the funding of Instituto de Polímeros e Compósitos (IPC) through strategic Project-LA 25-2011-2012 (PEsT-C(CTM/LA0025/2011). EU LIFE-environment programme project Ecovia (LIFE 05 ENV/P/00036).

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
106
Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of expanded pellet diets on the culture of breeder soft-shelled turtles and the effects of dietary crude fiber levels on the growth parameters of juvenile soft-shelled turtles. In experiment 1, to test the expanded pellet diets for breeder soft-shelled turtles on palatability, survival rate, egg production, and hatchability. Six thousand breeder soft-shelled turtles at about two and half years of age were randomly allotted into 2 treatments × 3 replicates experimental design with 1000 breeder soft-shelled turtles in each pond. The two treatment groups were fed diets with either control group (wet diets) or treatment group (expanded pellet diets) for 10 months. Results indicated that no significant differences in palatability, egg production and hatchability were observed between the two groups. The results of survival rate were significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group (95.5 vs. 94.7%). In experiment 2, to test the crude fiber levels of juvenile soft-shelled turtle diets on the growth parameters. Juvenile soft-shelled turtles of mean body weight 4.1g were fed diets supplemented with 5 levels of crude fiber (0, 4, 8, 12, 16%) for 10 weeks, and the actual crude fiber contents were measured as 3.88, 7.35, 11.72, 15.46 and 19.42%. Each diet was fed to 20 juvenile soft-shelled turtles in individual plastic cans. After 10 weeks of feeding trial, body composition, blood parameters, enzyme activity analysis of the juvenile turtles were conducted. The results indicated that no significant differences in weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate, body composition, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were observed between the testing groups. The results of blood parameters, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly different, however, the hematocrit (Hct) was significantly increased in the 19.42% crude fiber group than the 3.88 and 7.35% crude fiber groups. The results of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities was significantly increased in the 3.88% crude fiber group than the 7.35, 11.72, 15.46 and 19.42% crude fiber groups. The results of villus height of the large intestine was significantly increased in the 15.46% crude fiber group than the 11.72 and 19.42% crude fiber groups. The overall experimental results showed that the expanded pellet diets did not negatively impact the palatability, egg production and hatchability, however, increased survival rate of the breeder soft-shelled turtles. The crude fiber levels of juvenile soft-shelled turtles diets did not negatively impact on the growth parameters, body composition, blood analysis and healthy status of the juvenile soft-shelled turtles.