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1
Mirsani, Susan Dian, Rudy Sutrisna, Agung Kusuma Wijaya, and Liman Liman. "PENGARUH VARIETAS DAN TIPE STARTER TERHADAP KADAR AIR, KADAR PROTEIN KASAR, DAN KADAR SERAT KASAR PADA SILASE TEBON JAGUNG." Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan (Journal of Research and Innovation of Animals) 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2020.4.3.165-170.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of different varieties and type of starter on moisture, crude protein, and crude fibre of corn forage silage. This research was conducted in May - August 2019 at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The experimental design used was a factorial Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The factors studied were (1) corn forage varieties, which consisted of two varieties, namely BISI-18 and NK-212 and (2) type of starter, which consisted of two types, namely molasses and bran. The results showed that there was no interaction (P> 0.05) between variety of corn forages and type of starter on moisture content, crude protein, and crude fiber content. The use of different corn forage varieties had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on moisture content, crude protein, and crude fiber content. The use of different types of starter had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on moisture content, crude protein, and crude fiber content.
Keywords: Crude fibre, Crude protein, Moisture content, Starter, Varieties
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Kuz'mina, Lyudmila, and Anastasiya Kartashova. "The quality of fiber and the effectiveness of use in rations of Holstein-Kholmogor cows." Agrarian Bulletin of the 198, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-198-7-56-64.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal level of fibre and its fractions, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), in the ration of cows with milk yield 6–7 thousand kg according to the period of the physiological cycle. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out with two groups of cows, control and test, 10 animals in each other, during the whole period of lactation. The ration of control group cows corresponded to the economic one. The analysis of the crude fibre in feeds doesn't identify a reasonably accurate content of the fibre and its fractions. Therefore, the research includes the elaborated method of fractionation of structural carbohydrates (Van Soest et al.). As a result of the research, the optimal level of the crude fibre and its fractions (NDF and ADF) was determined in the cow rations according to the periods of the physiological cycle. It was established that the level of the crude fibre should be 20.5 %; NDF – 40.0 %; ADF – 25.0 % during the first phase of lactation (14–100 days). For the period of the second phase of lactation (101–200 days) the content of the crude fiber – 22,5 %, NDF – 41,3 %, and ADF – 26,3 %. For the period of the third phase of lactation (201–305 days) the level of the crude fibre should be 25,0 %; NDF – 45,5 %; ADF – 25,4 %. The novelty of the research is that we determined the requirements of the milk cows for the crude fibre, NDF and ADF according to the physiological periods in the conditions of the Arctic region. Separation of the fibre into fractions makes it possible to reveal more fully its composition, and consequently to show more precisely digesting of each fraction in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and to determine the role of fibre in providing of animals by energy.
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Gugała, Sikorska, Zarzecka, Findura, and Malaga–Toboła. "Chemical Composition of Winter Rape Seeds Depending on the Biostimulators Used." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110716.
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Plant growth regulators may reduce the negative effect of environmental stress factors and can contribute to increasing the quality and quantity of the yield. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biostimulators on the quality of seeds of three winter rape morphotypes. Three varieties of winter rape were used: Poznaniak (population variety), PX104 (hybrid variety restored with a semi-dwarf growth type) and Konkret (hybrid variety restored with a traditional growth type). The varieties were exposed to three treatments: the biostimulator Tytanit®, the biostimulator Asahi®SL and the biostimulator Silvit®, and the control with no biostimulators. Seeds were analysed for content of crude fat, total fat and crude fibres. The biostimulators reduced total protein content (on average from 0.8 to 1.75 g·kg−1 of d.m.) and increased the concentration of crude fat (on average from 0.71 to 1.93 g·kg−1 of d.m.) and crude fibre (on average from 0.15 to 0.84 g·kg−1 of d.m.) compared to the control. PX104 had the highest content of crude fat and total fat protein, and the lowest in crude fibre. The smallest protein content was found in seeds of the long-stem hybrid Konkret, while crude fat was lowest in the population form (Poznaniak), and crude fibre was lowest in long-stem hybrid (Konkret).
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Firdaus Hudaya, Mohammad, Diah Tri Widayati, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, and Cuk Tri Noviandi. "Feed Composition Analysis and Reproductive Status of Dairy Cows Raised in Yogyakart." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13798.
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The objective of this study was to determine the content of the feed given and reproductive status of each animal and its effect on reproduction performance in early lactation dairy cows. Seven early lactation of Friesian Holstein cows were used from local farmer. The observed variable were feedstuff from local farmer and reproductive status (post partum estrous and service per conception). The results of proximat and van soest analysis from feedstuff consist of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and concentrate feed from feed mill. The elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was contained of dry matter (DM) 86.27%, Ash 18.63%, extract eter (EE) 3.84%, crude fiber (CF) 30.62%, crude protein (CP) 13.05%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 73.73% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) 45.31%. Concentrates feed was contained of dry matter (DM) 89.24%, Ash 15.36%, extract eter (EE) 5.37%, crude fiber (CF) 17.11%, crude protein (CP) 12.76%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 58.23% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) 19.20%. The results of reproductive parameters for post partum estrous (PPE) 121.43±16.672 days and service per conception (S/C) was 2.14±0.690. In conclusion the feedstuff were given less meet the requirement, and affecting the performance of reproduction.
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Omoikhoje, S. O., R. A. Animashaun, and M. I. Edokpayi. "Enhancement of the nutritive values of some agro-industrial waste products by solid state fermentation." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.782.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of biodegradation on the nutrient contents of rice bran (RB), cassava residual pulp (CRP), saw dust (SD) and palm oil fibre (POF) by Penicilium sp. RB, CRP, SD and POF were subjected to solid state fermentation by Penicilium sp. for 7 days and the process was terminated by oven drying at 700C for 24hours. The fermented samples were thoroughly mixed, dried and stored in sterile bottles for analyses. Results of proximate composition before and after biodegradation revealed that percentage improvement in crude protein, ether extract, ash, and gross energy were significantly (P<0.05) higher in CRP compared to RB, SD and POF. Similarly, percentage reduction in crude fibre after biodegradation was highest (P><0.05) in CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition. ><0.05) higher in CRP compared to RB, SD and POF. Similarly, percentage reduction in crude fibre after biodegradation was highest (P<0.05) in CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition.><0.05) n CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition.
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Lim, L. B. L., H. I. Chieng, and F. L. Wimmer. "Nutrient Composition of Artocarpus champeden and Its Hybrid (Nanchem) in Negara Brunei Darussalam." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 28, no. 2 (November 20, 2011): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.39.
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The flesh and seeds of ripened and unripened Artocarpus champeden and its ripened hybrid (Nanchem) were analyzed for their moisture, ash, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate, energy and mineral content. Generally, unripened A. champeden which is always treated and cooked as a vegetable contains higher amounts of moisture, ash, crude fibre and crude protein for its flesh than ripened A. champeden and Nanchem. Ripened A. champeden and Nanchemhave higher total carbohydrates and energy content than the unripe fruit. Similarly, the unripened A. champeden seed has more nutritional components in terms of moisture, ash, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate and energy compared to the ripened A. champeden and Nanchem seeds. Potassium and magnesium are the prevalent minerals in this fruit species. Nanchem has the characteristics of both jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) and A. champeden.
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Honeck, A., J. Ahlhorn, O. Burfeind, M. Gertz, E. grosse Beilage, M. Hasler, K. Tölle, C. Visscher, and J. Krieter. "Influence on tail-biting in weaning pigs of crude fibre content and different crude fibre components in pigs' rations." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 3 (April 2020): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000404.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyse the influence on tail-biting in undocked pigs during the rearing period of crude fibre in piglets' rations. All pigs were fed the same pre-starter until weaning. The study comprised two trials with four experimental groups each. The first trial contained: a control group (CG1) with conventional feed (up to 40 g/kg crude fibre), two groups with an increased crude fibre content of up to 50 g/kg (G5) and 60 g/kg (G6), respectively, and one group with conventional feed and crude fibre provision ad libitum (AL). The second trial consisted of a control group (CG2) which received the same conventional feed as CG1 and three treatment groups with either soya hulls (SS), dried sugar beet pulp (DP) or oat fibre (OF) admixed to their ration, to achieve a crude fibre content of 60 g/kg in all three groups. The rearing week, the batch, the treatment group (only in trial one) and the interaction between batch and treatment group had a significant influence on tail-lesions (P < 0.05). The tail-biting process started in rearing week 3 (trial one) and 5 (trial two), respectively. Due to the low frequency of tail-biting during the present study, crude fibre seems to have no major influence on tail-biting during the rearing period. This unexpected result may be caused by the optimized conditions in which the piglets were kept and the intensive animal observation carried out by the employees. However, the batch effect was most influential.
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Straková, Eva, and Pavel Suchý. "Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses." Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, no. 1 (2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382010037.
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This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.
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Radosavljevic, Milica, Marija Milasinovic-Seremesic, Dusanka Terzic, Goran Todorovic, Zorica Pajic, Milomir Filipovic, Zeljko Kaitovic, and Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic. "Effects of hybrid on maize grain and plant carbohydrates." Genetika 44, no. 3 (2012): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1203649r.
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Maize is one of the most important naturally renewable carbohydrate raw materials. The basic chemical composition (content of starch, protein, oil, crude fibre and ash) and the content of lignocellulose fibres (content of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelullose and cellulose) were determined for grain and the whole maize plant of the seven ZP maize hybrids. The negative very significant correlation between protein and starch content (r=-0.78) and significant correlation between oil and starch content (r=-0.65) was obtained in grain. The hybrid ZP 666 had the highest starch, crude fibre, ADF and cellulose content, high NDF content, the lowest ADL and low protein content in grain. The lowest starch, crude fibre, ADF, cellulose content and the highest protein and oil content in grain was determined in hybrid ZP 158. The hybrid ZP 730 had the highest and hybrid ZP158 the lowest dry matter yield of whole plant, whole plant without ear, ear and yield of digestible dry matter of whole plant. The differences in the contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelluloses, cellulose and digestibility of the whole maize plant among observed ZP hybrids were 6.21%, 4.01%, 0.79%, 5.65%, 3.88% and 6.79%, respectively. Obtained values for the content of lignocellulose fibres differed significantly among hybrids and were closely related to digestibility.
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Molina, J., J. Martorell, M. Hervera, J. Pérez-Accino, V. Fragua, and C. Villaverde. "Preliminary study: fibre content in pet rabbit diets, crude fibre versus total dietary fibre." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99 (April 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12309.
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Mwalugha, Heltan M., Joseph G. Wakibia, Glaston M. Kenji, and Mwanjala A. Mwasaru. "Chemical Composition of Common Seaweeds from the Kenya Coast." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 6 (October 26, 2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n6p28.
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The gross nutritional profile of 34 seaweed species from three sites (Mkomani, Kibuyuni and Mtwapa) in coastal Kenya were studied. The crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and crude ash were determined by the standard AOAC methods while the nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated by weight difference of the chemical components. The chemical constituents of the seaweeds varied significantly among the algal divisions, species, months and sites (<em>p</em><0.05). The major chemical components was the NFE with a mean value of 42.09 ± 0.83% dry weight (DW) followed by crude ash (31.94 ± 0.78% DW), crude fibre (14.08 ± 0.26% DW), crude protein (10.09 ± 0.26% DW), whereas the least component was crude fat with a mean value of 1.81 ± 0.04% DW (<em>p</em><0.05). The crude protein levels were positively correlated with nitrogen content and in crude fibre and negatively with NFE, crude fat and crude ash (<em>p</em><0.05). The findings on the gross nutritional profile of the seaweeds in this study could be used as a basis for more advanced research on nutritional information guideline and as potential resources for seaweed-based products for improved human and animal nutrition.
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U. A., Essiett, Okon J. E., and Anyasodor C. D. "On Number of k-Element in Open and Clopen Topological Space With Corresponding Graph for n≤4." Academic Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, no. 59 (September 25, 2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajams.59.130.135.
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The leaf, stem and flowers of Luffa aegyptiaca were screened for their phytochemical and physicochemical properties. The phytochemical evaluation of the leaf, stem and flowers revealed the presence of saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were only present in the flowers. Cyanogenetic glycosides and phlobatannin were absent in the leaf and stem respectively. The nutrient value shows that the leaves contain 10.01% of moisture, 0.78% of crude protein, 2.40% of lipids, 14.61% of crude fibre, 3.65%of ash and 48.02% of carbohydrate. The stem contain7.02% of moisture, 3.01% of crude protein, 4.50% of lipids, 8.10% of crude fibre, 2.50% of ash and 61% of carbohydrate. While the flowers contain4.01% of moisture, 0.5% of crude protein, 5.1% of lipids, 7.01% of crude fibre, 1.5% of ash and 45.1% of carbohydrate. These findings prove that Luffa aegyptiaca contains bioactive compounds that may be useful in nutrition and explains its popular use in traditional medicine in Nigeria.
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U. A., Essiett, Okon J. E., and Anyasodor C. D. "Phytochemical and Physicochemical Properties of Leaf, Stem and Flowers of Luffa Aegyptiaca (Johann Veslingius)." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 510 (October 1, 2019): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.510.186.190.
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The leaf, stem and flowers of Luffa aegyptiaca were screened for their phytochemical and physicochemical properties. The phytochemical evaluation of the leaf, stem and flowers revealed the presence of saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were only present in the flowers. Cyanogenetic glycosides and phlobatannin were absent in the leaf and stem respectively. The nutrient value shows that the leaves contain 10.01% of moisture, 0.78% of crude protein, 2.40% of lipids, 14.61% of crude fibre, 3.65%of ash and 48.02% of carbohydrate. The stem contain7.02% of moisture, 3.01% of crude protein, 4.50% of lipids, 8.10% of crude fibre, 2.50% of ash and 61% of carbohydrate. While the flowers contain4.01% of moisture, 0.5% of crude protein, 5.1% of lipids, 7.01% of crude fibre, 1.5% of ash and 45.1% of carbohydrate. These findings prove that Luffa aegyptiaca contains bioactive compounds that may be useful in nutrition and explains its popular use in traditional medicine in Nigeria.
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Everts, H., B. Smits, and A. W. Jongbloed. "Effect of crude fibre, feeding level and body weight on apparent digestibility of compound feeds by swine." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i4.16775.
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Compound feeds containing 43, 76 or 113 g crude fibre in DM were given to 22 adult sows and 18 growing male pigs. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter and crude protein were decreased with increased crude fibre in the diet, were decreased with increased intake from 1.2 times maintenance to 2.4 times maintenance and were increased with increased body weights. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Sommer, A., M. Vodňanský, P. Petrikovič, and R. Požgaj. "Influence of lucerne and meadow hay quality on the digestibility of nutrients in the roe deer." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 2 (December 6, 2011): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3998-cjas.
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It was confirmed in metabolic experiments with 4 individuals of roe deer (2 males and 2 females with the live weight of 20.8 and 17.9 kg, respectively) that due to the animals’ selective choice of a part of feeds there was no significant difference in the intake of lucerne hay of different quality and high-quality meadow hay (515.86 ± 66.97 and 597.82 ± 94.87 g, respectively). However, different quality of lucerne hay influenced the animals’ intake of crude protein and crude fibre. When the animals were fed meadow hay, they took in significantly less crude protein and fibre and significantly more nitrogen-free extract, fat and ash. Digestibility of crude protein was observed to be significantly decreased in hay of lower quality (by 10.1%). Digestibility coefficients for crude protein, crude fibre, organic matter and fat were significantly lower in grass hay compared to lucerne hay. Based on the coefficients of nutrient digestibility it can be stated that meadow hay, even if of excellent quality, is not a suitable supplement for the roe deer.
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L., Chinakwe N., and Solomon R. J.*. "Morphometric measurement of Dutch clarias fed with bambara nut and coconut chaff." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 5269. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.02.008.
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The length weight relationship and diet of Dutch Clarias was investigated in the University of Abuja, permanent site. 60 Dutch Clarias (fingerlings) of weight 0-20g and length (0-10cm) were grouped into three replicated tank, and fed for twelve weeks with a local formulated feed (Bambara nut and Coconut Chaff) and Coppen. Tank A had Coppen feeds which served as the control with a 42% crude protein, 13% Carbohydrate, 29% crude fibre, and 8% Ash, while Tank B has 42.25% protein, 48.41% Carbohydrate, 1.9% crude fibre, and 2.9% Ash, 10.8% crude lipid and 9.40% moist, fed Bambara nut and Coconut chaff at a ratio of 70to 30%. Tank C was served Bambara nut and Coconut chaff at a ratio of 30 to 70%, with an analysis of 42.18% crude protein, 58.37% Carbohydrate, 10.80% crude lipid, and 2.45% Ash, 0.5% crude fibre. Body and were fed 4% body weight twice daily (6 to 8 am, and 6 to 9pm). Their total weight and length were measured weekly and converted into log to calculate the relationship between them. Treatment A had a significant growth (p<0.05), followed by Tank B and C subsequently.
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Moyer, J. R., J. Fraser, L. M. Rode, and A. K. Topinka. "Effects of growth-stage-based alfalfa harvest on weed encroachment and resultant quality." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-059.
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Growth-stage-based alfalfa harvest treatments were imposed on a 2-yr-old Beaver alfalfa stand in 1992 to determine the effect of harvest treatments on yield and quality. By 1993, alfalfa cut at the vegetative stage or prebud stage contained 25% dandelions by weight. At these stages weeds lowered crude protein content in the total forage relative to pure alfalfa. Weed contents were similar and less than 1% by weight in forage cut at prebloom and later stages. Crude protein and fibre contents were similar in total forage and pure alfalfa at prebloom and later stages. Key words: Acid detergent fibre, crude protein, cutting management, dandelion, growth stage, neutral detergent fibre
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A. A., Lamidi, and Joseph O. O. "Chemical Composition and Nutritive Parameters of Maize Stover (Zea Mays) Fractions and Cassava (Manihort Esculanta) Foliage for Sustainable Ruminant Production." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 62 (March 24, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.62.7.11.
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Chemical composition and nutritive parameters of maize stover (Zea mays) fractions and cassava (Manihort esculanta) foliage for sustainable ruminant production was studied. Cassava foliage and fractions of maize stover (stem and leaf) were gathered and oven dried for proximate composition, fibre fractions and nutritive parameters (Dry matter intake (DMI), Digestible dry matter (DDM) and Relative feed value (RFV) were calculated. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD). Results shows a significant difference (P<0.05) in the all the parameters considered for the proximate composition across the experimental treatments. The contents ranged from 85.21 – 88.77% for dry matter (DM), 6.27 – 19.72%, 1.89 – 3.78%, 14.89 – 17.08%, 51.88 – 62.47%, 3.27 – 11.23% and 36.90 – 56.70% for crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ash and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFE), respectively. Cassava foliage had highest (P<0.05) contents of fibre fractions considered. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose (CEL) and hemicellulose (HEM) were 59.18%, 18.36%, 26.50% and 27.10%, respectively for CSL. There was a significant different (P<0.05) in the phytochemical contents across the experimental materials. Similar (P>0.05) value was recorded for DMI, DDM and RFV. Conclusively, the experimental treatments exhibited nutritional qualities that made them a feed resources for ruminant production. Cassava foliage had better proximate composition and fibre fractions, therefore it is recommended for the farmers.
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O’Brien, Claire L., and David M. Gordon. "Effect of diet and gut dynamics on the establishment and persistence of Escherichia coli." Microbiology 157, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.047092-0.
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Escherichia coli population dynamics and diversity in rats fed diets differing in their crude fibre content were assessed. Female Wistar rats (n = 40) were fed diets containing 1, 4, 18 or 26 % crude fibre. Animals were housed in pairs, and one animal was inoculated with a phylogroup B1 strain of E. coli, the other with a phylogroup B2 strain. Natural strain transmission was allowed to occur between the animals in each cage. As expected, the diets had a significant effect on gut dynamics. Mean gut retention times were shorter in animals fed the 18 and 26 % crude fibre diets compared with animals on the low-fibre diets. The effect of diet on gastrointestinal dynamics in turn affected E. coli population dynamics and clonal composition. Animals fed the low-fibre diets had higher cell densities than animals fed the high-fibre diets. E. coli populations dominated by phylogroup B2 strains exhibited lower cell densities in animals fed the high-fibre diets compared with cell densities in animals fed the low-fibre diets. Overall, E. coli cell densities declined as gut transit times decreased. Results from this experiment support the results garnered from prospective studies examining the distribution of E. coli from hosts with differing diets, gut morphology and dynamics.
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Kizeková, Miriam, Ján Tomaškin, Jozef Čunderlík, Ľubica Jančová, and Janka Martincová. "THE YIELD STABILITY AND QUALITY OF LEGUMES DURING TWO CONSECUTIVE, EXTREMELY DRY YEARS." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2013-0015.
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Abstract This study highlights the effect of drought and ambient temperature on performance and herbage quality of legume monocultures and grass-legume mixtures. In a field experiment, the total dry matter yield, seasonal pattern of dry matter yield distribution, content of crude protein and crude fibre of monocultures of red clover and alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures were investigated during two consecutive dry years (2011-2012). Alfalfa cultivars Kamila and Tereza grown as monocultures or as mixtures with Festulolium braunii (cultivar Achilles) outperformed the red clover cultivars Fresko and Veles and provided a well-balanced total and seasonal dry matter yield during both years. Across all experimental years, crude protein content was significantly higher at alfalfa monocultures and mixture when compared with clover monocultures (P < 0.05). However, considerable lower content of crude fibre at clover monocultures in comparison with alfalfa ones was found. Responses of nutritive parameters of both legume species to weather variables were different. Crude protein content in red clover was independent of rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the crude fibre content correlated with temperature whereby the alfalfa monocultures showed stronger correlations (P < 0.05) than red clover monocultures.
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Graham, H., W. Löwgren, and P. Åman. "An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig." British Journal of Nutrition 61, no. 3 (May 1989): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890155.
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1. An in vitro method involving incubation of feed samples with buffered duodenal digesta for 12 h or with buffered ileal and faecal inocula for 48 h was compared with in vivo ileal or faecal apparent digestibilities in pigs.2. The five diets investigated had crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents from 164 to 185 g/kg, starch contents from 296 to 463 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 176 to 347 g/kg.3. In vitro disappearances with duodenal inocula were correlated (P < 0.05) with in vivo ileal apparent digestibilities for crude protein, ash, starch, energy and dry matter, but not for dietary fibre.4. In vitro disappearances with the ileal and faecal inocula were generally correlated (P < 0.1) with in vivo faecal apparent digestibilities for dietary fibre, energy and dry matter, but not for ash or crude protein. The patterns of degradability of fibre polysaccharide residues in vitro and in vivo were also similar.5. Results indicate that this in vitro method could be used to predict the availability of starch and crude protein for digestion in the small intestine, and the degradability of dietary fibre, and thus for comparing the nutritive value of pig feeds.
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IYAYI, E. A., and J. I. EGHAREVBA. "BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SEED OF AN UNDER UTILIZED LEGUME (Mucuna utili)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 25, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v25i1.2213.
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The effect of heat treatment and germination on the proximate and mineral composition, HCH, tannins, phytic acid and the in vitro protein digestibility of Mucuna utilis seeds were studied. The raw seeds had a protein content of 35.4%, 7.7% crude fibre, 3.2% ether extract, 5.8% ash and 47.9% carbohydrates on a dry matter basis. The germinated and dehulled seeds had 40.5% crude protein 2.2% crude fibre, 3.4% ether extract, 7.0% ash 47.0% carbohydrates, while the heat -treated seeds had 34.4% crude protein, 11.9% crude fibre, 3.3% ether extract, 9.4% ash and 41.1% carbohydrates. Potassium and iron were the most abundant minerals while the least were sodium and copper. Germination caused a reduction in the levels of all minerals while heat treatment also caused a reduction in the levels of the minerals but with exception of Ca, Mg and Zn. Processing caused a reduction in all the levels of anti-nutritional factors assayed. The in-vitro protein digestibility of the raw seeds was 89.4%; 91.7% for the heat-treated seeds and 76.0% for the germinated seeds.
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Chen, S. Y., and Tengku Rozaina T.M. "Effect of cooking methods on nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome." Food Research 4, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).359.
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Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome possessed abundant nutrients such as vitamin C, minerals and antioxidants. The consumption of lotus rhizome is limited in Malaysia due to limited information on its nutritional values. Cooking or heat treatment may cause nutritional changes in the food, however, there is a lack of study on the effect of cooking methods on nutritional contents of lotus rhizome. In this study, the effects of cooking methods (steaming, boiling and deep-frying) on nutritional composition (proximate, vitamin C and minerals) and antioxidant properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity) of lotus rhizome were investigated. Results showed that boiling significantly increased moisture and crude fibre but decreased ash, crude fat and crude protein contents of lotus rhizome. Meanwhile, deep frying significantly reduced moisture and increased ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents of lotus rhizome. Steaming induced no significant changes in moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate, vitamin C and mineral (potassium, zinc and copper) contents when compared to the raw lotus rhizome. Boiling significantly reduced the amount of vitamin C while deep frying caused a significant reduction in total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity for both ABTS and DPPH assays of lotus rhizome. In conclusion, steaming would be the best cooking methods for lotus rhizome while deep frying is not recommended to retain the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of lotus rhizome.
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Aruwayo, A., T. M. Shehu, R. A. Adeleke, U. S. Salisu, and Y. R. Jamilu. "Effect of Processing Techniques on the Degradability Characteristics of Acacia Acacia hockii) Leaf." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i6.8.
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This experiment was conducted at the Federal University Dutsin-ma Livestock Teaching and Research Farm in Dutsin-ma Local Government area of Katsina State, Nigeria. The study was meant to ascertain the effect of processing techniques on crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation characteristics of three differently processed Acacia hockii leaf meal (ensiled (T1), sun dried (T2) and fresh (T30) incubated in the rumen of five rams at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48hrs. Acacia hockii leaves were collected from Dutsin-ma town and used in the experiment as as fresh leaves, sun-dried and ensiled. Five rams with average live weight of 20kg were fistulated and used as replicates in a completely randomized design (CRD). They were fed with groundnut haulms, maize offal and cowpea husk in ad libitum at a ratio of 70%:30% respectively along with other management practices. The results of the rumen degradation characteristics showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the soluble fraction of crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre degradation among the treatments. There was also a significance (p<0.05) difference between the outflow rates of effective crude protein digestibility, effective acid detergent digestibility and effective neutral detergent digestibility. It was concluded from the study that ensiling and drying methods of processing reduces the ant-nutritional factors and the consequent better degradability of T1 and T2. However, the results of the study also revealed that ensiling is more effective than drying hence the better degradability recorded of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and the effective passage rate.
Keyword: Digestibility, degradability, ensile, leaf
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Setälä, Jouko, Alem Tesfa, and Aino Rauramaa. "Factors affecting in sacco degradation of dry matter and crude protein in grass silage." Agricultural and Food Science 57, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72195.
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The degradability of dry matter and crude protein was studied in 96 grass silages, which were collected from practical farms in different parts of Finland. The degradabilities were determined by the nylonbag technique in sheep on a grass silage and hay (50 : 50 on DM basis) -based diet. Among chemical components the N-free extracts increased, and the crude fibre decreased the dry matter degradation in the rumen. The correlation between the end-products from silage fermentation and the dry matter degradability was generally negative. The level of the crude protein degradability was significantly increased when the crude protein content in the silage DM was increased. The amount of NO3 in the silage DM had a similar effect. The rate of crude protein degradation was regulated mainly by the proteolysis in the silage, e.g. the amounts of NH, and especially watersoluble N in the total N of silage. Crude fibre tended to protect crude protein against ruminal digestion.
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Maslovaric, M., R. Jovanovic, S. Jankovic, J. Levic, and N. Tolimir. "Application of NIR technology in the animal food industry." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 4 (2011): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1104811m.
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The importance of NIR technology in the animal food industry is presented in this study. As the example of the calibration procedure of NIR devices a calibration model for 14 samples of soybean cake was designed. Samples were previously analyzed in the standard laboratory testing of the moisture content, content of crude proteins, crude fats and crude fibre. In this calibration procedure high determination coefficients - R2 were established for these parameters of the nutritional value of food (0.9783 for moisture, 0.9904 for crude proteins, 0.9872 for crude fats and 0.9351 for crude fibre). The comparison of values obtained by using standard laboratory methods with values obtained by NIR technology/method indicates that by using NIR devices it is possible to obtain highly reliable results, and therefore it can be used successfully in facilities for production of animal food in the control of the quality and projection of mixtures.
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Dahl, Sarah-Alica, Martina Hudler, Wilhelm Windisch, Carmen Bolduan, Daniel Brugger, and Andreas König. "High fibre selection by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): evidence of ruminal microbiome adaption to seasonal and geographical differences in nutrient composition." Animal Production Science 60, no. 10 (2020): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19376.
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Context. The European roe deer owes its ability to digest fibre to its microbiome. This is made up of many different species at different levels of abundance and with different differentiations. In Europe, the roe deer is often classified as a so-called ‘concentrate selector’. This term has often been interpreted by different researchers to mean a selector of either protein- or energy-rich food. According to various studies, this selection behaviour is due to the low abundance of fibre-degrading microorganisms. Aims. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of crude nutrients in the rumen of roe deer, with the focus on the fibre fractions, and to show changes among seasons and between habitats. Furthermore, the aim was to find out how far the composition of the ruminal microbiota adapts to these changes. Methods. From 2011 to 2014, we collected the rumens of 245 roe deer in two Bavarian habitat types, a forest and an agricultural habitat. The crude nutrient contents and the size of the total microbiome and the proportions of individual genera were determined in the rumen content. Key results. The average annual concentration of crude fibre in the ingested food is 26–30% and this rises to 38% in certain months. The forest roe deer had the highest proportions of crude fibre in their food and the concentrations of other nutrients were also highly dependent on the season and habitat. Furthermore, the animals also have far less protein in their rumen content than often assumed. The total number of microorganisms in the rumens of the forest deer is significantly higher than in animals living in the agricultural area. The number of microorganisms was highest in the forest roe deer in winter, and in the roe deer from the agricultural area in summer. Clear connections can also be seen between individual groups of microorganisms and particular crude nutrients. The high crude-fibre concentration leads to a high number of fibre-degrading microorganisms, such as, for example, anaerobic fungi or the Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Conclusions. The results showed a high adaptability of the animals to a fibre-rich diet. The microbiome adapts very well to the respective nutrient availabilities. This, in turn, is what allows the roe deer to adapt so readily to diverse habitats and environmental conditions. Implications. Due to the generally high concentrations of fibre, combined with the high numbers of fibre-degraders in the rumen, we suggest that, from now on, we should talk of a roe deer as being a ‘selector’ or ‘browser’ rather than a ‘concentrate selector’.
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Nacu, Gherasim, Nadia Aioanei, Ioan Mircea Pop, Daniel Simeanu, Paul-Corneliu Boisteanu, Vasile Vintila, Olimpia Mintas, Cristina Simeanu, and Bogdan-Vlad Avarvarei. "Research Regarding Crude Chemical Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Some Ecological Forages Utilised in Dairy Cows Nourishment." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.3.8014.
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Kowing the importance of utilised food for milk obtaining, in the current paper we determine the chemical composition of a natural meadow and green mass alfalfa cultivated in ecological and conventional systems, utilised for dairy cows feeding. Were analysed the content in: dry matter DM (%), crude ash C.Ash (%), organic substance OS (%), crude protein CP (%), crude cellulose CC (%), non-nitrogenous extractive substances NES (%), neutral detergent fibre NDF (%), acid detergent fibre ADF (%), Ca (%), P (%), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu - ppm), nitrates, nitrites and pesticides. Analysis were realised in two consecutive production years, for each indicator being made 5 determinations. Samples gathering and analysis were effectuated in according with standards and enshrined working methods. Differences between crude chemical composition of forages obtained in ecological system and the ones obtained by conventional agriculture had statistical significance (from significant � p ≤ 0.05 � to very significant � p ≤ 0.001) for the majority of indicators. Differences between those two production systems were insignificant only for crude fat (both forages), crude cellulose (alfalfa), non-nitrogenous extractive substances (both forages) and for acid detergent fibre (alfalfa). Both forages were safety regarding pollutants (heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates and pesticides), existing however statistically differences between those two production systems, in the favour of ecological
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Krishaditersanto, Rip. "Degradasi komponen serat serbuk gergaji hasil biokonversi jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) dengan level urea berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 28, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2018.028.02.10.
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This study aims to determine the effect of urea supplementation on substrate to the change percentage content of crude fibre component of sawdust as the yield of bioconversion by <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> with 40 days incubation period. The design used was Complete Random Design (CRD) with 4 levels of urea that is P<sub>0</sub> = sawdust substrate + 0% urea; P<sub>1</sub> = sawdust substrate + 0.5% urea; P<sub>2</sub> = sawdust substrate + 1% urea; P<sub>3</sub> = sawdust substrate + 1.5% urea;and P<sub>4</sub> = sawdust substrate + 2% urea, with 3 replicates at each treatment. The parameters observed were the change percentage content of Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. From the observation on the growth of myceliumseen on P2 is the best. The percentage decrease in the content of all fiber components in P2 is the highest. Analyzed data using analysis of variance, showed that urea supplementation had significant effect (P <0,05) to the change percentage content of Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Bioconversion of sawdust by <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> with level of urea supplementation 1% yields the highest of the change percentage content of crude fibre component.
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Adeyanju, S. A., O. Akinokun, and O. O. Ariyibi. "Further Studies on the Utilization of Cocoa Husk in Ruminant Rations." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i2.2524.
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THE effect on body weight changes of sheep and goats and digestibility of maintenance rations in which cocoa husk constituted, 0%, 20%, 40% and 50% of the basal ration respectively were studied. These rations were fed to wethers and castrated goats in separate but concurrent digestibility trials. There was no significant change in body weight of both the sheep and the goat. Significant decreases in apparent digestibility occurred in dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and total digestible nutrients. The 40% cocoa husk ration in which cocoa husk existed with maize in the ratio 2:1 appeared to be next best to the control ration for fibre digestibility. Apparent digestibility of the crude fibre component of the feed was significantly higher in the sheep than in the goats.
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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.36-43.
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Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.
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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.p36-43.
Full textAbstract:
Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.
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de-Oliveira, L. D., F. S. Takakura, E. Kienzle, M. A. Brunetto, E. Teshima, G. T. Pereira, R. S. Vasconcellos, and A. C. Carciofi. "Fibre analysis and fibre digestibility in pet foods - a comparison of total dietary fibre, neutral and acid detergent fibre and crude fibre*." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96, no. 5 (August 3, 2011): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01203.x.
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Zhang, Yong Jun, Jie Min He, Li Yun Zhu, Hui Jin, and Jia Li. "Effect of Extraction Method on Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre from Auricularia auricula." Applied Mechanics and Materials 140 (November 2011): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.140.314.
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Extraction method by which auricularia auricula was treated affects the phytochemical composition and properties of the fibre-rich powders. Factor such as the solvent used was studied, and the significance of such changes was largely dependent on the alkali liquor. Among the auricularia auricula phytochemicals, crude protein, glucosamine, fat and carbohydrate were quantified. Crude protein ranged from 9.98% to 4.40%, and fat ranged from 2.51% to 3.71%, and carbohydrate ranged from 88.21% to91.66%, the content being affected by the solvent, in some cases. Dietary fibre (DF) from alkali liquor treatments had significantly higher amounts of glucosamine than samples extracted by water. The water-holding capacity (WHC), water retention capacity (WRC) and oil-binding capacity (OBC) of fibres from alkali liquor treatments were decreased by 51.4, 48.1, and-3.8%, respectively. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) was significantly lower from alkali liquor treatments, and CEC was only 0.02 meq/g fibres that decreased by 95.4%. The results showed that, in order to preserve the DF quality, the extraction solvent should be important. DF functional properties might be degraded or modified.
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Utama, Cahya Setya, Zuprizal Zuprizal Zuprizal, Chusnul Hanim, and Wihandoyo Wihandoyo. "Pengaruh Lama Autoclave Terhadap Kualitas Kimia Wheat Pollard Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Prebiotik." Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17728/jatp.5262.
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Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh lama pemanasan wheat pollard dengan autoclave untuk mendapatkan monomer-monomer yang berpotensi sebagai prebiotik. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola searah dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar air, abu, lemak kasar, protein kasar, serat kasar dan bahan ekstrak tanpa nitrogen (BETN), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, gross energi, mannosa, arabinosa, glukosa, sukrosa, rafinosa, amilosa, amilum, amilopektin, resisten starch dan profil wheat pollard melalui scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh perlakuan (p<0.05) terhadap kadar air, abu, protein kasar, serat kasar, BETN, NDF, hemiselulosa, lignin, selulosa, gros energi, rafinosa, glukosa, arabinosa, sukrosa, amilosa, amilum, amilopektin, resistan starch namun pada lemak kasar, ADF dan manosa tidak berpengaruh nyata (p>0.05). Indikator wheat pollard sebagai prebiotik terlihat dari peningkatan kadar rafinosa, arabinosa dan resistan starch berturut-turut sebesar 0.72% menjadi 3.95%; 0.51% menjadi 1.04%; 0.51% menjadi 1.04% dan 5.28% menjadi 14.15%. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah wheat pollard yang diautoclave selama 15 menit memberikan komposisi terbaik sebagai prebiotik.The objective of this study was to examine the long-term effect of warming wheat pollard by autoclave to obtain potentially prebiotic monomers. The study used a completely randomized design pattern in the same direction with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The parameters observed were water content, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, extract without nitrogen, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, gross energy, mannosa, arabinose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, amylose, starch, amylopectin, resistance starch and wheat pollard profile through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that there was a treatment effect (p <0.05) on moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, BETN, NDF, hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, gros energy, raffinose, glucose, arabinose, sucrose, amylose, starch, amylopectin , resistance starch but in crude fat, ADF and mannose did not have a significant effect (p>0.05). The indicator of wheat pollard as a prebiotic is seen from an increase in raffinose, arabinose and resistance starch levels of 0.72% to 3.95%; 0.51% to 1.04%; 0.51% to 1.04% and 5.28% to 14.15%. The conclusion of the study was that wheat pollard which was autoclaved for 15 minutes gave the best composition as a prebiotic.
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MUGA, Francis Collins, Tilahun Seyoum WORKNEH, and Moses Okoth MARENYA. "Deteriorative changes in maize kernels due to Aspergillus flavus Link. and Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 114, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2019.114.1.8.
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<p>The study aimed at measuring changes in chemical composition of maize kernels due to <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> Link. and <em>Fusarium verticillioides</em> (Sacc.) Nirenberg infection. The samples of maize kernels were incubated at 28 °C for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The samples were analysed for mycotoxin, moisture, crude fat, crude protein, crude ash, and crude fibre. Maize kernels inoculated with <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>F. verticillioides</em> exhibited a significant decrease in crude fat. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination increased in maize kernels inoculated with <em>A. flavus</em>, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in kernels inoculated with <em>F. verticillioides</em>. Crude ash and crude fibre content showed no changes. Incubation time significantly affected AFB1 and FB1 contamination levels, moisture, crude fat, and crude protein contents. AFB1 and FB1 contamination were significantly correlated with crude fat degradation. The tested strains had similar deteriorative effects on maize kernels. The significant changes in the proximate composition were only observed in maize kernels with mycotoxin contamination above the regulatory limit of 10 µg kg−1, thus not fit for human consumption.</p>
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Hussain, Nisar, Javid Ullah, Ehsan Elahi, Sajjad Ahmad, Muhammad Zakaria, Murtaza A, Saeed Ahmed, Zelle Huma, and Nazeer Ahmed. "Development of Buckwheat Cookies Supplemented with Wheat Flour." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 60, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.60.1.2017.27.35.
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The present study was conducted to develop buckwheat cookies supplemented with wheat flour.Buckwheat and wheat flour were examined for their proximate composition. Buckwheat flour contained11.6% moisture, 15.79% crude protein, 1.81% crude fat, 1.83% ash, 0.70% crude fibre content and 68.27%NFE, while wheat flour contained moisture content 13.12%, crude fibre content 1.93%, crude fat 1.42%,crude protein content 12.53%, ash content 1.57% and 69.43% NFE, respectively. Wheat flour was incor-porated into buckwheat flour at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% ratio to make composite flour and the developedcookies were analysed for quality evaluation. Supplementation of wheat flour significantly influenced theproximate and mineral composition of buckwheat flour based cookies. Moisture contents, crude fibrecontents and NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract) increased, whereas crude fat, crude protein and ash contentsdecreased. Mineral contents (Fe, Ca, K, Zn and Mg) of developed buckwheat cookies decreased withincrease in wheat flour supplementation levels. Sensory characteristics of supplemented cookies increasedwith increase in supplementation levels of wheat flour and were acceptable by judges in terms of test,colour, texture and overall acceptability. Cookies developed from C 50% C supplementation level of wheatflour got maximum scored points while C0 control C0 was found to be more nutritious and gluten freehaving more crude protein and mineral contents when compared to supplemented cookies.
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Oluseyi, Ezekiel Olufunke, and Oyesiku Morenike Temitayo. "Chemical and functional properties of fermented, roasted and germinated tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed flours." Nutrition & Food Science 45, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-11-2013-0131.
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Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the effect of fermentation, roasting and germination on tamarind seed flour. Design/methodology/approach – Tamarind seeds were treated using three different methods, namely, fermentation, roasting and germination. Fermentation was allowed for four days, roasting was carried out at 180°C at three time regimens of 10, 15 and 20 min and germination was done at 10, 15 and 20 days. Samples were analysed at intervals for proximate composition, antinutritional factors and functional properties using standard methods. Findings – Protein, crude fat, crude fibre contents and pH increased significantly (p < 0.05) as fermentation progressed, while ash content and carbohydrate reduced. Protein, crude fat and crude fibre contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as roasting progressed, while ash content, carbohydrate and pH increased. Protein and crude fibre contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) as germination progressed, while crude fat, ash content, carbohydrate and pH reduced. Processing resulted in significant reduction of the phytate, tannin and trypsin inhibitor. Practical implications – Processed seeds of Tamarindus indica can be used to fortify local cereals (millet/maize) with other ingredients to produce complementary foods with good nutritional quality and consequently as a tool for meeting community nutritional needs. Originality/value – The paper has demonstrated effect of fermentation, roasting and germination in enhancement of functional and nutritional properties of tamarind seed flour for utilization as a food ingredient.
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Sumantri, Ika, and Sholih Nugroho Hadi. "Production and Nutrient Quality of Rice Straw of Local Rice Varieties From South Kalimantan." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v5i2.74.
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A survey and laboratory study was conducted to estimate rice straw production of local rice varieties from South Kalimantan. Two local rice varieties (Siam Adil and Pandak) cultivated in a tidal swamp paddy field in Tanah Laut regency were harvested at the same time to estimate the dry matter production of rice straws and to obtain the rice straws samples. Rice straws samples were analysed to determine the percentage of botanical parts and nutrient contents, including the contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber. Results showed Siam Adil rice straw had a lower percentage of leaf but had higher percentage of stem compare to Pandak. The botanical fraction of Pandak was similar to the improved rice variety (Ciherang). Siam Adil produced higher rice straw dry matter (7.95 tonnes/ha) compare to Pandak (5.83 tonnes/ha). There were no significant differences in the contents of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fibre of both local varieties. However, local rice straws had lower crude protein and higher crude fiber contents compared to the improved rice straw. In conclusion, local rice varieties potentially produced higher rice straw biomass but had lower nutrient quality. Thus, pretreatment is necessary to improve the utilization of local rice straw as a ruminant feed.
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Abu, O. A., and L. S. Turner. "Chemical composition of tropical forages and their acceptability by the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i5.1273.
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The suitability of seven forages (Moringa. oleifera, Ficus thonningii, Leucaena. leucocephala, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, G Gliricidia sepium, Albizia saman and Azadirachta indica) as feed resources for feeding domestic rabbits was studied. The acceptability, chemical analysis and crude fiber fractions were determined. The acceptability of the forages was assessed by cafeteria method using coefficient of preference (CoP). Five adult rabbits weighing 720±20.5g were used. The acceptability of the forages was best inM. oleifera (CoP > 1) followed by F. thoninngii. G. sepium, L. leucocephala and E. cyclocarpum had similar acceptability while A. indica and A. Saman had low acceptability. The order of acceptability was:M. oleifera > F. thonningii > L. leucocephala >E. cyclocarpum >G. sepium >A. indica and >A. saman. The chemical analysis of the five most acceptable forages showed that F. thoninngii had the least crude protein (CP) of 10.3% compared to the others forages that had CP ranging from 24 -30%.M. oleifera also had the least crude fibre (CF) of 9.0% compared to the other forages CF which ranged 14 -19% F. thonningii and L. leucocephala also had low ether extract (EE) of 6.0 and 8.0%respectively. The acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fractions of the five most acceptable forages fell within the same range. In conclusion all the five most acceptable forages namely: M. oleifera, F. thonningii, L .leucocephala, E. cyclocarpum, G. sepium are possible legume feed resource for rabbits especially during the dry season.
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Okpanachi, U., C. I. Agu, L. E. Igoche, and F. A. Oyedapo. "Potentials of two varieties of cashew apple pulp as feedstuff for ruminants." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i4.558.
Full textAbstract:
The study was aimed at assessing the effects of two varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple pulp as feedstuff for ruminants. Samples of the yellow and red varieties of cashew apple pulp were collected, processed and analysed for mineral, crude fiber fraction and pH. Results showed that sodium value in red variety was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the yellow variety. Potassium value in red variety was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the yellow variety. Values for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in the yellow variety were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the red variety. Values for cellulose, hemicelluloses and neutral detergent fibre in the red variety were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the yellow variety. Acid Detergent Lignin value for the yellow variety was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the red variety. Values for acid detergent fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate and pH were not significantly affected (P>0.05). Yellow cashew apple pulp from the results of this study is richer in minerals when compared to the red variety. Results from the crude fibre fraction suggest that the yellow cashew apple pulp variety may have a better digestibility when compared to the red variety. Although the values of the various parameters from the 2 varieties show that they are fit to be used as feeding stuff for ruminants, the yellow variety appears to be better on the general basis.
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Chiou, Peter Wen-Shyg, Bi Yu, and Chang Lin. "The effect of different fibre components on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, rate of digesta passage and hindgut fermentation in domesticated rabbits." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780559310.
Full textAbstract:
Trials were conducted to study the effect of dietary fibre on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing rabbits. The basal diet was supplemented with 12% cellulose, pectin, lignin, or alfalfa, in four different treatments. Twenty-four 4-week-old Californian male rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups and placed in individual cages. The lignin supplement severely affected both feed intake and performance, pectin second, with dietary cellulose having the least effect. Dietary lignin significantly decreased the digestibility of crude protein, gross energy and dry matter content ( P < 0.05). Rabbits on the pectin supplemented diet digested dry matter, crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) better ( P < 0.05) than other treatment groups. On the other hand, rabbits in the lignin group digested crude fibre, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and NDF significantly less well than rabbits in other groups ( P < 0.05). Dietary lignin also significantly decreased the caecal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA, P < 0.05) but did not significantly affect the molar ratios of the VFAs among treatment groups. The turnover rate of the marker, chromic oxide, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rabbits was 64.94, 51.81, 44.05 and 29.59 h in the pectin, alfalfa, lignin and cellulose treatment groups, respectively. The rate of turnover in the digestive tract significantly influenced digestibility of fibre components but did not significantly influence caecal fermentation.
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Yuan Jiang, Shi-kui Dong,, Quan-ru Liu, and Xiao-xia Huang. "Effect of altitudinal gradient on yield and quality of sub-alpine meadow on the Xiaowutai Mountain in northern China." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-001.
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Herbage yield increased with elevation from 2200 to 2600 m and then declined until 2800 m. Altitude did not affect herbage fat, acid detergent fibre, calcium or sulphur concentrations, but did influence herbage organic matter, crude protein and phosphorus concentrations. It is recommended that livestock should be rotationally grazed along an altitudinal gradient on Xiaowutai Mountain to meet their dry matter (DM) and nutrients requirements in summer grazing systems. Key words: Herbage biomass, crude protein, acid detergent fibre, minerals
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Abousnina, Rajab, Haifa Ibrahim Alsalmi, Allan Manalo, Rochstad Lim Allister, Omar Alajarmeh, Wahid Ferdous, and Khouloud Jlassi. "Effect of Short Fibres in the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Mortar Containing Oil-Contaminated Sand." Polymers 13, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13173008.
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Sand contaminated with crude oil is becoming a major environmental issue around the world, while at the same time, fly ash generated by coal-fired power stations is having a detrimental effect on the environment. Previous studies showed that combining these two waste materials can result in an environmentally sustainable geopolymer concrete. Incorporating sand contaminated with crude oil up to a certain level (4% by weight) can improve the mechanical properties of the produced geopolymer concrete but beyond this level can have a detrimental effect on its compressive strength. To overcome this challenge, this study introduces short fibres to enhance the mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar containing fine sand contaminated with 6% by weight of light crude oil. Four types of short fibres, consisting of twisted polypropylene (PP) fibres, straight PP fibres, short glass fibres and steel fibres in different dosages (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% by volume of geopolymer mortar) are considered. The optimum strength was obtained when straight PP fibres were used wherein increases of up to 39% and 74% of the compressive and tensile strength, respectively, of the geopolymer mortar were achieved. Moreover, a fibre dosage of 0.5% provided the highest enhancement in the mechanical properties of the geopolymer mortar with 6% crude oil contamination. This result indicates that the reduction in strength of geopolymer due to the addition of sand with 6% crude oil contamination can be regained by using short fibres, making this new material from wastes suitable for building and construction applications.
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Yasmeen, Ammara, Tehseen Yaseen, Muhammad Faisal, Saima Nazir, Shumaila Usman, Zahida Nasreen, and Sakhawat Ali. "A Comparison of Nutrient and Dietary Compositions of Cereals and Pulses Commonly Consumed in Pakistan." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 60, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.60.2.2017.115.117.
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The present study was taken to evaluate the proximate content and dietary fibre compositionof locally available cereal (wheat, maize, oat and barley) and the legumes (mash beans, lentils, mung beansand chickpea). In cereal samples, crude proteins in all cereals were found in the range of 8.75-10.93% butin legumes this range was significantly higher i.e. (19.91-22.06). Crude fibre analysis in cereal samplesshowed values between 1.89-10.6, but in legume samples it ranged between 2.64 to 4.41. Total dietaryfibre was higher in oat and barley 19.0 and 18.34, respectively, whereas total dietary fibre contents inselected legumes ranged between 18.00 (chick pea) to 24.93 (mung bean).
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Altop, Aydın. "Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on Main Nutritional Components, Some Minerals, Condensed Tannin and Phenolic Compounds of Olive Leaves." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.115-119.2231.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on main nutritional components, some minerals, condensed tannin and phenolic compounds of olive leaves. Two groups were formed as a fermented (FOL, Aspergillus niger ATCC 52172) and non-fermented olive leaves (OL). Suitable environmental conditions (humidity, temperature and pH) before SSF were established and fermentation lasted on day 8. After fermentation, while the crude fiber, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of FOL compared to OL were decreased, its the crude protein, ether extract, ash and condensed tannin contents were increased. Some macro minerals (Ca, N, K, P, Mg) and micro minerals components (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of FOL and OL were varied. Although oleuropein content of FOL was decreased, it’s catechin and hydroxytyrosol contents were increased by SSF. These results showed that A. niger ATCC 52172 strain could be suitable inoculant to improve the nutritional content of olive leaves.
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Supriya, Prabhavathi, and Kandikere R. Sridhar. "Proximal and Functional Properties of Edible Ripened Split Beans of Coastal Wild Legume Canavalia maritima." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 3 (April 25, 2019): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666171004150447.
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Background: Utilization of wild legumes has received prime importance in the recent past to compensate the scarcity of protein-rich foods as well as to tackle the protein energy malnutrition. Ripened split beans of Canavalia maritima devoid of seed coat and testa serve as traditional nutraceutical source for the coastal dwellers of Southwest India. Objective: The present study projects proximal and functional attributes of uncooked and cooked ripened split beans of C. maritima to be used in the preparation of functional foods. Methods: Proximal properties (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, crude fibre, carbohydrates and calorific value) and functional properties (protein solubility, gelation capacity, water-absorption, oilabsorption, emulsion qualities and foam qualities) of split beans were evaluated by standard methods. Results: Cooking did not significantly changed the crude protein, total lipids, ash, carbohydrates and calorific value, while it significantly increased the crude fibre. The protein solubility, water-absorption capacity, foam capacity and foam stability were significantly higher in uncooked than cooked beans. The cooked beans were superior to uncooked beans in least gelation concentration, low oil-absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion stability. Conclusion: The functional properties of split bean flours were influenced by the proximal components like crude protein, total lipids and crude fibre. The energy-rich ripened split beans of C. maritima can serve as a new potential source for production of value added functional foods owing to their rich protein, rich carbohydrates, low-lipid and potential bioactive attributes.
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Aberoumand, Ali. "Screening of Less known Two Food Plants for Comparison of Nutrient Contents: Iranian and Indian Vegetables." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 1, no. 10 (October 22, 2011): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v1i10.117.
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Background: Greater consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancers. The most important nutrients present in plants are carbohydrates, such as the starch and free sugars, oils, proteins, minerals, ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant phenols. Plants are an essential component of the universe. Human beings have used those as medicine from the very beginning of time.Methods: The proximate composition and mineral constituents of Asparagus officinalis stem and Momordica dioica fruit were evaluated in order to scientific standard methods of Association for Official and Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results: The stem contained ashes: 10.70% crude protein: 32.69%, crude lipid: 3.44%, crude fiber: 18.50%, and carbohydrates: 34.67%. Stem also have high energy value (384.27kcal/100g) dry weight. Mineral ranges (mg/100g dry weight, DW) were: K (10.94), Na (1.84), Ca (0.67), Fe (0.19), and Zn (2.60). The fruits contained ashes: 9.1%, crude protein: 5.44%, crude lipid: 3.25%, crude fiber: 22.9%, and carbohydrates: 59.31%. The fruits also have high energy value (288.25kcal/100g) dry weight. Mineral ranges (mg/100g dry weight, DW) were: K (4.63), Na (1.62), Ca (7.37), Fe (5.04), and Zn (3.83).Conclusion: Comparing proximate and minerals contents of the stem and the fruit, the results indicated that Asparagus officinalis stem could be a good supplement for some nutrients such as protein, lipid, potassium and zinc, fibre and carbohydrates while Momordica dioica fruit was good source of lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrates, iron and zinc. Keywords: Asparagus officinalis stem; Momordica dioica; Micronutrients; Proximate and Mineral composition.
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Ayodele, S. O., O. D. Oloruntola, and J. O. Agbede. "Effect of Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal inclusion and enzyme supplementation on performance and digestibility of rabbits." World Rabbit Science 24, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.3933.
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<p>A feeding trial was conducted to study the performance, digestibility and health status of weaner rabbits fed diets including Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal (ALM: 18% crude protein [CP] and 12.9% crude fibre) and supplemented with a multi-enzyme additive (cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, α-amylase, protease, lipase). Six experimental diets were arranged factorially: 3 levels of ALM (0, 5 and 10% substituting palm kernel cake: 16.3% CP and 39.1% neutral detergent fibre) combined with 2 levels of enzyme supplementation (0 and 0.35 g/kg). One hundred and eighty healthy, 5-wk-old weaner rabbits of cross-breeds were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments (30 rabbits/treatment, 3 rabbits/replicate). Growth rate was not affected (P>0.05) by the main factors (exogenous enzyme and ALM inclusion) and their interactions (13.5 g/d on av.). Daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio decreased (P=0.01) with the ALM inclusion by 8%, but did not affect faecal digestibility. However, enzyme supplementation improved crude protein and crude fibre digestibility (P<0.001) by 6%. In conclusion, ALM inclusion and enzyme supplementation had no adverse effect on the performance and digestibility of rabbits.</p>
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Yu, Bi, and W. S. Peter. "Effects of crude fibre level in the diet on the intestinal morphology of growing rabbits." Laboratory Animals 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367796780865826.
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The experiment was conducted to study the effects of 5.5, 8.5, 11.5 and 14.5% dietary fibre levels on growth performance and intestinal villi in growing rabbits. After the 5-week feeding period, food intake and body weight gain increased with increasing dietary fibre levels, feed conversion was highest with 11.5% dietary fibre. Scanning electron microscopy showed slight changes to the jejunal villi and the caecal mucosa in rabbits fed high dietary fibre (14.5%) but the degree of damage was greater in the caecum than the jejunum. Flattened colon villi were seen in the low dietary fibre group whereas high levels showed no effect.